LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Animal (Natural sciences)

Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa.

Q1: Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?
A1: the great diversity found in animals
Q2: Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?
A2: fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Q3: Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?
A3: they are easy to keep and breed
Q4: Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?
A4: starlet sea anemone
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.

Q1: What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?
A1: low elevation
Q2: To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?
A2: sea level rise
Q3: What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?
A3: 4.6 metres
Q4: Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?
A4: Niulakita
Q5: Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?
A5: second-lowest
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.

Q1: What did UNICEF report?
A1: that China formally requested the support of the international community
Q2: What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?
A2: condolences and assistance
Q3: When did China formally ask for help from the international community?
A3: May 14
Q4: What organization reported that China asked for help?
A4: UNICEF
Q5: Why did the world community notice the need for help?
A5: magnitude of the quake
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Because of the sudden loss of the New Orleans franchise, the league announced in October that the beginning of the free agency period would be delayed in order to accommodate a dispersal draft. Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency, but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3. Shortly thereafter, another press release announced that the draft would be held on December 9 and free agency would commence on December 11. However, the draft still never took place, and instead another press release was issued stating that both the draft and free agency had been postponed indefinitely. Rumors began circulating that the league was in trouble and on the verge of folding, but owners denied those claims. It was soon revealed the players' union had agreed to cut the salary cap for the 2009 season to prevent a total cessation of operations. However, the announced Platinum Equity investment never materialized.

Q1: On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?
A1: December 2
Q2: To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?
A2: December 3
Q3: After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?
A3: December 9
Q4: When was free agency first scheduled to begin?
A4: December 4
Q5: When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?
A5: December 11
Slavs (History)

Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

Q1: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?
A1: In the 19th century
Q2: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?
A2: Russian Empire
Q3: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?
A3: Pan-Slavism
Q4: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?
A4: Yugoslavia
Q5: When did Yugoslavia break apart?
A5: 1990s
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the function of genes, enzymes and metabolic pathways in bacteria, then apply this knowledge to more complex organisms. This aim of understanding the biochemistry of a cell reaches its most complex expression in the synthesis of huge amounts of enzyme kinetic and gene expression data into mathematical models of entire organisms. This is achievable in some well-studied bacteria, with models of Escherichia coli metabolism now being produced and tested. This understanding of bacterial metabolism and genetics allows the use of biotechnology to bioengineer bacteria for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, growth factors, or antibodies.

Q1: What sciences use bacteria?
A1: molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters. The use in brakes improves safety, due to a great reduction in the time needed to light fully, or faster rise time, up to 0.5 second faster[citation needed] than an incandescent bulb. This gives drivers behind more time to react. In a dual intensity circuit (rear markers and brakes) if the LEDs are not pulsed at a fast enough frequency, they can create a phantom array, where ghost images of the LED will appear if the eyes quickly scan across the array. White LED headlamps are starting to be used. Using LEDs has styling advantages because LEDs can form much thinner lights than incandescent lamps with parabolic reflectors.

Q1: Why are LED lights sought after for various applications?
A1: their long life
Q2: Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?
A2: brake lights for cars
Q3: LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?
A3: 0.5 second
Q4: What color LEDs are now starting to be used more?
A4: White
Q5: What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent?
A5: thinner
CBC_Television (History)

Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.

Q1: When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?
A1: August 31, 2012
Q2: At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?
A2: Barrie, Ontario
Q3: Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?
A3: both
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

Q1: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?
A1: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional
Q2: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?
A2: Michel Foucault
Q3: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?
A3: 1976
Q4: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?
A4: 'Sexuality
Q5: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?
A5: Sodomy
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic, many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or "abrogating" (nāsikh) the earlier text (mansūkh). Other scholars, however, maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Quran. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published a ten-volume Urdu commentary on the Quran, with the name Tafseer e Kabir.

Q1: In which language is the Quran recited?
A1: classical Arabic
Q2: What is the Arabic term for the cancellation of one part of the Quran by another?
A2: nāsikh
Q3: What is the name of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's published Quran commentary?
A3: Tafseer e Kabir
Q4: In which language is the Tafseer e Kabir written?
A4: Urdu
Q5: What is the term for earlier portions of the Quran that may have been superseded by later parts?
A5: mansūkh
War_on_Terror (History)

Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse." Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage". Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.

Q1: Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?
A1: Richard Jackson
Q2: Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?
A2: John Ashcroft
Q3: What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?
A3: terrorists
Q4: What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?
A4: Americans
East_Prussia (History)

Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.

Q1: Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?
A1: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire
Q2: In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?
A2: 1701
Q3: What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?
A3: Prussia
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has twice the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz. HEMTs based on gallium nitride and aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN HEMTs) provide a still higher electron mobility and are being developed for various applications.

Q1: What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?
A1: a given bipolar n–p–n transistor
Q2: What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?
A2: GaAs
Q3: What is the common application of GaAs?
A3: high-frequency applications
Q4: What does HEMT stand for?
A4: high-electron-mobility transistor
Q5: What are common applications of HEMT?
A5: satellite receivers
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn.

Q1: What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?
A1: preach among the people
Q2: What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?
A2: embroidery
Q3: Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?
A3: Margarette Reglerin
Q4: Where was Margarette Reglerin from?
A4: Nuremberg
Q5: What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?
A5: Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Because the rotor is much lighter in weight (mass) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations, the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper. But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink, even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air. Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs.

Q1: What is a likely problem of coreless DC motors?
A1: Overheating
Q2: How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?
A2: lighter
Q3: What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?
A3: accelerate much more rapidly
Q4: How is a coreless motor cooled?
A4: forced air
Q5: The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?
A5: heat sink
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox (until 342) and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon. In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April. In Rome, Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April, that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival.The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April.

Q1: Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?
A1: Roman Catholic Church
Q2: What even is tired to the date for Easter?
A2: spring equinox
Q3: What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?
A3: Metonic cycle
Q4: Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?
A4: 21 March
Q5: Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?
A5: 25 March
Federalism (History)

Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

Q1: Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? 
A1: Because the states were preexisting political entities
Q2: What is another word for express powers? 
A2: enumerated powers
Q3: Where can we find express powers?
A3: in the Constitution
Q4: What are the expressed powers? 
A4: the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.
Q5: What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? 
A5: gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers
Genocide (History)

Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."

Q1: In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
A1: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Q2: Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
A2: humanity
Q3: An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
A3: crimes like murder
Q4: After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
A4: the Holocaust
Q5: Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
A5: Raphael Lemkin