LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Nigeria (History)

Nigeria is often referred to as the "Giant of Africa", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples.

Q1: Which country is called the 'Giant of Africa'?
A1: Nigeria
Q2: How many people live in Nigeria?
A2: 182 million
Q3: How does Nigeria rank among the largest-population countries in the world?
A3: seventh
Q4: How many languages are spoken by Nigerians?
A4: over 500
Q5: What is Nigeria's official language?
A5: English
Nigeria (History)

Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.

Q1: When did Nigeria regain democracy?
A1: 1999
Q2: Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?
A2: Olusegun Obasanjo
Q3: Nigeria was under military rule for how long?
A3: almost 33 years
Q4: How was the 1999 election regarded?
A4: unfree and unfair
Q5: How was the 2003 election regarded?
A5: unfree and unfair
Nigeria (History)

Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011.

Q1: Where did Nigeria's 2012 GDP rank?
A1: 30th in the world
Q2: Which sub-Saharan African nation does the most trade with the US?
A2: Nigeria
Q3: How much of the US's oil comes from Nigeria?
A3: a fifth
Q4: How much of the US's oil imports come from Nigeria?
A4: 11%
Q5: How much growth did the IMF expect Nigeria's economy to have in 2009?
A5: 8.3%
Nigeria (History)

Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exported to other African countries; Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and on its way to be declared Polio free.  In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery. In the 2014 ebola outbreak, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region, the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries, such as the united States, when ebola threats were discovered.

Q1: What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems?
A1: Nigeria
Q2: When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?
A2: December 2014
Q3: When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program?
A3: 2012
Q4: Which entity runs Nigeria's bone marrow donation program?
A4: the University of Nigeria
Q5: Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?
A5: bone marrow transplant
Nigeria (History)

Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.

Q1: What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?
A1: African National Congress
Q2: What group was Nigeria a founding member of?
A2: Organisation for African Unity
Q3: What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?
A3: the African Union
Q4: Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?
A4: the Economic Community of West African States
Nigeria (History)

Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; According to the US Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion.

Q1: How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?
A1: rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
Q2: What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?
A2: harsh and life‑threatening
Q3: How are children mistreated in Nigeria?
A3: child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation
Q4: What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?
A4: sex, ethnicity, region and religion
Nigeria (History)

NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £35 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.

Q1: What was Nigeria's second satellite called?
A1: NigeriaSat-2
Q2: Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?
A2: Surrey Space Technology Limited
Q3: Where was Nigeria's second satellite manufactured?
A3: United Kingdom
Q4: Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?
A4: Abuja
Q5: Where was Nigeria's second satellite launched?
A5: China
John,_King_of_England (History)

Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented "an almost totally unfavourable picture" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century children's writer Howard Pyle's book The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which in turn established John as the principal villain within the traditional Robin Hood narrative. During the 20th century, John was normally depicted in fictional books and films alongside Robin Hood. Sam De Grasse's role as John in the black-and-white 1922 film version shows John committing numerous atrocities and acts of torture. Claude Rains played John in the 1938 colour version alongside Errol Flynn, starting a trend for films to depict John as an "effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home". The character of John acts either to highlight the virtues of King Richard, or contrasts with the Sheriff of Nottingham, who is usually the "swashbuckling villain" opposing Robin. An extreme version of this trend can be seen in the Disney cartoon version, for example, which depicts John, voiced by Peter Ustinov, as a "cowardly, thumbsucking lion". Popular works that depict John beyond the Robin Hood legends, such as James Goldman's play and later film, The Lion in Winter, set in 1183, commonly present him as an "effete weakling", in this instance contrasted with the more masculine Henry II, or as a tyrant, as in A. A. Milne's poem for children, "King John's Christmas".

Q1: What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?
A1: Ivanhoe
Q2: Who played John in 1938?
A2: Claude Rains
Q3: Who was John depicted alongside?
A3: Robin Hood
Bird (Natural sciences)

Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.

Q1: What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?
A1: Ninety-five percent
Q2: What is extra-pair copulation?
A2: infidelity
Q3: What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?
A3: sperm storage mechanisms
Q4: Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?
A4: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

Q1: What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?
A1: Zhoushan
Q2: What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?
A2: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge
Q3: What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?
A3: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge
Q4: What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?
A4: commercial
Q5: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?
A5: Cixi
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a "Slow" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The "Slow" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the "Slow" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.

Q1: What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?
A1: NES Advantage and the NES Max
Q2: What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?
A2: shoot much faster during shooter games
Q3: Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?
A3: The NES Max
Q4: Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?
A4: Power Pad and the Power Glove
Q5: The NES Max also did not feature what?
A5: "Slow" button
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy. Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports.

Q1: What did Nintendo consider emulators?
A1: flagrant software piracy
Q2: What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?
A2: abandonware
Q3: What device allows backing up SNES games?
A3: Retrode
Q4: What is the term for homemade software?
A4: homebrew
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease.[q] The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses.[r] In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game—everything was made a mirror image.[s] Link was now right-handed, and references to "east" and "west" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users.[t]

Q1: What did early users find hard to use about the game?
A1: control scheme
Q2: Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?
A2: sword
Q3: Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?
A3: E3 attendees
Q4: When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?
A4: right
Q5: What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?
A5: comfort and ease
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States.

Q1: What was Nintendo accused of?
A1: antitrust behavior
Q2: Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?
A2: strict licensing requirements
Q3: Who began probing Nintendo's business?
A3: United States Department of Justice
Q4: Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?
A4: FTC
Q5: How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?
A5: $5
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's "iron-clad terms" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.

Q1: When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?
A1: summer 1988
Q2: What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?
A2: Mediagenic
Q3: Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?
A3: cartridges
Q4: As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?
A4: risk
Q5: What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?
A5: 1988
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.

Q1: Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?
A1: Activision
Q2: Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?
A2: third-party software developers
Q3: Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?
A3: Sega, Sony, and Microsoft
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbāna") means "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (saṃsāra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant.

Q1: What term means cessation?
A1: Nirvana
Q2: What term means awakening?
A2: nirvana
Q3: What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?
A3: arahant
Pacific_War (History)

Nishimura's force consisted of two battleships, one cruiser and four destroyers. Because they were observing radio silence, Nishimura was unable to synchronize with Shima and Kurita. Nishimura and Shima had failed to even coordinate their plans before the attacks – they were long-time rivals and neither wished to have anything to do with the other. When he entered the narrow Surigao Strait at about 02:00, Shima was 22 miles (40 km) behind him, and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte. As they passed Panaon Island, Nishimura's force ran into a trap set for them by the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet Support Force. R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships, four heavy cruisers, four light cruisers, 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats. To pass the strait and reach the landings, Nishimura had to run the gauntlet. At about 03:00 the Japanese battleship Fusō and three destroyers were hit by torpedoes and Fusō broke in two. At 03:50 the U.S. battleships opened fire. Radar fire control meant they could hit targets from a much greater distance than the Japanese. The battleship Yamashiro, a cruiser and a destroyer were crippled by 16-inch (406 mm) shells; Yamashiro sank at 04:19. Only one of Nishimura's force of seven ships survived the engagement. At 04:25 Shima's force of two cruisers and eight destroyers reached the battle. Seeing Fusō and believing her to be the wrecks of two battleships, Shima ordered a retreat, ending the last battleship-vs-battleship action in history.

Q1: How many battleships were in Nishimura's force?
A1: two
Q2: Which Japanese admiral was a  rival of Nishimura?
A2: Shima
Q3: How many miles was Shima's fleet behind Nishimura?
A3: 22
Q4: Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island?
A4: R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf
Q5: How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have?
A5: six
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

Q1: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?
A1: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry
Q2: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?
A2: God is incorporeal
Q3: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"
A3: All but one
Q4: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?
A4: prohibited
Q5: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?
A5: Jewish and some Christian theology