LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

Q1: What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?
A1: Catholics
Q2: About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?
A2: 1830
Q3: What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?
A3: England
Q4: After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?
A4: American Revolution
Q5: Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?
A5: Barbados
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing and inspired a variety of similar works. These popular works were written in a discursive style, which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles, treatises, and books published by the academies and scientists. Charles Leadbetter's Astronomy (1727) was advertised as "a Work entirely New" that would include "short and easie  [sic] Rules and Astronomical Tables." The first French introduction to Newtonianism and the Principia was Eléments de la philosophie de Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738. Émilie du Châtelet's translation of the Principia, published after her death in 1756, also helped to spread Newton's theories beyond scientific academies and the university. Francesco Algarotti, writing for a growing female audience, published Il Newtonianism per le dame, which was a tremendously popular work and was translated from Italian into English by Elizabeth Carter. A similar introduction to Newtonianism for women was produced by Henry Pembarton. His A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy was published by subscription. Extant records of subscribers show that women from a wide range of social standings purchased the book, indicating the growing number of scientifically inclined female readers among the middling class. During the Enlightenment, women also began producing popular scientific works themselves. Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), which was published for many years after in eleven editions.

Q1: What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?
A1: Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
Q2: Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?
A2: Bernard de Fontenelle
Q3: Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?
A3: Sarah Trimmer
Q4: How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?
A4: eleven
Q5: Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?
A5: Principia
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"

Q1: How many bills did George Washington veto?
A1: two
Q2: How many bills did James Monroe veto?
A2: one
Q3: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
A3: twelve
Q4: Who was the seventh President of the United States?
A4: Andrew Jackson
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

Q1: What rounds are the qualifiers?
A1: first six rounds
Q2: How many teams in the first round? 
A2: 92 professional teams.
Q3: What league enters in the third round?
A3: Premier League and Championship clubs
Q4: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??
A4: never reached the quarter finals
Q5: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?
A5: Level 2 have never reached the final.
History_of_India (History)

The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Q1: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?
A1: councillors
Q2: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
A2: 1909
Q3: What more local councils were set up?
A3: Provincial Councils
Q4: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
A4: British
Q5: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
A5: minority groups
Space_Race (History)

The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.

Q1: How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?
A1: 723 million
Q2: When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?
A2: The next day
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as "sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist.

Q1: What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?
A1: mashing
Q2: How is hot water referred to by brewers?
A2: liquor
Q3: How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?
A3: 1 to 2 hours
Q4: In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?
A4: sugars
Q5: What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?
A5: wort separation
Seattle (History)

The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.

Q1: In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?
A1: 1889
Q2: What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?
A2: automobile
Q3: When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?
A3: 1929
Q4: In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?
A4: 1939
Q5: The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?
A5: trolleybus
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.

Q1: What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?
A1: carbon
Q2: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?
A2: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased
Q3: What were the positive effects of the flashing process?
A3: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency
Q4: What properties of graphite improved the filament?
A4: further strengthened and smoothed the filament
Q5: What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?
A5: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage
Seattle (History)

The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname "Skid Road", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.) Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886. This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). In 1900, Asians were 4.2% of the population. Authorities declared martial law and federal troops arrived to put down the disorder.

Q1: What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?
A1: lumber
Q2: What name was given to the street Yesler Way?
A2: Skid Road
Q3: After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?
A3: Skid Row
Q4: What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?
A4: anti-Chinese riots
Q5: What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?
A5: 4.2%
Antibiotics (History)

The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.

Q1: What was the first available antibiotic?
A1: Prontosil
Q2: What company developed Prontosil?
A2: IG Farben
Q3: Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?
A3: Gerhard Domagk
Q4: What prize did Domagk get for his work?
A4: 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine
Database (Engineering and technology)

The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organisation, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes.

Q1: What should a conceptual data model do?
A1: reflects the structure of the information to be held
Q2: What makes a successful data model?
A2: accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled
Q3: What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?
A3: the application domain
Q4: Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?
A4: definitions of the terminology used for entities
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation. Other technical dictionaries followed Harris' model, including Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia (1728), which included five editions, and was a substantially larger work than Harris'. The folio edition of the work even included foldout engravings. The Cyclopaedia emphasized Newtonian theories, Lockean philosophy, and contained thorough examinations of technologies, such as engraving, brewing, and dyeing.

Q1: Who drafted the first technical dictionary?
A1: John Harris
Q2: What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?
A2: Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
Q3: Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?
A3: science and technology
Q4: What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?
A4: 1704
Q5: In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?
A5: English
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

Q1: When were the first telephone lines installed?
A1: 1882
Q2: When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?
A2: 1886
Q3: When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?
A3: 1888
Q4: When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? 
A4: 1897
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the executive order. He wanted a phrase that "gave a sense of positivity to performance under the order." He was torn between the words "positive action" and "affirmative action," and selected the later due to its alliterative quality. The term "active recruitment" started to be used as well. This order, albeit heavily worked up as a significant piece of legislation, in reality carried little actual power. The scope was limited to a couple hundred defense contractors, leaving nearly $7.5 billion in federal grants and loans unsupervised.:60

Q1: Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"?
A1: Executive Order 10925
Q2: Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?
A2: Vice President Johnson
Q3: Who co - authored the executive order?
A3: Hobart Taylor Jr.
Q4: What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered?
A4: positive action
Q5: What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"?
A5: alliterative quality
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:

Q1: What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?
A1: the nature of dukkha
Q2: What is Dukkha?
A2: "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.
Q3: What does the first truth cover?
A3: Dukkha
Q4: What is another word for Dukkha?
A4: suffering
Q5: What is another nature of Dukkha?
A5: anxiety
Q6: How many aspects are there to Dukkha?
A6: three
Q7: Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?
A7: unsatisfactoriness
Q8: Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?
A8: Dukkha
Q9: How many aspects does dukkha have?
A9: three
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus today and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations). The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU. The Corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall). The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds going back to support student programs, such as Student Union Activities.

Q1: When was KU's first student union constructed?
A1: 1926
Q2: What was the role the union was intended serve?
A2: campus community center
Q3: What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?
A3: Jayhawk Central
Q4: What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?
A4: KU Memorial Unions Corporation
Q5: What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?
A5: Student Union Activities
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.

Q1: What group initially made use of asphalt?
A1: indigenous peoples
Q2: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
A2: adhesive
Q3: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
A3: petroleum
Q4: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
A4: watertight
Q5: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
A5: canoes
Brain (Natural sciences)

The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part (the telencephalon) is greatly elaborated and expanded.

Q1: How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?
A1: over 500 million years ago
Q2: During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?
A2: Cambrian period
Q3: Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?
A3: 450 Mya
Q4: The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?
A4: (the telencephalon
Q5: At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?
A5: 200 Mya