LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Madrasa (Language and literature)

Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and jāmiʻah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:

Q1: What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?
A1: corporate element
Q2: What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?
A2: Islamic college
Q3: Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?
A3: Medievalist specialists
Q4: What are two examples of waqfs?
A4: madrasa and jāmiʻah
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.

Q1: Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?
A1: the yogis
Q2: In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?
A2: mindfulness and clear awareness
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a "circuit" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death" on the date of the Jewish Passover.

Q1: Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?
A1: Kingdom Halls
Q2: How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?
A2: "territory" they usually reside
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?
A3: meetings
Q4: How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?
A4: three times each week
Q5: What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?
A5: songs (hymns) and brief prayers
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.

Q1: What chemical is absent or low during daylight?
A1: Melatonin
Q2: When is the melatonin onset?
A2: 9 p.m
Q3: At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?
A3: Melatonin
Q4: The presence of what is a circadian marker?
A4: hormone
Q5: What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?
A5: melatonin phase
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

Q1: What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?
A1: Melbourne
Q2: What is the second most populas city in Australia?
A2: Oceania
Q3: Where is the Metropolis?
A3: large natural bay of Port Phillip
Q4: What is the population of Melbourne?
A4: 4,347,955 as of 2013
Q5: What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?
A5: Melburnians
Q6: Which city is the capital of Victoria?
A6: Melbourne
Q7: Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?
A7: Melbourne
Q8: Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?
A8: 31
Q9: What was Melbourne's population in 2013?
A9: 4,347,955
Q10: What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?
A10: Melburnians
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]

Q1: In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?
A1: finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism
Q2: Which company is the world's largest mining company?
A2: BHP Billiton
Q3: Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?
A4: Melbourne
Q5: How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?
A5: $75 billion
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain.

Q1: During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?
A1: spring and summer
Q2: Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?
A2: cold fronts
Q3: What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?
A3: Cfb
Q4: Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?
A4: changeable
Q5: What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?
A5: Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s, at which time 25% of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6%. The public transport system was privatised in 1999, symbolising the peak of the decline. Despite privatisation and successive governments persisting with auto-centric urban development into the 21st century, there have since been large increases in public transport patronage, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips. A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006. Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20%.

Q1: Which rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927?
A1: Flinders Street Station
Q2: In the 1940s, what percentage of travellers used public transport?
A2: 25%
Q3: In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?
A3: 7.6%
Q4: In what year was the public transport system privatised?
A4: 1999
Q5: What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006?
A5: 20%
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.

Q1: How many airports does Melbourne have?
A1: four
Q2: Which airport is the city's main international and domestic gateway?
A2: Melbourne Airport
Q3: Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia?
A3: Melbourne Airport
Q4: What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports?
A4: Buses and taxis
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe, a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos. Thessaloniki is Melbourne's Greek sister city. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne's phone book after Smith. The city also features substantial Indian, Sri Lankan, and Malaysian-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The cultural diversity is reflected in the city's restaurants that serve international cuisines.

Q1: Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?
A1: Melbourne
Q2: Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?
A2: Thessaloniki
Q3: What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
A3: Smith
Q4: What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
A4: Nguyen
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne has the largest tram network in the world which had its origins in the city's 1880s land boom. In 2013–2014, 176.9 million passenger trips were made by tram. Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line and consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of track, 487 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. Around 80 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes. Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and heritage restaurant trams travel through the city and surrounding areas during the evening. Melbourne is currently building 50 new E Class trams with some already in service in 2014. The E Class trams are about 30 metres long and are superior to the C2 class tram of similar length. Melbourne's bus network consists of almost 300 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services. 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013–2014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year.

Q1: What are the origins of Melbourne's tram network?
A1: the city's 1880s land boom
Q2: How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?
A2: 176.9 million
Q3: How many tram stops are on Melbourne's tram network?
A3: 1,763
Q4: How many routes does Melbourne's bus network consist of?
A4: almost 300
Q5: How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013-2014
A5: 127.6 million
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively.

Q1: How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
A1: Two
Q2: Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
A2: NAB and ANZ
Q3: Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?
A4: Scoresby
Q5: Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?
A5: Ford Australia
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day", a phrase that is part of local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city. The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869. The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009. While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.

Q1: What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?
A1: four seasons in one day
Q2: What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?
A2: −2.8 °C (27.0 °F)
Q3: On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?
A3: 21 July 1869
Q4: What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
A4: 46.4 °C (115.5 °F)
Q5: On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
A5: 7 February 2009
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival—Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014.

Q1: Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?
A1: The climate, waterfront location and nightlife
Q2: For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?
A2: five
Q3: What is Australia's largest free community festival?
A3: Moomba
Q4: How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
A4: just under two million
Q5: How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
A5: 57.7 million
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.

Q1: What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?
A1: high population growth
Q2: What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?
A2: increased
Q3: Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?
A3: middle and outer-ring
Q4: What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?
A4: medium-density and high-density
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand.

Q1: In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?
A1: 1956
Q2: Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?
A2: Europe and the United States
Q3: In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City"?
A3: 2006, 2008 and 2010
Q4: Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?
A4: Olympic Stand
Q5: Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?
A5: Melbourne
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the central business district. The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.

Q1: Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?
A1: Melbourne
Q2: Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?
A2: Victoria
Q3: Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?
A3: addressing and postal purposes
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Q1: What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?
A1: quarter acre home and garden
Q2: Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?
A2: 1945
Q3: Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?
A3: high-density
Q4: Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?
A4: low density