LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_India (History)

The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

Q1: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?
A1: Atharva-Veda
Q2: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?
A2: Jainism and Buddhism
Q3: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?
A3: Magadha
Q4: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?
A4: Golden Age
Q5: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?
A5: Gramakas
Pub (History)

The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.

Q1: Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?
A1: Latin
Q2: Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?
A2: The Cross
Q3: What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
A3: the coat of arms
Q4: What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
A4: hops
Q5: Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
A5: farming
Architecture (Art and architecture)

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Q1: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
A1: De architectura
Q2: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
A2: Roman architect Vitruvius
Q3: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
A3: 1st century AD.
Q4: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
A4: firmness, commodity and delight.
Q5: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
A5: De architectura
Q6: Who was the author of  De architectura?
A6: Vitruvius
Q7: What was Vitruvius' profession?
A7: architect
Q8: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
A8: firmitas, utilitas, venustas
Q9: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
A9: firmness, commodity and delight
Tennessee (Geography and places)

The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River), and appears on maps as early as 1725. It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Juan Pardo, although recent research suggests that Pardo's "Tanasqui" was located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern Newport.

Q1: Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?
A1: Captain Juan Pardo
Q2: Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?
A2: Cherokee
Q3: Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?
A3: 1725
Q4: What nationality was Juan Pardo?
A4: Spanish
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Q1: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
A1: the subject's own sex
Q2: What theorists agreed with this concept?
A2: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,
Q3: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
A3: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation
Q4: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
A4: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual
Q5: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
A5: gender-nonconformity
Q6: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
A6: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.
Q7: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
A7: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation
Q8: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
A8: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"
Q9: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
A9: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker
Q10: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
A10: during their childhood years.
God (Philosophy and religion)

The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

Q1: Where is the English word God derived from?
A1: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan
Q2: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?
A2: neuter—applying to both genders
Q3: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?
A3: Christianization of the Germanic peoples
Q4: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?
A4: Germanic paganism
Q5: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?
A5: "to call" or "to invoke"
Q6: Where does the word God come from originally?
A6: Codex Argenteus
Q7: What language does the English word God come from?
A7: German
Q8: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?
A8: neuter
House_music (Music)

The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.

Q1: what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?
A1: Vogue
Q2: when was madonna's hit single "vogue" released?
A2: 1990
Q3: what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?
A3: 1990s
Q4: who sang the hit single "vogue"?
A4: Madonna
Q5: how well did madonna's single "vogue" do in the us? 
A5: topped the US charts
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.

Q1: What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?
A1: 1990s
Q2: What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?
A2: softening
Q3: The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?
A3: widening of the market
Political_philosophy (History)

The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on Earth.

Q1: Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?
A1: Plato
Q2: What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?
A2: the moderatation of the Stoicism
Q3: Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?
A3: Augustine
Q4: What does Civitas terrena mean?
A4: City of Man
Q5: What does Civitas Dei mean?
A5: City of God
History_of_India (History)

The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.

Q1: What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?
A1: Muslims
Q2: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?
A2: Arab Umayyad Caliphate
Q3: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?
A3: Raja Dahir
Q4: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?
A4: Muhammad bin Qasim
Q5: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? 
A5: difficult
Qing_dynasty (History)

The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms with each other. The examination system offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity which allowed them to appeal to Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur constituents. The Qing used the title of Emperor (Huangdi) in Chinese while among Mongols the Qing monarch was referred to as Bogda khan (wise Khan), and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet. Qianlong propagated the image of himself as Buddhist sage rulers, patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. In the Manchu language, the Qing monarch was alternately referred to as either Huwangdi (Emperor) or Khan with no special distinction between the two usages. The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries, who had first come to China under the Ming. Missionaries including Tomás Pereira, Martino Martini, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Ferdinand Verbiest and Antoine Thomas held significant positions as military weapons experts, mathematicians, cartographers, astronomers and advisers to the emperor. The relationship of trust was however lost in the later Chinese Rites controversy.

Q1: What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?
A1: Confucian
Q2: What declaration solidified Confucian values?
A2: Sacred Edict of 1670
Q3: Who did the Manchu appeal to?
A3: Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur
Q4: What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?
A4: Jesuit missionaries
Qing_dynasty (History)

The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.

Q1: Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?
A1: Han Chinese and Manchus
Q2: Where did the Qing find their officials?
A2: imperial examination system
Q3: How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?
A3: nine
Qing_dynasty (History)

The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the "Lower Five Banners." They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron cap princes". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]

Q1: Who created the Eight Banners?
A1: Nurhaci
Q2: How were the 8 banners recognized?
A2: color
Q3: What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?
A3: Upper Three Banners
Q4: What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?
A4: Manchus
Q5: What were the rest of the banners called?
A5: Lower Five Banners
Han_dynasty (History)

The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (bóshì 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments.

Q1: What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?
A1: Confucianism
Q2: Who put an end to all erudites?
A2: Emperor Wu
Q3: How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?
A3: over 30,000
Q4: What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?
A4: Confucian
Q5: Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?
A5: tuition payments
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

Q1: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?
A1: $5.4 billion
Q2: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?
A2: Gaddafi's Pet Project
Q3: In what country did FROLINAT operate?
A3: Chad
Q4: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?
A4: 1981
Q5: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?
A5: Hassan II
United_States_dollar (History)

The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).

Q1: What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?
A1: deceased
Q2: Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?
A2: European monarchs
Q3: When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?
A3: 20th century
Q4: Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the "heads" side of past coins?
A4: composite Native Americans
Q5: What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?
A5: Dollar
Portugal (Geography and places)

The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Q1: From what name is Portugal derived?
A1: Portus Cale
Q2: By what group was the Portugal region settled?
A2: Pre-Celts and Celts
Q3: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
A3: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
Q4: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
A4: 45 BC until 298 AD
Q5: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
A5: Alankerk
Plymouth (History)

The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.

Q1: What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?
A1: Sutton
Q2: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?
A2: 1620
Q3: What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?
A3: Mayflower Steps
Q4: How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?
A4: 400
Q5: How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?
A5: 100