LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Poultry (Natural sciences)

In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012.

Q1: What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?
A1: the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours
Q2: What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?
A2: birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate
Q3: What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?
A3: battery cages, often set in multiple tiers
Q4: How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?
A4: The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection
Association_football (History)

In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.

Q1: What is the penalty area marked by?
A1: goal line
Q2: a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?
A2: penalty kick
Q3: how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend? 
A3: 16.5 m
Q4: Only who can handle the ball with his hands?
A4: goalkeeper
Treaty (Language and literature)

In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation.

Q1: The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?
A1: the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government
Q2: In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government?
A2: function and effectiveness
Q3: The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest?
A3: modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation
Q4: Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution?
A4: the UN
Q5: What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States?
A5: Articles of Confederation
Association_football (History)

In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

Q1: Who guards the goal?
A1: goalkeeper
Q2: Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?
A2: referee
Q3: what is allowed but restricted?
A3: physical contact
Q4: Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?
A4: when the ball has left the field of play
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:

Q1: What is the usual masculine suffix?
A1: -o
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.

Q1: what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?
A1: The black hole
Q2: Who's equations  helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?
A2: Einstein
Q3: what produces curvature in a vacuum?
A3: tidal forces and gravitational waves
Q4: What has no electric charge?
A4: black hole
Freemasonry (Unknown)

In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

Q1: When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?
A1: the 1890s
Q2: When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?
A2: 1999
Q3: What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?
A3: the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite
Q4: Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?
A4: most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons
The_Blitz (History)

In general, German bombers were likely to get through to their targets without too much difficulty. It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready, and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over, so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targets. Throughout 1940, dummy airfields were prepared, good enough to stand up to skilled observation. A number[clarification needed] of bombs fell on these diversionary ("Starfish") targets.

Q1: Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?
A1: Blitz was over
Q2: What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?
A2: ruses
Q3: What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers? 
A3: dummy
Q4: What was the name given to these dummy airfields?
A4: Starfish
Hokkien (Language and literature)

In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 "tones",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic "entering tones" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.

Q1: How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?
A1: 5 to 7
Q2: What is another name for phonemic tones?
A2: tone classes
Q3: What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?
A3: minor
Q4: What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?
A4: Amoy or Quanzhou
Q5: What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?
A5: the area of Taiwan
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue.

Q1: Which political party does Tucson usually support?
A1: Democratic
Q2: Which political party does Phoenix usually support?
A2: Republican
Q3: How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?
A3: three
Q4: Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?
A4: Raul Grijalva
Q5: Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?
A5: Martha McSally
USB (Engineering and technology)

In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberately physically incompatible. However, an extension to the USB standard specification called USB On-The-Go (OTG) allows a single port to act as either a host or a device, which is selectable by the end of the cable that plugs into the receptacle on the OTG-enabled unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are communicating, the two units may "swap" ends under program control. This capability is meant for units such as PDAs in which the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance.

Q1: USB cables and device have only what on their ends?
A1: plugs
Q2: Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?
A2: receptacles
Q3: Devices usually have what type of receptacle?
A3: one or another Type-B variety
Q4: Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?
A4: Type-A receptacles
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.

Q1: What are three pests pesticides target?
A1: plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks
Q2: Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?
A2: a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent
Q3: What are possible cons of pesticides?
A3: potential toxicity to humans and other species
Q4: What are pesticides meant to prevent?
A4: destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors
Poultry (Natural sciences)

In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.

Q1: Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?
A1: people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus
Q2: What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?
A2: areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected
Q3: What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?
A3: The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.
Q4: Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?
A4: the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.
Translation (Language and literature)

In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences between "fixed-word-order" languages (e.g. English, French, German) and "free-word-order" languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.

Q1: What have translators tried to preserve?
A1: context itself
Q2: How do translators preserve context?
A2: reproducing the original order of sememes
Q3: What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?
A3: grammatical structure
Q4: What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?
A4: passive
Q5: What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?
A5: syntactic requirements
Glacier (Natural sciences)

In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.

Q1: How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?
A1: one km per year
Q2: How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?
A2: 6.1
Q3: Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?
A3: increasing
Q4: During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?
A4: July, August and September
Q5: In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?
A5: 2005
Wood (Natural sciences)

In grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow.

Q1: What's the process in which knots are classified called?
A1: grading
Q2: Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?
A2: size
Q3: What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?
A3: firmness
Wood (Natural sciences)

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.

Q1: What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?
A1: water
Q2: Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?
A2: 16
Q3: What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?
A3: oven-dried
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:

Q1: What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?
A1: Politecnico
Q2: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?
A2: two
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).

Q1: What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?
A1: symbolic reference
Q2: What does symbolic reference link appearance with?
A2: causation
Q3: What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?
A3: causal relationships
Q4: What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?
A4: higher grade mentality
Q5: What is the purpose of symbolic reference?
A5: links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
Q6: How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?
A6: An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair
Q7: How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?
A7: "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."
Q8: How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?
A8: "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."
Q9: Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?
A9: causal relationships
Mandolin (Music)

In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone." He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.

Q1: Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?
A1: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
Q2: What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?
A2: Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi
Q3: How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?
A3: four single-strings
Q4: Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? 
A4: uncomfortable to play
Q5: What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? 
A5: less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone
Southampton (Geography and places)

In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."

Q1: Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?
A1: John Choules
Q2: What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?
A2: Oxford
Q3: How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?
A3: one mile and a half
Q4: What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?
A4: elegant
Q5: Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?
A5: clean
Emotion (Natural sciences)

In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."

Q1: Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?
A1: William James
Q2: What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
A2: the autonomic nervous system
Q3: What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?
A3: the perception of bodily changes
Q4: Who developed a theory similar to that of James?
A4: Carl Lange
Q5: What was the profession of Lange?
A5: psychologist