LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Botany (Natural sciences)

The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. They have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in bacteriology), fungi (mycology) – including lichen-forming fungi (lichenology), non-chlorophyte algae (phycology), and viruses (virology). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses.

Q1: What is the scientific name for seed plants?
A1: gymnosperms
Q2: What is the study of algae called?
A2: phycology
Q3: What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?
A3: haploid and diploid
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained, "The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws . . . openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle." The order included definite "goals and timetables." As President Nixon asserted, "We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment."

Q1: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?
A1: his successor Nixon
Q2: Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?
A2: Philadelphia Order
Q3: Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?
A3: construction
Q4: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?
A4: craft unions
Q5: Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?
A5: Arthur Fletcher
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages, and was revived in the mid-17th century. The subject matter had previously been generally religious and/or monarchical, featuring essays, poetry, and painting. By roughly 1725, however, this subject matter had radically expanded and diversified, including "royal propaganda, philosophical battles, and critical ruminations on the social and political institutions of the Old Regime." Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice in France.

Q1: The practice of contests dates back to what time period?
A1: Middle Ages
Q2: Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?
A2: generally religious and/or monarchical
Q3: Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?
A3: theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice
Q4: Were the concours academiques public or private matters?
A4: public
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called "tactile brilliance". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, "Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition." Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a "delightfully deceptive" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life.

Q1: What is Lee's strongest style of writing?
A1: narration
Q2: What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??
A2: flashback
Virgil (Language and literature)

The structure known as "Virgil's tomb" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as "grotta vecchia") in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from the centre of Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.

Q1: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?
A1: Middle Ages
Q2: In which district is "Virgil's tomb" located?
A2: Piedigrotta
Q3: What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where "Virgil's tomb" is located also called?
A3: grotta vecchia
Bern (Geography and places)

The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.

Q1: The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?
A1: medieval
Q2: What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?
A2: a Cultural World Heritage Site
Q3: What is Berns most famous site?
A3: Zytglogge
Q4: What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?
A4: Münster
Q5: What type of cathedral is Muster?
A5: Gothic
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine forming an exciton that excites a QD. This scheme is commonly studied for quantum dot display. The tunability of emission wavelengths and narrow bandwidth is also beneficial as excitation sources for fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated.

Q1: What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation?
A1: electrical-excitation
Q2: What is one material used in electrical-excitation?
A2: hole-transporting materials
Q3: During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the quantum dot layer?
A3: electrons and holes
Q4: A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what?
A4: near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
Gene (Natural sciences)

The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Q1: Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?
A1: often only a small part
Q2: What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? 
A2: the actual protein coding sequence
Q3: What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?
A3: DNA regions that are not transcribed
Q4: What is another element of the structure of a gene?
A4: untranslated regions of the RNA
Q5: What elements does the structure of a gene consist of?
A5: DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

Q1: What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?
A1: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran
Q2: When did Rukn-e-Alam die?
A2: 1320 AD
Q3: When did Gardezi die?
A3: 1150 AD
Q4: When was Ahangar's tomb built?
A4: sixteenth century
Q5: What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?
A5: blue
Wood (Natural sciences)

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

Q1: Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?
A1: complex
Q2: What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?
A2: vessels
Q3: Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?
A3: large
Q4: In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?
A4: a hand lens
Q5: Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?
A5: diffuse-porous
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model "Army 95", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.

Q1: Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?
A1: at home
Q2: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?
A2: all male Swiss citizens
Q3: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?
A3: women
Q4: What replaced Army 95 in 2003?
A4: Army XXI
Q5: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?
A5: 120,000
Federalism (History)

The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.

Q1: What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?
A1: mechanisms to protect the rights of component states
Q2: What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?
A2: intrastate federalism
Q3: What is intrastate federalism?
A3: is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions
Q4: What is a bicameral legislature?
A4: the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole
Iran (Geography and places)

The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.

Q1: The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?
A1: until 1911
Q2: Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?
A2: Mohammad Ali Shah
Q3: In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?
A3: restoring order
Q4: The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?
A4: 1921
Q5: Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
A5: Ottoman armies
Jews (History)

The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent.

Q1: What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?
A1: descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism
Q2: Who are descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism?
A2: Sephardic Bnei Anusim
Q3: What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?
A3: 19.8%
Genocide (History)

The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.

Q1: What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
A1: legal aspect of the term
Q2: In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
A2: a crime
Q3: In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
A3: the deliberate killing of a certain group
Q4: In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? 
A4: officials in power of a state or area
Q5: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
A5: the Peace of Westphalia
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

Q1: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?
A1: Sociocultural
Q2: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?
A2: resolution
Q3: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?
A3: consumption and exchange
Q4: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?
A4: language
Q5: What is a human universal?
A5: kinship
Botany (Natural sciences)

The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.

Q1: Why are plants important to human life?
A1: oxygen and food
Q2: What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?
A2: photosynthesis
Q3: What is used to rebuild cells?
A3: organic molecules
Q4: What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
A4: oxygen
Q5: What do plant roots prevent?
A5: soil erosion
Avicenna (Language and literature)

The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

Q1: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
A1: theology
Q2: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?
A2: Al-Farabi
Q3: What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?
A3: Hamadan
Q4: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?
A4: Al-Biruni
Q5: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?
A5: the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar
Immunology (Natural sciences)

The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.

Q1: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
A1: innate immune system
Q2: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
A2: acquired or adaptive immune system
Q3: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
A3: humoral (or antibody)
Q4: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
A4: cell-mediated
Q5: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
A5: molecular and cellular components
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Q1: What influences role of minority leader?
A1: personality and contextual factors
Q2: Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?
A2: House rule book.
Q3: How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?
A3: minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.

Q1: What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?
A1: Greece and Rome
Q2: What type of architecture did Georgian replace?
A2: English vernacular architecture
Q3: Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?
A3: the exterior