LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Plymouth (History)

Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

Q1: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?
A1: Robert Lenkiewicz
Q2: Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?
A2: Plymouth College of Art
Q3: What genre of music does John Surman play?
A3: Jazz
Q4: What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?
A4: Keith Rowe
Q5: Where do the family of Michael Foot live?
A5: Trematon Castle
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Q1: What is the Earth's most southern continent?
A1: Antarctica
Q2: Which pole is located in Antarctica?
A2: South Pole
Q3: What ocean surrounds Antarctica?
A3: Southern Ocean
Q4: What is the size of Antarctica?
A4: 14,000,000 square kilometres
Q5: How much of Antarctica is ice covered?
A5: 98%
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

Q1: What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?
A1: ice cap
Q2: The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?
A2: the Alps
Q3: During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?
A3: Oligocene
Q4: In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?
A4: Antarctica
Q5: Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?
A5: the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.

Q1: When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?
A1: 19th century
Q2: What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?
A2: balance
Q3: What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? 
A3: symmetry
Q4: Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?
A4: Antarctica
Q5: Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?
A5: larger
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.

Q1: Which of the the poles is colder?
A1: Antarctica
Q2: How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?
A2: 3,000 m
Q3: How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?
A3: warmth is transferred
Q4: What contributes to the Antarctic cold?
A4: orbital distance
Q5: What does temperature do with elevation?
A5: decreases
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than −150 °C (−238 °F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C (−112 °F) and −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C (41 °F) and 15 °C (59 °F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.

Q1: Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?
A1: Antarctica
Q2: What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?
A2: −89.2 °C
Q3: On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?
A3: 21 July 1983
Q4: What is Antarctica topographically ?
A4: frozen desert
Q5: What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?
A5: Sunburn
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.

Q1: Which continent is the highest in elevation?
A1: Antarctica
Q2: What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?
A2: 200 mm
Q3: What is the average coldest temperature?
A3: −63 °C
Q4: What is the coldest recorded temperature?
A4: −89.2 °C
Q5: Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? 
A5: tundra
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals, leaving only a resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance (that of the transmission line). Although an antenna may be designed to have a purely resistive feedpoint impedance (such as a dipole 97% of a half wavelength long) this might not be exactly true at the frequency that it is eventually used at. In some cases the physical length of the antenna can be "trimmed" to obtain a pure resistance. On the other hand, the addition of a series inductance or parallel capacitance can be used to cancel a residual capacitative or inductive reactance, respectively.

Q1: Where does cancellation of any reactance seen?
A1: antenna terminals
Q2: What is left after antenna tuning?
A2: resistive impedance
Q3: What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative?
A3: parallel capacitance
Q4: What is an antenna designed to have?
A4: purely resistive feedpoint
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Antennas are characterized by a number of performance measures which a user would be concerned with in selecting or designing an antenna for a particular application. Chief among these relate to the directional characteristics (as depicted in the antenna's radiation pattern) and the resulting gain. Even in omnidirectional (or weakly directional) antennas, the gain can often be increased by concentrating more of its power in the horizontal directions, sacrificing power radiated toward the sky and ground. The antenna's power gain (or simply "gain") also takes into account the antenna's efficiency, and is often the primary figure of merit.

Q1: How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project?
A1: performance measures
Q2: What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision?
A2: directional characteristics
Q3: How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain?
A3: horizontal directions
Q4: What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas?
A4: efficiency
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio) radio, television, mobile telephones, Wi-Fi (WLAN) data networks, trunk lines and point-to-point communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite links, many remote controlled devices such as garage door openers, and wireless remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies including radar, GPS, and radio astronomy. In each and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas, although these are sometimes hidden (such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped with Wi-Fi).

Q1: What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?
A1: Antennas
Q2: How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?
A2: speed of light
Q3: What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?
A3: mobile telephones
Q4: What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?
A4: GPS
Q5: What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?
A5: antennas
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna. This can be accomplished in many different ways leading to a plethora of antenna designs. The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line (unlike a monopole antenna) and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) which increase its directionality. Antenna "gain" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator. The increased power in the desired direction is at the expense of that in the undesired directions. Power is conserved, and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source (the transmitter.)

Q1: What are different designs aimed at increasing?
A1: gain of the antenna
Q2: What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?
A2: balanced line
Q3: Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?
A3: concentration
Q4: Where is the power that is distributed originating from?
A4: the transmitter
Grape (Natural sciences)

Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Q1: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
A1: Anthocyanins
Q2: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
A2: flavan-3-ols
Q3: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 
A3: Total phenolic content
Q4: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? 
A4: Phenolic content
Q5: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
A5: anthocyanins
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India."

Q1: The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?
A1: third
Q2: Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?
A2: South
Dog (Natural sciences)

Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.

Q1: What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?
A1: cooperative hunting
Q2: What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?
A2: 2004
Q3: What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?
A3: sense of smell
Q4: The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?
A4: the domestication of the wolf
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses" (1969:15), social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.

Q1: What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?
A1: Anthropologists
Q2: What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?
A2: an appropriate analytical tool
Q3: What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?
A3: Barth
Q4: If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?
A4: the framework
Q5: Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?
A5: identity
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall social context. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people.

Q1: What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?
A1: identity
Q2: Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?
A2: anthropologists
Q3: Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?
A3: the Eriksonian approach
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.

Q1: What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?
A1: permanent leaders
Q2: Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?
A2: task being performed
Q3: What group arrangement is usual in family authority?
A3: matrilocal
Q4: What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?
A4: matrilineal
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations. The cluster structure of the genetic data is therefore dependent on the initial hypotheses of the researcher and the populations sampled. When one samples continental groups, the clusters become continental; if one had chosen other sampling patterns, the clustering would be different. Weiss and Fullerton have noted that if one sampled only Icelanders, Mayans and Maoris, three distinct clusters would form and all other populations could be described as being clinally composed of admixtures of Maori, Icelandic and Mayan genetic materials. Kaplan and Winther therefore argue that, seen in this way, both Lewontin and Edwards are right in their arguments. They conclude that while racial groups are characterized by different allele frequencies, this does not mean that racial classification is a natural taxonomy of the human species, because multiple other genetic patterns can be found in human populations that crosscut racial distinctions. Moreover, the genomic data underdetermines whether one wishes to see subdivisions (i.e., splitters) or a continuum (i.e., lumpers). Under Kaplan and Winther's view, racial groupings are objective social constructions (see Mills 1998 ) that have conventional biological reality only insofar as the categories are chosen and constructed for pragmatic scientific reasons. In earlier work, Winther had identified "diversity partitioning" and "clustering analysis" as two separate methodologies, with distinct questions, assumptions, and protocols. Each is also associated with opposing ontological consequences vis-a-vis the metaphysics of race.

Q1: Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?
A1: hypotheses
Q2: If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?
A2: continental
Q3: What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?
A3: racial classification
Q4: What are objective social constructions?
A4: racial groupings
Q5: What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?
A5: methodologies