LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Paris (Geography and places)

There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur (10.5 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6,740,000 visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3,745,000 visitors) and Musée d'Orsay (3,467,000 visitors). In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vallée, 32 km (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, was the most visited tourist attraction in France, with 14.9 million visitors in 2013.

Q1: How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?
A1: 72.1 million
Q2: What is Paris' top tourist attraction?
A2: Notre Dame Cathedral
Q3: How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?
A3: 9.2 million
Q4: What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?
A4: Disneyland Paris
Szlachta (History)

There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.

Q1: What class was polands nobility?
A1: closed class
Q2: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?
A2: Many low-born individuals
Q3: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
A3: enormous influence
Q4: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?
A4: any nobleman
Q5: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
A5: liberum veto
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen".

Q1: In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?
A1: 12 cm (4.7 in)
Q2: What were CD size "single"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?
A2: CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)
Q3: How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?
A3: up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content
Q4: What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?
A4: music video
Q5: Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?
A5: David Bowie
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.

Q1: What did an established church, even at the state level, have?
A1: opponents
Q2: What was Issac Backus' profession?
A2: Baptist minister
Q3: What region did Isaac Backus come from?
A3: New England
Q4: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?
A4: 1773
Q5: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?
A5: 1786
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

Q1: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
A1: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
Q2: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
A2: Mycenaean Greek
Q3: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
A3: dialect and phonetic environment
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.

Q1: What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?
A1: children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money
Q2: In 1930s how many indentured children were there?
A2: 35,000
Q3: How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?
A3: 100,000
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:

Q1: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?
A1: four
Q2: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?
A2: SMPTE
Q3: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?
A3: an SMPTE study group
Q4: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?
A4: 1979
Q5: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?
A5: A Study of High Definition Television Systems
Red (Natural sciences)

There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

Q1: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?
A1: Rubia
Q2: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?
A2: the wealthy
Q3: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?
A3: Polish Cochineal
Q4: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?
A4: Kermes vermilio
Q5: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?
A5: Margodes polonicus
Gramophone_record (Music)

There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric system was to improve the overall quality of disc recording and playback. The recording speed was 33 1⁄3 rpm, originally used in the Western Electric/ERPI movie audio disc system implemented in the early Warner Brothers' Vitaphone "talkies" of 1927.

Q1: When was the Western Electric System introduced?
A1: early 1930s
Q2: What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?
A2: Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric
Q3: What system was used by Warner Brothers?
A3: Western Electric system
Q4: What speed was used in the Western Electric System?
A4: 33 1⁄3 rpm
Q5: What was the Western Electric System believed to do?
A5: improve the overall quality
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first.

Q1: Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?
A1: Terminator 2
Q2: What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?
A2: THX certified
Q3: What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?
A3: Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy
Q4: What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?
A4: Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger
Central_Intelligence_Agency (Geography and places)

There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.

Q1: What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?
A1: 1963
Q2: Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
A2: Mary Margaret Graham
Q3: What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
A3: Congress
Q4: What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
A4: the Marshall Plan
Q5: What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
A5: 5%
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.

Q1: What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?
A1: insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection
Q2: What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?
A2: Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics
Q3: Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?
A3: William Thomson
Q4: What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?
A4: calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years
Q5: When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?
A5: in the 20th century
History_of_India (History)

There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

Q1: To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?
A1: Marathas
Q2: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?
A2: Wodeyar
Q3: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?
A3: British and Marathas
Q4: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?
A4: the French
Q5: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?
A5: Hyder Ali
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying "I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out." Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like "running dog," "traitor," "get out!," and "I love the Communist Party." At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying "Aren't you Chinese?" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, "Olympic flame for democracy", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan "One world, two dreams". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting "What kind of Chinese are you?" and "What a shame!" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle "for their own protection." Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)

Q1: What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?
A1: plastic Olympic flames
Q2: This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?
A2: Tiananmen Square protests
Q3: Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?
A3: Christina Chan
Q4: Who removed Chan from the protest?
A4: police
Q5: Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?
A5: her human rights were breached.
Q6: Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?
A6: democracy.
Q7: Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?
A7: Leung Kwok-hung
Q8: What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?
A8: Tibetan snow lion flag
Qing_dynasty (History)

There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection, Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus, so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created. It was defected Ming Han Chinese armies which conquered southern China for the Qing.

Q1: What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?
A1: Mongols
Q2: What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?
A2: artillery
Q3: When did the Manchus create their own artillery?
A3: 1641
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others, which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith. Both lines of thought were opposed by the conservative Counter-Enlightenment.

Q1: What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?
A1: Counter-Enlightenment.
Q2: The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?
A2: Spinoza
Q3: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?
A3: Spinoza
Q4: Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?
A4: René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.

Q1: What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?
A1: opus vermiculatum
Q2: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
A2: very fine detail
Q3: What were small panel mosaics known as?
A3: emblemata
Q4: What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
A4: opus tessellatum
Q5: Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
A5: cheaper than fully coloured work
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.

Q1: What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?
A1: bodhisattva
Q2: If bodhi is attained what do you become?
A2: a buddha
Q3: In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?
A3: nirvana
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10−3 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured.

Q1: The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?
A1: Thermal conductivity gauges
Q2: How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?
A2: by running current through it
Q3: What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?
A3: chemical composition of the gases being measured
Q4: What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?
A4: to measure the temperature of the filament
Q5: A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?
A5: 10 torr to 10−3 torr
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.

Q1: Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?
A1: Thermal
Q2: What is thermal mass?
A2: any material that can be used to store heat
Q3: What are typical thermal mass material?
A3: stone, cement and water
Q4: How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?
A4: by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
Q5: What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?
A5: climates
Q6: What does thermal mass reduce the need for?
A6: auxiliary heating and cooling equipment