LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Jews (History)

Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history, first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy.[disputed – discuss] After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah. The term Jew originated from the Roman "Judean" and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah. The shift of ethnonym from "Israelites" to "Jews" (inhabitant of Judah), although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II, King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and its remaining Jews were left stateless. The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 515 BCE. Yehud province was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until the fall of the Empire in c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great. Jews were also politically independent during the Hasmonean dynasty spanning from 140 to 37 BCE and to some degree under the Herodian dynasty from 37 BCE to 6 CE. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, most Jews have lived in diaspora. As an ethnic minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.[citation needed]

Q1: How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history? 
A1: twice
Q2: From where did the term Jews originate?
A2: Roman "Judean
Q3: When was land divided into Israel and Judah?
A3: After the fall of the United Monarchy
Q4: Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?
A4: Jews
Q5: When did the Babylonian exile end?
A5: 539 BCE
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)

Q1: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?
A1: 1440×1152 HDMAC
Q2: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?
A2: a mooted 750-line
Q3: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?
A3: an enhanced television format
Q4: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?
A4: US SMPTE standards
Exhibition_game (Sports and recreation)

It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season, but worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues, have made this very rare. Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues, like Chicago's Crosstown Classic and New York's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play. The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.

Q1: What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?
A1: worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues
Q2: What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?
A2: Crosstown Classic
Q3: What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?
A3: Subway Series
Q4: In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?
A4: July
Q5: What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?
A5: home field advantage
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.

Q1: What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?
A1: list endangered domestic fish and wildlife
Q2: The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?
A2: $15 million per year
Q3: The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?
A3: the National Wildlife Refuge System
Q4: How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?
A4: The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts
Q5: How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?
A5: Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species
Computer (Engineering and technology)

It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Q1: How many times could it add or subtract a second?
A1: 5000
Q2: What was the limit of its high speed memory?
A2: ENIAC
Q3: ENIAC was constructed by whom?
A3: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Q4: Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC?
A4: University of Pennsylvania
Q5: When was ENIAC fully operational?
A5: 1945
Eton_College (History)

It criticised Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher–student confidentiality and said "It is clear whichever version of the evidence is accepted that Mr Burke did ask the claimant to assist Prince Harry with text for his expressive art project ... It is not part of this tribunal's function to determine whether or not it was legitimate." In response to the tribunal's ruling concerning the allegations about Prince Harry, the School issued a statement, saying Forsyth's claims "were dismissed for what they always have been - unfounded and irrelevant." A spokesperson from Clarence House said, "We are delighted that Harry has been totally cleared of cheating."

Q1: The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what?
A1: unfounded and irrelevant
Q2: What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality?
A2: Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry
Q3: The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry's recording in the Forsyth case?
A3: determine whether or not it was legitimate
Bermuda (History)

It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Two years later, a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company's Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown. Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The flotilla was broken up by a storm. As the flagship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers drove it onto Bermuda's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats – all 150 passengers and a dog survived. (William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, in which the character Ariel refers to the "still-vex'd Bermoothes" (I.ii.229), is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey's account of this shipwreck.) They stayed 10 months, starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. The island was claimed for the English Crown, and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it.

Q1: Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?
A1: relieve the colony of Jamestown
Q2: The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?
A2: William Shakespeare
Q3: How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?
A3: 10 months
Q4: Who did Sommer's claim the island for?
A4: the English Crown
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

Q1: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?
A1: the 18th and 19th centuries
Q2: Methodism is part of what movement?
A2: Evangelicalism
Q3: Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?
A3: Britain and North America
Q4: What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?
A4: Nicolaus Zinzendorf
Genome (Natural sciences)

It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.

Q1: What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?
A1: E. coli
Q2: What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?
A2: C. elegans and fruit fly
Q3: What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
A3: 20%
Education (Philosophy and religion)

It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.

Q1: What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?
A1: poor countries should grow faster than rich countries
Q2: What has been argued about high rates in education?
A2: essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth
Q3: What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?
A3: requires knowledgeable managers and engineers
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able, and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.

Q1: Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?
A1: will never be able to match the pay
Q2: What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?
A2: benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments
Q3: What is better than having high pay at an NPO?
A3: Pleasurable work conditions
Q4: How much should an NPO pay employees?
A4: as much as they are able
Q5: What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?
A5: generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours
Predation (Natural sciences)

It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.

Q1: Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?
A1: mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters
Q2: Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?
A2: warmth, companionship, and even protection
Q3: Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?
A3: wild ones outside the area
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.

Q1: What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?
A1: the life of the gods
Q2: Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?
A2: Tai
Q3: According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?
A3: life of the peoples themselves
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.

Q1: What is a re-introduction scheme?
A1: to teach a migration route to a flock of birds
Q2: What did they use to teach birds a migration route?
A2: microlight aircraft
Q3: Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?
A3: whooping cranes
Q4: Which birds did they use as a trial run?
A4: Canada geese
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

It has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of states belongs to Class I (and all subsequent classes). However, if the number of states is not known, then it only belongs to all classes from Class II on. If the implementation under test must be a deterministic finite-state machine failing the specification for a single trace (and its continuations), and its number of states is unknown, then it only belongs to classes from Class III on. Testing temporal machines where transitions are triggered if inputs are produced within some real-bounded interval only belongs to classes from Class IV on, whereas testing many non-deterministic systems only belongs to Class V (but not all, and some even belong to Class I). The inclusion into Class I does not require the simplicity of the assumed computation model, as some testing cases involving implementations written in any programming language, and testing implementations defined as machines depending on continuous magnitudes, have been proved to be in Class I. Other elaborated cases, such as the testing framework by Matthew Hennessy under must semantics, and temporal machines with rational timeouts, belong to Class II.

Q1: If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?
A1: Class II
Q2: There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?
A2: each class is strictly included into the next
Q3: If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?
A3: Class III
Southampton (Geography and places)

It has been revealed that Southampton has the worst behaved secondary schools within the UK. With suspension rates three times the national average, the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children, the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff.

Q1: Which level of schools in Southampton are the worst behaved in the UK?
A1: secondary
Q2: How many times the national average are the suspension rates at Southampton's secondary schools?
A2: three
Q3: Out of about every 14 students, how many will be suspended from school?
A3: 1
Q4: In addition to physical attacks, what other kind of assault do Southampton's students commit against staff more than anywhere else in the country?
A4: verbal
General_Electric (Engineering and technology)

It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government, aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer. Its major appliance manufacturing plant "Appliance Park" was the first non-governmental site to host one. However, in 1970, GE sold its computer division to Honeywell, exiting the computer manufacturing industry, though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards. GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie.

Q1: During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers?
A1: 1950s
Q2: What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?
A2: Appliance Park
Q3: In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?
A3: 1970
Q4: What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?
A4: GXS
Q5: What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?
A5: GE
Wood (Natural sciences)

It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.

Q1: In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years?
A1: fuel
Q2: What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood?
A2: cellulose
Q3: What's the matrix in wood made up of?
A3: lignin
Q4: What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?
A4: support
Q5: What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water?
A5: nutrients
Near_East (Geography and places)

It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May, 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.

Q1: What has pleased western historians?
A1: to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire
Q2: What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? 
A2: The borders
Q3: What was the Ottoman Empire created from?
A3: the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire
Q4: How did the last Roman emperor die?
A4: fighting hand-to-hand in the streets
Q5: Where was the Roman emperor's capital?
A5: Constantinople
Bern (Geography and places)

It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.

Q1: What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town?
A1: a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Q2: When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built?
A2: 1421
Q3: What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland?
A3: Holy Ghost Church
Q4: Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town?
A4: Hans Gieng
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Q1: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
A1: lawyers, judges
Q2: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
A2: civilly-binding force
Q3: What does J.C.B. stand for?
A3: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus
Q4: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
A4: Bachelor of Canon Law
Q5: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
A5: Juris Canonici Licentiatus