LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.

Q1: Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?
A1: cheaper
Q2: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?
A2: at least 14
Q3: How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?
A3: $5.00 per two-sided disc
Q4: How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?
A4: as little as $1.00
Green (Language and literature)

Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.

Q1: Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?
A1: green
Q2: What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?
A2: 532 nm
Q3: What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?
A3: diode pumped solid state
Q4: What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?
A4: 501 nm to 543 nm
Red (Natural sciences)

Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.

Q1: When was the first ruby laser invented?
A1: 1960
Q2: In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?
A2: 1962
Q3: What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?
A3: Red helium–neon
Q4: What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?
A4: a 660 nm laser
Q5: What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?
A5: 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

Q1: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?
A1: Supercapacitors
Q2: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?
A2: In 1957
Q3: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?
A3: H. Becker
Q4: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?
A4: in the carbon pores
Q5: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?
A5: the pores of the etched foils
Insect (Natural sciences)

Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

Q1: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?
A1: Early Permian
Q2: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?
A2: 55 to 70
Q3: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? 
A3: oxygen
Q4: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? 
A4: 270
Q5: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
A5: Permian-Triassic
Q6: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
A6: insect orders
Q7: The insect orders include both of what?
A7: extant groups
Q8: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
A8: Paleozoic groups
Q9: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
A9: dragonfly-like forms
Q10: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
A10: 55 to 70 cm
Paris (Geography and places)

Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

Q1: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?
A1: Impressionism
Q2: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?
A2: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution
Q3: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?
A3: 1889 Universal Exposition
Q4: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?
A4: Symbolism
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a "frame" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.

Q1: What results from methods used to encode and decode data?
A1: Latency
Q2: What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?
A2: codecs
Q3: What creates segments called a "frame"?
A3: codecs
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to.

Q1: Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.
A1: Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles")
Q2: Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?
A2: materialistic Cārvāka philosophy
Q3: What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
A3: a digest of all philosophies
Q4: Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
A4: Madhavacharya
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.

Q1: What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?
A1: Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines
Q2: Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?
A2: John Herschel
Q3: What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?
A3: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen.

Q1: What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?
A1: fresco
Q2: When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?
A2: the 17th century
Q3: Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?
A3: Venetian craftsmen
Q4: What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?
A4: Alba Regia
Q5: Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?
A5: Székesfehérvár
Dog (Natural sciences)

Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.

Q1: What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?
A1: genetic studies
Q2: The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?
A2: extinct.
Kanye_West (Music)

Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet. Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping.

Q1: What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?
A1: Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Q2: What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?
A2: an apology
Q3: What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?
A3: Jimmy Kimmel
Q4: The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?
A4: Zane Lowe
Q5: On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself "the biggest rockstar on the planet"?
A5: BBC Radio 1
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.

Q1: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?
A1: al-Razi
Q2: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
A2: three
Q3: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?
A3: al-Ghazali
Q4: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
A4: al-Tusi
Q5: What are Islamic schools also known as?
A5: madrasahs
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

Q1: What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
A1: five days of artillery bombardment
Q2: How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
A2: used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia
Q3: What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
A3: defeated a smaller Prussian force
Q4: What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
A4: he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory
Q5: What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
A5: Sweden
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language. During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.

Q1: Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?
A1: 711
Q2: Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?
A2: Asturias
Q3: As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?
A3: Christian
Q4: Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?
A4: Coimbra
Eton_College (History)

Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.

Q1: How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?
A1: more than 100
Q2: Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?
A2: non-curriculum
Q3: How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?
A3: just one
Q4: Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?
A4: Classical Greek
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2–0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.

Q1: What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?
A1: UEFA Super Cup
Q2: Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?
A2: Porto
Q3:  How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?
A3: 74
Q4: What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?
A4: Real Madrid
Q5: Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?
A5: Josep Guardiola
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Q1: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
A1: sculptor Patience Wright
Q2: What are the effigies made of?
A2: wax
Q3: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
A3: some of his own clothes
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Q1: Attic Greek lenited to what?
A1: voiceless and voiced fricatives
Q2: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
A2: Medieval and Modern Greek
Sumer (History)

Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites) who were to found several competing local powers including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and eventually Babylon. The last of these eventually came to dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was utilized.

Q1: Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance?
A1: 3rd
Q2: Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power?
A2: Ur-Nammu and Shulgi
Q3: Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region?
A3: more Semitic than Sumerian
Q4: What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands?
A4: Amorites
Q5: How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools?
A5: for as long as cuneiform was utilized.
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.

Q1: What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?
A1: had successfully achieved the unity of Germany
Q2: Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?
A2: "any other parts of Germany" to join
Q3: Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? 
A3: Saar Protectorate
Q4: The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?
A4: the 16 German states
Pub (History)

Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.

Q1: In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?
A1: the 1960s and 1970s
Q2: What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
A2: removal of the dividing wall or partition