LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported.

Q1: When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?
A1: hydrogen
Q2: What else can it produce?
A2: alumina
Q3: What can be reused after the formation?
A3: the expensive gallium
Neptune (Natural sciences)

An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.

Q1: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?
A1: higher
Q2: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?
A2: removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc
Q3: What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?
A3: the Nice model
Q4: What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?
A4: Kuiper belt.
Predation (Natural sciences)

An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.

Q1: Intraguild species consumer other species within?
A1: the same trophic level
Q2: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?"
A2: Richard Dawkins
Q3: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?
A3: both the predator and prey
Q4: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?
A4: potential competitors
Q5: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?
A5: Richard Dawkins
Q6: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?
A6: the body
Q7: What are intraguild predators?
A7: those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level
Q8: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?
A8: Intraguild
Q9: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?
A9: gene centered view
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

Q1: What did the analysis show mixed results for?
A1: growth of the Internet
Q2: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?
A2: traditional sources of funding
Q3: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?
A3: a tiny fraction
History_of_science (History)

An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invaders, and Corporations are analysed and documented. Roger Boesche describes the Arthaśāstra as "a book of political realism, a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good."

Q1: Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?
A1: Chāṇakya
Q2: What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?
A2: brutal measures
Q3: When was Chanakya alive?
A3: 350–-283 BCE
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Q1: What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?
A1: An antenna
Q2: What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?
A2: radio transmitter or radio receiver
Q3: What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?
A3: transmission
Q4: What else can radio waves be called?
A4: electromagnetic waves
Q5: When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?
A5: reception
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

An antenna lead-in is the transmission line (or feed line) which connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver. The antenna feed may refer to all components connecting the antenna to the transmitter or receiver, such as an impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line. In a so-called aperture antenna, such as a horn or parabolic dish, the "feed" may also refer to a basic antenna inside the entire system (normally at the focus of the parabolic dish or at the throat of a horn) which could be considered the one active element in that antenna system. A microwave antenna may also be fed directly from a waveguide in place of a (conductive) transmission line.

Q1: What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?
A1: antenna lead-in
Q2: What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?
A2: antenna feed
Q3: What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?
A3: aperture antenna
Q4: What can be used in place of  a standard transmission line?
A4: microwave antenna
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many (but not all) cases. The physical size of an antenna is often a practical issue, particularly at lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). Highly directional antennas need to be significantly larger than the wavelength. Resonant antennas usually use a linear conductor (or element), or pair of such elements, each of which is about a quarter of the wavelength in length (an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths will also be resonant). Antennas that are required to be small compared to the wavelength sacrifice efficiency and cannot be very directional. Fortunately at higher frequencies (UHF, microwaves) trading off performance to obtain a smaller physical size is usually not required.

Q1: What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?
A1: polarization
Q2: How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?
A2: tilting the axis
Q3: When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?
A3: at lower frequencies
Q4: There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?
A4: Highly directional
Q5: What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?
A5: small
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.

Q1: If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?
A1: materialism
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea. Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies, the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.

Q1: What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau?
A1: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)
Q2: When did the armed rebellion begin?
A2: 1956
Q3: Who was the leader of the armed rebellion?
A3: Amílcar Cabral
Q4: Who supplied doctors and technicians to the rebels?
A4: Cuba
Q5: When was Cabral assassinated?
A5: January 1973
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

An article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was "25 times more" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area. Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further.

Q1: What was concluded about the construction?
A1: that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture
Q2: What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?
A2: Zipingpu Dam
Q3: What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?
A3: 25 times more
Q4: Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area?
A4: The government
Q5: What type of area is Sichuan?
A5: seismically active
Q6: What have researchers been denied?
A6: access to seismological and geological data
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two." This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how "Watchman" was seen as just the first draft of "Mockingbird". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.

Q1: When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?
A1: July 14, 2015
Q2: Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?
A2: 1957
Q3: How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?
A3: 20
Q4: Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?
A4: Tonja Carter
Q5: What is the earlier draft of the book titled?
A5: Go Set a Watchman
Q6: What year was Watchman completed?
A6: 1957
Q7: How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?
A7: 20
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive: multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages. Separate low-voltage transformer windings supply lighting and the motors driving auxiliary machinery. More recently, the development of very high power semiconductors has caused the classic "universal" AC/DC motor to be largely replaced with the three-phase induction motor fed by a variable frequency drive, a special inverter that varies both frequency and voltage to control motor speed. These drives can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency, and many modern electric locomotives are designed to handle different supply voltages and frequencies to simplify cross-border operation.

Q1: What was a disadvantage of DC system?
A1: power-wasting resistors
Q2: How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?
A2: multiple taps on the transformer
Q3: What taps can provide lighting supply?
A3: low-voltage transformer windings
Q4: What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?
A4: three-phase induction motor
Q5: What is the main advantage of an induction motor?
A5: can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency
Avicenna (Language and literature)

An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."

Q1: What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?
A1: temporal logic
Q2: Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?
A2: Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī
Q3: What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?
A3: Avicennian logic
Q4: What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?
A4: Albertus Magnus
Q5: Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?
A5: Aristotle
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and "the wise king" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.

Q1: Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?
A1: Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son
Q2: What is the author of the letter assumed to be?
A2: pagan
Q3: What does the letter reference?
A3: retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men
Q4: Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?
A4: Socrates
Q5: Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?
A5: others place less value in the letter
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.

Q1: How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?
A1: 184
Q2: How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?
A2: 12
Q3: How many of the team were from the military?
A3: 150
Q4: How many of the team were from the police?
A4: 22
Q5: What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?
A5: earthquake emergency relief
Q6: How many people comprised the relief team?
A6: 184
Q7: How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military?
A7: 150
Q8: Where did 22 of the relief team come from?
A8: Armed Police General Hospital
Q9: How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?
A9: in two military transport planes
Digestion (Natural sciences)

An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.

Q1: What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?
A1: a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine.
Q2: What does an earthworm eat?
A2: dead grass, leaves, and weeds
Q3: What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?
A3: The mouth is surrounded by strong lips
Q4: What is the food coated with for easier passage?
A4: mucus
Q5: What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?
A5: The powerful muscles of the gizzard
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

An electromagnetic wave refractor in some aperture antennas is a component which due to its shape and position functions to selectively delay or advance portions of the electromagnetic wavefront passing through it. The refractor alters the spatial characteristics of the wave on one side relative to the other side. It can, for instance, bring the wave to a focus or alter the wave front in other ways, generally in order to maximize the directivity of the antenna system. This is the radio equivalent of an optical lens.

Q1: What is used to allow one to control the function of wave fronts moving through an antenna?
A1: selectively delay
Q2: What changes the structuak traits of a wave on either side?
A2: refractor
Q3: What is the main purpose of a refractor?
A3: spatial characteristics
Q4: A refractor can be compared to what type of viewing?
A4: optical lens
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the 1750s, the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon. Today the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) where their drive voltages are below 100 volts, and where moving, charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores. Also, the molecular machinery which runs living cells is often based on linear and rotary electrostatic motors.[citation needed]

Q1: What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?
A1: electrostatic
Q2: What are electrostatic motors like two of?
A2: conventional coil-based motors
Q3: What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?
A3: high-voltage
Q4: What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?
A4: Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon
Q5: Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?
A5: electrostatic motor
USB (Engineering and technology)

An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets.

Q1: If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?
A1: the host sends an IN packet
Q2: What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?
A2: both IN and OUT packets
Q3: What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint?
A3: an OUT packet