LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Infrared (Natural sciences)

In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.

Q1: What letter represents the index of refraction?
A1: n
Q2: What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?
A2: k
Q3: What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?
A3: Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion
Q4: Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?
A4: sidewall angle
Q5: What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?
A5: light
Dell (History)

In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer.

Q1: What industry was getting smaller?
A1: PC
Q2: When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?
A2: 2011
Q3: What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?
A3: Hewlett Packard
Q4: What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?
A4: ThinkPad
Q5: What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?
A5: Apple Inc.
Internet_service_provider (Engineering and technology)

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Q1: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
A1: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network
Q2: what do transit ISPs provide? 
A2: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs
Q3: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
A3: a tier 1 carrier
Q4: What is a PoP?
A4: point of presence
Q5: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
A5: Transit ISPs
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.

Q1: Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?
A1: to respond to criticisms of earlier editions
Q2: What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?
A2: that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection
Q3: Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?
A3: Fertilisation of Orchids
Q4: Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?
A4: George Jackson Mivart
Q5: What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?
A5: Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired in order to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone. Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931. As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).

Q1: The construction of Connaught Place was completed in what year?
A1: 1933
Q2: On what hill did construction of Lutyen's Bungalow Zone begin?
A2: Raisina Hill
Q3: The Imperial Delhi Railway was built to transport workers and materials for how many years?
A3: twenty years
Q4: In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating?
A4: 1924
Q5: In what year did the New Delhi Railway Station open?
A5: 1926
Central_African_Republic (Geography and places)

In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of CAR. The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the past two decades.[citation needed]

Q1: What national part is located in the South West?
A1: Dzanga-Sangha National Park
Q2: What large animals reside in the national park?
A2: forest elephants
Q3: Which Primate can be found in the national park?
A3: lowland gorillas
Q4: What National Park can be found in the North?
A4: Manovo-Gounda St Floris
Q5: What has threatened the wildlife in this park?
A5: the activities of poachers
Napoleon (History)

In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

Q1: In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
A1: 1800
Q2: Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?
A2: André Masséna
Q3:  What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?
A3: June 14
Q4: Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?
A4: General Melas
Q5: How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
A5: 24,000
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.

Q1: Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?
A1: Felix Mendelssohn
Q2: What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?
A2: playing and discussing music
Q3: Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?
A3: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow
Q4: Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?
A4: Carlsbad
Q5: Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?
A5: the Lower Rhenish Music Festival
Q6: Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?
A6: Hiller
Q7: In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?
A7: Carlsbad
Q8: When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?
A8: July 1836
Q9: Who was Maria's mother?
A9: Countess Wodzińska
Q10: Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?
A10: Felix Mendelssohn
Q11: Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?
A11: Düsseldorf
Q12: What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?
A12: director of the Academy of Art
Q13: What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?
A13: Maria
Crimean_War (History)

In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415

Q1: Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?
A1: the Russians
Q2: What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?
A2: Danube River
Q3: How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?
A3: 60,000 troops
Q4: When did the siege of Silistra end?
A4: 23 June 1854
Q5: Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?
A5: lack of equipment
Green (Language and literature)

In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.

Q1: In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?
A1: subtractive
Q2: In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?
A2: RGB
Q3: What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?
A3: magenta
Q4: What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?
A4: red
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, however; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organizations such as .museum for museums or .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

Q1: What does .org on a URL mean?
A1: organizations that didn't fit anywhere else
Q2: Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?
A2: not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status
Q3: What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?
A3: encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category
Q4: Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?
A4: Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org
Q5: What new domain designation should a museum use?
A5: .museum
Wood (Natural sciences)

In the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.

Q1: Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot?
A1: a dormant bud
Q2: What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base?
A2: conical
Q3: What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement?
A3: diameter
Q4: Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have?
A4: circular
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits.

Q1: Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year?
A1: In the tropics
Q2: Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds?
A2: to obtain more of their preferred foods
Q3: What are tropical birds preferred foods?
A3: fruits
Q4: Where is it always warm enough for food supply?
A4: In the tropics
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

Q1: When did Emperor Yohannes II die?
A1: 1889
Q2: What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?
A2: the new colony of Italian Eritrea
Q3: What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?
A3: the Kingdom of Italy
Q4: When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?
A4: 1889
Q5: What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?
A5: 1889–1913
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.

Q1: How long is the run way in vaulting?
A1: 25 metres (82 ft)
Q2: How man feet do vaulters land on?
A2: a two footed landing
Q3: What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?
A3: their height and strength
Q4: What is a round-off entry vault called?
A4: Yurchenko
Q5: What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?
A5: yurchenko
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

Q1: Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?
A1: the Magisterial Reformation
Q2: What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?
A2: new papists
Q3: What is another name for magister?
A3: teacher
Q4: What were reform movement leaders compared to?
A4: Roman Popes
Q5: What has been linked with pacifism?
A5: Anabaptism
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

Q1: Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?
A1: Decius
Q2: What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?
A2: Jews
Q3: What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?
A3: Decian oath
Q4: What was the Decian decree meant to root out?
A4: subversives
Q5: What happened to the decree after a year?
A5: edict expired.