LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_India (History)

Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.

Q1: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?
A1: Vishnu and Shiva
Q2: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?
A2: Hindu gods
Q3: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?
A3: monumental
Q4: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?
A4: elaborate
Q5: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?
A5: eighth
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike." John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!"

Q1: How old was Roncalli when elected pope?
A1: 76
Q2: When was Roncalli elected pope?
A2: 28 October 1958
Q3: He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in how long?
A3: 500 years
Q4: Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?
A4: Second Vatican Council
Q5: When did he call the Second Vatican Council?
A5: 11 October 1962
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.

Q1: When was the final ballot of the conclave?
A1: 4:00 pm
Q2: How many votes did he have?
A2: 38 votes
Q3: What name did Roncalli choose?
A3: John
Q4: John had not been a chosen name in how long?
A4: over 500 years
Q5: Who was the last to choose the name John?
A5: Antipope John XXIII
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

Q1: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?
A1: Roofing shingles
Q2: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?
A2: Japan black
Q3: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?
A3: weather resistance
Q4: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?
A4: permanence
Q5: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?
A5: alkaline batteries
Alps (Geography and places)

Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

Q1: What are roofs traditionally constructed from? 
A1: Alpine rocks
Q2: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? 
A2: the higher parts of the valleys
Q3: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? 
A3: 40%
Q4: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
A4: 19
Q5: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? 
A5: Romansh
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May (2010) as the starting shortstop. However, the club played poorly in the early season, finding themselves 10 games under .500 at the end of June. In addition, long-time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee, and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry, who called the conduct "unacceptable." On August 22, Lou Piniella, who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season, announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother. Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year. Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24–13 under Quade, the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch, earning Quade to have the interim tag removed on October 19.

Q1: Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?
A1: Starlin Castro
Q2: When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?
A2: early May (2010)
Q3: Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely? 
A3: Lou Piniella
Q4: Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?
A4: take care of his sick mother
Philadelphia (History)

Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. Woodhaven Road (Route 63), built in 1966, and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. 30, extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster, is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs.

Q1: What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?
A1: U.S. 1
Q2: When was Woodhaven road built?
A2: 1966
Q3: What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?
A3: Northeast Philadelphia,
Q4: What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?
A4: Route 309
Q5: What is US-30 also known as?
A5: Lancaster Avenue
Red (Natural sciences)

Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

Q1: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A1: 1962
Q2: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A2: Harvard University
Q3: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?
A3: Naphtol and Lithol
Q4: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?
A4: 1979
Q5: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?
A5: ruined and had to be taken down
Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic (History)

Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.

Q1: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?
A1: 70%
Q2: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?
A2: the east
Q3: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?
A3: natural gas
Zinc (Unknown)

Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

Q1: In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?
A1: zinc compounds
Q2: What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?
A2: Zinc oxide
Q3: What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?
A3: Zinc oxide
Q4: Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?
A4: semiconductor
Q5: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?
A5: thermochemical
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.

Q1: At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?
A1: one-third
Q2: Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?
A2: 8.6 million
Q3: How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?
A3: 8.8 million
Q4: About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?
A4: 0.35 million
Q5: What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?
A5: 1%
Philadelphia (History)

Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century. Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse. Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta, all of which are held on the Schuylkill River. The regattas are hosted and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.

Q1: What water sport is popular in the city?
A1: Rowing
Q2: What is the symbol of rowing in the city?
A2: Boathouse Row
Q3: What is the name of the big rowing races?
A3: Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta
Q4: Where are these races held?
A4: Schuylkill River
Royal_assent (History)

Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.

Q1: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?
A1: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Q2: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?
A2: Manx
Q3: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?
A3: summary of the long title
Q4: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?
A4: only the short title and a summary of the long title
Q5: On what day does St John's Day occur?
A5: (24 June)
Q6: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?
A6: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Royal_assent (History)

Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill.

Q1: When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?
A1: House of Lords
Q2: Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?
A2: Palace of Westminster
Q3: Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?
A3: written declaration
Q4: With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?
A4: elaborate ceremonies
Q5: Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?
A5: Palace of Westminster
Q6: With what method is royal assent generally granted?
A6: letters patent
Q7: How is royal assent granted within Australia?
A7: the governor-general merely signs the bill
Royal_assent (History)

Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:

Q1: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?
A1: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
Q2: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?
A2: London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes
Q3: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?
A3: 28, 32, and 33
Q4: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?
A4: four-week period
Q5: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?
A5: Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State
Q6: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?
A6: review of its legality
Royal_assent (History)

Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.

Q1: Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?
A1: constitutional monarch
Q2: Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?
A2: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
Q3: Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?
A3: 18th
Q4: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?
A4: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
Q5: Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?
A5: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government
Q6: Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?
A6: exceedingly rare
John,_King_of_England (History)

Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily.

Q1: Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?
A1: Wales
Q2: Who did John marry Joan to?
A2: Llywelyn the Great
Q3: What did John use to increase his own territory and power?
A3: marcher lords and the native Welsh
Q4: When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?
A4: 1211
American_Idol (Music)

Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.

Q1: Who was the season two winner of American Idol?
A1: Ruben Studdard
Q2: How many votes were cast during the final week?
A2: 24 million
Q3: Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?
A3: Clay Aiken
Q4: How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?
A4: 134,000
Q5: What was the name of the shows executive producer?
A5: Nigel Lythgoe
Q6: Who won season two?
A6: Ruben Studdard
Q7: Who was the runner up for season two?
A7: Clay Aiken
Q8: How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?
A8: 134,000
Q9: How many votes were cast for the finale?
A9: 24 million
Q10: Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?
A10: Clay Aiken
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers.

Q1: As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?
A1: ritual of Christian baptism
Q2: Were the pretend baptisms real?
A2: the baptisms were genuine
Q3: Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?
A3: not been properly catechized
Q4: What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?
A4: clerical careers
Samoa (Geography and places)

Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain. Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.

Q1: In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?
A1: Rugby League World Cup
Q2: Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?
A2: New Zealand
Q3: What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?
A3: Setima Sa
Q4: How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?
A4: 10
Q5: What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?
A5: St Helens