LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.

Q1: What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?
A1: treaty
Q2: What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?
A2: synagogues
Q3: When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?
A3: 63 BC
Q4: Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?
A4: Julius Caesar
Q5: In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?
A5: Christianity
Jews (History)

For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Judæo-Georgian, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.

Q1: What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?
A1: Yiddish
Q2: What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?
A2: Ladino
Q3: Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?
A3: Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
Paris (Geography and places)

For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royals commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.

Q1: What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?
A1: sculpture and reliefs
Q2: Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?
A2: Pierre Mignard
Q3: In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?
A3: 1648
Q4: Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?
A4: 1793
Nigeria (History)

For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.

Q1: What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?
A1: North Africa
Q2: Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?
A2: Spanish and Portuguese
Q3: Calabar is on which historical Bight?
A3: Biafra
Q4: What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?
A4: Bight of Bonny
Q5: Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?
A5: Oyo Empire
Gramophone_record (Music)

For collectable or nostalgia purposes, or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups, a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production. One of the first attempts at this was in the 1950s, when inventor Ewing Dunbar Nunn founded the label Audiophile Records, which released, in addition to standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs, 78 rpm-mastered albums that were microgroove and pressed on vinyl (as opposed to traditional 78s, with their shellac composition and wider 3-mil sized grooves). This was done by the label mainly to take advantage of the wider audio frequency response that faster speeds like 78 rpm can provide for vinyl microgroove records, hence the label's name (obviously catering to the audiophiles of the 1950s "hi-fi" era, when stereo gear could provide a much wider range of audio than before). Also in the late 1950s, Bell Records released a few budget-priced 7" microgrooved records at 78 rpm.

Q1: What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?
A1: collectable or nostalgia purposes
Q2: What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?
A2: higher-quality audio playback
Q3: Who released 7" microgrooved records in the 1950s?
A3: Bell Records
Q4: What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?
A4: wider range of audio
Q5: Who founded Audiophile Records?
A5: Ewing Dunbar Nunn
Internet_service_provider (Engineering and technology)

For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Q1: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
A1: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs
Q2: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
A2: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Q3: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
A3: customers with more demanding requirements
Q4: what is SONET? 
A4: synchronous optical networking
Germans (Language and literature)

For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment "I'm proud to be German." And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with "near or absolute certainty". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in Düsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country.

Q1: What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?
A1: 60
Q2: What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?
A2: 78
Q3: Where does Eugen Buss work?
A3: University of Hohenheim
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.

Q1: Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?
A1: Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
Q2: Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?
A2: Both successor-states of the pact parties
Q3: Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?
A3: Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States (Language and literature)

For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

Q1: Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?
A1: U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English
Q2: How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?
A2: making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.
Q3: Was English in Puerto Rico successful?
A3: It was completely unsuccessful,
Q4: How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?
A4: Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island
Q5: Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?
A5: the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual design is that the camera's parameters for interpreting the sensor data values into sRGB values are fixed, and a number of different EI choices are accommodated by varying the sensor's signal gain in the analog realm, prior to conversion to digital. Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm. A few camera designs also provide EI adjustment through a choice of lightness parameters for the interpretation of sensor data values into sRGB; this variation allows different tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced into the shadow areas of the photo.

Q1: What is another name for an exposure index rating?
A1: ISO setting
Q2: How do some camera designs give some EI choices?
A2: by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm
Q3: Who provides the exposure index rating?
A3: the manufacturer
Q4: What are digital photo cameras also called?
A4: digital still cameras
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

For example, 1920×1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.

Q1: What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?
A1: 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high
Q2: The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
A2: 25
Q3: The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
A3: 25
Q4: The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
A4: 30
Q5: The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
A5: 60
Near_East (Geography and places)

For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:

Q1: When was the London Review?
A1: 1861
Q2: Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?
A2: The London Review of 1861
Q3: Who wrote The London Review of 1861?
A3: (Telford and Barber
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

For example, at 30 MHz (10 m wavelength) a true resonant 1⁄4-wavelength monopole would be almost 2.5 meters long, and using an antenna only 1.5 meters tall would require the addition of a loading coil. Then it may be said that the coil has lengthened the antenna to achieve an electrical length of 2.5 meters. However, the resulting resistive impedance achieved will be quite a bit lower than the impedance of a resonant monopole, likely requiring further impedance matching. In addition to a lower radiation resistance, the reactance becomes higher as the antenna size is reduced, and the resonant circuit formed by the antenna and the tuning coil has a Q factor that rises and eventually causes the bandwidth of the antenna to be inadequate for the signal being transmitted. This is the major factor that sets the size of antennas at 1 MHz and lower frequencies.

Q1: What can be added to allow for an antenna shorter than the needed height to produce desired results?
A1: loading coil
Q2: How would the resistive impedance from this scenario compare to if the antenna was the proper height?
A2: lower
Q3: The coil has lengthed the antenna to reach how much length electrically?
A3: 2.5 meters
Q4: What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies?
A4: reactance
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

Q1: What does the "line feed" function do?
A1: causes a printer to advance its paper
Q2: What character represents the "line feed" function?
A2: character 10
Q3: What does character 8 represent? 
A3: backspace
Q4: What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?
A4: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters
Energy (Natural sciences)

For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless, but as a system retain their mass. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In this system the matter (electrons and positrons) is destroyed and changed to non-matter energy (the photons). However, the total system mass and energy do not change during this interaction.

Q1: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?
A1: electron–positron annihilation
Q2: What is the inverse process called?
A2: pair creation
Q3: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?
A3: pair creation
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.

Q1: What does GAI stand for?
A1: gamut area index
Q2: The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?
A2: GAI
Q3: Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?
A3: ano
Pitch_(music) (Music)

For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to "spelling": the description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches "A220" and "A440" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880. Motivated by this logarithmic perception, music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency. For example, one can adopt the widely used MIDI standard to map fundamental frequency, f, to a real number, p, as follows

Q1: The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?
A1: spelling
Q2: The description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as what?
A2: A4
Q3: Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?
A3: logarithmic
Q4: Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?
A4: numerical
Dialect (Language and literature)

For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French "avoir" and "être". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed]

Q1: What Italian word is similar to the French word "avoir"?
A1: avere
Q2: What French word is similar to the Italian word "essere"?
A2: être
Q3: What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?
A3: Italian and Spanish
Q4: Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?
A4: body parts
Q5: When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?
A5: sere
Samurai (Language and literature)

For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.

Q1: What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?
A1: Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga
Q2: What did Oda mean?
A2: a clan or family name
Q3: What did Kazusanosuke mean?
A3: a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province
Q4: What did Saburo mean?
A4: a formal nickname (yobina)
Q5: What did Nobunaga mean?
A5: an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony
American_Idol (Music)

For five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that Idol pundits call the "White guy with guitar" or "WGWG" factor. Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as .... who's the nicest guy in a popularity contest," he says, "And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good-looking white boys."

Q1: What does the acronym WGWG stand for? 
A1: White guy with guitar
Q2: Who won season eleven of American Idol? 
A2: Phillip Phillips
Q3: What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? 
A3: American Idol: The Untold Story
Q4: How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? 
A4: five
Q5: What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?
A5: guitar
Q6: What is the WGWG factor?
A6: White guy with guitar
Q7: Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?
A7: Richard Rushfield
Q8: Who was named the winner of Season 11?
A8: Phillip Phillips