LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served "the same purpose" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.

Q1: At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?
A1: 10
Q2: What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?
A2: Walter Lett
Q3: What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?
A3: Emmett Till
Q4: Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?
A4: Civil Rights Movement
Q5: What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?
A5: display Southern prejudices
Q6: Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?
A6: Emmett Till
Dog (Natural sciences)

The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.

Q1: Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?
A1: hunter-gatherers
Q2: Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?
A2: Taimyr wolf of North Asia
Q3: Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?
A3: human hunter-gatherers
Q4: Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?
A4: gray wolf
Q5: Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?
A5: Taimyr
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

Q1: Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?
A1: Guglielmo Marconi
Q2: When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?
A2: 1895
Q3: What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?
A3: raising the "aerial" wire
Q4: How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?
A4: 1.5 mi
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects (Art and architecture)

The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Q1: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
A1: the general advancement of Civil Architecture
Q2: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
A2: The original Charter of 1837
Q3: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
A3: promoting and facilitating
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

Q1: Is original Cubist architecture rare?
A1: Cubist architecture is very rare
Q2: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?
A2: Bohemia (today Czech Republic
Q3: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?
A3: Rondo-Cubism
University (Language and literature)

The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

Q1: From what language does Universitas come from?
A1: Latin
Q2: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
A2: urban town life and medieval guilds
Q3: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
A3: they were self-regulating
Q4: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
A4: princes, prelates
Queen_(band) (Music)

The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre, but due to public demand, the show ran until May 2014. We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre, overtaking the previous record holder, the Grease musical. Brian May stated in 2008 that they were considering writing a sequel to the musical. The musical toured around the UK in 2009, playing at Manchester Palace Theatre, Sunderland Empire, Birmingham Hippodrome, Bristol Hippodrome, and Edinburgh Playhouse.

Q1: When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?
A1: Saturday, 7 October
Q2: Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?
A2: Dominion Theatre
Q3: When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?
A3: May 2014
Q4: What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?
A4: We Will Rock You
Q5: What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?
A5: Grease
Bermuda (History)

The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War.

Q1: What was the NAS primarily a base for?
A1: seaplane
Q2: What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?
A2: anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels
Q3: What is located west of the NAS Annex?
A3: additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda
Q4: What happened at the end of the Cold War?
A4: US forces withdrew
USB (Engineering and technology)

The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.

Q1: When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?
A1: January 1996
Q2: How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
A2: 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed"
Q3: What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
A3: 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed"
Q4: 1.1 was the first widely used version of what?
A4: USB
Q5: When was the first widely used version of USB released?
A5: September 1998
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.

Q1: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
A1: Christians
Q2: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?
A2: fervently Catholic
Q3: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
A3: Scottish Catholic
Q4: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?
A4: religious test
Q5: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
A5: 1799
Houston (History)

The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

Q1: How many members did the original Houston city council have?
A1: 14
Q2: How many at-large positions were there originally?
A2: five
Q3: What areas do at-large council members represent?
A3: entire city
Q4: What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?
A4: 2.1 million
Q5: How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?
A5: two
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.

Q1: What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?
A1: Belle Époque cream and gold
Q2: What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?
A2: brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis
Q3: How many rooms does the palace have?
A3: 775 rooms
Q4: In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?
A4: Chinese regency style
Q5: What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?
A5: Carlton House
Q6: Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?
A6: Sir Charles Long
Q7: Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme?
A7: King Edward VII
Q8: Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?
A8: Chinese regency style
Q9: Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?
A9: Carlton House
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:

Q1: Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?
A1: Chen Fangyun and his colleagues
Q2: When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?
A2: in the 1980s
Q3: The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?
A3: three
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.

Q1: How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?
A1: hardwired
Q2: The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?
A2: SELECT
Q3: What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?
A3: microphone
Q4: What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?
A4: square
Q5: What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?
A5: circular
Post-punk (Music)

The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favor of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement, with entryism becoming a popular concept. In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of "New Music" there. Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four), while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2, who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music.

Q1: How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?
A1: turned away from its aesthetics
Q2: What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?
A2: pop
Q3: What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?
A3: MTV
Q4: Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?
A4: American college radio
Q5: What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?
A5: U2
Q6: What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?
A6: commercial sounds
Q7: What else would the post-punk bands record under?
A7: pop
Q8: What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?
A8: entryism
Q9: What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?
A9: MTV and modern rock radio stations
Q10: Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?
A10: U2
Pub (History)

The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

Q1: What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?
A1: lodging
Q2: What is the main provision that pubs offer?
A2: alcohol
Q3: What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?
A3: food and drink
Q4: What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?
A4: Holiday Inn
Q5: In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?
A5: innkeepers
San_Diego (Geography and places)

The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called "New San Diego", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878.

Q1: What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?
A1: several miles away from navigable water
Q2: Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?
A2: William Heath Davis
Q3: Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?
A3: Alonzo Horton
Q4: What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?
A4: the arrival of a railroad connection
Q5: What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?
A5: New Town
War_on_Terror (History)

The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.

Q1: Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?
A1: the Soviet war in Afghanistan
Q2: When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?
A2: February 1989
Q3: Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?
A3: United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China
Q4: Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?
A4: Soviets
Q5: Which group later became al-Qaeda?
A5: World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.

Q1: The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?
A1: through what is now Italy
Q2: The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?
A2: pre-Christian times
Q3: Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?
A3: 212 CE
Q4: Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?
A4: Emperor Caracalla
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.

Q1: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
A1: 1990
Q2: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
A2: Amartya Sen
Q3: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
A3: people-centered policies
Q4: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
A4: 1990