LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms. 

Q1: What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?
A1: Carnival
Q2: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?
A2: February
Q3: Who is the Carnival open to?
A3: public
Q4: What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?
A4: social unity
Q5: What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?
A5: alcohol
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle.

Q1: On what day is full costume worn?
A1: Carnival Tuesday
Q2: What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?
A2: "Mas Boots"
Q3: What does each band base their costume presentation on?
A3: theme
Q4: What do the mas bands eventually converge on?
A4: the Queen's Park Savannah
Q5: Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?
A5: The singer of the most played song
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.

Q1: What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?
A1: Fat Tuesday
Q2: Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?
A2: Gulf Coast area
Q3: What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?
A3: Customs
Q4: What has been part of the celebrations for many years?
A4: street parades and masked balls
Q5: Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?
A5: celebrations
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

Q1: How long has Carnival been celebrated?
A1: centuries
Q2: Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?
A2: Venetian
Q3: Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? 
A3: Greek
Q4: In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?
A4: twentieth
Q5: What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?
A5: Limassol
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as "Pre-Kanaval", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Kreyòl La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place.

Q1: What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?
A1: 1804
Q2: What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?
A2: declaration of independence
Q3: What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?
A3: Kanaval
Q4: What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?
A4: kompa
Q5: What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?
A5: song
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortège ("Jester/adjutant and Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.

Q1: In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?
A1: southern
Q2: Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?
A2: Ash
Q3: What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?
A3: traditions
Q4: What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?
A4: herring
Q5: What is dutch for "Peasant Wedding"?
A5: boerenbruiloft
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.

Q1: Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?
A1: Brooklyn
Q2: What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?
A2: Labor Day
Q3: What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?
A3: Trinidad
Q4: Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?
A4: one million
Q5: What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?
A5: Crown Heights
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.

Q1: What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?
A1: Crop Over
Q2: Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?
A2: sugar cane plantations
Q3: What year did Crop Over begin?
A3: 1688
Q4: What activity is done using a greased pole?
A4: climbing
Q5: What is the finale of Crop Over called?
A5: The Grand Kadooment
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive "jump-ups" (street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, steel drum and roadmarch tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.

Q1: What contagiously throbs during the week of events?
A1: music
Q2: How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?
A2: a month
Q3: What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?
A3: flamboyant
Q4: What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?
A4: Street parades
Q5: When is King Mom symbolically burnt?
A5: On the evening before Lent
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

Q1: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
A1: Portuguese
Q2: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
A2: nine
Q3: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
A3: a yearly prize
Q4: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
A4: a painted float
Q5: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
A5: three
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Carnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. "The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%." Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize. All animals' diets must provide sufficient amounts of the basic building blocks they need, up to the point where their particular biology can synthesize the rest. Animal tissue contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite).

Q1: Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?
A1: carbon
Q2: What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?
A2: 5% to 10%
Q3: What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?
A3: bacterial fermentation
Q4: Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?
A4: starch
Q5: Where can fatty acids be found?
A5: lipids
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight.

Q1: What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency?
A1: Carnivore
Q2: What did Carnivore monitor?
A2: email and electronic communications
Q3: What was Carnivore renamed to?
A3: DCS1000
Q4: When did the FBI abandon Carnivore?
A4: 2001
Q5: What kind of software replaced Carnivore?
A5: commercially available
Middle_Ages (History)

Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair, several reliquaries, and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch. Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers, including the Insular Book of Kells, the Book of Lindisfarne, and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, which is one of the few to retain its "treasure binding" of gold encrusted with jewels. Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art, and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches.

Q1: Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?
A1: illuminated manuscripts
Q2: What is a notable cross made during this era?
A2: the Cross of Lothair
Q3: Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?
A3: Nagyszentmiklós
Q4: What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?
A4: Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram
Q5: Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?
A5: Guarrazar
Armenians (Geography and places)

Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.

Q1: What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?
A1: Carpet-weaving
Q2: When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?
A2: early 13th century
Q3: Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?
A3: the village of Banants (near Gandzak)
Q4: What is 'gorg'?
A4: the Armenian word for carpet
Q5: Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?
A5: in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

Q1: What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?
A1: to deploy balloons
Q2: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?
A2: thirty-seven
Q3: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?
A3: supercarriers
Q4: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?
A4: up to 90
Q5: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?
A5: The United States Navy
Kanye_West (Music)

Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back, West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time. He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them "Keep the Receipt" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003.

Q1: What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?
A1: it was leaked
Q2: How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?
A2: 3
Q3: In what city did West finish recording his first album?
A3: Los Angeles
Q4: How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?
A4: 3
Q5: What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?
A5: August 2003
Roman_Republic (History)

Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as "war action": Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage. Carthage was almost defenceless, and submitted when besieged. However, the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the (desert) inland far off any coastal or harbour region, and the Carthaginians refused. The city was besieged, stormed, and completely destroyed. Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome. Note that "Carthage" was not an 'empire', but a league of punic colonies (port cities in the western mediterranean) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian ("attic") leagues, under leadership of Carthage. Punic Carthago was gone, but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule.

Q1: What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?
A1: Treaties
Q2: What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?
A2: punic colonies
Q3: What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?
A3: punic cities
Q4: What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?
A4: complete surrender
Q5: Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?
A5: Rome
Palermo (Unknown)

Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (Πάνορμος) from which the current name is derived, meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

Q1: In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?
A1: Sicilian Wars
Q2: Why did the Sicilian Wars end?
A2: Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War
Q3: Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?
A3: Pyrrhus of Epirus
Q4: Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?
A4: meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.
Hellenistic_period (History)

Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

Q1: Carthage was on the coast of what country?
A1: Tunisia
Q2: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?
A2: military
Q3: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?
A3: Mago I of Carthage
Q4: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?
A4: phalanx
Q5: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?
A5: Xanthippus of Carthage