LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.

Q1: When was the British empiricism period?
A1: 17th century
Q2: What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?
A2: empiricist
Q3: What type of philosopher was Descartes?
A3: rationalist
Q4: What type of philosopher was Hobbes?
A4: empiricist
Q5: What type of philosopher was Spinoza?
A5: rationalist
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

Q1: What was British imperial strength replace by?
A1: steamship and the telegraph
Q2: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
A2: the second half of the 19th century
Q3: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
A3: a network of telegraph cables
Q4: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
A4: 458 million
Q5: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
A5: 1788
The_Blitz (History)

British night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain. Of the "heavies", some 200 were of the obsolescent 3 in (76 mm) type; the remainder were the effective 4.5 in (110 mm) and 3.7 in (94 mm) guns, with a theoretical "ceiling"' of over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) but a practical limit of 25,000 ft (7,600 m) because the predictor in use could not accept greater heights. The light guns, about half of which were of the excellent Bofors 40 mm, dealt with aircraft only up to 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Although the use of the guns improved civilian morale, with the knowledge the German bomber crews were facing the barrage, it is now believed that the anti-aircraft guns achieved little and in fact the falling shell fragments caused more British casualties on the ground.

Q1: British night air defenses were effective to what height?
A1: 12,000 ft (3,700 m)
Q2: By July of 1940 how many guns were deployed in Britain?
A2: only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns
Q3: What was the practical ceiling of the effective heavy guns?
A3: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)
Q4: What type of light gun dealt with aircraft up to 6000 ft.?
A4: Bofors 40 mm
Q5: What is believed to have caused many civilian casualties from anti-aircraft guns?
A5: falling shell fragments
Post-punk (Music)

British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts. The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music, by artists such as the Raincoats, Essential Logic, Killing Joke, the Teardrop Explodes, and the Psychedelic Furs.

Q1: How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?
A1: support
Q2: What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?
A2: American
Q3: What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?
A3: unique
Q4: What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?
A4: BBC
Q5: What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?
A5: record labels
Q6: When did British post-punk emerge?
A6: 1980s
Q7: Who said that British post-punk was "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"?
A7: Greil Marcus
Q8: What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?
A8: BBC DJ John Peel
Q9: What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?
A9: PiL and Joy Division
Q10: Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?
A10: Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: "The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled." Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.

Q1: Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?
A1: Anna Richardson
Q2: What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?
A2: The 6th Day
Q3: What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?
A3: Los Angeles Times
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.

Q1: Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?
A1: major cities
Q2: What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?
A2: Mogadishu
Q3: Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?
A3: Mogadishu
Q4: What is another name for Dalcom?
A4: Wanaag HK
Gramophone_record (Music)

Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB). The NAB, among other items, issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions. A number of 78 rpm record producers as well as early LP makers also cut their records to the NAB/NARTB lateral standard.

Q1: Who made the move to standardize recordings?
A1: National Association of Broadcasters
Q2: When were recording standards officially released?
A2: 1949
Q3:  Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?
A3: laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.
Q4: What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?
A4: Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording
Q5: What is the NAB?
A5: National Association of Broadcasters
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.

Q1: What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?
A1: energy crisis
Q2: What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?
A2: Ireland
Q3: Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?
A3: Second World War
Q4: Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?
A4: Europe
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which included anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology. As with most Enlightenment views, the benefits of science were not seen universally; Rousseau criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier. Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population. Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories, most notably through the Encyclopédie and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet. Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science; however, the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; the development of biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry.

Q1: Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?
A1: natural history
Q2: Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?
A2: Rousseau
Q3: Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?
A3: scientific societies and academies
Q4: Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?
A4: the 18th century
Q5: Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?
A5: Newtonianism
Phonology (Language and literature)

Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]

Q1: What followed government phonology?
A1: strict-CV phonology
Q2: Where is government phonology popular?
A2: the United Kingdom,
Q3: What theory is seen more in the US?
A3: optimality theory
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously.

Q1: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?
A1: neurosurgeon
Q2: What particularly interested Broca?
A2: the pathology of speech
Q3: What did Broca discover in the human brain?
A3: speech center
Q4: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?
A4: psychology
Q5: How many volumes was Waitz work?
A5: six
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.

Q1: When was 'The Wanderers' published?
A1: 1974
Q2: When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
A2: 1979
Q3: When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
A3: 1979
Q4: When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
A4: 1993
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.

Q1: When was 'True Love' released?
A1: 1989
Q2: What genre was 'True Love'?
A2: comedy
Q3: Who starred in 'True Love'?
A3: Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied.

Q1: The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?
A1: Bronze age
Q2: The Beauty of Durres is in what country?
A2: Albania
Q3: The famous artists Sosus was from what area?
A3: Pergamon
Q4: When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?
A4: the 3rd century BC
Q5: When was the famous mosaic "The Beauty of Durres" created?
A5: the 4th-century BC
Bird (Natural sciences)

Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or non-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including honeyguides, icterids, and ducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the cuckoos. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks.

Q1: What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood?
A1: Brood parasitism
Q2: How many bird species are obligate parasites?
A2: One hundred
Q3: What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output?
A3: non-obligate brood parasites
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that "Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses", and that "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."

Q1: How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?
A1: They proposed nine critical rules
Q2: What is Bengel's rule?
A2: The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.
Q3: Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?
A3: "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."
Q4: What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?
A4: Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses
Q5: What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?
A5: The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.

Q1: According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?
A1: rebirth
Q2: Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?
A2: karma
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, who was the first monarch to reside there; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion. While the state rooms were a riot of gilt and colour, the necessities of the new palace were somewhat less luxurious. For one thing, it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence. Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when a decision was taken to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors. It was also said that staff were lax and lazy and the palace was dirty. Following the queen's marriage in 1840, her husband, Prince Albert, concerned himself with a reorganisation of the household offices and staff, and with the design faults of the palace. The problems were all rectified by the close of 1840. However, the builders were to return within the decade.

Q1: Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?
A1: Queen Victoria
Q2: Who died before the palace was completed?
A2: William IV
Q3: Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?
A3: 1837
Q4: What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?
A4: the chimneys smoked
Q5: At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?
A5: 1840
Q6: When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?
A6: 1837
Q7: Who was the first monarch to reside there?
A7: Queen Victoria
Q8: Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?
A8: William IV
Q9: What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?
A9: the chimneys smoked
Q10: Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?
A10: Prince Albert
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhism /ˈbudɪzəm/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: धर्म dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths.

Q1: What type of religion is Buddhism?
A1: nontheistic
Q2: What are the practices of Buddhism based on?
A2: teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha
Q3: Where did the Buddha live?
A3: present-day Nepal
Q4: How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended?
A4: through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths
Q5: What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering?
A5: ignorance and craving
Q6: What type of religion is Buddhism?
A6: nontheistic religion
Q7: Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?
A7: Gautama Buddha
Q8: When was Buddha alive?
A8: between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Q9: Where did Buddha reside when he was alive?
A9: present-day Nepal
Q10: Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?
A10: Gautama Buddha
Q11: Where was Buddha thought to live?
A11: Nepal
Q12: When approximately was Buddha alive?
A12: sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Q13: Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?
A13: Gautama Buddha
Q14: How many noble truths are there?
A14: 4
Q15: Buddha was part of what subcontinent?
A15: Indian
Q16: Who is "the awakened one"
A16: Buddha