LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gene (Natural sciences)

Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.

Q1: What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?
A1: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
Q2: How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? 
A2: through a database maintained by HGNC
Q3: How many symbols does each gene have?
A3: only one
Q4: With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?
A4: homologs in other species
Q5: What type of model does the mouse play a role for?
A5: common model
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Juárez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.

Q1: Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?
A1: Parral
Q2: Who had been leading the French forces?
A2: Colonel Cottret
Q3: During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?
A3: 1866
Q4: Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?
A4: President Juárez
Q5: Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?
A5: Maximilian
Napoleon (History)

General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.

Q1: Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?
A1: the Royal Navy
Q2: On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?
A2: 1 July
Q3: What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?
A3: the Battle of Shubra Khit
Q4: What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?
A4: the Mamluks
Q5: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
A5: 2,000
Han_dynasty (History)

General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.

Q1: How was Luoyang destroyed?
A1: burned
Q2: Who demoted Emperor Shao?
A2: Dong Zhuo
Q3: What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?
A3: Emperor Xian
Q4: Who had taken control of Luoyang?
A4: General Dong Zhuo
Q5: When did Dong Zhuo die?
A5: 192 AD
General_Electric (Engineering and technology)

General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947-77. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup. Other sources of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed.

Q1: In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?
A1: 1947-77
Q2: Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?
A2: Pete Seeger
Q3: What does PCB stand for?
A3: polychlorinated biphenyls
Q4: What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution
A4: superfund
Q5: What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?
A5: mercury contamination and sewage dumping
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.

Q1: Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?
A1: General Electric
Q2: Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?
A2: 1946
Q3: How did older models convert to ASA scale?
A3: replaceable hoods with ASA scales
Q4: How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?
A4: labeled "Exposure Index"
Q5: What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?
A5: they were now aligned to the ASA scale
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

General Francisco Franco — himself a Galician from Ferrol — ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by José Castro Veiga ("El Piloto") and Benigno Andrade ("Foucellas"), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed. In the 1960s, ministers such as Manuel Fraga Iribarne introduced some reforms allowing technocrats affiliated with Opus Dei to modernize administration in a way that facilitated capitalist economic development. However, for decades Galicia was largely confined to the role of a supplier of raw materials and energy to the rest of Spain, causing environmental havoc and leading to a wave of migration to Venezuela and to various parts of Europe. Fenosa, the monopolistic supplier of electricity, built hydroelectric dams, flooding many Galician river valleys.

Q1: Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?
A1: Ferrol
Q2: When did his reign end?
A2: 1975
Q3: What was Guerrilla fighter José Castro Veiga's nickname?
A3: El Piloto
Q4: And what was Benigno Andrade's?
A4: Foucellas
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbrücken. However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties. Saarbrücken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics. Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force, and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland. While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin, General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast.

Q1: On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?
A1: 2 August
Q2: Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?
A2: the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division
Q3: What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?
A3: The Chassepot rifle
Q4: How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?
A4: 86 casualties
Q5: How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?
A5: 83 casualties
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

General George Washington (1732–99) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.

Q1: What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?
A1: logistics
Q2: Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?
A2: Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)
Q3: What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?
A3: 20%
Q4: What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?
A4: he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.
Q5: What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?
A5: he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did
Korean_War (Warfare)

General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23–28 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to "Line Kansas", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's ("Rakkasans") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.

Q1: Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?
A1: General Ridgway
Q2: What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?
A2: get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north
Q3: Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?
A3: The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance
Q4: Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?
A4: depleted the PVA and KPA forces
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.

Q1: Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?
A1: Premier Wen Jiabao
Q2: What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?
A2: geomechanics
Q3: What did Jiabao oversee in the region?
A3: the rescue work
Q4: How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?
A4: 50,000
Q5: How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?
A5: 90 minutes after
Q6: How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?
A6: ten
Q7: How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?
A7: 50,000
Q8: Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?
A8: proximity of the quake's epicenter
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million.

Q1: What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?
A1: synchronized, choreographed routines
Q2: What do the troupes consist of?
A2: of both genders and are not separated into age divisions
Q3: When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?
A3: 1939
Q4: What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?
A4: Gymnastics for All
Q5: How many participants are there?
A5: 30 million
Han_dynasty (History)

General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (何苗) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189–220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.

Q1: Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?
A1: He Jin
Q2: Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?
A2: Empress He
Q3: Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?
A3: He Miao
Q4: Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?
A4: Liu Xie
Q5: What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?
A5: the eunuchs' execution
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.

Q1: What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?
A1: American civil procedure
Q2: What is a pretrial deposition?
A2: summary judgment
Q3: What is an opt-out class action?
A3: the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment
Q4: What is an opt-in class action?
A4: class members must join into the class
Q5: What is the American Rule?
A5: parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees
Post-punk (Music)

Generally, post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s, although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music, only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles. Additionally, the accuracy of the term's chronological prefix "post" has been disputed, as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement. Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984.

Q1: What is post-punk?
A1: music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s
Q2: What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk?
A2: new wave music
Q3: Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed?
A3: various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement
Q4: What is the acctepted era of post-punk?
A4: between 1978 and 1984
Q5: What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after?
A5: punk rock
Q6: What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as?
A6: punk or new wave music
Q7: Why has the prefix 'post' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups?
A7: predate the punk rock movement
Q8: Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was?
A8: Reynolds
Q9: Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing?
A9: 1978 and 1984
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: "But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported." These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.

Q1: When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?
A1: after the 5th century CE
Q2: What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?
A2: Hinayana
Translation (Language and literature)

Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel ("present", "current"), the Polish aktualny ("present", "current," "topical," "timely," "feasible"), the Swedish aktuell ("topical", "presently of importance"), the Russian актуальный ("urgent", "topical") or the Dutch actueel.

Q1: A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?
A1: contact and exchange
Q2: What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?
A2: guide to current meaning
Q3: What does the French "actuel" mean in English?
A3: present
Q4: How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Swedish?
A4: aktuell
Q5: To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?
A5: aktualny
Airport (Engineering and technology)

Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Q1: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
A1: 800 or 1,000 ft
Q2: What does AGL stand for?
A2: above ground level
Q3: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
A3: left-handed
Q4: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
A4: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed