LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.

Q1: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?
A1: the late 4th century
Q2: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?
A2: Santa Pudenziana
Q3: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?
A3: a mausoleum
Q4: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?
A4: St Peter's Basilica
Q5: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?
A5: Constantinian
London (Geography and places)

With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

Q1: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?
A1: St Martin-in-the-Fields
Q2: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?
A2: repeated Viking invasions
Q3: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?
A3: three
Q4: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?
A4: a major port
Q5: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?
A5: two
Computer (Engineering and technology)

With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013.

Q1: Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?
A1: smartphones
Q2: How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?
A2: 237 million devices
John_Kerry (Warfare)

With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army, and possible service in the Vietnam War), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush's re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative 'swiftboating', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that SBVT's allegations are false.

Q1: Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?
A1: his father
Q2: What military branch was George W. Bush in?
A2: the Texas Air National Guard
Q3: How did Republicans attack Kerry?
A3: by calling Kerry's war record into question
Q4: What did SBVT change its name to?
A4: Swift Vets and POWs for Truth
Q5: What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?
A5: swiftboating
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

Q1: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
A1: 10
Q2: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
A2: one every four years
Q3: What class does the USS America belong to?
A3: America-class amphibious assault ships
Q4: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
A4: F-35Bs
Q5: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
A5: USS Tripoli
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.

Q1: Who was Zhengde's successor? 
A1: Jiajing
Q2: What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? 
A2: Neo-Confucian establishment
Q3: Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?
A3: the Portuguese embassy
Q4: Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?
A4: Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
Q5: Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?
A5: Jiajing
Israel (History)

With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628.

Q1: When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?
A1: 132 CE
Q2: Who conquered the country in 628?
A2: Byzantine Empire
Q3: What was evolving over Roman paganism?
A3: Christianity
Alsace (History)

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.

Q1: Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?
A1: Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss
Q2: Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?
A2: Clovis' Merovingian
Q3: What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?
A3: Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843
Q4: In what year did Lothar past away?
A4: 855
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance. The Army of Châlons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine. The Prussians, under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony. With this army and the Prussian Third Army, Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August. After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons, the French withdrew toward Sedan. Having reformed in the town, the Army of Châlons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies. Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately. With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field.

Q1: What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?
A1: the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army
Q2: At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?
A2: over 150,000
Q3: Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?
A3: Napoleon III and MacMahon
Q4: Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?
A4: the Prussian Third Army
Q5: How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?
A5: 5,000 men
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.

Q1: What year was the confederacy defeated?
A1: 1865
Q2: What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?
A2: Reconstruction Era
Q3: The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?
A3: compensation
Q4: When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?
A4: 1870
Q5: What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?
A5: black voting
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later.

Q1: Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?
A1: Prince Frederick Charles
Q2: Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?
A2: defeat of the First Army,
Q3: As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?
A3: Roncourt
Q4: The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?
A4: ruins of St. Privat
Q5: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?
A5: French Army of the Rhine
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture".

Q1: Peking man kindled fire as early as?
A1: 400,000 BCE
Q2: Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?
A2: birds and fish
Q3: What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?
A3: campfires or torches
Q4: The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?
A4: 15,000 years
History_of_science (History)

With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon.

Q1: What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?
A1: the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past
Q2: Where was support found for Greek philosophy?
A2: Arab Empire
Q3: What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?
A3: the 7th and 8th centuries
Q4: How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?
A4: until the 13th century
Q5: What language did Muslim philosophers speak?
A5: Arabic
Portugal (Geography and places)

With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.

Q1: What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?
A1: the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world
Q2: What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?
A2: Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)
Q3: For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?
A3: take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.

Q1: What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?
A1: ISIL
Q2: What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?
A2: Sharia law
Q3: What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?
A3: kidnapping and decapitation
Q4: How did the US intervene against ISIL?
A4: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories
Q5: What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?
A5: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory
Architecture (Art and architecture)

With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.

Q1: What two fields began to grow apart?
A1: architecture and engineering
Q2: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
A2: technical aspects of building design
Q3: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
A3: "gentleman architect"
Q4: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
A4: context and feasibility
Q5: Where did most architects learn their trade?
A5: in the offices of other architects
Korean_War (Warfare)

With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.

Q1: Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?
A1: North Korean government
Q2: What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?
A2: Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists
Q3: What did the Chinese Communists want?
A3: supremacy in Manchuria
Q4: What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?
A4: Chinese People's Liberation Army
Q5: How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?
A5: 2,000 railway cars worth