LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Alps (Geography and places)

Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages. Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys. Moraines, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers.

Q1: What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages? 
A1: The Inn valley
Q2: What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley
A2: Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age
Q3: The top of the Inn Valley consists of what?
A3: erosion from earlier ice ages
Q4: What are Moraines?
A4: piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier
Q5: Where have moraines accumulated?
A5: at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers.
Queen_Victoria (History)

Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.

Q1: What year did Gladstone return to power?
A1: 1892
Q2: How old was Gladstone in 1892?
A2: 82
Q3: What year did Gladstone retire?
A3: 1894
Q4: What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?
A4: prime minister
Q5: What year did Gadstone return to power?
A5: 1892
Q6: How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?
A6: 82 years old
Q7: What year did Gladstone retire?
A7: 1894
Q8: Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?
A8: Lord Rosebery
Q9: Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?
A9: Lord Salisbury
Q10: How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? 
A10: 82 years old
Q11: What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? 
A11: Henry Labouchere
Q12: Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?
A12: Lord Rosebery
Q13: Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? 
A13: Lord Salisbury
Q14: How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?
A14: for the remainder of Victoria's reign
Q15: Who was returned to power in 1892?
A15: Gladstone
Q16: Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?
A16: Lord Rosebery
Q17: How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?
A17: His government was weak
Q18: Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?
A18: Lord Salisbury
Q19: How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?
A19: the remainder of Victoria's reign
Glass (Art and architecture)

Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as "crystal" when used in glass vessels) cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.

Q1: What can be used to make glass less refractive?
A1: boron
Q2: What is the refraction index of typical glass?
A2: 1.5
Q3: What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?
A3: lead oxide
Q4: What are high-index glasses erroneously called?
A4: crystal
Q5: Why are high-index glasses valued?
A5: for their diamond-like optical properties
Glass (Art and architecture)

Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in diffuse reflection. Glass does not contain the internal subdivisions associated with grain boundaries in polycrystals and hence does not scatter light in the same manner as a polycrystalline material. The surface of a glass is often smooth since during glass formation the molecules of the supercooled liquid are not forced to dispose in rigid crystal geometries and can follow surface tension, which imposes a microscopically smooth surface. These properties, which give glass its clearness, can be retained even if glass is partially light-absorbing—i.e., colored.

Q1: What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent?
A1: internal subdivisions
Q2: What force gives glass its surface texture?
A2: surface tension
Q3: What, in contrast to glass, doesn't let light pass through?
A3: polycrystalline materials
Q4: What type of glass absorbs some light?
A4: colored
Glass (Art and architecture)

Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and metal work. The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire. It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier, now in modern Germany, that the late-Latin term glesum originated, probably from a Germanic word for a transparent, lustrous substance. Glass objects have been recovered across the Roman empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts.[citation needed]

Q1: What word does "glass" come from?
A1: glesum
Q2: Where did glasswork begin relatively late?
A2: China
Q3: In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia?
A3: 1730 BCE
Q4: What city was a center of glass production for the Romans?
A4: Trier
Q5: In what current country is Trier located?
A5: Germany
Glass (Art and architecture)

Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. From the 10th-century onwards, glass was employed in stained glass windows of churches and cathedrals, with famous examples at Chartres Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint Denis. By the 14th-century, architects were designing buildings with walls of stained glass such as Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, (1203–1248) and the East end of Gloucester Cathedral. Stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival architecture in the 19th-century. With the Renaissance, and a change in architectural style, the use of large stained glass windows became less prevalent. The use of domestic stained glass increased until most substantial houses had glass windows. These were initially small panes leaded together, but with the changes in technology, glass could be manufactured relatively cheaply in increasingly larger sheets. This led to larger window panes, and, in the 20th-century, to much larger windows in ordinary domestic and commercial buildings.

Q1: When did stained glass make a big comeback?
A1: 19th-century
Q2: When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship?
A2: 10th-century
Q3: When did big windows of stained glass become less common?
A3: the Renaissance
Q4: What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls?
A4: Sainte-Chapelle
Q5: What did technological changes allow regular homes to have?
A5: larger windows
Glass (Art and architecture)

Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime.

Q1: What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?
A1: vitreous
Q2: What hardens glass-ceramics?
A2: heat treatment
Q3: What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with?
A3: non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that allow bioprospecting or collection of natural products, expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately. Bioprospecting can become a type of biopiracy when such principles are not respected.[citation needed]

Q1: What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?
A1: the Convention on Biological Diversity
Q2: What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?
A2: the Convention on Biological Diversity
Q3: What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?
A3: the Convention on Biological Diversity
Q4: What is the process of collecting natural products?
A4: bioprospecting
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

Q1: How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?
A1: God's reception of the world's activity
Q2: How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?
A2: It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.
Q3: What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?
A3: God saves and cherishes all experiences forever
Q4: What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?
A4: those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world
Q5: What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?
A5: God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

Goetz set out an ambitious schedule. Universal-International became responsible for the American distribution of Rank's British productions, including such classics as David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948). Broadening its scope further, Universal-International branched out into the lucrative non-theatrical field, buying a majority stake in home-movie dealer Castle Films in 1947, and taking the company over entirely in 1951. For three decades, Castle would offer "highlights" reels from the Universal film library to home-movie enthusiasts and collectors. Goetz licensed Universal's pre–Universal-International film library to Jack Broeder's Realart Pictures for cinema re-release but Realart was not allowed to show the films on television.

Q1: In what year was the Olivier version of Hamlet made?
A1: 1948
Q2: Who directed 1946's Great Expectations?
A2: David Lean
Q3: In 1947, what company did Universal buy a stake in?
A3: Castle Films
Q4: Who ran Realart Pictures?
A4: Jack Broeder
Q5: In what year did Universal-International take over Castle Films?
A5: 1951
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.

Q1: What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?
A1: Gombeenism
Q2: Parish pump politics is also called what?
A2: parochialism
Q3: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?
A3: Irish Banking crisis
Q4: Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?
A4: senior management or committee position
Nigeria (History)

Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections.

Q1: Who won the 2011 election?
A1: Goodluck Jonathan
Q2: How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?
A2: 22,495,187
Q3: What was the main opposition political party in 2011?
A3: Congress for Progressive Change
Q4: Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?
A4: Muhammadu Buhari
Q5: How many votes did Buhari get?
A5: 12,214,853
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled "A Marvel Magazine" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.

Q1: Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?
A1: shell companies
Q2: When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?
A2: 1961
Q3: By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?
A3: "A Marvel Magazine"
Q4: Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?
A4: Marvel Mystery Comics
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Goodman, now disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line, but this lasted only a year and a half. In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell victim to the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic book stores resold them at a later date.[citation needed] But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution—selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands.

Q1: What new venture did Marvel's founder begin after leaving the company in the 1970s?
A1: Seaboard Periodicals
Q2: What former Marvel title imprint did Goodman attempt to revive?
A2: Atlas Comics
Q3: What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales?
A3: comic book stores
Q4: How long was the 1970s revival of Atlas Comics in business?
A4: a year and a half
Q5: During what era did newsstand distribution begin to tail off markedly for Marvel?
A5: the mid-1970s
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television. In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at 3.7 billion. In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit 5.6 billion dollars according to eMarketer, others estimated 4.7 billion,

Q1: How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?
A1: 15 minutes
Q2: What is the average time an American watches TV in day?
A2: four or five hours
Q3: What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?
A3: 3.7 billion
Q4: What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?
A4: $200 million
Q5: Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?
A5: Google
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process – this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence.

Q1: How many protesters died in the airport violence?
A1: one
Q2: Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?
A2: Nationalists
Q3: Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?
A3: Armenians
Q4: Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?
A4: a military commandant
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people's support in exchange for expansion of liberties. The tactic proved successful: Within two years political reform could no longer be sidetracked by Party "conservatives." An unintended consequence was that having saved reform, Gorbachev's move ultimately killed the very system it was designed to save.

Q1: Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?
A1: the people's
Q2: What party was Gorbachev in charge of?
A2: Communist
Q3: What group wanted to stop reforms?
A3: "conservatives."
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics – on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front. On September 17, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert, and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha. On November 17, 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators. On December 5, 1988, the Soviet militia finally moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months.

Q1: Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988?
A1: Abdulrahman Vezirov
Q2: Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov?
A2: Kamran Baghirov
Q3: How many soldiers died on September 17?
A3: two
Q4: People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha?
A4: Armenian
Q5: How long did the Lenin Square protest last?
A5: 18 days
Armenia (History)

Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.

Q1: What does NAA stand for?
A1: New Armenian Army
Q2: When was the NAA formed?
A2: May 1990
Q3: Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?
A3: the MVD
Q4: How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?
A4: five Armenians
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.

Q1: Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?
A1: Asia
Q2: Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?
A2: Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser
Q3: Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?
A3: he resigned
Q4: Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?
A4: United States and Britain