LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
IBM (History)

The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management. As of Cathie Black's resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex).

Q1: IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?
A1: 14
Q2: What board member resigned in November 2010?
A2: Cathie Black's
Q3: What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?
A3: '07
Q4: Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?
A4: American Express
Q5: Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?
A5: Andrew N. Liveris
East_India_Company (History)

The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

Q1: when was the bombay trading post established?
A1: 1668
Q2: who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?
A2: factor or master merchant and governor
Q3: how many employees were in the factories in India?
A3: 90
Q4: what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?
A4: major factories
Q5: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
A5: Dutch
Q6: by 1647 how many factories did the company have?
A6: 23
Q7: the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?
A7: commercial trading operations
Q8: when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?
A8: Portuguese Estado da Índia
Q9: The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?
A9: walled forts
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Q1: What date was the Premier League formed?
A1: The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992
Q2: How much was the deal worth?
A2: The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14
Q3: Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?
A3: BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.
Q4: How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?
A4: The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights
Q5: In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?
A5: In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.
Q6: When was the Premier League originally formed?
A6: 20 February 1992
Q7: When was the Football League originally founded?
A7: 1888
Q8: How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?
A8: 116
Q9: How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?
A9: 38
Q10: How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?
A10: €2.2 billion
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

Q1: Is the competition open to anyone? 
A1: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system
Q2: Is there anyone automatically eligible? 
A2: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible
Q3: Who else can play? 
A3: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions
Q4: Can new clubs play too? 
A4: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.
Q5: Do I need a stadium to compete? 
A5: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.

Q1: Who is the competition open too?
A1: any eligible club
Q2: How many clubs competed in 20011-12?
A2: 763 clubs
Q3: How many rounds in the tournament?
A3: 12
Q4: How many games are needed to win?
A4: six to fourteen
Q5: What league can compete?
A5: Premier League and Football League
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:

Q1: How many precepts are on the list?
A1: ten
Q2: In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?
A2: seventh
Gramophone_record (Music)

The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it-yourself market for pickups, turntables, amplifier kits, loudspeaker enclosure plans, and AM/FM radio tuners. The LP record for longer works, 45 rpm for pop music, and FM radio became high fidelity program sources in demand. Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast and this in turn generated more record sales. The industry flourished.

Q1: When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics?
A1: 1949
Q2: What kind of recordings worked best for pop music?
A2: 45 rpm
Q3: What was used for longer recordings?
A3: LP record
Q4: What opened doors for long recordings?
A4: The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman
Q5: What aided in records sales in the 1950s?
A5: Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, and then records the remaining information in an efficient manner.

Q1: What does the compression target in the song?
A1: accuracy
Q2: The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?
A2: auditory resolution
Q3: What is this method commonly referred to as?
A3: perceptual coding
Q4: What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?
A4: psychoacoustic
Q5: These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?
A5: less audible
Copper (History)

The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:

Q1: What is the average concentration of copper in ores?
A1: 0.6%
Q2: What are most commercial ores?
A2: sulfides
Q3: What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?
A3: iron
Q4: What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?
A4: floats on top
Q5: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?
A5: oxides
Education (Philosophy and religion)

The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: "A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well." Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.

Q1: When was the 'education through recreation" applied to childhood?
A1: 19th century
Q2: When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?
A2: 20th century
Q3: What changed when the concept was broadened?
A3: to include young adults
Gene (Natural sciences)

The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.

Q1: What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?
A1: its coding regions
Q2: What can coding regions be split into?
A2: several exons
Q3: What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?
A3: RNA
Q4: What are some gene products?
A4: functional non-coding RNAs
Q5: What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?
A5: any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory—an active mathematical discipline—studies groups in their own right.a[›] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa[›] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.

Q1: Where did the idea of a group come from?
A1: the study of polynomial equations,
Q2: When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?
A2: 1870
Q3: What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?
A3: subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.
Q4: When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?
A4: 1983
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept: from 1932 to 1976, only seven out of thirty-two rejected race; from 1975 to 1984, thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race; from 1985 to 1993, thirteen out of nineteen rejected race. According to one academic journal entry, where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or nearly synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm, only 36 percent did so in 1965, and just 28 percent did in 1996.

Q1: What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?
A1: biological race
Q2: The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?
A2: physical anthropologists
Q3: What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?
A3: college
Q4: How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?
A4: thirteen
Q5: What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?
A5: 28 percent
Black_people (Language and literature)

The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

Q1: How is blackness described in the US?
A1: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.
Q2: What defines "blackness"?
A2: political orientation, culture and behavior
Q3: What is the opposite of "blackness"?
A3: "acting white"
Q4: How does one "act white"?
A4: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans
Q5: In what regards can one "act white"?
A5: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,
Infrared (Natural sciences)

The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.

Q1: What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?
A1: emissivity
Q2: How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?
A2: hotter
Q3: Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?
A3: infrared cameras
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The concept of liberation (nirvāṇa)—the goal of the Buddhist path—is closely related to overcoming ignorance (avidyā), a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality. In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra). To this end, the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence.

Q1: What is the goal of the Buddhist path?
A1: liberation
Q2: Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?
A2: suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra)
Q3: Liberation is know as what?
A3: nirvāṇa
Q4: What is the goal of the buddhist path?
A4: nirvāṇa
Q5: In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?
A5: objects
Q6: Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?
A6: three
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.

Q1: What is a common nickname for Mexico City?
A1: The city of palaces
Q2: How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?
A2: building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes
Q3: When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?
A3: the last half of the 18th century
Black_people (Language and literature)

The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

Q1: How are people in Brazil classified?
A1: by appearance
Q2: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
A2: Brazil
Q3: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
A3: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color
Q4: How are people evaluated in Brazil?
A4: like the colors of the spectrum
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the existence of different "races". However, in its Recommendation ECRI uses this term in order to ensure that those persons who are generally and erroneously perceived as belonging to "another race" are not excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation. The law claims to reject the existence of "race", yet penalize situations where someone is treated less favourably on this ground.

Q1: What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?
A1: The concept of racial origin
Q2: What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?
A2: scientific
Q3: Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?
A3: all human beings belong to the same species
Q4: What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?
A4: excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation
Q5: The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?
A5: race
Intellectual_property (History)

The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury".

Q1: Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?
A1: Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)
Q2: When did Jewish law recognize copyright?
A2: in the 16th century
Q3: When did Sybaris offer patents?
A3: 500 BCE
Q4: How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?
A4: one year
Database (Engineering and technology)

The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.

Q1: What does the conceptual view offer?
A1: a level of indirection between internal and external
Q2: How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?
A2: abstracts away details
Q3: What type of view does the conceptual view offer?
A3: common