LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Q1: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?
A1: Bruce Gourley
Q2: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?
A2: Anabaptist traditions
Q3: What does the perpetuity view assume?
A3: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ
Q4: What does the successionist view assume?
A4: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

Q1: Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?
A1: Nova Scotia
Q2: When did missionary work begin in Canada?
A2: 1760s
Q3: What was the first Baptist church in Canada?
A3: Horton Baptist Church
Q4: Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?
A4: Wolfville, Nova Scotia
Q5: When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?
A5: 29 October 1778
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Q1: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?
A1: Baptists
Q2: Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?
A2: tenets of Baptist churches
Q3: What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?
A3: elders and deacons
Q4: Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?
A4: Protestant churches
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

Q1: "Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?
A1: to decide
Q2: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"
A2: Walter Shurden
Q3: What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?
A3: controversies that have shaped Baptists
Q4: What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?
A4: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Q1: According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?
A1: professing believers
Q2: What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?
A2: complete immersion
Q3: What two offices do Baptists have?
A3: pastors and deacons
Q4: What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?
A4: Protestant
Q5: What is another term for soul competency?
A5: liberty
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Q1: Baptists are defined by what?
A1: doctrine
Q2: Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?
A2: confessions of faith
Q3: Most Baptists are what in doctrine?
A3: evangelical
Q4: Baptists have played a key role in what?
A4: encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.
Genocide (History)

Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that "... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."

Q1: Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?
A1: policies
Q2: Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?
A2: victimized groups
Q3: What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
A3: politicides
Q4: Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?
A4: nationality
Q5: What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"
A5: pogroms
A_cappella (Music)

Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms. The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans. The earliest documented quartets all began in barbershops. In 1938, the first formal men's barbershop organization was formed, known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A), and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS). Today the BHS has over 22,000 members in approximately 800 chapters across the United States, and the barbershop style has spread around the world with organizations in many other countries. The Barbershop Harmony Society provides a highly organized competition structure for a cappella quartets and choruses singing in the barbershop style.

Q1: What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?
A1: Barbershop music
Q2: What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?
A2: Barbershop Harmony Society
Q3: How many people currently have membership to the BHS?
A3: over 22,000
Q4: What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?
A4: African Americans
Q5: What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?
A5: S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world, and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams. Barcelona's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards (11), as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards (7). In 2010, the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy (Messi, Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school.

Q1: Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?
A1: Barcelona
Q2: How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?
A2: 11
Q3: How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?
A3: 7
Q4: How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?
A4: three
Q5: Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?
A5: youth academy
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi-finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In June 2015, Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice.

Q1: Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?
A1: Athletic Bilbao
Q2: What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?
A2: continental treble
Q3: How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?
A3: five
Q4: When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?
A4: June 2015
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955, and one of three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year, thus completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In the 2014–15 season, Barcelona won another historic treble, making them the first club in European football to win the treble twice.

Q1: When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?
A1: 2009
Q2: In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time?
A2: single year
Q3: What European football team has won the treble twice?
A3: Barcelona
Q4: During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble?
A4: 2014–15
Q5: What team has played continental football every season since 1955?
A5: Barcelona
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–2015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years. On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou. On 6 June, Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3–1 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in 6 years. Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history.

Q1: What team has won the treble competitions  twice?
A1: Barcelona
Q2: What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?
A2: La Liga
Q3: What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?
A3: Atlético Madrid
Q4: What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?
A4: MSN
Q5: How many total goals have the trio MSN  scored in the 2014-15 season?
A5: 122
John,_King_of_England (History)

Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers.

Q1: What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?
A1: Baronial unrest in England
Q2: When did Poitou depart?
A2: 1206
Q3: Why did John divert south?
A3: to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile
Q4: Why did Philip move south?
A4: to meet John
Classical_music (Music)

Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

Q1: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?
A1: Baroque
Q2: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
A2: fell into disuse
Q3: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
A3: Percussion
Q4: The serpent is what type of instrument?
A4: Brass
Q5: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
A5: theorbo
Classical_music (Music)

Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Q1: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? 
A1: Baroque
Q2: What does basso continuo mean? 
A2: a continuous bass line
Q3: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
A3: more complex
Q4: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? 
A4: the sonata form
Q5: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
A5: tonalities
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008–09 season. Barça finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team. The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time.

Q1: How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?
A1: 25
Q2: What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?
A2: Real Madrid
Q3: What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?
A3: Manchester United
Q4: Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?
A4: Athletic Bilbao
Q5: When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?
A5: sextuple
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board. The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners. The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid. Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià.

Q1: What team is Barcelona's local rival?
A1: Espanyol
Q2: What club was granted royal patronage?
A2: Blanc-i-blaus
Q3: What type of group founded Espanyol?
A3: Spanish football fans
Q4: Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?
A4: multinational nature
Q5: Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?
A5: foreigners
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).

Q1: What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
A1: limbic
Q2: What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?
A2: neurochemicals
Q3: What chemicals may mediate emotions?
A3: pheromones
Q4: Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?
A4: reptiles
Q5: The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?
A5: mammalian
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)

Q1: Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?
A1: Loyd Ancile Jones
Q2: What standards were the ANSI developed from?
A2: Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values
Q3: What types of film did the ANSI measure?
A3: black-and-white negative films
Q4: When did the ANSI define its new measure?
A4: 1943
Q5: What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?
A5: American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Based on earlier transmitted reports, in the year 632, after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah, the first caliph Abu Bakr (d. 634) decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript. In about 650, the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.

Q1: Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle?
A1: Abu Bakr
Q2: Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran?
A2: Zayd ibn Thabit
Q3: In which year did Abu Bakr die?
A3: 634
Q4: Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr?
A4: Hafsa bint Umar
Q5: Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized?
A5: Uthman ibn Affan