LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for "shorts" and "opens". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected. For high-volume production a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper lands on the board. Building the adapter is a significant fixed cost and is only economical for high-volume or high-value production. For small or medium volume production flying probe testers are used where test probes are moved over the board by an XY drive to make contact with the copper lands. The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these.

Q1: What are bare-board tests looking for besides "opens"?
A1: "shorts"
Q2: What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called?
A2: An open
Q3: What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of?
A3: copper
Q4: What does a flying probe tester deliver to the contact points during testing?
A4: voltage
Q5: What system tells the flying probe where to go and what to do?
A5: CAM system
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that "inhuman silence which separates and estranges." In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".

Q1: What city did Bell decide to return to?
A1: Boston
Q2: In what year did Bell open his own school?
A2: 1872
Q3: How many people were in Bell's first class?
A3: 30
Q4: Which of Bell's students is the most well known?
A4: Helen Keller
Eton_College (History)

Until 18 December 2010, Eton College was an exempt charity under English law (Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2). Under the provisions of the Charities Act 2006, it is now an excepted charity, and fully registered with the Charities Commission, and is now one of the 100 largest charities in the UK. As a charity, it benefits from substantial tax breaks. It was calculated by the late David Jewell, former Master of Haileybury, that in 1992 such tax breaks saved the School about £1,945 per pupil per year, although he had no direct connection with the School. This subsidy has declined since the 2001 abolition by the Labour Government of state-funded scholarships (formerly known as "assisted places") to independent schools. However, no child attended Eton on this scheme, meaning that the actual level of state assistance to the School has always been lower. Eton's retiring Head Master, Tony Little, has claimed that the benefits that Eton provides to the local community free of charge (use of its facilities, etc.) have a higher value than the tax breaks it receives as a result of its charitable status. The fee for the academic year 2010–2011 was £29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100 as of March 2011), although the sum is considerably lower for those pupils on bursaries and scholarships.

Q1: Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton?
A1: substantial tax breaks
Q2: What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge?
A2: use of its facilities
Q3: What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011?
A3: £29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100
Q4: How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992?
A4: £1,945 per pupil per year
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.

Q1: In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?
A1: 1917
Q2: In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?
A2: 1962
CBC_Television (History)

Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007-08 season, hit series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade.

Q1: In what year did the network end American programming?
A1: 1998
Q2: Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?
A2: Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border
Q3: What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?
A3: a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution.

Q1: What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ?
A1: Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus.
Q2: What occurred in the United Nations general convening in 2006 ?
A2: voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights.
Q3: What did China and Russia both do in 2008 ?
A3: vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar
Q4: What other countries were in disagreement with the United Nations decision on Burma ?
A4: South Africa
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line, became Borough President on May 1.

Q1: When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?
A1: March 1, 2009
Q2: When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?
A2: 2001
Q3: When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?
A3: 2005
Q4: Who succeeded Carrion Jr.?
A4: Rubén Díaz, Jr.
Q5: When was Diaz Jr. elected?
A5: April 21, 2009
Near_East (Geography and places)

Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to "the Near East," the Ottoman Empire, and "the Far East," the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated.

Q1: Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? 
A1: 1855
Q2: What brought a change in vocabulary?
A2: The Crimean War
Q3: The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
A3: the Ottoman Empire
Q4: Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? 
A4: the British government
Q5: What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?
A5: the British Empire
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Until mid-to-late adolescence, boys and girls show relatively little difference in drinking motives. Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14–15; overall, boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls, who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism. The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood (18–19 years of age); however, despite this trend, age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls.

Q1: During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge?
A1: 14–15
Q2: Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light?
A2: boys
Q3: Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism?
A3: girls
Q4: Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping?
A4: greater
Post-punk (Music)

Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was "often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon Reynolds described the period as "a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created, the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it, and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era". Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period "was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song".

Q1: How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?
A1: dismissed
Q2: What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?
A2: significant innovations and music
Q3: What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?
A3: the sixties
Q4: Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?
A4: Nicholas Lezard
Q5: What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?
A5: disturbing
Q6: What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?
A6: post-punk
Q7: What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?
A7: produced significant innovations and music on its own
Q8: Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?
A8: Simon Reynolds
Q9: Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?
A9: Nicholas Lezard
Q10: What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?
A10: cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song
Federalism (History)

Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

Q1: Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? 
A1: a division of sovereignty between two levels of government
Q2: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? 
A2: final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.
Q3: When was federalism put into place? 
A3: The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century
Q4: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
A4: the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established
Q5: What is an example of a federal union? 
A5: the European Union
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

Q1: In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?
A1: 16th
Q2: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?
A2: Pennsylvania Dutch
Q3: What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?
A3: Deitsch
Q4: In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?
A4: 1950s
Dutch_Republic (History)

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.

Q1: The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
A1: Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
Q2: Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
A2: Flanders
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.

Q1: What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?
A1: guns firing ballistic munitions
Q2: After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?
A2: guided missiles
Q3: Which range did not use guided missiles?
A3: the very shortest ranges
Q4: Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?
A4: permanently
Q5: What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?
A5: at least 150 mm
Somerset (Geography and places)

Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.

Q1: What  did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's 
A1: the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell
Q2: What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for 
A2: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods
Q3: What is the shortest pier in the UK 
A3: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK
Q4: What was constructed in the 1970's 
A4: In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol
Pub (History)

Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.

Q1: In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?
A1: 1970s
Q2: What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?
A2: off-sales counter
Q3: What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?
A3: the jug and bottle
Q4: Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?
A4: supermarkets
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Until the 1980s, the governor of the Federal District was appointed by the Federal Government, and the laws of Brasília were issued by the Brazilian Federal Senate. With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly (Câmara Legislativa) was elected to exercise legislative power. The Federal District does not have a Judicial Power of its own. The Judicial Power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories. Currently, Brazil does not have any territories, therefore, for now the courts serve only cases from the Federal District.

Q1: When did Brazil pass a new Constitution?
A1: 1988
Q2: What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?
A2: to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly
Q3: What is Brasilia's District Assembly called?
A3: Câmara Legislativa
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious. Some ties took as many as six matches to settle; in their 1975 campaign, Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final. Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice. This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.

Q1: Do clubs replay each other?
A1: Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious.
Q2: What is the most games played a team to reach the final?
A2: 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final
Q3: When are replays played?
A3: . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice.
Q4: When was the first penalty kick?
A4: penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991
Q5: What clubs were playing during the first penalty?
A5: Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though exclusively non-fictional in nature. One apparent exception was Muhayyelât ("Fancies") by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was by an Armenian named Vartan Pasha. Published in 1851, the novel was entitled The Story of Akabi (Turkish: Akabi Hikyayesi) and was written in Turkish but with Armenian script.

Q1: Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?
A1: the 19th century
Q2: What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?
A2: the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose
Q3: What did the rules of sec require?
A3: between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme
Q4: Who wrote Muhayyelât?
A4: Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi
Q5: When was Muhayyelât written?
A5: 1796