LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.

Q1: Who is pictured on the stupa's base?
A1: Dhyani Buddha Amitabha
Q2: What is Ajima the deity of?
A2: smallpox
Q3: What are gompas?
A3: monasteries
Q4: Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?
A4: Tibetan Buddhist
Q5: What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?
A5: om mani padme hum
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015.

Q1: Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?
A1: European Union
Q2: What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?
A2: expired
Q3: When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?
A3: 31 December 2017
Q4: Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?
A4: 2007 and 2015
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs.

Q1: How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?
A1: 2 to 12
Q2: In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?
A2: fire control elements
Q3: Where do batteries typically get deployed?
A3: in a small area
Q4: Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?
A4: SHORAD
Q5: Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?
A5: MANPADS
Annelid (Natural sciences)

The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

Q1: What separates many annelids' segments?
A1: Septa
Q2: Which annelids show no segmentation?
A2: Echiura and Sipuncula
Q3: What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?
A3: front
Q4: What is movement by ripples called?
A4: peristalsis
Q5: What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?
A5: turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves
Association_football (History)

The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.

Q1: The equipment a player wears is also called a what?
A1: kit
Q2: What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?
A2: An athletic supporter and protective cup
Q3: Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?
A3: goalkeeper
Q4: wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?
A4: forbidden
Q5: What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries? 
A5: Headgear
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.

Q1: What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?
A1: yeast
Q2: Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?
A2: hops
Q3: What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?
A3: potato
Q4: What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?
A4: agave
Q5: In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?
A5: the grain bill
History_of_science (History)

The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.

Q1: Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?
A1: Adam Smith
Q2: What did Adam Smith's work cover?
A2: The basis for classical economics
Q3: What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?
A3: mercantilism
Q4: What idea did Adam Smith propose?
A4: an "invisible hand"
Q5: Who is Marxian economics named after?
A5: Karl Marx
Near_East (Geography and places)

The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whites were appearing as late as the 1920s works of James Henry Breasted, which were taught as the gospel of ancient history throughout the entire first half of the 20th century. A red wavelength was mainly of interest in America. The eastern question was modified by Simpson to "The Problem of the Nearer East," which had nothing to do with the Ottomans but everything to do with British colonialism. Simpson wrote of the white man:

Q1: What is the basis of Simpson's unity?
A1: color and colonial subjection
Q2: The great whites were appearing as late as what time?
A2: the 1920s
Q3: In whose works were the great whites appearing?
A3: James Henry Breasted
Q4: What was mainly of interest in America?
A4: A red wavelength
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The battle in the Marshall Islands caused irreparable damage, especially on Japanese bases. During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries. U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945.

Q1: In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?
A1: 1943
Q2: How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?
A2: 5,100
Q3: What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?
A3: half
Q4: Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?
A4: lack of food
Pacific_War (History)

The battle of Iwo Jima ("Operation Detachment") in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War. Iwo Jima was an 8 sq mile (21 km2) island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands. Holland Smith, the commander of the invasion force, aimed to capture the island, and utilize its three airfields as bases to carry out air attacks against the Home Islands. Lt. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, the commander of the island's defense, knew that he could not win the battle, but he hoped to make the Americans suffer far more than they could endure.

Q1: What was "Operation Detachment"?
A1: battle of Iwo Jima
Q2: When did "Operation Detachment" occur?
A2: February 1945
Q3: How many square miles is the island of Iwo Jima?
A3: 8
Q4: Iwo Jima is halfway between the Mariana Islands and what city?
A4: Tokyo
Q5: How many airfields were on Iwo Jima?
A5: three
Pacific_War (History)

The battle secured the beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army on Leyte against attack from the sea, broke the back of Japanese naval power and opened the way for an advance to the Ryukyu Islands in 1945. The only significant Japanese naval operation afterwards was the disastrous Operation Ten-Go in April 1945. Kurita's force had begun the battle with five battleships; when he returned to Japan, only Yamato was combat-worthy. Nishimura's sunken Yamashiro was the last battleship in history to engage another in combat.

Q1: What were the Leyte beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army secured from?
A1: attack from the sea
Q2: When did Operation Ten-Go occur?
A2: April 1945
Q3: How many battleships did Kurita begin Operation Ten-Go with?
A3: five
Q4: What was the last battleship in history to engage in combat with another battleship?
A4: Yamashiro
Q5: Which battleship was still capable of combat when Kurita returned to Japan?
A5: Yamato
Pub (History)

The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.

Q1: Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?
A1: The Red Lion
Q2: What is an example of a name for a beer house?
A2: Smith's Beer House
History_of_science (History)

The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lemaître.

Q1: What science subject explains anomalous results?
A1: quantum theories
Q2: What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?
A2: 1915
Q3: Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?
A3: quantum mechanics
Q4: Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?
A4: Edwin Hubble
Q5: Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?
A5: the Big Bang theory
Neolithic (History)

The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called "proto-Neolithic" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.

Q1: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?
A1: 10,200 – 8,800 BC
Q2: Where did the Neolithic culture begin?
A2: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)
Q3: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?
A3: wild cereals
Q4: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?
A4: The Natufian period
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.

Q1: What unit is named after Bell?
A1: The bel
Q2: What does the bel and decibel measure?
A2: sound intensity
Q3: What lab invented the term "bel."
A3: Bell Labs
Q4: In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?
A4: telecommunications
Q5: What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?
A5: 1976
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

Q1: When were the bells overhauled?
A1: 1971
Q2: How many bells make up the abbey ring?
A2: Ten
Q3: When were the ten bells cast?
A3: 1971
Q4: Who cast the abbey bells?
A4: Whitechapel Bell Foundry
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.

Q1: What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?
A1: One Thousand and One Nights
Q2: Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?
A2: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)
Q3: In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?
A3: 14th century
Q4: When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?
A4: 18th century
Q5: Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?
A5: Antoine Galland
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas (from Pāli "nidāna" meaning "cause, foundation, source or origin"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.[note 10]

Q1: What is the most common application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda?
A1: the scheme of Twelve Nidānas
Q2: What does the scheme of Twelve Nidānas explain?
A2: the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.
Q3: An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?
A3: Twelve Nidānas
Q4: What doe nidana mean?
A4: cause, foundation, source or origin
Tibet (Geography and places)

The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).

Q1: What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?
A1: Tubo
Q2: When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?
A2: 7th century
Q3: Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?
A3: William H. Baxter
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph Bédier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.

Q1: When was the term copy-text introduced?
A1: 1904
Q2: What was the initial definition of copy-text?
A2: the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine
Q3: Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method
A3: choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.
Presbyterianism (History)

The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition.

Q1: What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?
A1: National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México)
Q2: How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?
A2: 2,500,000
Q3: When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?
A3: 1875
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census (Social sciences and society)

The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.

Q1: What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?
A1: Mulatto
Q2: What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? 
A2: Negro
Q3: How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census? 
A3: Neg
Q4: What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?
A4: one-drop rule
Q5: Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census? 
A5: their father