LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded. Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people. If classes were to join together under the influence of Enlightenment thinking, they might recognize the all-encompassing oppression and abuses of their monarchs and, because of their size, might be able to carry out successful revolts. Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters, especially those concerning foreign affairs - rulers thought political affairs to be their business only, a result of their supposed divine right to rule. 

Q1: Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?
A1: Coffeehouses
Q2: Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?
A2: nobles
Q3: What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?
A3: Monarchs
Q4: Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?
A4: Monarchs
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

Q1: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?
A1: Cognitive
Q2: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?
A2: cognitive sciences
Q3: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?
A3: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
Q4: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?
A4: implicit knowledge
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought (Moscovitch 2007).

Q1: What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?
A1: the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation
Q2: What suggests that memory has two different components?
A2: term of internal representation
Q3: What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?
A3: Moscovitch 2007
Q4: What is an engram trace?
A4: the underpinning physical neural changes
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen enrichment is necessary to prevent altitude sickness in humans that did not undergo prior acclimatization, and spacesuits are necessary to prevent ebullism above 19 km. Most spacesuits use only 20 kPa (150 Torr) of pure oxygen. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but decompression sickness and gas embolisms can still occur if decompression rates are not managed.

Q1: density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?
A1: sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,
Q2: What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?
A2: of up to 3 km
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

Q1: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?
A1: lunar
Q2: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?
A2: thirty minutes
Q3: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?
A3: a scribe wrongly amending a text
Q4: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?
A4: David Henige
Q5: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?
A5: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours
United_States_Army (History)

Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels, Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level, and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental US (CONUS) replacement center at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas, before their individual deployment.

Q1: Where is the National Training Center located?
A1: Fort Irwin, California
Q2: Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?
A2: Fort Polk, Louisiana
Q3: Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?
A3: Hohenfels, Germany
Q4: In what year was ARFORGEN approved?
A4: 2006
Q5: In what states is Fort Bliss located?
A5: New Mexico and Texas
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.

Q1: What percentage of Christians are Protestant?
A1: nearly forty percent
Q2: Which continents have some form of Protestantism?
A2: all populated continents
Q3: What types of Protestantism are increasing?
A3: Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches
Q4: What Protestant church has members around the world?
A4: the Anglican Communion
Q5: How many people are considered Protestant?
A5: more than 900 million
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men's Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North Carolina. College basketball in particular is very popular, buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest. The ACC Championship Game and The Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium, featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference. Additionally, the state has hosted the NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four on two occasions, in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994.

Q1: How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?
A1: 18
Q2: Where is the ACC headquarters?
A2: Greensboro
Q3: Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held?
A3: North Carolina
Q4: What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year?
A4: Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium
Q5: How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four?
A5: two
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference, one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games. The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation. Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference, while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football, is a member of The Summit League. In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences, and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.

Q1: How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have?
A1: four
Q2: How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?
A2: two
Q3: How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?
A3: over 50,000
Q4: What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?
A4: Bedlam Series
Q5: Where is Oral Roberts University?
A5: Tulsa
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :

Q1: Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?
A1: technology
University (Language and literature)

Colloquially, the term university may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "When I was at university..." (in the United States and Ireland, college is often used instead: "When I was in college..."). In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain and the German-speaking countries university is often contracted to uni. In Ghana, New Zealand and in South Africa it is sometimes called "varsity" (although this has become uncommon in New Zealand in recent years). "Varsity" was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century.[citation needed] "Varsity" is still in common usage in Scotland.

Q1: In Ireland what word is mainly used instead of university?
A1: college
Q2: Spain refers to a university in what other way?
A2: uni
Q3: The nation of Ghana shortens university to what?
A3: varsity
Q4: Scotland is said to frequently refer to university as what?
A4: Varsity
Q5: In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university?
A5: 19th
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.

Q1: African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?
A1: rice
Q2: Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?
A2: Britain
Q3: By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?
A3: 1750
Q4: By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?
A4: 1700
Q5: What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?
A5: naval stores
Multiracial_American (History)

Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

Q1: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
A1: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies
Q2: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
A2: learn to read and write
Q3: What replaced written records for black families?
A3: oral histories
Q4: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
A4: Southern Congressional bloc
Q5: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
A5: 1930
Glass (Art and architecture)

Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1 wt% produce a green tint, which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. Further FeO and Cr2O3 additions may be used for the production of green bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere. Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron(II) oxide. When used in art glass or studio glass is colored using closely guarded recipes that involve specific combinations of metal oxides, melting temperatures and 'cook' times. Most colored glass used in the art market is manufactured in volume by vendors who serve this market although there are some glassmakers with the ability to make their own color from raw materials.

Q1: What can give glass a faint green tinge?
A1: iron(II) oxide
Q2: What can prevent a green color in glass?
A2: Manganese dioxide
Q3: What other than additives can give glass a yellow color?
A3: reducing combustion atmosphere
Q4: What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?
A4: iron polysulfides
Q5: Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass?
A5: Color
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

Q1: How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?
A1: 6400
Q2: What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?
A2: incandescent bulb
Q3: It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?
A3: blue-white
Q4: A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?
A4: Lower color temperature
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total). Colossus Mark I contained 1500 thermionic valves (tubes), but Mark II with 2400 valves, was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark 1, greatly speeding the decoding process.

Q1: What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world?
A1: Colossus
Q2: How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain?
A2: 1500 thermionic valves (tubes)
Q3: How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain?
A3: 2400
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.

Q1: What year did color broadcasts start in the US?
A1: 1953,
Q2: How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?
A2: 525
Q3: When did Europe begin color broadcasts?
A3: 1960s
Q4: The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?
A4: Europe
Q5: How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?
A5: 625
Police (Social sciences and society)

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

Q1: Who started the Bow Street detectives?
A1: Henry and John Fielding
Q2: How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?
A2: stipendiary system
Q3: How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?
A3: full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees
Q4: Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?
A4: Robert Peel
Q5: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?
A5: full-time
Sony_Music_Entertainment (Music)

Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953. In 1956, Conkling left Columbia, he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. Records, and Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company. In 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music.

Q1: In what year was Epic Records created?
A1: 1953
Q2: What company created Epic Records?
A2: Columbia
Q3: Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?
A3: Conkling
Q4: What did Conkling later go on to lead?
A4: Warner Bros. Records
Q5: What type of music was Date Records known for?
A5: rockabilly
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

Q1: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?
A1: Colonel J.J. Calvo
Q2: The state was in a war with what group?
A2: Apaches
Q3: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?
A3: Simón Elías González
Q4: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?
A4: 1837
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Q1: Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?
A1: printing
Q2: In what year did Constantinople fall?
A2: 1453
Q3: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?
A3: 1498
Q4: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?
A4: 1492
Q5: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
A5: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning