LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:

Q1: How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
A1: Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another
Q2: How does he define entities' need for God?
A2: He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide
Q3: How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
A3: by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
Q4: In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
A4: deficient in actuality and change
Q5: What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
A5: merely eternally unrealized possibilities
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.

Q1: What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?
A1: make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works
Q2: Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?
A2: they remain unexamined and unquestioned
Q3: What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?
A3: basic assumptions about how the universe works
Q4: What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?
A4: metaphysical investigations
Q5: What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?
A5: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."
Q6: What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?
A6: such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned
Q7: What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?
A7: people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
Q8: What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?
A8: Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

Q1: What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
A1: "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."
Q2: What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
A2: primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power
Q3: What was Whitehead's description of God?
A3: "the brief Galilean vision of humility"
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Q1: What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?
A1: 1929
Q2: What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?
A2: numerous essays and addresses
Q3: What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?
A3: inert ideas
Q4: When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?
A4: 1929
Q5: During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?
A5: between 1912 and 1927
Q6: What is the origin of the title of the book?
A6: The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916
Q7: How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?
A7: ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture
Q8: What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?
A8: "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%).

Q1: Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?
A1: 4.0 and 7.0%
Q2: What is the language of Namibia?
A2: Afrikaans
Q3: Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?
A3: German settlers
Q4: What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?
A4: 526,004
Q5: How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?
A5: 73,464
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Q1: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
A1: Republicans
Q2: What party did Brennan belong to?
A2: Democrat
Q3: Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
A3: Warren
Q4: What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
A4: liberal
Q5: Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?
A5: law-and-order conservatives
Wood (Natural sciences)

Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Q1: What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?
A1: second-growth
Q2: Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?
A2: open stands
Q3: What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood?
A3: strength
Q4: What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? 
A4: hickory
Q5: What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?
A5: U.S. Forest Service
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing. The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954.

Q1: When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?
A1: May 2006
Q2: When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?
A2: September 1913
Q3: What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?
A3: Archibald Leitch
Q4: In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?
A4: 1930s
Q5: When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?
A5: Second World War
Hellenistic_period (History)

Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

Q1: Rome dominated what peninsula?
A1: Italian
Q2: Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
A2: Roman
Q3: Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
A3: First Punic War
Q4: Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
A4: Romans
Qing_dynasty (History)

Widespread drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or "Boxers." In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter. A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies (the Eight-Nation Alliance) then entered China without diplomatic notice, much less permission. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. She fled to Xi'an. The victorious allies drew up scores of demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials.

Q1: Where was there a drought?
A1: North China
Q2: What was another name for the Boxers?
A2: Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Q3: When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?
A3: 1900
Q4: Who invaded China?
A4: A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies
Q5: Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?
A5: Xi'an
Napoleon (History)

Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

Q1: Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
A1: St. Helena
Q2: Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
A2: royal celebrations
Q3: Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
A3: the Bourbon regime
Q4: Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?
A4: rosettes
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

Q1: When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?
A1: By the 1980s
Q2: Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?
A2: Prince Hall is open to all men
Q3: Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?
A3: The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: "These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business." Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year.

Q1: When year did Prince Albert die?
A1: 1861
Q2: What forced the Queen to return to London?
A2: public opinion
Q3: What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?
A3: the palace was seldom used, even neglected.
Q4: Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?
A4: Windsor Castle
Q5: When did Prince Albert die?
A5: 1861
Q6: What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?
A6: left Buckingham Palace
Q7: Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?
A7: Osborne House
Q8: What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?
A8: palace was seldom used, even neglected
Q9: Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?
A9: Windsor Castle
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Q1: Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?
A1: Process and Reality
Q2: Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?
A2: Isabelle Stengers
Q3: What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?
A3: how the universe works
Q4: What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?
A4: scientific and philosophical problems
Q5: What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?
A5: novel solutions
Q6: How has "Process and Reality" been described? 
A6: "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,"
Q7: What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?
A7: it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."
Q8: What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?
A8: he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.
Guam (Geography and places)

Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are man-caused with 80% resulting from arson. Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.

Q1: What plagues the Guam dry season?
A1: Wildfires
Q2: What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?
A2: man
Q3: What causes water quality problems in Guam?
A3: sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River
Pain (Language and literature)

Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, begin to send signals along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The "specificity" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which ion channels it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.

Q1: What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?
A1: pain
Q2: What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?
A2: noxious and non-noxious
Q3: What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?
A3: noxious, high intensity
Q4: What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?
A4: currents
Q5: How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?
A5: Dozens
Zinc (Unknown)

William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect "animal electricity". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Q1: Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?
A1: William Champion's brother, John,
Q2: Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?
A2: calamine
Q3: Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?
A3: Johann Christian Ruberg
Q4: What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?
A4: animal electricity
Q5: The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?
A5: electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.
Imperial_College_London (History)

William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an "innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry.

Q1: Who discovered the first synthetic dye?
A1: William Henry Perkin
Q2: What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?
A2: resigned his position
Q3: What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?
A3: mauveine
Q4: The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?
A4: second chemical revolution
Q5: Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?
A5: Perkin Medal