LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Qing_dynasty (History)

Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhachi's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.

Q1: Where did Nurhachi move his court to?
A1: Liaodong
Q2: Where did Nurhachi move his court from?
A2: Jianzhou
Q3: Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?
A3: Mongol nation
Translation (Language and literature)

Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.

Q1: Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?
A1: context-embedded
Q2: What does it take a person to be able to do?
A2: comprehend the context of the original text
Q3: What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?
A3: error
Q4: How must machine translations be transformed by a human?
A4: reviewed and edited
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash. Some furnishings were transferred from Carlton House, and others had been bought in France after the French Revolution. The external façade was designed keeping in mind the French neo-classical influence preferred by George IV. The cost of the renovations grew dramatically, and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash's designs resulted in his removal as architect. On the death of George IV in 1830, his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work. At one stage, William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament, after the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834.

Q1: What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?
A1: a small, comfortable home
Q2: King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?
A2: new Houses of Parliament
Q3: Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?
A3: John Nash
Q4: In what year was Nash removed as architect?
A4: 1829
Q5: Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?
A5: Edward Blore
Q6: What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?
A6: 1762
Q7: What was George IV's original plan for the house? 
A7: a small, comfortable home
Q8: What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?
A8: 1826
Q9: Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?
A9: John Nash
Q10: Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?
A10: Edward Blore
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

Q1: What did renaissance humanism reference?
A1: Latin and Greek classical texts
Q2: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?
A2: scholasticism
Q3: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?
A3: accumulated commentaries
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.

Q1: What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>
A1: cultural and educational reform
Q2: When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?
A2: late fifteenth century
Q3: What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?
A3: umanisti
Q4: Where was one main concentration of Humanism?
A4: Naples
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.

Q1: When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?
A1: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period
Q2: Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?
A2: Petrarch
Q3: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?
A3: Cicero
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" (U+FFFD, �), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.

Q1: What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? 
A1: open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character"
Q2: What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? 
A2: U+FFFD
Q3: What is the name of Apple's font? 
A3: Last Resort
Q4: What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly? 
A4: a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character
Q5: What company uses the Unicode Fallback font? 
A5: SIL International
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.

Q1: As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?
A1: renewable energy
Q2: What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?
A2: Renewable energy commercialization
Q3: Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.
A3: wind power
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.

Q1: What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?
A1: Renewable energy
Q2: What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?
A2: the cost of renewable power falls
Q3: What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?
A3: Renewable technologies
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue." As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:

Q1: What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?
A1: Renewable energy technologies
Q2: As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?
A2: 2011
Q3: What group stated that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?"
A3: IEA
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.

Q1: Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?
A1: Christopher H. Smith
Q2: The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?
A2: Potemkin Villages
Q3: Which former director defended UNFPA?
A3: Dr. Nafis Sadik
Q4: Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?
A4: Amnesty International
Q5: What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?
A5: coercive techniques
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

Q1: When did modern physics arise?
A1: early 20th century
Q2: What is the old Quantum  theory?
A2: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.
Q3: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?
A3: Michelson-Morley experiment
Q4: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?
A4: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether
Q5: What does Darwinism promote?
A5: the theory of natural selection.
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability.

Q1: What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?
A1: ReplayGain
Q2: What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?
A2: audio normalization
Q3: What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?
A3: the overall playback volume
Q4: What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?
A4: MP3Gain
Q5: MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?
A5: ReplayGain capability
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.

Q1: How are CDs mass produced?
A1: hydraulic press
Q2: What type of material is used to make CDs?
A2: raw polycarbonate plastic
Q3: What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?
A3: 15 mm
Q4: How long does it take to stamp out one CD?
A4: two to three seconds
Q5: What is the term for the center hole in a CD?
A5: stacking ring
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral.

Q1: Which organization planned several protests?
A1: Reporters Without Borders
Q2: What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?
A2: the Eiffel Tower
Q3: Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?
A3: Notre Dame cathedral
Q4: What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?
A4: banner
Q5: Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?
A5: Reporters Without Borders
Q6: Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?
A6: Notre Dame cathedral.
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.

Q1: Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?
A1: in Chengdu
Q2: Where were office towers evacuated?
A2: Beijing
Q3: Where did a cargo train derail as a result?
A3: Hui County, Gansu
Q4: What happened to the cargo train?
A4: caught on fire
Q5: What was reported in Chengdu?
A5: cracks on walls
Q6: What was evacuated in Beijing?
A6: office towers
Q7: What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?
A7: venues
Q8: Where did a cargo train derail?
A8: Hui County, Gansu
Q9: Why did the train catch fire?
A9: rail was distorted
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.

Q1: Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?
A1: spirit of Olympics
Q2: What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?
A2: sports and politics
Q3: Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?
A3: run for spirit of Olympics
Q4: Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?
A4: sports and politics
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Q1: Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?
A1: Representatives
Q2: What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?
A2: destabilize the country
Q3: What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?
A3: solidarity
Q4: What did the forum question about US interference?
A4: diplomats and NGOs
Q5: What was the forum suspicious of?
A5: plots against Bolivia and other countries
East_Prussia (History)

Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these "Autochthones" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.

Q1: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?
A1: 1945
Q2: How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?
A2: Germanized Poles
Q3: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?
A3: 18.5%
Alps (Geography and places)

Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs. Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected.

Q1: Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line?
A1: they cannot bear the cold temperatures
Q2: What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures?
A2: they hibernate underground
Q3: How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line?
A3: by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs
Q4: What can be found in the streams up to the snow line?
A4: Brown trout
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002). In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 percent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).

Q1: What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?
A1: 10 years
Q2: How long are females required to go to school?
A2: 11 years
Q3: What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?
A3: 99.0%
Q4: How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?
A4: 1,918
Q5: What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?
A5: 1:18
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, “This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards”. Los Angeles Times praised China's media coverage of the quake of being "democratic".

Q1: What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?
A1: This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
Q2: What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?
A2: foreign aid
Q3: What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?
A3: up to international standards
Q4: Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?
A4: Los Angeles Times
Q5: In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?
A5: 1976 Tangshan earthquake