LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.

Q1: What type of alcohol is found in beer?
A1: ethyl alcohol
Q2: How is alcohol measured in the human body?
A2: blood alcohol concentration
Q3: What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?
A3: ethyl alcohol
Q4: What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?
A4: pulmonary aspiration
Q5: What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?
A5: fatal alcohol poisoning
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.

Q1: What is the main ingredient in beer?
A1: water
Q2: What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?
A2: hard water
Q3: What type of water is best for making pale lager?
A3: soft water
Q4: What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?
A4: Burtonisation
Q5: What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?
A5: pale ale
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.

Q1: What types of containers is beer generally sold in?
A1: bottles and cans
Q2: In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?
A2: draught
Q3: In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?
A3: around 4% to 6%
Q4: What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?
A4: beer festivals,
Q5: What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?
A5: bar billiards
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.

Q1: What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?
A1: Beer
Q2: What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?
A2: Beer
Q3: What is the term used to describe the making beer?
A3: brewing
Q4: What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?
A4: fermentation
Q5: What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?
A5: The Hymn to Ninkasi
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4–6%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.

Q1: What does abv stand for?
A1: alcohol by volume
Q2: What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?
A2: freeze-distilling
Q3: What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?
A3: 5%
Q4: What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?
A4: table beer
Q5: What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?
A5: around 20%
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.

Q1: What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?
A1: 822
Q2: On what continent were hops first added to beer?
A2: Europe
Q3: What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?
A3: hops
Q4: Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?
A4: Abbess Hildegard
Q5: Where did Abbess Hildegard live?
A5: Bingen
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

Before 2006, geneticists had largely attributed the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to Israelite Jewish male migrants from the Middle East and "the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism." Thus, in 2002, in line with this model of origin, David Goldstein, now of Duke University, reported that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities "did not seem to be Middle Eastern", and that each community had its own genetic pattern and even that "in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community." In his view this suggested "that Jewish men had arrived from the Middle East, taken wives from the host population and converted them to Judaism, after which there was no further intermarriage with non-Jews."

Q1: What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?
A1: 2002
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

Before A.D. 200, residents were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000 in the Piedmont, continued to build or add onto such mounds. In the 500–700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others, who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.[citation needed]

Q1: During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes?
A1: Before A.D. 200
Q2: By 1000 AD, what culture of people settled in the Piedmont?
A2: ancient Mississippian culture
Q3: About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities?
A3: 500–700 years
Q4: Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?
A4: Algonquian-speaking tribes
Q5: Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?
A5: the coastal areas
Philadelphia (History)

Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States' independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.

Q1: What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?
A1: Lenape
Q2: What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?
A2: Iroquois
Q3: What disease killed the most Lenape?
A3: smallpox
Q4: Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?
A4: upper Ohio River basin
Q5: Where do the Lenape reside today?
A5: Oklahoma
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.

Q1: The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?
A1: musical entertainments
Q2: Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?
A2: Felix Mendelssohn
Q3: Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?
A3: Alice Polka
Q4: Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?
A4: lavish costume balls
Q5: Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?
A5: musical entertainments
Q6: Which composer played there on three occasions?
A6: Felix Mendelssohn
Q7: Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?
A7: Johann Strauss II
Q8: What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?
A8: lavish costume balls
Guam (Geography and places)

Before World War II, Guam and three other territories – American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines – were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces.

Q1: Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?
A1: American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines
Q2: What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?
A2: December 7, 1941
Q3: What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?
A3: Guam was captured by the Japanese
Q4: How long did the Japanese occupation last?
A4: thirty months
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base.

Q1: When was oil discovered in the city limits?
A1: 1928
Q2: What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?
A2: I-35, I-40 and I-44
Warsaw_Pact (History)

Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

Q1: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?
A1: West Germany
Q2: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?
A2: the USSR
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens "Angel"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("Dress You Up" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to Motown).

Q1: Which genre did Madonna started out in?
A1: rock music
Q2: When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?
A2: 12-14
Q3: Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?
A3: Madonna
Q4: What is Madonna's second album?
A4: Like a Virgin
Queen_(band) (Music)

Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh "Freddie" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested "Queen" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004–09) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.

Q1: What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?
A1: Smile
Q2: What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?
A2: Freddie Mercury
Q3: What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?
A3: Queen Forever
Q4: What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?
A4: News of the World
Q5: In what year did Freddie Mercury die?
A5: 1991
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.

Q1: What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?
A1: characteristic "V" shape
Q2: What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation?
A2: eroding water
Q3: How is a fjord formed?
A3: a glacial valley runs into a large body of water
Q4: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
A4: "U"-shaped
Napoleon (History)

Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria "to the best of its ability." Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Armée, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.

Q1: At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?
A1: the Congress of Erfurt
Q2: In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?
A2: 1808
Q3: The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?
A3: France
Q4: The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?
A4: Finland
Q5: When was the Battle of Corunna fought?
A5: January 1809
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.

Q1: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?
A1: literature was copied by hand
Q2: Are printed editions immune to variation?
A2: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph
Q3: How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?
A3: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph
Q4: An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?
A4: eclectic.