LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy. This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths.

Q1: What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?
A1: perceptual limitation
Q2: What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?
A2: auditory masking
Q3: Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.
A3: Alfred M. Mayer
Q4: When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?
A4: 1959
Q5: The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?
A5: critical bandwidths
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise their own algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input. As a result, there are many different MP3 encoders available, each producing files of differing quality. Comparisons are widely available, so it is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice. An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates (such as LAME) is not necessarily as good at lower bit rates.

Q1: Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?
A1: MPEG-1
Q2: Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?
A2: non-normative
Q3: What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?
A3: their own algorithms
Q4: It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?
A4: Comparisons are widely available
Q5: An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?
A5: lower bit rates
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The Macintosh (/ˈmækᵻntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1997) is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was later renamed to "Macintosh 128k" for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apple's same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since the development of the first model.

Q1: When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?
A1: 1997
Q2: Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?
A2: Apple Inc.
Q3: What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?
A3: original Macintosh computer
Q4: What interface type did the original Macintosh include?
A4: integral graphical user
Q5: When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of "Mac"?
A5: Since 1998
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $2900 (or $3900 with hard drive), as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot. The SE's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT, potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage. For this reason, Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier.

Q1: When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?
A1: the Macintosh II
Q2: What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?
A2: The Macintosh SE
Q3: What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?
A3: $2900
Q4: What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?
A4: high voltage
Q5: Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?
A5: an authorized Apple dealer
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to "Macintosh" for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., the audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested that McIntosh Laboratory give Apple a release for the name with its changed spelling so that Apple could use it, but the request was denied, forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name. (A 1984 Byte Magazine article suggested Apple changed the spelling only after "early users" misspelled "McIntosh". However, Jef Raskin had adopted the Macintosh spelling by 1981, when the Macintosh computer was still a single prototype machine in the lab. This explanation further clashes with the first explanation given above that the change was made for "legal reasons.")

Q1: Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?
A1: Jef Raskin
Q2: What was Jef Raskin's profession?
A2: an Apple employee
Q3: What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?
A3: easy-to-use, low-cost
Q4: Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?
A4: for legal reasons
Q5: What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?
A5: audio equipment
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.

Q1: What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?
A1: memory
Q2: What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?
A2: a hard disk drive
Q3: What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?
A3: larger-capacity chips
Q4: How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?
A4: quadruple
Q5: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?
A5: the logic board
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.

Q1: What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?
A1: expensive
Q2: Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?
A2: education and desktop publishing
Q3: Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?
A3: Wintel
Q4: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?
A4: performance
Q5: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?
A5: Compaq
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.

Q1: What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?
A1: Mahayana sutras
Q2: What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?
A2: Mahayana sutras
Q3: What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?
A3: Sarvastivada Abhidharma
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle).

Q1: What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?
A1: Mahayana
Q2: What does Mahayana mean?
A2: the Great Vehicle
Q3: What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?
A3: bodhisattva path
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.

Q1: Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?
A1: The Majapahit Empire
Q2: Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?
A2: Hayam Wuruk
Q3: How long did the Majapahit Empire last?
A3: 1293 to around 1500
Q4: How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?
A4: parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines
Exhibition_game (Sports and recreation)

The Major League Baseball's preseason is also known as spring training. All MLB teams maintain a spring-training base in Arizona or Florida. The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League, while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League. Each team plays about 30 preseason games against other MLB teams. They may also play exhibitions against a local college team or a minor-league team from their farm system. Some days feature the team playing two games with two different rosters evenly divided up, which are known as "split-squad" games.

Q1: Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?
A1: Arizona or Florida
Q2: What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?
A2: Cactus League
Q3: What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?
A3: Grapefruit League
Q4: How many preseason games does each MLB team play?
A4: about 30
Q5: What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?
A5: "split-squad" games
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the first random-access digital storage device. Although the computer was considered "small and primitive" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer. As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1.

Q1: What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?
A1: Baby
Q2: What was the first stored-program computer in the world?
A2: The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine
Q3: Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built?
A3: Victoria University of Manchester
Q4: Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?
A4: Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill
Q5: When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program?
A5: 21 June 1948
Pacific_War (History)

The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The rapid defeat of Japan's Kwantung Army has been argued to be a significant factor in the Japanese surrender and the end of World War II, as Japan realized the Soviets were willing and able to take the cost of invasion of its Home Islands, after their rapid conquest of Manchuria and Invasion of South Sakhalin island.

Q1: When did the soviet Union invade Manchukuo?
A1: 9 August 1945
Q2: What was the last campaign of World War II?
A2: Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation
Q3: What was the largest campaign of the Soviets against Japan?
A3: Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation
Q4: Who gained Manchukuo, Mengjiang, and northern Korea after the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Campaign?
A4: Soviet Union
Q5: When did hostilities between Japan and the Soviet Union resum after six years of peace?
A5: 9 August 1945
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". In Fujian, it was Han Bannermen who were the ones carrying out the fighting and killing for the Qing and this disproved the entirely irrelevant claim that alleged fear of the water on part of the Manchus had to do with the coastal evacuation and seaban. Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as "barbarian", both Han Green Standard Army and Han Bannermen were involved in the fighting for the Qing side and carried out the worst slaughter. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.

Q1: Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops?
A1: Han Bannermen
Q2: Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur?
A2: Fujian
Q3: What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of?
A3: water
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

The Manhattanville Bus Depot (formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot) is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood.

Q1: What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as?
A1: Manhattanville Bus Depot
Q2: What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as?
A2: 132nd Street Bus Depot
Q3: In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot?
A3: Manhattanville
Q4: The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood?
A4: Riverside Drive
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.

Q1: What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test?
A1: false-positive
Q2: What does "IGRAs" stand for?
A2: Interferon gamma release assays
Q3: In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?
A3: increase
Q4: Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test?
A4: IGRAs
Q5: What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs?
A5: blood
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

Q1: In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?
A1: 1818
Q2: What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?
A2: the Third Anglo-Maratha War
Q3: How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?
A3: 1858
Q4: What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?
A4: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858
Q5: What did Britain establish in 1824?
A5: Singapore as a key trading post
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

Q1: Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?
A1: William E. Meacham
Q2: What nationality was Meacham?
A2: American
Q3: What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?
A3: hydrofoil boat
Q4: Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?
A4: Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin
Q5: Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?
A5: Enrico Forlanini
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam. In October 1947, the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951  and ran the world's first regular routine office computer job.

Q1: What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?
A1: The Mark 1
Q2: What was the first available computer for the public?
A2: Ferranti Mark 1
Q3: When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?
A3: 1951
Q4: Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?
A4: University of Manchester
Q5: When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?
A5: April 1951
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio.

Q1: What island do the Marshall Islands claim?
A1: Wake Island
Q2: Who controls Wake Island?
A2: the United States
Q3: In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?
A3: 1899
Q4: What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?
A4: Enen-kio
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips.

Q1: Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?
A1: Majuro
Q2: What airfield operates in Kwajalein?
A2: Bucholz Army Airfield
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/3. In international politics within the United Nations, the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions.

Q1: When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
A1: August 9, 1991
Q2: When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?
A2: September 17, 1991
Q3: What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?
A3: the United States
Q4: What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
A4: Resolution 704
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ),[note 1] is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 53,158 people (at the 2011 Census) is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,[note 2] Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. About 27,797 of the islanders (at the 2011 Census) live on Majuro, which contains the capital.

Q1: What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?
A1: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ
Q2: Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?
A2: the equator
Q3: As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?
A3: 53,158
Q4: What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side?
A4: the Federated States of Micronesia
Q5: Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands?
A5: Majuro
Q6: What is the official name of the Marshall Islands?
A6: Republic of the Marshall Islands
Q7: In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located?
A7: Pacific Ocean
Q8: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?
A8: 53,158
Q9: How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands?
A9: 29
Q10: On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
A10: Majuro