LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Alloy (Mathematics)

Some alloys occur naturally, such as electrum, which is an alloy that is native to Earth, consisting of silver and gold. Meteorites are sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and nickel, but are not native to the Earth. One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze, which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper. Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires (smelting) during the manufacture of iron. Other ancient alloys include pewter, brass and pig iron. In the modern age, steel can be created in many forms. Carbon steel can be made by varying only the carbon content, producing soft alloys like mild steel or hard alloys like spring steel. Alloy steels can be made by adding other elements, such as molybdenum, vanadium or nickel, resulting in alloys such as high-speed steel or tool steel. Small amounts of manganese are usually alloyed with most modern-steels because of its ability to remove unwanted impurities, like phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen, which can have detrimental effects on the alloy. However, most alloys were not created until the 1900s, such as various aluminium, titanium, nickel, and magnesium alloys. Some modern superalloys, such as incoloy, inconel, and hastelloy, may consist of a multitude of different components.

Q1: What is electrum made of?
A1: silver and gold
Q2: What alloy is formed naturally? 
A2: electrum
Q3: Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?
A3: bronze
Q4: What metal is made by combining tin and copper?
A4: bronze
Q5: Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?
A5: 1900s
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Q1: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
A1: UTC
Q2: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
A2: time zone differences
Q3: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
A3: operating systems
Q4: Where do computers usually use UTC?
A4: internally
Q5: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
A5: local time
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

Q1: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?
A1: "other cultures
Q2: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?
A2: time
Q3: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?
A3: non-European/non-Western societies
Q4: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?
A4: Ulf Hannerz
Q5: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?
A5: only in late 1960s
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels. Intracellular membranes called chromatophores are also found in membranes of phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue. Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas, are membrane-bound vesicles present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy. Microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that contain enzymes involved in carbon fixation. Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments, present in magnetotactic bacteria, that contain magnetic crystals.

Q1: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?
A1: glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates
Q2: How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?
A2: move up or down into water layers with different light intensities
Q3: What are chromatophores used for?
A3: photosynthesis
Q4: What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?
A4: glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments
Q5: What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?
A5: to control their buoyancy
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.

Q1: Which bird has the longest migration?
A1: bar-tailed godwits
Q2: How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?
A2: 11,000 km
Q3: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from
A3: Alaska
Q4: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?
A4: New Zealand
Q5: How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?
A5: 55 percent
Multiracial_American (History)

Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

Q1: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
A1: Colored White Boy
Q2: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
A2: Anatole Broyard
Q3: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
A3: autobiography
Bird (Natural sciences)

Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability. Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates. Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Altitudinal migration is a form of short distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes elevations and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when the normal territories also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. Parrots as a family are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.

Q1: In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory
A1: 44%
Q2: In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory
A2: 32%
Q3: What is most often triggered by temperature changes?
A3: Altitudinal migration
Q4: Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?
A4: Parrots
Bird (Natural sciences)

Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and bird songs, and participating in such social behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species have polygynous ("many females") or, rarely, polyandrous ("many males") breeding systems. Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction. They are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Some birds, such as hens, lay eggs even when not fertilized, though unfertilized eggs do not produce offspring.

Q1: Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?
A1: corvids and parrots
Q2: How to birds produce offspring?
A2: by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction
Q3: Where are eggs usually laid?
A3: nest
Dog (Natural sciences)

Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.

Q1: What are some dogs prone to?
A1: genetic ailments
Q2: What are all dogs susceptible to?
A2: parasites
Q3: Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?
A3: unspayed
Q4: Who does pyometra affect?
A4: unspayed females
Q5: What are fleas, ticks and mites called?
A5: parasites
Education (Philosophy and religion)

Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.

Q1: What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?
A1: children did not exceed the education of their parents
Q2: Who do students often blame for their education short comings?
A2: teachers and their textbooks
Q3: What happens when someone tries to improve education?
A3: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Q1: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
A1: weekly
Q2: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
A2: complexity
Q3: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
A3: Some clock-shift problems
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.

Q1: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?
A1: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority
Q2: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
A2: these policies are just another form of discrimination
Q3: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?
A3: Ward Connerly
Q4: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?
A4: merit
Q5: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?
A5: mediocrity and incompetence
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are "paion" (παιών, literally "healer" or "helper") "epikourios" (ἐπικουρώ, "help"), "oulios" (οὐλή, "healed wound", also a "scar" ) and "loimios" (λοιμός, "plague"). In classical times, his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil, and was therefore called "apotropaios" (ἀποτρέπω, "divert", "deter", "avert") and "alexikakos" (from v. ἀλέξω + n. κακόν, "defend from evil"). In later writers, the word, usually spelled "Paean", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing.

Q1: What is a comon epithet of Apollo as a healer?
A1: paion
Q2: In classical times, what was Apollo's strong function in popular religion?
A2: keep away evil,
Q3: What is a word for "defent from evil?"
A3: alexikakos
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Q1: Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
A1: CPUs
Egypt (Geography and places)

Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.

Q1: What is koshari?
A1: mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni
Q2: What can be added to koshari?
A2: Fried onions
Q3: What beans are used to make falafel?
A3: Fava bean
Q4: What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
A4: mulukhiyya
Comics (Language and literature)

Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.

Q1: Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?
A1: Wordless novels
Q2: Storyboards are used a lot by what?
A2: Film studios
Q3: Storyboards are not considered what?
A3: an end product
Q4: Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?
A4: the public
Q5: A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?
A5: Wordless novels
Napoleon (History)

Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing.

Q1: Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?
A1: Nice
Q2: What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?
A2: the Thermidorian Reaction
Q3: When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?
A3: July 1794
Q4: At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?
A4: the Army of Italy
Q5: After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?
A5: Salicetti
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Q1: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
A1: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing
Q2: What must a user do under a prepared license?
A2: adhere to certain conditions
Q3: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
A3: reducing infringement
Q4: What is an example of a free software license?
A4: GNU General Public License
Q5: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
A5: visual and literary works
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.

Q1: What country is reducing its coal subsidy?
A1: Germany
Q2: What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?
A2: United States
Q3: Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?
A3: coal
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa.

Q1: Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?
A1: different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law
Q2: What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?
A2: the Supreme Court of the United States
Q3: What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?
A3: Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa
Q4: A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?
A4: a civil law system
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

Q1: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
A1: unavailability of certain crucial data
Q2: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
A2: Cuba
Q3: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
A3: High Human Development country