LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gene (Natural sciences)

Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000–100,000 transcribed genes (expressed sequence tags). Subsequently, the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes, and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome. Of the human genome, only 1–2% consists of protein-coding genes, with the remainder being 'noncoding' DNA such as introns, retrotransposons, and noncoding RNAs.

Q1: Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?
A1: the 1960s
Q2: What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?
A2: 2,000,000
Q3: What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?
A3: alternative variants
Q4: After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?
A4: 13
Q5: What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?
A5: 1–2%
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village, they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village, which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. Streets that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. The grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north.

Q1: The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point?
A1: 14th Street north
Q2: Which street do numbered streets begin just north of?
A2: East Houston Street
Q3: In what village is East Houston Street located?
A3: East Village
Q4: Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out?
A4: Greenwich Village
Q5: Who laid out the Grid Plan?
A5: Commissioners' Plan of 1811
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.

Q1: What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?
A1: the rivers and coast
Q2: When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?
A2: 16th century
Q3: When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?
A3: 19th century
Q4: Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?
A4: local African rulers
Q5: What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?
A5: Bissau and Cacheu
Brain (Natural sciences)

Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of existing fish species), the forebrain has become "everted", like a sock turned inside out. In birds, there are also major changes in forebrain structure. These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species.

Q1: The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?
A1: teleost fishes
Q2: Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?
A2: forebrain area
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information (Cote & Levin 2002).

Q1: What is distinct from the self?
A1: identity
Q2: What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?
A2: how identity is maintained
Q3: What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?
A3: self-esteem
Q4: The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?
A4: self-psychology
University (Language and literature)

Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters," provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization.

Q1: What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called?
A1: masters
Q2: The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?
A2: a standard
Q3: How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?
A3: at least three
Q4: Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?
A4: University of Oxford
Q5: What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?
A5: specialists
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.

Q1: What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?
A1: love-hate relationship
Q2: What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?
A2: theatricality, showmanship and success
Q3: What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?
A3: an apology
Q4: What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?
A4: my friend Liszt
Q5: What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?
A5: Op. 10 Études
Q6: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
A6: Marie d'Agoult
Q7: Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?
A7: Liszt
Q8: Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?
A8: Liszt
Q9: What was the name of Liszt's mistress?
A9: Marie d'Agoult
Q10: Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?
A10: Hiller
Q11: What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?
A11: George Sand
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Q1: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
A1: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;
Q2: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
A2: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.
Q3: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
A3: Gaddafi
Q4: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
A4: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses
Q5: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
A5: 10 January 1970
Q6: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
A6: none
Q7: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
A7: young
Q8: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
A8: men
Q9: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?
A9: middle
London (Geography and places)

Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.

Q1: Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?
A1: Queen Boudica
Q2: What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?
A2: around 60,000
Q3: The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?
A3: 43 AD
Q4: What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?
A4: Colchester
Q5: Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?
A5: the Iceni tribe
Utrecht (History)

Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

Q1: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back
A1: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)
Q2:  What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide 
A2: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.
Q3: What was built along the Rhine 
A3: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine
Q4: How many soldiers did the fortress hold 
A4: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers
Q5: Who settled near the fort 
A5: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.

Q1: What were some of the original Australian department stores? 
A1: Grace Bros. and Waltons
Q2: When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? 
A2: 1899
Q3: Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? 
A3: Bendigo, Victoria
Q4: What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? 
A4: up-market chains
Q5: What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? 
A5: Venture
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.

Q1: What kind of clocks did the Romans use?
A1: water clocks
Q2: What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?
A2: hora tertia
Q3: During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?
A3: 75
Q4: What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?
A4: Jewish
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.

Q1: What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?
A1: bad weather
Q2: What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?
A2: Canuts
Q3: What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?
A3: Marseilles
Q4: Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?
A4: Nohant
Q5: Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?
A5: Square d'Orléans
Q6: Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?
A6: the Canuts
Q7: Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?
A7: Marseilles
Q8: Where was Sand's home?
A8: Nohant
Q9: After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?
A9: 5 rue Tronchet
Q10: In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?
A10: Square d'Orléans
Q11: What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?
A11: the bad weather
Q12: Who did Sand sell the piano to?
A12: the Canuts.
Q13: Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?
A13: Marseilles
Q14: Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?
A14: Square d'Orléans
Q15: Where did they spend most summers until 1846?
A15: Nohant
Pain (Language and literature)

Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.

Q1: IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?
A1: unpleasantness
Q2: What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?
A2: a state described as intense pain
Q3: Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?
A3: morphine
Q4: How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?
A4: little, or not at all
Q5: What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?
A5: Indifference
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census (Social sciences and society)

Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.

Q1: What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?
A1: Some other race
Q2: In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?
A2: 2010
Q3: There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?
A3: Some other race
Q4: In addition to the Census, where else is the "some other race" selection an option?
A4: the American Community Survey
Yale_University (History)

Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

Q1: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
A1: Alumnus Eero Saarinen
Q2: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
A2: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal
Q3: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
A3: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano
Q4: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
A4: fortress-like stone towers
Q5: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
A5: Finnish-American
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.

Q1: Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?
A1: Football Canada
Q2: How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?
A2: 26
Q3: Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?
A3: Vanier Cup
Q4: What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?
A4: Canadian Bowl
Q5: Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?
A5: Ontario and Quebec
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.

Q1: What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?
A1: weevils
Q2: What does the Spanish ibex eat?
A2: shrub
Q3: What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?
A3: Amensalism