LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Qing_dynasty (History)

The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers. The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants. A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century. Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas. These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence, by which the Western world overtook China economically.

Q1: What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?
A1: reduced the tax burden
Q2: What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?
A2: rise slowly and smoothly
Q3: What was the Great Divergence?
A3: Western world overtook China economically
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev Letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.

Q1: When was the Zinoviev letter published?
A1: 1924
Q2: After how long did the government collapse?
A2: nine months
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to finance and licensing. The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programs. SRG SSR studios are distributed throughout the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while the television programs are produced in Geneva, Zürich and Lugano. An extensive cable network also allows most Swiss to access the programs from neighboring countries.

Q1: What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media?
A1: finance and licensing
Q2: Where are television programs produced?
A2: Geneva, Zürich and Lugano
Q3: What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to?
A3: SRG SSR
Myanmar (Geography and places)

The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked. A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.

Q1: Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it's inhabitants ?
A1: has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive.
Q2: Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?
A2: several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked.
Q3: Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?
A3: international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
Q4: Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?
A4: ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.
Myanmar (Geography and places)

The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds. Several activists in exile, including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members, have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development. In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future.

Q1: What did the government bring together ?
A1: National Human Rights Commission
Q2: Once the decision was made to bring the group together who was it comprised of ?
A2: consists of 15 members from various backgrounds
Q3: Has the joining brought about any changes in the region ?
A3: invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development.
Q4: Who extended the offer to the activists ?
A4: President Thein Sein
Q5: Who addressed the United nations on Myanmar's behalf in the fall 2011 ?
A5: Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified, which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others. They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation.

Q1: How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?
A1: seven
Q2: What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?
A2: free movement of persons
Q3: When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?
A3: 2004
Q4: What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?
A4: has since been ratified
Q5: What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?
A5: Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe
Myanmar (Geography and places)

The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region. The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence. A number of monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community.

Q1: How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?
A1: The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions
Q2: What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location?
A2: On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region
Q3: What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of  summer of 2012 ?
A3: The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence
Q4: How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma?
A4: monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya
Federalism (History)

The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:

Q1: What is the government of India based on? 
A1: tiered system
Q2: What is a tiered system? 
A2: the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers
Q3: What was the constitution originally provided for? 
A3: two-tier system of government
Q4: When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? 
A4: Panchayats and Municipalities
Miami (Geography and places)

The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tomás Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove .

Q1: Under what government system does Miami operate?
A1: mayor-commissioner
Q2: How many members are on the city commission?
A2: five
Q3: Who is the Mayor of Miami?
A3: Tomás Regalado
Q4: What is the street address of Miami City Hall?
A4: 3500 Pan American Drive
Q5: In what neighborhood is Miami City Hall located?
A5: Coconut Grove
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution. Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators) to the lower house of RMI's unicameral legislature, the Nitijela. (Majuro, the capital atoll, elects five senators.) The President, who is head of state as well as head of government, is elected by the 33 senators of the Nitijela. Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional paramount chiefs.

Q1: What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?
A1: parliamentary-presidential system
Q2: How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?
A2: 18
Q3: How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?
A3: every four years
Q4: What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?
A4: Nitijela
Q5: When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?
A5: 1979
The_Blitz (History)

The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33

Q1: The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?
A1: London
Q2: What trial took place on August 10 1939?
A2: a blackout
Q3: How long were lights not allowed on after dark?
A3: almost six years
Q4: What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?
A4: the blackout
Q5: Why did the government  and civil service not want to relocate during the war?
A5: damage civilian morale
Royal_assent (History)

The government, consisting of the monarch and the ministers, will then usually approve the proposal and the sovereign and one of the ministers signs the proposal with the addition of an enacting clause, thereafter notifying the States General that "The King assents to the proposal." It has happened in exceptional circumstances that the government does not approve a law that has been passed in parliament. In such a case, neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement." A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine, with the original being kept in the archives of the King's Offices.

Q1: Where are laws published after receiving assent?
A1: the State Magazine
Q2: Where is the original law text stored?
A2: in the archives of the King's Offices
Q3: What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?
A3: neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement."
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bavaria had a bicameral parliament, with a popularly elected Landtag, and a Senate made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a referendum in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the Minister-President is the Senatspräsident (President of the Senate) in Bremen, the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) in Hamburg, and the Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as Landtag (State Parliament).

Q1: What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?
A1: Senate
Q2:  What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?
A2: the State Government
Q3: What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?
A3: a bicameral parliament
Q4: How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?
A4: eight
Q5: The parliament in Berlin is called what?
A5: Abgeordnetenhaus
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants, and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006. In response to the 2011 drought, Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community (PEC) program. Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.

Q1: What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?
A1: desalination plants
Q2: As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?
A2: Pacific Environment Community
Q3: What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?
A3: water tanks
Q4: What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?
A4: fresh water
Q5: In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?
A5: 2006
Portugal (Geography and places)

The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

Q1: What were the governors of the taifas called?
A1: Emir
Q2: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?
A2: the Christian kingdoms of the north
Q3: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?
A3: Taifa of Badajoz
Q4: In which year did the taifa period end?
A4: 1086
Q5: Which battle took place in 1147?
A5: Battle of Sagrajas
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.

Q1: The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?
A1: Persian and Greek
Q2: Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?
A2: Menander
Comics (Language and literature)

The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.

Q1: What is a comic that is as long as a book called?
A1: graphic novel
Q2: Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention?
A2: Will Eisner
Q3: What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public?
A3: 1980s
Q4: In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?
A4: webcomics
Q5: The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?
A5: Maus
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The great Navicella mosaic (1305–1313) in the atrium of the Old St. Peter's is attributed to Giotto di Bondone. The giant mosaic, commissioned by Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi, was originally situated on the eastern porch of the old basilica and occupied the whole wall above the entrance arcade facing the courtyard. It depicted St. Peter walking on the waters. This extraordinary work was mainly destroyed during the construction of the new St. Peter's in the 17th century. Navicella means "little ship" referring to the large boat which dominated the scene, and whose sail, filled by the storm, loomed over the horizon. Such a natural representation of a seascape was known only from ancient works of art.

Q1: Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter's church?
A1: Giotto di Bondone
Q2: Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic?
A2: Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi
Q3: Who did the navicella mosaic depict walking on water?
A3: St. Peter
Q4: What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed?
A4: the 17th
Q5: Navicella means what in Italian?
A5: "little ship"
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus Ceratophyllum, the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the magnoliids, and the monocots) of the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago. By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later. Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous.

Q1: When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record?
A1: approximately 100 million years ago
Q2: What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as?
A2: great angiosperm radiation,
Q3: When did the division of the eight main groups of angiosperms occur?
A3: 40 million years ago
Q4: What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous?
A4: dominated environments
Q5: Beech and maple had already appeared by what period?
A5: Cretaceous
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.

Q1: From where does most asphalt come?
A1: petroleum
Q2: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
A2: once-living things
Q3: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
A3: above 50 °C
Q4: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?
A4: pressure
Q5: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?
A5: kerogen