LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
The_Blitz (History)

The decision to change strategy is sometimes claimed as a major mistake by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). It is argued that persisting with attacks on RAF airfields might have won air superiority for the Luftwaffe. Others argue that the Luftwaffe made little impression on Fighter Command in the last week of August and first week of September and that the shift in strategy was not decisive. It has also been argued that it was doubtful the Luftwaffe could have won air superiority before the "weather window" began to deteriorate in October. It was also possible, if RAF losses became severe, that they could pull out to the north, wait for the German invasion, then redeploy southward again. Other historians argue that the outcome of the air battle was irrelevant; the massive numerical superiority of British naval forces and the inherent weakness of the Kriegsmarine would have made the projected German invasion, Unternehmen Seelöwe (Operation Sea Lion), a disaster with or without German air superiority.

Q1: What does OKL stand for?
A1: Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
Q2: What month would the weather window begin to decline?
A2: October
Q3: If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of?
A3: the north
Q4: What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion?
A4: Unternehmen Seelöwe
Q5: Who had exponential larger naval forces?
A5: British naval forces
Hellenistic_period (History)

The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.

Q1: Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
A1: Seleucus
Q2: Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
A2: Antigonus
Q3: When was the Battle of Ipsus?
A3: 301 BCE
Q4: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
A4: Cilicia
Q5: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
A5: Cyprus
United_States_dollar (History)

The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

Q1: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?
A1: price inflation
Q2: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?
A2: price inflation
Q3: What does CPI stand for?
A3: consumer price index
Q4: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?
A4: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Q5: What does the CPI estimate?
A5: average price of consumer goods and services in the United States
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Q1: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
A1: Catalan
Q2: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
A2: War of Spanish Succession
Q3: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
A3: 1714
Q4: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
A4: Spanish
Q5: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
A5: Catalan
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed]

Q1: What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?
A1: decline of Constantinople
Q2: What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?
A2: Byzantine
Q3: Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?
A3: Kiev
Valencia (Geography and places)

The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

Q1: What war took place from 1702-1709?
A1: War of Spanish Succession
Q2: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?
A2: Charles of Austria
Q3: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?
A3: 24 January 1706
Q4: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?
A4: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth
Q5: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?
A5: fortress at Sagunt
American_Idol (Music)

The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5–10% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show.

Q1: Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? 
A1: NBC
Q2: Which television network originally aired All in the Family? 
A2: CBS
Q3: In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?
A3: 2010
Q4: What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?
A4: 2010 Winter Olympics
Q5: How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?
A5: 30.1 million
Q6: At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?
A6: six
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Q1: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
A1: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.
Q2: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
A2: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.
Q3: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
A3: 1808 until 1829
Q4: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
A4: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.
Q5: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
A5: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the Tito–Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980. Tito's reputation as one of the Allied leaders of World War II, along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, was primarily the cause of the favorable international recognition.

Q1: In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur?
A1: 1948
Q2: In what year was Tito inaugurated as president?
A2: 1953
Q3: In what year was Tito's funeral?
A3: 1980
Q4: Who was the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement?
A4: Tito
Q5: Who was inauguarated as President of Yugoslavia in 1953?
A5: Tito
Bermuda (History)

The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, "coloured" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as "coloured" are today described as "black", or "of African heritage", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as "coloured" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.

Q1: There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?
A1: black and white
Q2: Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?
A2: white Protestants of English heritage
Q3: Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?
A3: coloured
Q4: Why is it problematic that the "coloured" population of Bermuda is now referred to as "black" or "African heritage"?
A4: obscures their non-African heritage
Q5: There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?
A5: Asian
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire’s citizens to modernize the state’s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them “Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party” were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912–1913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I.

Q1: What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?
A1: Second Constitutional Era
Q2: What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?
A2: the Young Turk Revolution
Q3: The restoration of what happened in 1876?
A3: the Ottoman constitution
Q4: What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?
A4: Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”
Q5: What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?
A5: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

Q1: What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?
A1: 84.0%
Q2: What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?
A2: storage & supply depots
Q3: What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?
A3: (3.4%
Q4: Who manages the defence estate?
A4: Defence Infrastructure Organisation
Q5: Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?
A5: (2.5%
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

Q1: What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?
A1: original sin only
Q2: What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?
A2: Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes
Q3: Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?
A3: privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain
Q4: What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?
A4: Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin."
Q5: What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?
A5: sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Q1: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
A1: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin
Q2: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? 
A2: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal
Q3: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?
A3: let him be anathema."
Q4: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
A4: The Council of Trent
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The definition of antenna gain or power gain already includes the effect of the antenna's efficiency. Therefore, if one is trying to radiate a signal toward a receiver using a transmitter of a given power, one need only compare the gain of various antennas rather than considering the efficiency as well. This is likewise true for a receiving antenna at very high (especially microwave) frequencies, where the point is to receive a signal which is strong compared to the receiver's noise temperature. However, in the case of a directional antenna used for receiving signals with the intention of rejecting interference from different directions, one is no longer concerned with the antenna efficiency, as discussed above. In this case, rather than quoting the antenna gain, one would be more concerned with the directive gain which does not include the effect of antenna (in)efficiency. The directive gain of an antenna can be computed from the published gain divided by the antenna's efficiency.

Q1: What else is also known as power gain?
A1: antenna gain
Q2: What is used to signal toward a reciever?
A2: transmitter
Q3: Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna?
A3: directive gain
Q4: Wats divided by the antennas efficiency?
A4: published gain
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).

Q1: How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?
A1: 130 years
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.

Q1: What are the three main types of autonomy?
A1: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy
Q2: How is behavioral autonomy defined?
A2: encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern
Q3: Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?
A3: Behavioral
Q4: How is cognitive autonomy defined?
A4: the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation
Q5: Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?
A5: match closely