LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Translation (Language and literature)

Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move "the writer toward [the reader]", i.e., transparency, and those that move the "reader toward [the author]", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature.

Q1: Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?
A1: German Romanticism
Q2: What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?
A2: German
Q3: When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"?
A3: 1813
Q4: Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?
A4: transparency
Q5: What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?
A5: extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

Q1: What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?
A1: minimal or nonexistent
Q2: Why is marketing harder for NPOs?
A2: taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations
Q3: What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?
A3: an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy
Q4: What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?
A4: leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public
Boston (Geography and places)

Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.

Q1: A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?
A1: universities
Q2: The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?
A2: Harvard Medical School
Q3: Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?
A3: Tufts Medical Center
Q4: What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?
A4: Chinatown
Q5: What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?
A5: Boston City Hospital
Pub (History)

Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.

Q1: What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?
A1: Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese
Q2: Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?
A2: the Cock Tavern
Q3: What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?
A3: Charles Dickens
Q4: Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?
A4: Ye Olde Cock Tavern
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration (History)

Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.

Q1: Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?
A1: naturalization records
Q2: For what time period does NARA have census records available for?
A2: 1790 to 1930
Yale_University (History)

Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Q1: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
A1: Edward S. Harkness
Q2: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
A2: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading
Q3: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
A3: contemporary scenes
Q4: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
A4: splashing the walls with acid
Q5: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
A5: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from "Friday Name Tags" in flying units to an annual "Mustache Month." The use of "challenge coins" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the "roof stomp", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement.

Q1: Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? 
A1: Royal Air Force
Q2: What traditions does the US Air Force have? 
A2: "Friday Name Tags" in flying units
Q3: What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from?
A3: U.S. Army
Q4: What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?
A4: welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement
Detroit (Geography and places)

Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum (birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.

Q1: What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?
A1: Detroit Institute of Arts
Q2: What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?
A2: Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
Q3: Where was the birthplace of the Model T?
A3: Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
Q4: What does MOCAD stand for?
A4: Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit
Q5: What does CAID stand for?
A5: Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit
Cork_(city) (History)

Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in Ireland until being superseded by another Cork City building: The Elysian. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.

Q1: What style does most of the city's architecture belong to?
A1: Georgian
Q2: WHat is the tallest building in Cork?
A2: The Elysian
Q3: What is the longest building in Cork?
A3: Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital
Q4: What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into?
A4: Atkins Hall
Q5: What is Atkin's Hall?
A5: a residential housing complex
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

Q1: What languages did Aavik know?
A1: Ancient Greek, Latin and French
Q2: When was Aavik's dictionary published?
A2: 1921
Q3: What is another term for words created by Aavik?
A3: Aavikisms
Q4: Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?
A4: foreign lexical items
Boston (Geography and places)

Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.

Q1: Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?
A1: the American Revolution
Q2: What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?
A2: seafaring tradition
Q3: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?
A3: the American Revolution
Classical_music (Music)

Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).

Q1: What was the medieval flute made from?
A1: wood
Q2: What was an early version of the fiddle called?
A2: vielle
Q3: What was an early version of the trombone called? 
A3: sackbut
Q4: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
A4: singly
Q5: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?
A5: bas
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France, the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier.

Q1: Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?
A1: northern Europe
Q2: Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?
A2: Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh
Q3: Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?
A3: Edinburgh
Q4: Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?
A4: the medical university at Montpellier
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections – and hence coil ends – momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise; sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor.

Q1: How is RFI generated?
A1: sparking
Q2: What do brushes need to be in contact with?
A2: commutator
Q3: What is created by contact between parts of the motor?
A3: friction
Q4: What does sparking limit?
A4: maximum speed
Q5: What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? 
A5: Brushes
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() –  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers—​​following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)—​​and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Q1: When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
A1: 1878
Q2: What were used instead of 0 and 1? 
A2: using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead
Q3: What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
A3: which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII
Q4: Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
A4: do not correspond as closely
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations between the origin and destination.

Q1: When do many insectivorous birds migrate?
A1: usually at night
Q2: Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?
A2: smaller insectivorous birds
Q3: What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?
A3: passage migrants
Q4: How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?
A4: a few days
Southampton (Geography and places)

Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

Q1: What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?
A1: Carnival Corporation & plc
Q2: Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? 
A2: Royal Caribbean
Q3: In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?
A3: Princess Cruises
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015, is the largest central business district in the world.

Q1: How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?
A1: 46.5 million
Q2: About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?
A2: 400
Q3: How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?
A3: 500 million square feet
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage"). An earlier play, a farce entitled "Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed" ("The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr, 1873; "Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery"), Realism (Henüz On Yedi Yaşında, 1881; "Just Seventeen Years Old"), and Naturalism (Müşâhedât, 1891; "Observations"). This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures.

Q1: What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?
A1: İntibâh ("Awakening")
Q2: What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860?
A2: the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").
Q3: Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr?
A3: Ahmed Midhat Efendi
Q4: What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?
A4: Henüz On Yedi Yaşında
Q5: What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?
A5: contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures
Insect (Natural sciences)

Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of water. They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects, but recessed in a special groove further up the leg; this prevents the claws from piercing the water's surface film. Other insects such as the Rove beetle Stenus are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion (also known by the German term Entspannungsschwimmen).

Q1: Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?
A1: paddle-like
Q2: Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?
A2: jet
Q3: Dragonflys shoot water from where?
A3: rectal chamber
Q4: Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?
A4: recessed
Q5: Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?
A5: pygidial