LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger." The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.

Q1: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?
A1: 1609
Q2: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?
A2: Amsterdam
Q3: Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?
A3: John Smyth
Q4: John Smyth broke his ties with what church?
A4: Church of England
Q5: Where did John Smyth go into exile?
A5: Amsterdam
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Q1: When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
A1: 1609
Q2: Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
A2: Amsterdam
Q3: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?
A3: John Smyth
Q4: Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?
A4: Particular Baptists
Q5: When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?
A5: 1638
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Q1: Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?
A1: Amsterdam
Q2: Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?
A2: John Smyth
Q3: Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?
A3: General Baptists
Q4: Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?
A4: Roger Williams
Q5: Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?
A5: Baptist missionaries
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.

Q1: Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica  Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?
A1: 1920s
Q2: What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?
A2: 1953
Q3: Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?
A3: March 11, 1988
Q4: What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?
A4: was purchased
Q5: Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?
A5: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Jews (History)

Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

Q1: What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?
A1: halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions
Q2: Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?
A2: 200 CE
Q3: What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?
A3: Jewish sages
John,_King_of_England (History)

Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto. These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign. Reliable accounts of the middle and later parts of John's reign are more limited, with Gervase of Canterbury and Ralph of Coggeshall writing the main accounts; neither of them were positive about John's performance as king. Much of John's later, negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king's death, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the Almohad ruler Muhammad al-Nasir - a story which is considered to be untrue by modern historians.

Q1: Which historians wrote early in John's life?
A1: Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto
Q2: How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?
A2: unsympathetic
Q3: John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?
A3: Islam
History_of_science (History)

Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.

Q1: What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?
A1: Historical linguistics
Q2: Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?
A2: Sir William Jones
Q3: What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?
A3: catalog all languages of the world
Q4: What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?
A4: the development of generative linguistics
Q5: What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?
A5: a mathematical model of language
Comics (Language and literature)

Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

Q1: Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?
A1: Nihon Manga-Shi
Q2: When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?
A2: 1924
Q3: What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?
A3: Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics
Q4: Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?
A4: Frederik L. Schodt
Q5: What publication is Schodt responsible for?
A5: Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

Historical population figures are unknown. In 1862, the population was estimated at about 10,000. In 1960, the entire population was about 15,000. In July 2011, the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191. Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital, Majuro and Ebeye, the secondary urban center, located in Kwajalein Atoll. This excludes many who have relocated elsewhere, primarily to the United States. The Compact of Free Association allows them to freely relocate to the United States and obtain work there. A large concentration of about 4,300 Marshall Islanders have relocated to Springdale, Arkansas, the largest population concentration of natives outside their island home.

Q1: About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?
A1: 10,000
Q2: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?
A2: 15,000
Q3: As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?
A3: 72,191
Q4: On what atoll is Ebeye located?
A4: Kwajalein Atoll
Q5: What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?
A5: Springdale, Arkansas
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop Rüdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy.

Q1: Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?
A1: 8th and 9th century
Q2: Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?
A2: 11th century
Q3: What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?
A3: often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers
Police (Social sciences and society)

Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by Prussian police of Karl Marx during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before the Second World War. There are also many interesting examples of cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police forces that date back to the 19th century (Nadelmann, 1993). It has been established that modern policing has transgressed national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It is also generally agreed that in the post–Cold War era this type of practice became more significant and frequent (Sheptycki, 2000).

Q1: When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?
A1: 2002
Q2: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?
A2: anarchist agitators and other political radicals
Q3: Which police force monitored Karl Marx?
A3: Prussian
Q4: What international police agency was created before WW2?
A4: Interpol
Q5: In what era did cross-border policing increase?
A5: post–Cold War
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.

Q1: In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?
A1: American progressive theology
Q2: Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?
A2: Charles Hartshorne
Q3: What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?
A3: developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology
Q4: Who are some other distinguished process theologians?
A4: John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
San_Diego (Geography and places)

Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union.

Q1: Who claimed the San Diego Bay area for Spain in 1542?
A1: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Q2: In what year did San Diego become part of the United States?
A2: 1850
Q3: What native people lived in the San Diego area before the Europeans arrived?
A3: Kumeyaay
Q4: After the land was claimed for Spain, how many years passed before the settlement of Alta began?
A4: 200
Elevator (History)

Historically, AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue. Therefore, DC machines powered by an AC/DC motor generator were the preferred solution. The MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator, which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system, thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping (causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example), as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system.

Q1: Throughout history, what type of engines were used for elevator machines?
A1: AC motors
Q2: Why were AC motors used?
A2: cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue
Q3: What problem arises for fast and large capacity elevators?
A3: the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine
Q4: Generally, what powered the relay contoller?
A4: MG set
Q5: What is a known advantage of the MG set?
A5: electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system
Iran (Geography and places)

Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: Pārśa; Modern Persian: Pārse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.

Q1: Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?
A1: Greek historians
Q2: What has the West historically referred Iran as?
A2: Persia
Q3: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?
A3: the 9th century BC
Q4: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?
A4: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,
Q5: What is Persis known as today?
A5: Fars Province
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.

Q1: Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?
A1: malware and spyware
Q2: When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?
A2: early 2011
Q3: How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?
A3: an increasing problem
Q4: What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?
A4: the removal
Q5: How many users were affected by the increase in malware?
A5: 100,000
Philadelphia (History)

Historically, Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods. Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River. The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles of sewers. A 2007 investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency found elevated levels of Iodine-131 in the city's potable water.[citation needed] In 2012, the EPA's readings discovered that the city had the highest readings of I-131 in the nation. The city campaigned against an Associated Press report that the high levels of I-131 were the results of local gas drilling in the Upper Delaware River.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the first water supply system called?
A1: Fairmount Water Works,
Q2: Who provides the city water now?
A2: Philadelphia Water Department
Q3: Where dos PWD get it's water from?
A3: Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River
Q4: How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system?
A4: 21
Q5: How many miles of sewers are in the city?
A5: 3,657 miles