LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Energy (Natural sciences)

In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e−E/kT – that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.

Q1: In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?
A1: energy
Q2: What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?
A2: Chemical reactions
Q3: What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?
A3: e−E/kT
Q4: Who created the population factor e-E/kT?
A4: Boltzmann's
Q5: What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?
A5: Arrhenius equation
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]

Q1: The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
A1: films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles
Q2: Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
A2: high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture
Q3: What makes up cooperative cultural studies? 
A3: based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

Q1: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
A1: a bribe
Q2: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
A2: two
Q3: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
A3: culture of corruption
Q4: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
A4: harm
Intellectual_property (History)

In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.

Q1: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?
A1: 1994
Q2: What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?
A2: common law
Q3: What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?
A3: trademark
Q4: What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?
A4: a trademark
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.

Q1: Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?
A1: Milongo
Q2: How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?
A2: seven years
Q3: When was the new constitution ratified?
A3: January 2002
Q4: When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?
A4: April 2003
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

Q1: When was the German Peasants' War?
A1: 1524–25
Q2: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?
A2: the Thirty Years' War
Q3: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?
A3: between 25% and 40%
Q4: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
A4: the Peace of Westphalia
Q5: Where was the German Peasants' War?
A5: the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.

Q1: What happened days following the disaster?
A1: an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region
Q2: What did the team of engineers do?
A2: make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
Q3: What did their findings show?
A3: a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
Q4: After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?
A4: team of engineers
Q5: What was the team sent to China to make?
A5: survey of damaged buildings
Q6: What kind of reasons do their findings show?
A6: variety of reasons
London (Geography and places)

In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

Q1: What are the financial districts of London known as?
A1: the City of London and Canary Wharf
Q2: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?
A2: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings
Q3: What is the European Union's tallest building?
A3: Shard London Bridge
Q4: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?
A4: 95-storey
Q5: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?
A5: in the two financial districts
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfascicular cambium), a complete ring is formed, and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside. The soft phloem becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season, the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings, one for each season of growth, called annual rings.

Q1: What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in?
A1: an open ring
Q2: What does the cambium separate?
A2: xylem and phloem
Q3: What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as?
A3: cambium
Q4: What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?
A4: increase in thickness
Q5: What's another name for the concentric rings in trees?
A5: annual rings
Wood (Natural sciences)

In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring.

Q1: What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?
A1: diffuse-porous
Q2: In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?
A2: structure
Q3: What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?
A3: unaided
The_Times (History)

In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.

Q1: In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?
A1: Nineteen Eighty-Four
Q2: What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?
A2: George Orwell
Q3: What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?
A3: dystopian
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."

Q1: Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? 
A1: al-Haytham
Q2: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
A2: Book of Optics
Q3: Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
A3: Aristotle's
Q4: Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
A4: Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things
Q5: Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
A5: next to nothing
Middle_Ages (History)

In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island.

Q1: Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?
A1: Portugal
Q2: What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?
A2: Prince Henry the Navigator
Q3: What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?
A3: Vasco da Gama
Q4: What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?
A4: the Americas
Q5: What English monarch financed John Cabot?
A5: Henry VII
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).

Q1: What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?
A1: white rice
Q2: What is the scientific term for beriberi?
A2: endemic neuritis
Q3: What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?
A3: paralysis
Q4: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?
A4: Kanehiro Takaki
Q5: What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?
A5: thiamine
Montana (Geography and places)

In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.  This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.

Q1: Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s
A1: James J. Hill
Q2: In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?
A2: 1902
Q3: What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?
A3: 1909
Q4: How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?
A4: 320 acres
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm.

Q1: What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris?
A1: Universal Productions France S.A.
Q2: What was the name of Universal's French distribution company?
A2: Universal Pictures France
Q3: What was the English title of Le scandale?
A3: The Champagne Murders
Q4: Who directed The Day of the Jackal?
A4: Fred Zinnemann
Q5: What film was known in English as Going Places?
A5: Les Valseuses
Montevideo (Geography and places)

In the early 1970s (1973, to be particular) when the military junta took over power in Uruguay, art suffered in Montevideo. The art studios went into protest mode, with Rimer Cardillo, one of the country's leading artists, making the National Institute of Fine Arts, Montevideo a "hotbed of resistance". This resulted in the military junta coming down heavily on artists by closing the Fine Art Institute and carting away all the presses and other studio equipment. Consequently, the learning of fine arts was only in private studios run by people who had been let out of jail, in works of printing and on paper and also painting and sculpture. It resumed much later.

Q1: What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?
A1: art
Q2: Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?
A2: artists
Q3: Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?
A3: Rimer Cardillo
Hard_rock (Music)

In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track "Stairway to Heaven", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw The Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year.

Q1: What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?
A1: Exile on Main St.
Q2: Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit "Stairway to Heaven"?
A2: Led Zeppelin IV
Q3: What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple's Machine Head album?
A3: "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water"
Q4: Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?
A4: Ritchie Blackmore
Q5: Who was the drummer for The Who?
A5: Keith Moon
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide. Though Universal did produce occasional hits, among them Airport (1970), The Sting (1973), American Graffiti (also 1973), Earthquake (1974), and a big box-office success which restored the company's fortunes: Jaws (1975), Universal during the decade was primarily a television studio. When Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists in 1981, MGM could not drop out of the CIC venture to merge with United Artists overseas operations. However, with future film productions from both names being released through the MGM/UA Entertainment plate, CIC decided to merge UA's international units with MGM and reformed as United International Pictures. There would be other film hits like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Back to the Future (1985), Field of Dreams (1989), and Jurassic Park (1993), but the film business was financially unpredictable. UIP began distributing films by start-up studio DreamWorks in 1997, due to connections the founders have with Paramount, Universal, and Amblin Entertainment. In 2001, MGM dropped out of the UIP venture, and went with 20th Century Fox's international arm to handle distribution of their titles to this day.

Q1: Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation?
A1: Paramount Pictures
Q2: In what year was the film Airport made?
A2: 1970s
Q3: What Universal hit film was produced in 1974?
A3: Earthquake
Q4: What company was purchased by MGM in 1981?
A4: United Artists
Q5: When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks?
A5: 1997
Miami (Geography and places)

In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band, with such hits as "Get Down Tonight", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" and "That's the Way (I Like It)"; and the Latin-American disco group, Foxy (band), with their hit singles "Get Off" and "Hot Number". Miami-area natives George McCrae and Teri DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s disco era. The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then. Miami-influenced, Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, hit the popular music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with "Conga" and "Bad Boys".

Q1: What group performed the song "Hot Number"?
A1: Foxy
Q2: In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?
A2: 1975
Q3: What band performed the song "Conga"?
A3: Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine
Q4: What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?
A4: TK Records
Q5: In what decade was disco popular?
A5: 1970s