LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Copper (History)

Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.

Q1: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?
A1: Polyols
Q2: What are copper salts used to test?
A2: reducing sugars
Q3: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?
A3: color change
Q4: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?
A4: reddish
Q5: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?
A5: cellulose
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.

Q1: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
A1: 1824
Q2: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?
A2: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

Q1: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?
A1: Finland
Q2: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?
A2: ammattikorkeakoulus
Q3: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?
A3: yrkeshögskola
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Q1: What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?
A1: Malaysia
Q2: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?
A2: UNESCO
Q3: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
A3: Ipoh
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

Q1: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
A1: Millennia Institute
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

Q1: How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?
A1: 5
Q2: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
A2: three
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.

Q1: What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?
A1: the Further and Higher Education Act 1992
Q2: The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?
A2: CNAA
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.

Q1: What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?
A1: 1970
Q2: What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?
A2: the UK Council for National Academic Awards
Q3: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?
A3: Central Institutions
Q4: What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?
A4: Royal Polytechnic Institution
Slavs (History)

Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

Q1: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?
A1: Pomors
Q2: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?
A2: Y Haplogroup N
Q3: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?
A3: Uralic peoples
Q4: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?
A4: central-eastern Europe
Q5: Pomors are also known as what?
A5: Northern Russians
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

Q1: When did the pope die?
A1: 3 June 1963
Q2: What did the pope die of?
A2: stomach cancer
Q3: Where was he buried?
A3: the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica
Q4: When was he beatified?
A4: 3 September 2000
Q5: He is still known today as what?
A5: the "Good Pope"
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

Q1: John XXIII offered to mediate between who?
A1: US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev
Q2: When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A2: October 1962
Q3: Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?
A3: Nikita Khrushchev
Q4: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?
A4: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'
Q5: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'
A5: Francis
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

Q1: In what year did Pope Julius die?
A1: 352
Q2: Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?
A2: Liberius had been favourable
Q3: What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?
A3: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius
Q4: What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?
A4: engaged in services
Q5: Where the men armed who arrested him?
A5: armed men
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.

Q1: On What date was Pope Paul VI born?
A1: 26 September 1897
Q2: On what date did Pope Paul VI die?
A2: 6 August 1978)
Q3: In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?
A3: 1965
Q4: When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?
A4: 21 June 1963
Q5: What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?
A5: Giovanni
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited Fátima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.

Q1: How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?
A1: six
Q2: What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?
A2: the Pilgrim Pope
Q3: In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?
A3: 1964
Q4: In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?
A4: Manila
Q5: Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?
A5: Msgr. Paul Marcinkus
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:

Q1: What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?
A1: United Nations
Q2: Who was the first pope to visit the United States?
A2: Pope Paul VI
Q3: To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?
A3: United Nations
Q4: What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?
A4: peace
Q5: What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?
A5: President Johnson
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

Q1: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?
A1: Roman Curia
Q2: In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?
A2: 1968
Q3: With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?
A3: Pontificalis Domus
Q4: What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?
A4: bureaucracy
Q5: Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?
A5: non-Italians
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created." He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.

Q1: Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?
A1: Castel Gandolfo
Q2: What was considered to be the papal summer residence?
A2: Castel Gandolfo
Q3: Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?
A3: Sandro Pertini
Q4: For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?
A4: two hours
Q5: What animals did Paul VI consider to be "the most beautiful animals God ever created"?
A5: horses
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

Q1: What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?
A1: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
Q2: When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?
A2: 25 November 1881
Q3: When did Pope Saint XXIII die?
A3: 3 June 1963
Q4: How long did he reign as Pope?
A4: 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963
Q5: When was he ordained to the priesthood?
A5: 10 August 1904
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Q1: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?
A1: 70
Q2: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?
A2: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
Q3: During who's term did the ruling exceed? 
A3: Pope John XXIII
Q4: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? 
A4: 120
Q5: What is the maximum age for electors?
A5: 80
Q6: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?
A6: 120
Q7: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?
A7: the number of cardinals generally
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

Q1: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
A1: Pope St. Gregory
Q2: What were the Jews described as enemies of?
A2: Christ
Q3: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
A3: Jewish
Q4: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
A4: Roman-Christian law
Middle_Ages (History)

Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later, and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers. Another order, the Teutonic Knights, although originally founded in the crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia.

Q1: Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?
A1: southern France
Q2: Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?
A2: Marienburg
Q3: What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?
A3: the Order of the Sword Brothers
Q4: In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?
A4: 12th
Q5: What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?
A5: 14th