LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a Land had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6).

Q1: In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?
A1: the Federal Territory must be revised
Q2: How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?
A2: one tenth
Q3: What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? 
A3: a referendum
Q4: Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?
A4: paragraph 6
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

As the primary former Capital of the Confederate States of America, Richmond is home to many museums and battlefields of the American Civil War. Near the riverfront is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center and the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar, both housed in the former buildings of the Tredegar Iron Works, where much of the ordnance for the war was produced. In Court End, near the Virginia State Capitol, is the Museum of the Confederacy, along with the Davis Mansion, also known as the White House of the Confederacy; both feature a wide variety of objects and material from the era. The temporary home of former Confederate General Robert E. Lee still stands on Franklin Street in downtown Richmond. The history of slavery and emancipation are also increasingly represented: there is a former slave trail along the river that leads to Ancarrow's Boat Ramp and Historic Site which has been developed with interpretive signage, and in 2007, the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom, with parallel statues placed in Liverpool and Benin representing points of the Triangle Trade.

Q1: In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located?
A1: Tredegar Iron Works
Q2: What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near?
A2: Virginia State Capitol
Q3: What is another name for the Davis Mansion?
A3: White House of the Confederacy
Q4: On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while?
A4: Franklin
Q5: Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located?
A5: Liverpool and Benin
Eton_College (History)

As the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors. Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost, around 1517. His name is borne by the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard, perhaps the most famous image of the school. This range includes the important interiors of the Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber, where most of the 18th century "leaving portraits" are kept.

Q1: Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle?
A1: 1517
Q2: Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?
A2: Roger Lupton
Q3: Where are 18th century "leaving portraits" kept at Eton?
A3: Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber
Q4: What is the most famous image of Eton College?
A4: the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.

Q1: When did Nasser die?
A1: 28 September 1970
Q2: How did Nasser die?
A2: heart attack
Q3: Who was with Nasser when he died?
A3: Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia
Q4: What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?
A4: heart attacks
Q5: How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?
A5: in their fifties
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

Q1: What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?
A1: succulent
Q2: Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?
A2: The eastern part
Q3: A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?
A3: several hundred
Q4: What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?
A4: Sea grapes
Q5: Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?
A5: the Pacific islands
Energy (Natural sciences)

As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.

Q1: As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?
A1: irreversible states
Q2: What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?
A2: inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe
Q3: In this heat death of energy, what does not change?
A3: energy of the universe
Qing_dynasty (History)

As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the heredity of his fief. In reaction, the two other generals decided to petition for their own retirements to test Kangxi's resolve, thinking that he would not risk offending them. The move backfired as the young emperor called their bluff by accepting their requests and ordering that all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.

Q1: When did Kexi retire?
A1: 1673
Q2: Who did Kexi thing should take over for him?
A2: his son
Q3: What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?
A3: all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.

Q1: How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?
A1: all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation
Q2: When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?
A2: (2006)
Q3: What issues to Savin address during this talk?
A3: basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population
Q4: Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?
A4: Because of the limited populations that each component captures
Q5: How should consumers of the research approach these findings?
A5: should be cautious in generalizing these findings.
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: "We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying—after I got over my heartache—I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself." Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. "Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own—and wanted to be the queen of her own castle."

Q1: Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?
A1: Madonna and her sisters
Q2: Who does Madonna's mum resemble?
A2: poet Anne Sexton
Q3: Who is Madonna's favorite poet?
A3: Sylvia Plath
Q4: Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?
A4: Madonna
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.

Q1: The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?
A1: guns
Q2: Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?
A2: armored cars and tank chassis
Q3: When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?
A3: in the 1960s
Q4: What are man-portable missiles better known as?
A4: MANPADs
Q5: When were MANPADs introduced?
A5: the 1960s
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the "ordinary affairs" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.

Q1: What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?
A1: ordinary affairs
Q2: What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?
A2: Vatican's State Department
Q3: What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?
A3: Private Secretary
Q4: What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?
A4: letters
Q5: During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?
A5: war years
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior

Q1: What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?
A1: First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Q2: In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?
A2: Minister of Defence
Montana (Geography and places)

As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.

Q1: What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?
A1: 1855
Q2: Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?
A2: Isaac Stevens
Q3: What year was the treaty ratified?
A3: 1859
Q4: What did the treaty establish?
A4: Flathead Indian Reservation
Madrasa (Language and literature)

As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.

Q1: What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?
A1: aid to the poor through soup kitchens
Q2: What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?
A2: religion
Q3: Where did students learn about religious and social norms?
A3: medreses
Q4: What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?
A4: Islamic orthodoxy
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells that are metabolically active but non-dividing. However, even using these improved methods, the total number of bacterial species is not known and cannot even be estimated with any certainty. Following present classification, there are a little less than 9,300 known species of prokaryotes, which includes bacteria and archaea; but attempts to estimate the true number of bacterial diversity have ranged from 107 to 109 total species – and even these diverse estimates may be off by many orders of magnitude.

Q1: What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?
A1: molecular methods
Q2: What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?
A2: polymerase chain reaction
Q3: What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?
A3: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells
Q4: Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?
A4: cannot even be estimated with any certainty
Roman_Republic (History)

As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were characterized by one of two types. The first is the foreign war, normally begun as a counter-offensive or defense of an ally. The second is the civil war, which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century. Roman armies were not invincible, despite their formidable reputation and host of victories. Over the centuries the Romans "produced their share of incompetents" who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats. Nevertheless, it was generally the fate of the greatest of Rome's enemies, such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal, to win early battles but lose the war. The history of Rome's campaigning is, if nothing else, a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses.

Q1: Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?
A1: Rome's military
Q2: What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?
A2: obstinate persistence
Q3: What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?
A3: civil war
Q4: What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?
A4: defense of an ally
British_Isles (Geography and places)

As with most of Europe, prehistoric Britain and Ireland were covered with forest and swamp. Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times. Despite this, Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry, and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century. By the 18th century, most of Britain's forests were consumed for shipbuilding or manufacturing charcoal and the nation was forced to import lumber from Scandinavia, North America, and the Baltic. Most forest land in Ireland is maintained by state forestation programmes. Almost all land outside urban areas is farmland. However, relatively large areas of forest remain in east and north Scotland and in southeast England. Oak, elm, ash and beech are amongst the most common trees in England. In Scotland, pine and birch are most common. Natural forests in Ireland are mainly oak, ash, wych elm, birch and pine. Beech and lime, though not native to Ireland, are also common there. Farmland hosts a variety of semi-natural vegetation of grasses and flowering plants. Woods, hedgerows, mountain slopes and marshes host heather, wild grasses, gorse and bracken.

Q1: When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles?
A1: around 6000 BC
Q2: When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase?
A2: medieval times
Q3: Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe?
A3: due to a small population
Q4: When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain?
A4: 17th century
Q5: What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland?
A5: oak, ash, wych elm
Eton_College (History)

As with other public schools, a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas. The project of establishing an 'Eton Mission' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880, and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic. However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission, a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected, many Etonians visited, and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys' Club, a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself, and the 59 Club for motorcyclists.

Q1: Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?
A1: 59 Club
Q2: What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?
A2: familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas
Q3: Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?
A3: it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic
Q4: What is Eton's rowing club called?
A4: Eton Manor Boys' Club
Q5: Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?
A5: district of Hackney Wick in east London