LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.

Q1: When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?
A1: the flow of control
Q2: What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?
A2: the flow of control
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

Programmes, such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations, who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera Pobol y Cwm ('People of the Valley'). The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat, and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live.

Q1: What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?
A1: Give My Head Peace
Q2: What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?
A2: River City
Q3: What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?
A3: Gaelic
Q4: What is a well-known Gaelic program?
A4: Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?
Q5: What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?
A5: Patrick Kielty Almost Live
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.

Q1: Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?
A1: a compiler or an assembler
Q2: Programming languages are translated at run time by what?
A2: an interpreter
Gene (Natural sciences)

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.

Q1: What are prokaryotes?
A1: bacteria and archaea
Q2: How do prokaryotes store their genomes?
A2: on a single large, circular chromosome
Q3: What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?
A3: a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes
Q4: Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?
A4: plasmids
Q5: What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?
A5: horizontal gene transfer
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.

Q1: What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?
A1: Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep
Q2: What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?
A2: Theatre Tulsa
Q3: Where is the American Theatre Company based?
A3: Tulsa
Q4: What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?
A4: American Theatre Company
Q5: Where is Heller Theatre?
A5: Tulsa
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."

Q1: What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?
A1: develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals
Q2: How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?
A2: may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.
Q3: How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?
A3: 218
Q4: What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?
A4: independents and swing voters
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light. This concept was pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980 with a commercial product that produced 29.8 lm/W. More advanced reflectors based on interference filters or photonic crystals can theoretically result in higher efficiency, up to a limit of about 270 lm/W (40% of the maximum efficacy possible). Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments have produced as much as 45 lm/W, approaching the efficacy of compact fluorescent bulbs.

Q1: Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?
A1: Philips
Q2: How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?
A2: 30 percent
Q3: What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?
A3: Duro-Test
Q4: What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?
A4: 270 lm/W
Q5: What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?
A5: 45 lm/W
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a "crisis" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.

Q1: Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?
A1: Jacques Rogge
Q2: Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?
A2: Tibetan
Q3: Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?
A3: global relays
Q4: What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a "crisis"?
A4: Jacques Rogge
Q5: What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?
A5: could be expelled
Q6: Who asked that the torch relay be ended?
A6: IOC members.
Q7: What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?
A7: global relays
Diarrhea (Natural sciences)

Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.

Q1: Why is proper nutrition important?
A1: for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea
Q2: What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?
A2: greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever
Q3: What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?
A3: cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes
Q4: What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?
A4: 127 million
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Q1: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?
A1: urban workers
Q2: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?
A2: summer
Q3: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?
A3: saves energy
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination. The AAPF believes that "Race-conscious affirmative action remains necessary to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success of countless people of color of all classes". The groups goes on to say that affirmative action is responsible for creating the African American middle class, so it does not make sense to say that the system only benefits the middle and upper classes.

Q1: Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?
A1: class
Q2: Which organization believed in the class based argument?
A2: African American Policy Forum
Q3: What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?
A3: African American middle class
Q4: What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?
A4: non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination
Q5: What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?
A5: to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. "Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does."

Q1: What is one of the issues with affirmative action?
A1: inherently unequal
Q2: How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?
A2: an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice
Q3: What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?
A3: overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion
Q4: What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?
A4: make special efforts at inclusion
Digestion (Natural sciences)

Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

Q1: Where does protein digestion occur?
A1: in the stomach and duodenum
Q2: What are the three main enzymes that break down food?
A2: pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin
Q3: What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?
A3: inactive precursors, the zymogens
Q4: What are dipeptidases broken down into?
A4: amino acids
Q5: What organ secretes chymotrypsin?
A5: the pancreas
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.

Q1: What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?
A1: Proteins
Q2: What is the primary component of every protein?
A2: amino acids
Q3: What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?
A3: protein retention
Q4: When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?
A4: urine
Q5: Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?
A5: twenty
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

Q1: What was the nickname for French Protestants?
A1: Huguenots
Q2: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?
A2: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment
Q3: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?
A3: the 1550s
Q4: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?
A4: Henry II
Q5: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
A5: August 1572
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

Q1: The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?
A1: early experimental science
Q2: What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?
A2: English Puritanism and German Pietism
Q3: What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?
A3: an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology
Q4: What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?
A4: Puritans or other Protestants
Q5: What values were thought to have a significant synergy?
A5: ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.

Q1: What type of faith is Protestantism?
A1: Christian
Q2: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?
A2: Martin Luther
Q3: Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?
A3: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
Q4: Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?
A4: Lutheran princes
Q5: What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?
A5: the Protestant Reformation