LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Q1: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?
A1: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.
Q2: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?
A2: poor
Q3: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?
A3: mines
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.

Q1: What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?
A1: late 2006
Q2: How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?
A2: trillions of U.S. dollars
Q3: What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?
A3: foreclosure
Q4: What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?
A4: other loan types
Q5: What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?
A5: foreclosure epidemic
Neolithic (History)

Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour — though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.

Q1: What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?
A1: the household
Q2: What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?
A2: 4800 BC and 4600 BC
Q3: What did the ditches later evolve into?
A3: causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge
Q4: What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?
A4: required considerable time and labour to construct
Han_dynasty (History)

Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun 魂) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po 魄) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.

Q1: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?
A1: hollow clay tiles
Q2: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?
A2: hollow clay tiles
Q3: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?
A3: xian
Q4: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?
A4: two-part soul
Q5: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?
A5: allowing it to pivot
Communication (Language and literature)

Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

Q1: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
A1: family rules, family roles or family dialectics
Q2: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
A2: marriage, parenthood or divorce
Q3: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
A3: a well constructed family
Asthma (Natural sciences)

Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.

Q1: What else is a risk factor for asthma?
A1: Family history
Q2: If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?
A2: approximately 25%
Q3: How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?
A3: 25 genes
Q4: What else are these genes closely related to?
A4: the immune system or modulating inflammation
Q5: How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?
A5: over 100 genes
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the "fandoms" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These "rags" or "dirt sheets" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows.

Q1: What do the fans have?
A1: their own subculture
Q2: What sometimes happens with fandoms? 
A2: overlap
Q3: Where have some wrestlers appeared?
A3: comic book conventions
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.

Q1: What did John XXIII call for?
A1: an ecumenical council
Q2: When was the decision made for this council?
A2: 29 January 1959
Q3: Where was the decision made for this council?
A3: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
Q4: Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?
A4: Pope Paul VI
Alps (Geography and places)

Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.

Q1: What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
A1: Farming
Q2: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? 
A2: tourism
Q3: Why is pasture land limited? 
A3: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps
Q4: When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
A4: mid-June
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.

Q1: What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?
A1: Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.
Q2: What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?
A2: Professor of Chemistry and Physics
Q3: What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?
A3: 1851–1921
Q4: What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?
A4: the Science Department
Q5: What book did John Zahm write in 1896?
A5: Evolution and Dogma
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

Q1: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?
A1: nepotism
Q2: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?
A2: cronyism
Q3: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?
A3: old boy network
Roman_Republic (History)

Fearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after the Second Macedonian War, but now followed Rome again for the first time since that war. A major Roman-Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set out for Greece, beginning the Roman-Syrian War. After initial fighting that revealed serious Seleucid weaknesses, the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae (as they believed the 300 Spartans had done centuries earlier). Like the Spartans, the Seleucids lost the battle, and were forced to evacuate Greece. The Romans pursued the Seleucids by crossing the Hellespont, which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia. The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia, resulting in a complete Roman victory. The Seleucids sued for peace, and Rome forced them to give up their recent Greek conquests. Although they still controlled a great deal of territory, this defeat marked the decline of their empire, as they were to begin facing increasingly aggressive subjects in the east (the Parthians) and the west (the Greeks). Their empire disintegrated into a rump over the course of the next century, when it was eclipsed by Pontus. Following Magnesia, Rome again withdrew from Greece, assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace. In fact, it did the opposite.

Q1: Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?
A1: Sicily
Q2: Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?
A2: in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy
Q3: Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?
A3: the Seleucids
Q4: Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?
A4: assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace
Q5: What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?
A5: Battle of Magnesia
Armenia (History)

Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.

Q1: Who succeeded Stalin?
A1: Nikita Khruschev
Q2: When did Stalin pass away?
A2: 1953
Q3: When did Vazgen acquire his position?
A3: 1955
Q4: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?
A4: Yerevan
Q5: When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?
A5: 1967
Bird (Natural sciences)

Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status, and sex.

Q1: What is a feature characteristic of birds?
A1: Feathers
Q2: What feature of a bird facilitate flight?
A2: Feathers
Q3: What is pterylae?
A3: specific tracts of skin
Bird (Natural sciences)

Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as anting in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage.

Q1: Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?
A1: preen gland
Q2: What do birds bathe in?
A2: water or dust
Q3: What is anting?
A3: bird encourages ants to run through their plumage
Q4: What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?
A4: anting
Bird (Natural sciences)

Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading bacteria. This may be supplemented with the secretions of formic acid from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as anting, to remove feather parasites.

Q1: How often do birds groom their feathers?
A1: daily
Q2: What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?
A2: 9%
Q3: What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?
A3: The bill
Q4: What is the process of removing feather parasites?
A4: anting
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

Q1: What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?
A1: Federal law and treaties
Q2: Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?
A2: the Constitution
Q3: States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?
A3: federal constitutional rights
Q4: Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?
A4: state law
Q5: Does every state have the same laws?
A5: vary greatly from one state to the next.
Q6: Federal law overrides what laws?
A6: conflicting state and territorial laws
Q7: The scope of federal power is not what?
A7: universal
Q8: What type of system is American Federalism?
A8: dual-sovereign system
Q9: American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?
A9: Indian reservations
Q10: States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?
A10: the federal Constitution
Q11: Is there anything that trumps state law?
A11: Federal law and treaties
Q12: How many state make up the United States?
A12: 50
Q13: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?
A13: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights
Q14: What is day-to-day, operational law considered?
A14: "living law"
Q15: What is living law mostly made up of?
A15: state law
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.

Q1: What does federal law come from?
A1: the Constitution
Q2: What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?
A2: the Constitution
Q3: What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?
A3: The United States Code
Q4: Where are regulations published?
A4: in the Federal Register
Q5: Where are regulations codified into?
A5: Code of Federal Regulations
Q6: Where does federal law begin?
A6: the Constitution
Q7: Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?
A7: Congress
Q8: What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?
A8: The United States Code
Q9: Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?
A9: executive branch agencies
Q10: Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?
A10: the Code of Federal Regulations
Federalism (History)

Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.

Q1: What is ecclesiology?
A1: the doctrine of the church
Q2: What happens in Presbyterian denominations?
A2: the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.
Q3: In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?
A3: shared sovereignty
Q4: What does each greater level of assembly have?
A4: authority over its constituent members