LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

Q1: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?
A1: an established orthodoxy
Q2: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
A2: metaphors
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

Q1: What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
A1: Greek
Q2: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
A2: slightly different
Q3: What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
A3: heresiarch
Q4: What is the study of heresy?
A4: Heresiology
Q5: What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
A5: "choice" or "thing chosen"
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

Q1: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?
A1: 1936
Q2: Earlier television systems were based on what?
A2: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution
Q3: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?
A3: 20th
Q4: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?
A4: 21st
Q5: What is the most current HDTV system development?
A5: 8K
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

Q1: What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
A1: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism
Glass (Art and architecture)

The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C.

Q1: How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?
A1: 1000 °C
Q2: Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?
A2: countertop cooking
Q3: What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?
A3: impervious to thermal shock
Q4: What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?
A4: lithium and aluminosilicates
Q5: What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?
A5: ~70%
Near_East (Geography and places)

The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East," derived ultimately from Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as "the Near East" because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.

Q1: When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?
A1: the 19th century
Q2: The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?
A2: archaeology
Q3: Where did the "Far East" derive from? 
A3: Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges."
Q4: Where did the Ottoman Empire end?
A4: the eastern border of Iraq
Q5: Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?
A5: because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.

Q1: What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?
A1: parinirvana
Alloy (Mathematics)

The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, or other objects from tin, it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes sometimes were added individually in varying amounts, or added together, making a wide variety of things, ranging from practical items, like dishes, surgical tools, candlesticks or funnels, to decorative items such as ear rings and hair clips.

Q1: Pewter is mostly made up of?
A1: tin
Q2: Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?
A2: too soft
Q3: During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?
A3: tin
Q4: What was done to tin to make it stronger?
A4: alloyed with other metals
Q5: What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?
A5: lead, antimony, bismuth or copper
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.

Q1: When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?
A1: 18th century
Q2: Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?
A2: Sir Robert Walpole
Samurai (Language and literature)

The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):

Q1: What did 'samurai' mean at first?
A1: those who serve in close attendance to nobility
Q2: What did 'samorapu' mean?
A2: to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend
Q3: What did 'saburahu' mean?
A3: to serve, to attend
Q4: What did 'saburahi' mean?
A4: servant, attendant
Q5: When was the word 'samurahi' used?
A5: the Edo period
Szlachta (History)

The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage").

Q1: What german word does the term szlachta come from?
A1: slahta
Q2: What does slahta mean?
A2: "(noble) family"
Q3: What is the polish name for knight?
A3: rycerz
Q4: German name for knight?
A4: Ritter
Q5: Where does the word her derive from in german?
A5: Erbe
Genome (Natural sciences)

The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Q1: Who coined the word genome?
A1: Hans Winkler
Q2: In what year was the word genome first created?
A2: 1920
Q3: At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?
A3: University of Hamburg
Q4: Which two similar words share etymology with genome?
A4: biome, rhizome
Treaty (Language and literature)

The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law.

Q1: What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?
A1: documents under domestic law
Q2: What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?
A2: convention, protocol, or simply agreement
Q3: What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?
A3: named something other than a treaty,
Q4: What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?
A4: the Treaty of Waitangi
Q5: Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?
A5: terminology
Dialect (Language and literature)

The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German".

Q1: The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?
A1: German
Federalism (History)

The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

Q1: What is the Latin word for federalism? 
A1: foedus
Q2: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? 
A2: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.
Q3: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? 
A3: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

Q1: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
A1: interchangeably
Q2: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
A2: United States
Q3: What is asphalt called outside of the US?
A3: bitumen
Q4: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
A4: Geologists
Q5: What is a naming term for asphalt?
A5: tar
Police (Social sciences and society)

The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention.

Q1: When did Nadelmann write about global policing?
A1: 1993
Q2: When did Sheptycki write about global policing?
A2: 1995
Q3: What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?
A3: international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.

Q1: What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?
A1: piracy and theft
Q2: What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?
A2: piracy
Q3: What kind of property is copyright used for?
A3: intellectual property
Q4: What is the difference between robbery and piracy?
A4: related only to tangible property
Q5: In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?
A5: theft
Letter_case (Language and literature)

The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.

Q1: The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?
A1: shallow
Q2: Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?
A2: hyphen
Q3: In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?
A3: located above
Q4: Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.
A4: taller
Greeks (History)

The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Q1: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? 
A1: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.
Q2: What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
A2: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome
Q3: What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?
A3: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well
Q4: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
A4: Hellene" still meant pagan
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

Q1: How many counties did New York originally have?
A1: 12
Q2: Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?
A2: Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham
Q3: When was West Farms created?
A3: 1846
Q4: When was Morrisania created?
A4: 1855
Q5: When was the town of Kingsbridge created?
A5: 1873
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

Q1: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
A1: indigenous civilizations
Q2: When did the Olmecs flourish?
A2: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE
Q3: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
A3: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs
Q4: Who lived in the Yucatan?
A4: the Maya
Q5: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
A5: Tenochtitlan
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

Q1: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
A1: city of Sarazm
Q2: What other culutres has ruled the area?
A2: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
Q3: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
A3: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
Q4: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
A4: 1991
Q5: What years did the civil war take place?
A5: 1992 to 1997
Q6: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
A6: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
Q7: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
A7: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
Q8: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
A8: 1991
Q9: What years did the war last through?
A9: 1992 to 1997
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.

Q1: In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?
A1: Rockford, Illinois
Q2: At what venue did the test game occur?
A2: Rockford MetroCentre
Q3: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?
A3: Chicago Politicians
Q4: On what date did the second test game take place?
A4: February 26, 1987
Q5: The second test game was played in what arena?
A5: Rosemont Horizon