LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in Güshi Khan's (1582–1655) conquest of Tibet from 1637–1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help.

Q1: What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?
A1: armed resistance
Q2: Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?
A2: the Mongols
Q3: Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish? 
A3: the Ganden Phodrang
Q4: When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?
A4: 1578
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence (generally known as the Permanent Secretary) is the senior civil servant at the MoD. His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.

Q1: Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?
A1: The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff
Q2: What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as?
A2: Permanent Secretary
Q3: Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant?
A3: MoD
Q4: What is the role of the Permanent Secretary?
A4: to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.

Q1: Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?
A1: British
Q2: What does MoD stand for?
A2: Ministry of Defence
Q3: Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?
A3: Her Majesty's Government
Q4: For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?
A4: British Armed Forces
Estonia (Geography and places)

The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.

Q1: Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?
A1: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces
Q2: What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?
A2: 2007
Q3: What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?
A3: massive cyberattacks
Q4: When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?
A4: 2006
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MoD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion".

Q1: How much land is owned by the MoD?
A1: 227,300 hectares
Q2: How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?
A2: £20 billion
Q3: The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?
A3: 1.8%
Q4: How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?
A4: in excess of £3.3 billion
Q5: Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?
A5: The Ministry of Defence
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific.

Q1: What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?
A1: Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)
Q2: Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?
A2: College of the Marshall Islands
Near_East (Geography and places)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

Q1: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?
A1: "bilateral relationships"
Q2: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?
A2: Near East
Q3: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?
A3: Republic of Turkey
Portugal (Geography and places)

The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.

Q1: What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?
A1: developing health policy as well as managing the SNS
Q2: How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?
A2: Five
Q3: What are the regional health administrations in charge of?
A3: implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.

Q1: How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
A1: £240m
Q2: When were the helicopters ordered?
A2: 1995
Q3: Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?
A3: National Audit Office
Q4: In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
A4: 2010
Q5: What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
A5: £500m
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of "defence diplomacy". As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters. The UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf, located in the UAE and Bahrain. A presence in Oman is also being considered.

Q1: In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?
A1: defence diplomacy
Q2: Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?
A2: David Cameron
Q3: Who was the president of France in 2010?
A3: Nicolas Sarkozy
Q4: In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?
A4: UAE and Bahrain
Q5: In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?
A5: Oman
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat; rather, it has identified weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to Britain's interests. The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement.

Q1: What does the MoD wish to strengthen?
A1: international peace and stability
Q2: The UK consists of what two areas?
A2: Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Q3: What does the MoD defend?
A3: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Q4: What are the threats that the MoD has identified?
A4: weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states
Q5: What does the MoD manage?
A5: day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

Q1: What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?
A1: Somali National Television
Q2: Where is Somali National Television located?
A2: Mogadishu
Q3: What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?
A3: 2011
Q4: When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?
A4: April 4, 2011
Q5: Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?
A5: 24
Tibet (Geography and places)

The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

Q1: Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?
A1: Mongol Yuan
Q2: What was a dpon-chen?
A2: great administrator
Q3: Who confirmed the dpon-chen?
A3: Mongol emperor
Q4: Who was the political authority of the region?
A4: Sakya lama
Q5: Who held administrative and military power?
A5: dpon-chen
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of Töregene Khatun (1241–1246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that "this investiture had little real impact" but it was significant in that it established the unique "Priest-Patron" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas.

Q1: Who was the Mongol prince?
A1: Godan
Q2: Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?
A2: Sakya Pandita
Q3: Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?
A3: Töregene Khatun
Q4: In what years was Töregene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?
A4: 1241–1246
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy, covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae. This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King William II of Sicily. The iconography of the mosaics in the presbytery is similar to Cefalu while the pictures in the nave are almost the same as the narrative scenes in the Cappella Palatina. The Martorana mosaic of Roger II blessed by Christ was repeated with the figure of King William II instead of his predecessor. Another panel shows the king offering the model of the cathedral to the Theotokos.

Q1: What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy?
A1: The Monreale mosaics
Q2: At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics?
A2: 100 million
Q3: Who commissioned the Monreale mosaics between 1176 and 1186?
A3: King William II of Sicily
Q4: Who is displayed getting crowned by christ in the Monreale mosaics?
A4: King William II
Q5: What is the king offering Theotokos in the Monreale mosaics? 
A5: the model of the cathedral
Montana (Geography and places)

The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.

Q1: When was the Montana Territory formed?
A1: April 26, 1864
Q2: When was the first formal school on record?
A2: 1862
Q3: How much were students charged per week?
A3: $1.75
Q4: When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?
A4: 1886
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The Montevideo Cabildo was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. It is located in front of Constitution Square, in Ciudad Vieja. Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style, with a series of Doric and Ionic columns, it became a National Heritage Site in 1975. In 1958, the Municipal Historic Museum and Archive was inaugurated here. It features three permanent city museum exhibitions, as well as temporary art exhibitions, cultural events, seminars, symposiums and forums.

Q1: What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata?
A1: The Montevideo Cabildo
Q2: Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located?
A2: front of Constitution Square
Q3: Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built?
A3: between 1804 and 1869
Q4: What style was the Montevideo Cabildo?
A4: Neoclassical style
Q5: When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?
A5: 1975.
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The Montevideo Crandon Institute is an American School of missionary origin and the main Methodist educational institution in Uruguay. Founded in 1879 and supported by the Women's Society of the Methodist Church of the United States, it is one of the most traditional and emblematic institutions in the city inculcating John Wesley's values. Its alumni include presidents, senators, ambassadors and Nobel Prize winners, along with musicians, scientists, and others. The Montevideo Crandon Institute boasts of being the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught.

Q1: What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay?
A1: The Montevideo Crandon Institute
Q2: When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded?
A2: 1879
Q3: What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught?
A3: The Montevideo Crandon Institute
London (Geography and places)

The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.

Q1: Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?
A1: in Kensington
Q2: What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?
A2: Nelson's Column
Q3: The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?
A3: the Great Fire of London
Q4: What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?
A4: yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety
Q5: Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?
A5: at the north and south ends of Park Lane
Order_of_the_British_Empire (History)

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.

Q1: Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?
A1: order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy
Q2: Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?
A2: "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy
Q3: When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?
A3: 4 June 1917
Q4: Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?
A4: King George V
Q5: Who is the recipient?
A5: knight if male, or dame if female
History_of_India (History)

The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states – including the Maratha Empire – which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.

Q1: What was the richest of all the dynasties?
A1: The Mughals
Q2: What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 
A2: integration with Indian culture
Q3: Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?
A3: emperor Akbar
Q4: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?
A4: Aurangazeb
Q5: With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?
A5: ancient Indian
Pain (Language and literature)

The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain. Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy (1988) found three classes of chronic pain patient: "(a) dysfunctional, people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high, reported that pain interfered with much of their lives, reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain, and reported low levels of activity; (b) interpersonally distressed, people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems; and (c) adaptive copers, patients who reported high levels of social support, relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference, and relatively high levels of activity." Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their IASP five-category pain profile is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.

Q1: What is MPI an abbreviation for?
A1: Multidimensional Pain Inventory
Q2: How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?
A2: three
Q3: What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?
A3: high
Q4: What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?
A4: their pain problems
Q5: What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?
A5: their IASP five-category pain profile