LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bern (Geography and places)

In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

Q1: what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?
A1: 1353
Q2: How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?
A2: 8
Q3: What year did Bern invade Aargau?
A3: 1415
Q4: What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?
A4: Bern
Szlachta (History)

In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

Q1: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
A1: 1355
Q2: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? 
A2: Buda King Casimir III the Great
Q3: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
A3: Louis I of Hungary
Q4: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
A4: the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes
Q5: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
A5: the king and the court
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.

Q1: What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? 
A1: 1358
Q2: Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?
A2: the Mongols in Tibet
Q3: Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? 
A3: the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Q4: Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  
A4: the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.

Q1: Who created the Ming Dynasty? 
A1: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q2: Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?
A2: the Red Turban Rebellion
Q3: Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?
A3: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q4: What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?
A4: 1368–1398
Q5: Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?
A5: Yuan officeholders
Szlachta (History)

In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

Q1: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?
A1: 1374
Q2: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
A2: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga
Q3: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?
A3: exempted the entire class from all but one tax
Q4: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?
A4: abolished
Q5: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
A5: King to pay indemnities
Pub (History)

In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

Q1: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
A1: Richard II
Q2: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
A2: 1393
Q3: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
A3: John
Q4: What was John Shakespeare's profession?
A4: inspectors
Q5: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?
A5: forfeit his ale
Valencia (Geography and places)

In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

Q1: Who was the hospital's patroness?
A1: Santa María de los Inocentes
Q2: What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?
A2: Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados
Q3: Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?
A3: Archbishop Pedro de Urbina
Q4: What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?
A4: a grain market
Q5: Who insisted on building the new chapel?
A5: Conde de Oropesa
Szlachta (History)

In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.

Q1: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
A1: King Władysław II Jagiełło
Q2: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
A2: 1422
Q3: What happened to the right to mint coinage?
A3: ceded
Szlachta (History)

In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

Q1: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
A1: at Kraków in 1433
Q2: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
A2: Brześć Kujawski privilege
Q3: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
A3: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest
Q4: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
A4: warrant from a court of justice
Q5: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? 
A5: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
Han_dynasty (History)

In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (五銖) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.

Q1: Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?
A1: Emperor Wu
Q2: What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?
A2: wuzhu
Q3: During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?
A3: Tang dynasty
Q4: What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?
A4: 3.2 g
Q5: What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?
A5: several new currencies
Szlachta (History)

In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

Q1: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
A1: 1454
Q2: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
A2: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks
Q3: THe nobility was protected from what?
A3: judicial abuses
Q4: Whos power was curbed?
A4: magnates
Q5: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
A5: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
Alsace (History)

In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.

Q1: In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?
A1: 1469
Q2: Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?
A2: to gain back full control of Upper Alsace
Q3: When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?
A3: 1515
Dog (Natural sciences)

In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".

Q1: What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?
A1: hound
Q2: What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?
A2: mastiff.
Q3: In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs?
A3: 16th
Q4: What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?
A4: hound
Q5: When did the word dog become the common term for canines?
A5: 16th century
Q6: Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?
A6: hunting
Q7: What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?
A7: *kwon- "dog"
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

Q1: In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?
A1: 1516
Q2: What was the title of William IV in 1516?
A2: Duke of Bavaria
Q3: What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?
A3: Reinheitsgebot
Q4: Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?
A4: barley-malt
Q5: Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?
A5: William IV
History_of_India (History)

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Q1: What empire did Babur found in northern India?
A1: Mughal Empire
Q2: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
A2: Sher Shah Suri
Q3: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
A3: Afghan
Q4: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
A4: Second Battle of Panipat
Q5: By what route did Babur enter India?
A5: Khyber Pass
Utrecht (History)

In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

Q1: What year did the bishop lose power 
A1: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Q2: What did Charles V combine 
A2: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union
Q3: What did the loss of power end 
A3: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop
Q4: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to 
A4: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed] (£1,310,000 to £1,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.

Q1: When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
A1: 1535
Q2: What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
A2: £1,310,000 to £1,530,000
Q3: To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
A3: Glastonbury Abbey
Q4: During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
A4: the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

Q1: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
A1: Cibola and Quivira
Q2: Through which present-day state did he travel?
A2: Chihuahua
Q3: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
A3: Paquime
Q4: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
A4: Santa Barbara
Q5: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
A5: epidemic
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for "cursing" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the "Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama."

Q1: When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?
A1: 1565
Q2: Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?
A2: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
Q3: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?
A3: 1611–1621
Q4: Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?
A4: the Karmapa
Q5: Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?
A5: The fourth Dalai Lama
Police (Social sciences and society)

In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance tasks. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852.

Q1: When did Rio get its first police investigator?
A1: 1566
Q2: How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?
A2: most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions
Q3: When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
A3: July 9, 1775
Q4: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?
A4: Brazil
Q5: Who invaded Portugal in 1808?
A5: French
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

In 1568, Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.

Q1: In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?
A1: 1568
Q2: Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?
A2: Álvaro de Mendaña
Q3: What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?
A3: Terra Australis
Q4: What was Tuvalu named in 1819?
A4: Ellice Islands
Q5: By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?
A5: British protectorate