LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.

Q1: Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?
A1: Lissouba and Sassou
Q2: What is the name of Sassou's personal army?
A2: Cobras
Q3: What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?
A3: Angolan
Q4: In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?
A4: October
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.

Q1: What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?
A1: multi-party
Q2: Which party does Sassou belong to?
A2: Congolese Labour Party
Q3: What is the French term for Sassou's political party?
A3: Parti Congolais du Travail
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death, including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone. Such non-death capital offenses include treason, espionage (spying for another country), and high-level drug trafficking. Since no one has yet been sentenced to death for such non-death capital offenses, the Supreme Court has not ruled on their constitutionality.

Q1: Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?
A1: fifty
Q2: What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?
A2: Congress
Q3: What is another term for the act of spying for another country?
A3: espionage
Q4: Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?
A4: high-level drug trafficking
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.

Q1: What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?
A1: Congress
Q2: Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?
A2: Clinton v. City of New York
Q3: When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?
A3: 1998
Q4: In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?
A4: Congress
Q5: What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?
A5: nondelegation doctrine
Q6: What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?
A6: Clinton v. City of New York
Q7: What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?
A7: 1998
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).

Q1: What kind of courts did congress establish?
A1: legislative courts
Q2: What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
A2: judicial power of the United States
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.

Q1: What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?
A1: statutes
Q2: Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?
A2: regulations
Q3: Regulations normally carry the force of what?
A3: law
Q4: Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?
A4: relevant statutes
Q5: What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?
A5: broad rulemaking authority
Q6: Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?
A6: too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation
Q7: What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?
A7: the principle of Chevron
Q8: What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?
A8: regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.

Q1: To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?
A1: the performance of their duties
Q2: What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?
A2: INS v. Chadha
Q3: When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?
A3: 1983
Q4: By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?
A4: two-thirds
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.

Q1: What is the name of the large commercial and financial district located in the northern part of New Delhi?
A1: Connaught Place
Q2: New Delhi's service sector has expanded largely due to skilled workers that speak what language?
A2: English
Q3: What is one of the key service industries of New Delhi?
A3: information technology
Q4: Prior to the expansion of the service sector, what sector was the largest employer in New Delhi?
A4: Government
Q5: The large skilled English-speaking workforce of New Delhi has been able to attract what type of organizations to the city?
A5: multinational companies
Alps (Geography and places)

Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed.

Q1: Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?
A1: Conrad Gessner
Q2: Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?
A2: Geneva
Q3: Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?
A3: Saussure
Treaty (Language and literature)

Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations, if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing.[citation needed]

Q1: If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?
A1: invalid
Q2: Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty?
A2: his sovereign
Q3: What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid?
A3: the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing
Q4: Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state's consent to be considered invalid? 
A4: the other parties
Treaty (Language and literature)

Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representative by another party to the treaty. Coercion of either a representative, or the state itself through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent.

Q1: What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?
A1: fraudulent conduct
Q2: What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent?
A2: corruption
Q3: Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty?
A3: invalidate that consent
Q4: Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?
A4: representative
Q5: What must  be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?
A5: used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H
2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:

Q1: How can it be recovered through steam?
A1: use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction
Israel (History)

Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis.

Q1: The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?
A1: two million
Q2: What ideology did some immigrants believe in?
A2: Zionist
Q3: Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?
A3: 1,150,000
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Consider a half-wave dipole designed to work with signals 1 m wavelength, meaning the antenna would be approximately 50 cm across. If the element has a length-to-diameter ratio of 1000, it will have an inherent resistance of about 63 ohms. Using the appropriate transmission wire or balun, we match that resistance to ensure minimum signal loss. Feeding that antenna with a current of 1 ampere will require 63 volts of RF, and the antenna will radiate 63 watts (ignoring losses) of radio frequency power. Now consider the case when the antenna is fed a signal with a wavelength of 1.25 m; in this case the reflected current would arrive at the feed out-of-phase with the signal, causing the net current to drop while the voltage remains the same. Electrically this appears to be a very high impedance. The antenna and transmission line no longer have the same impedance, and the signal will be reflected back into the antenna, reducing output. This could be addressed by changing the matching system between the antenna and transmission line, but that solution only works well at the new design frequency.

Q1: How big would an antenna be used to with with one m wavelengths?
A1: 50 cm
Q2: How could the rection of output be adressed by?
A2: changing the matching system
Q3:  What unit is used to measure current?
A3: ampere
Q4: What effect occurs when the signal is reflected back into the antenna?
A4: reducing output
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, Plymouth Colony (Pilgrim Fathers; 1620) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628) practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers. These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The Mayflower Compact was a social contract.

Q1: Whose democracies were created by Protestants?
A1: the English and the American democracies
Q2: Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?
A2: Australia, New Zealand, and India
Q3: What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?
A3: self-rule and separation of powers
Q4: What group believed that democracy was the will of God?
A4: Congregationalists
Q5: What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?
A5: Massachusetts Bay Colony
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

Q1: What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?
A1: conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy
Q2: What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?
A2: deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
Q3: What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?
A3: the American Air Forces
Q4: What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?
A4: military training
Q5: What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?
A5: relationship-building efforts
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".

Q1: What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?
A1: edict of Milan
Q2: How did Constantine accept Christianity?
A2: officially
Q3: Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?
A3: traditional religions
Q4: As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?
A4: absolute head of state
Q5: As what was Constantine honored when he died?
A5: Christian, Imperial, and "divus"
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.

Q1: Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
A1: Constantine the Great
Q2: What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
A2: Edict of Milan
Q3: What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
A3: Pontifex Maximus
Q4: What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
A4: the ecumenical councils
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

Q1: Who rejected the Christian religion?
A1: Julian
Q2: When did Julian become Augustus?
A2: 361
Q3: What did Julian try to restore to the empire?
A3: non-Christian practices
Q4: What building did Julian want to rebuild?
A4: Jerusalem's temple
Q5: After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?
A5: Christian control
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him, then, three days to comply. He was ordered into banishment to Beroea, in Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). He sent expensive presents, too, if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused. He sent him, indeed, five hundred pieces of gold "to bear his charges" but Liberius refused them, saying, he might bestow them on his flatters; as he did also a like present from the empress, bidding the messenger learn to believe in Christ, and not to persecute the Church of God. Attempts were made to leave the presents in The Church, but Liberius threw them out. Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan, where, in a conference recorded by Theodoret, he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica, and his enemies proved calumniators (see: "calumny") and impostors, and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime. The emperor was reduced to silence on every article, but being the more out of patience, ordered him into banishment. Liberius went into exile. Constantius, after two years went to Rome to celebrate the twentieth year of his reign. The ladies joined in a petition to him that he would restore Liberius. He assented, upon condition that he should comply with the bishops, then, at court. He subscribed the condemnation of Athanasius, and a confession or creed which had been framed by the Arians at Sirmium. And he no sooner had recovered his see that he declared himself for the Creed of Niceae, as Theodoret testifies. (Theodoret, Hist. lib. ii. c. 17.). The Emperor knew what he wanted people to believe. So did the bishops at his court. Athanasius stuck by the orthodox creed. Constantius was an avowed Arian, became sole ruler in 350, at the death of his brother, Constans.

Q1: How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?
A1: three days
Q2: Where did Liberius go?
A2: Beroea
Q3: Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?
A3: were refused
Q4: Who tried to bribe Liberius?
A4: Constantius
Q5: What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?
A5: comply with the bishops