LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.

Q1: Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?
A1: 2nd century CE
Q2: What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?
A2: Korea and Japan
Q3: When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?
A3: 8th century onwards
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times in the Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and then all but two times until 1892). After the Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere. The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 (the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium); and Oxford University's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final, in 1873. The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London, as follows:

Q1: Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place? 
A1: predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace.
Q2: How many times was the FA cup playing in the Oval ?
A2: . It was played 22 times in the Oval
Q3: What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup? 
A3: 1872
Q4: How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup? 
A4: 21
Q5: How many replays took place at the Oval? 
A5: 8 replays
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif above the crossing is a golden cross in the middle of the starry sky. Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista. She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna. The mosaics depicted the storm, portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial family and the bishop of Ravenna, Peter Chrysologus. They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747.

Q1: In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
A1: Ravenna
Q2: What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?
A2: 425–430
Q3: What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? 
A3: the church of San Giovanni Evangelista
Q4: Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?
A4: fulfillment of a vow
Q5: When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?
A5: 1747
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says, "People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second"; Neishi Guo says, "Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human." Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism.

Q1: When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?
A1: 6th century BCE
Q2: What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?
A2: Silver Rule of Confucianism
Q3: Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?
A3: Ji Liang
Q4: Where could you read this information?
A4: Zuo Zhuan
Slavs (History)

In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

Q1: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?
A1: the 7th century
Q2: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?
A2: Samo
Q3: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?
A3: Carantania
Q4: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?
A4: 681
Q5: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?
A5: Slavic literacy and Christianity
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of Santa Susanna, depicted Christ with the Pope and Charlemagne on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope Paschal I (817–824) embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607).

Q1: During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?
A1: the 7th–9th centuries
Q2: The lateran Palace was decorated with what?
A2: mosaics
Q3: What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?
A3: They were all destroyed later
Q4: When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?
A4: 1607
Q5: Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?
A5: Triclinio Leoniano
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Camiño de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors. During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings, while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.

Q1: Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?
A1: Apostle James
Q2: Where was this cult based in?
A2: Santiago de Compostela
Q3: Name the road that lead there.
A3: Way of Saint James
Q4: What did Galicians call the Vikings?
A4: Leodemanes or Lordomanes
Q5: To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?
A5: Towers of Catoira
Literature (Language and literature)

In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

Q1: What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?
A1: Romanticism
Q2: What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?
A2: realism and naturalism
Q3: What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?
A3: individual experience and emotion
Q4: How did naturalism effect the greater world?
A4: influenced social and political change
Q5: 20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?
A5: the subjective
Avicenna (Language and literature)

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."

Q1: What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
A1: Aristotle
Q2: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?
A2: Posterior Analytics
Q3: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?
A3: Aristotelian induction
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Q1: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
A1: Spanish
Q2: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
A2: Italian
Q3: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
A3: ingrained diglossic attitudes
Q4: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
A4: diglossic attitudes
Q5: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
A5: Catalan
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.

Q1: What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?
A1: last place
Police (Social sciences and society)

In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]

Q1: What were the Old West's local police options?
A1: poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses
Q2: Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?
A2: The Army
Q3: Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?
A3: Pinkerton National Detective Agency
Q4: Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?
A4: Army
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

Q1: Where is IEC's standard used?
A1: the Balearic Islands
Q2: How is the standard used there?
A2: adapted for the Balearic dialect
Q3: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
A3: non-ending
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15, 1781. Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling. Following this "Pyrrhic victory", Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. This decision would result in Cornwallis' eventual defeat at Yorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots' victory there guaranteed American independence.

Q1: The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?
A1: Catawba
Q2: What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?
A2: 1781
Q3: What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?
A3: Greensboro
Q4: After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?
A4: Virginia coastline
Q5: What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?
A5: to get reinforcements
Grape (Natural sciences)

In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s John the Baptist.

Q1: When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?
A1: Genesis 9:20–21
Q2: Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?
A2: Dionysus
Q3: Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?
A3: Christ
Q4: Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?
A4: Deuteronomy
Q5: Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?
A5: Noah
Bermuda (History)

In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.

Q1: Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?
A1: The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies
Q2: Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?
A2: South-West Africa
Q3: What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?
A3: Genetic studies
A_cappella (Music)

In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, "The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found." This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.

Q1: When did Russian musika show up?
A1: khorovïye kontsertï
Q2: khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?
A2: Venetian-styled
Q3: What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?
A3: Psalms 150
Q4: Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?
A4: Nikolai Diletsky
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.

Q1: What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?
A1: coin toss
Q2: At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?
A2: 35
Q3: In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?
A3: 2010
Q4: Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?
A4: second
Q5: Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?
A5: playoff or championship
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Q1: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
A1: the Church's hierarchical authorities
Q2: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
A2: canon law
Q3: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
A3: external organization and government
Q4: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
A4: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as “Book Blade” (书剑子), who stated:

Q1: What did the China Digital Times report?
A1: a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer
Q2: Who was the construction engineer known as?
A2: Book Blade
Q3: Where was an article reported about the scandal?
A3: China Digital Times
Q4: What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?
A4: Book Blade