LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.

Q1: What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?
A1: Amensalism
Q2: What kinds of amensalism are there?
A2: competition and antibiosis
Q3: When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?
A3: competition
Q4: What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?
A4: juglone
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000.

Q1: In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? 
A1: season four
Q2: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?
A2: $1.3 million
Q3: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? 
A3: less than $300,000
Q4: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? 
A4: $737,000
Q5: By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?
A5: four
Q6: How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?
A6: 800 million
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons.

Q1: What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?
A1: Randy Jackson
Q2: What comedian was an original host on American Idol? 
A2: Brian Dunkleman
Q3: What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? 
A3: Jennifer Lopez
Q4: Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?
A4: Ryan Seacrest
Q5: What comedian was an original host on American Idol?
A5: Brian Dunkleman
Q6: What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?
A6: Paula Abdul
Q7: What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?
A7: Jennifer Lopez
Q8: Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?
A8: Randy Jackson
Q9: Which original judge was a choreographer?
A9: Paula Abdul
Q10: Which original judge was a music executive?
A10: Simon Cowell
Q11: Which judge is a country music singer?
A11: Keith Urban
Q12: Which judge is a jazz singer?
A12: Harry Connick, Jr.
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.

Q1: When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? 
A1: season seven
Q2: For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? 
A2: five
Q3: What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?
A3: iTunes
Q4: Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?
A4: the winner's coronation single
Q5: How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?
A5: as a compilation album
Q6: Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?
A6: the most successful soundtrack franchise
Q7: Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?
A7: iTunes
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.

Q1: Who is the creator of American Idol?
A1: Simon Fuller
Q2: What company produces American idol?
A2: 19 Entertainment
Q3: What year did American Idol begin airing?
A3: 2002
Q4: What British show is American Idols format based on?
A4: Pop Idol
Q5: What television network does American Idol air on?
A5: Fox
Q6: What company produces American Idol?
A6: 19 Entertainment
Q7: What British series is American Idols format based on?
A7: Pop Idol
Q8: Who created American Idol?
A8: Simon Fuller
Q9: Who produced American Idol?
A9: 19 Entertainment
Q10: When did American Idol first air on TV?
A10: June 11, 2002
Q11: What British show was American Idol based on?
A11: Pop Idol
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season.

Q1: How many different countries air American Idol on television? 
A1: over 100
Q2: What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? 
A2: CTV
Q3: In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? 
A3: 2014
Q4: What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? 
A4: Yes TV
Q5: How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?
A5: over 100
Q6: Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?
A6: CTV and/or CTV Two
Q7: Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?
A7: Yes TV
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the 18–49 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers.

Q1: What year did American Idol being to air on television? 
A1: 2002
Q2: How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? 
A2: 9.9 million
Q3: How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? 
A3: 23 million
Q4: What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? 
A4: summer
Q5: When did American Idol premiere?
A5: June 2002
Q6: How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?
A6: 9.9 million
Q7: What was the average for viewership by finale night?
A7: 23 million
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers – promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show.

Q1: What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? 
A1: text-messaging
Q2: How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?
A2: 4,349
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner‍—‌the executive producer and production leader‍—‌and Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public.

Q1: What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?
A1: Popstars
Q2: Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?
A2: Simon Fuller
Q3: What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?
A3: 2001
Q4: Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?
A4: Simon Cowell
Q5: Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?
A5: Nigel Lythgoe
Q6: What show was Pop Idols based on?
A6: Popstars
Q7: Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?
A7: Nigel Lythgoe
Q8: In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?
A8: telephone voting
Q9: When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain?
A9: 2001
Q10: Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?
A10: Lythgoe
American_Idol (Music)

American Idol was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.

Q1: How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  
A1: 9
Q2: What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? 
A2: Bruce Gower
Q3: How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? 
A3: 8
Q4: What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?
A4: Idol Gives Back
Q5: How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?
A5: nine
Q6: What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?
A6: Governor's Award in 2007
Black_people (Language and literature)

American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Q1: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
A1: George Ayittey
Q2: Who executed the apartheid?
A2: the Arab government
Q3: Who was excluded?
A3: blacks
Q4: Where were they?
A4: Sudan
Q5: What is George Ayittey's profession? 
A5: economist
Space_Race (History)

American Virgil "Gus" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.

Q1: The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?
A1: John Glenn
Q2: When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?
A2: February 20, 1962
Q3: Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?
A3: Atlantic Ocean
Q4: John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?
A4: Friendship 7
Samurai (Language and literature)

American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)

Q1: In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?
A1: Marvel
Q2: What is Silver Samurai's weapon?
A2: an energy charged katana
Q3: How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?
A3: over 350
Q4: Who starred in The Last Samurai?
A4: Tom Cruise
Q5: Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?
A5: US Army Captain Nathan Algren
Comics (Language and literature)

American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

Q1: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?
A1: New York World
Q2: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
A2: Outcault's The Yellow Kid
Space_Race (History)

American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.

Q1: The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?
A1: 1958
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.

Q1: What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?
A1: intermediaries
Q2: What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?
A2: strong political institutions
Q3: Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?
A3: Abd al-Azim Ramadan
Q4: Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?
A4: Miles Copeland, Jr
History_of_science (History)

American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.

Q1: Who was the major proponent of American sociology?
A1: Talcott Parsons
Q2: What did Parsons believe made a functional society?
A2: structural integration
Q3: What was the problem with the views of Parsons?
A3: inequalities present in the status quo
Q4: What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?
A4: conflict theory
Q5: What is the main belief of conflict theory?
A5: different groups compete for control over resources
Florida (Geography and places)

Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.

Q1: Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from 
A1: English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina
Q2: Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as 
A2: Florida Crackers
Q3: Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements 
A3: Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers
Multiracial_American (History)

Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Q1: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
A1: black (historically) or African American
Q2: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
A2: hypodescent
Q3: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
A3: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry
Q4: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
A4: for its social and economic advantages
Q5: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
A5: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry
Q6: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
A6: slavery became a racial caste
Q7: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
A7: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Q8: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
A8: Melungeons,
Q9: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
A9: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation
Q10: What is Melungeon?
A10: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Q11: What does it mean to have "marred white"?
A11: assimilated into white society
Q12: What were slaves and Africans classified by?
A12: hypodescent
Q13: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
A13: black (historically) or African American