LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Greeks (History)

The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Q1: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
A1: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism
Q2: When did this event occur ?
A2: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.
Q3: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
A3: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,
Q4: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? 
A4: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)
Q5: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
A5: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
Jews (History)

The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ yahūdī (sg.), al-yahūd (pl.), and بَنُو اِسرَائِيل banū isrāʼīl in Arabic, "Jude" in German, "judeu" in Portuguese, "juif" in French, "jøde" in Danish and Norwegian, "judío" in Spanish, "jood" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian ("Ebri/Ebrani" (Persian: عبری/عبرانی‎‎)) and Russian (Еврей, Yevrey). The German word "Jude" is pronounced [ˈjuːdə], the corresponding adjective "jüdisch" [ˈjyːdɪʃ] (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish". (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.)

Q1: What is the origin of the word Yiddish?
A1: Jude
Q2: What is another word to describe a Jew?
A2: Ebreo
Q3: What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew?
A3: Еврей, Yevrey
Q4: Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word?
A4: Hebrew
Bern (Geography and places)

The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

Q1: What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?
A1: bear
Q2: What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben?
A2: bears
Q3: What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben?
A3: 1440s.
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι). According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant "wall," "fence for animals" and later "assembly within the limits of the square." Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.

Q1: What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?
A1: Apella
Q2: Apellon is derived from what Doric month?
A2: Apellaios
Q3: What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?
A3: apellaia
Q4: What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?
A4: apella
Insect (Natural sciences)

The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.

Q1: Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?
A1: full-time
Q2: What do eusocial insects guard?
A2: eggs
Q3: What do eusocial insects build?
A3: nest
Q4: Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?
A4: short
Q5: An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?
A5: growing offspring
Germans (Language and literature)

The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

Q1: What is credited with the origins of the German identity?
A1: Protestant Reformation
Q2: How was early German culture developed?
A2: literary and religious figures
Q3: What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?
A3: Johann Gottfried Herder
Q4: When did the popularity of the German nation increase?
A4: aftermath of the French Revolution
Q5: What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?
A5: Protestant Reformation
Q6: Who developed the concept of a German Nation?
A6: Johann Gottfried Herder
Q7: When did the popularity of a German identity arise?
A7: in the aftermath of the French Revolution
Q8: Who was Johann Herder?
A8: German philosopher
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled "Titoism" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the Eastern bloc.

Q1: What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?
A1: Informbiro
Q2: What was Tito's form of communism called?
A2: Titoism
Q3: Who encouraged purges against Titoites?
A3: Moscow
Q4: Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?
A4: Eastern bloc
Q5: Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?
A5: Tito
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

Q1: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?
A1: military thinking
Q2: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?
A2: general staff system
Q3: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?
A3: European armies
Q4: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?
A4: advancing infantry
Q5: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?
A5: Russo-Japanese War
Cyprus (Geography and places)

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

Q1: What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?
A1: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed
Q2: How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?
A2: 150,000
Q3: What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?
A3: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions
Asthma (Natural sciences)

The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.

Q1: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
A1: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent
Q2: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
A2: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication
Q3: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
A3: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended
Q4: Why are smoking bans in place?
A4: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma
Q5: Who recoomends immunizations?
A5: World Health Organization
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.

Q1: According to early texts, when was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A1: fifth century BCE
Q2: According to early texts, where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A2: in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent
Q3: What type of community was Siddhārtha Gautama raised in?
A3: It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.
Q4: Where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A4: the northeastern Indian subcontinent
Q5: When did Siddhārtha Gautama live?
A5: fifth century BCE
Q6: What size was Siddhārtha Gautama's birthplace?
A6: a small republic
Q7: Where did we find proof of his existence?
A7: early texts
Q8: What was most likely Siddhārtha Gautama's father?
A8: an oligarchy
Q9: Who was born in a northeastern part of India/
A9: Siddhārtha Gautama
Q10: If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?
A10: elected chieftain
Greeks (History)

The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Q1: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? 
A1: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.
Q2: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
A2: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels
Q3: What other language has this same trait ?
A3: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language
Q4: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
A4: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian
Q5: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
A5: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, and directly addresses Darwin's "abominable mystery."

Q1: How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?
A1: two
Q2: When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?
A2: 319 million years ago
Q3: What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?
A3: whole genome duplication
Q4: How are duplication events studied?
A4: by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant
Q5: Who coined the term "abominable mystery"?
A5: Darwin
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894.

Q1: What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?
A1: Industrial Revolution
Q2: What does recent research from 2006 examine?
A2: evolution of the Greek economy
Q3: What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?
A3: slightly lower
Q4: What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?
A4: shipbuilding
Q5: What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?
A5: defaulted on its external loans
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period. In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos. Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities, and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization.

Q1: Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?
A1: Praxiteles
Q2: In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?
A2: Praxiteles
Q3: Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?
A3: Praxiteles
Botany (Natural sciences)

The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.

Q1: What does the phylogeny of a group represent?
A1: relationships and heredity
Q2: How are the relationships within the group determined?
A2: shared inheritance
Q3: What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?
A3: spines produced from areoles
Q4: What are areoles?
A4: pad-like structures
Roman_Republic (History)

The exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors (that is, relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome's hegemony), and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, neighboring city-states sought the protection a Roman alliance would bring. As such, early republican Rome was not an "empire" or "state" in the modern sense, but an alliance of independent city-states (similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period) with varying degrees of genuine independence (which itself changed over time) engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection, but led by Rome. With some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened (sometimes with outright land concessions) and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences, such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy. It was also less able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies, which made attack by these enemies more likely. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome.

Q1: What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?
A1: inter-state factors
Q2: What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?
A2: imperialism
Q3: What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?
A3: restoration of the way things were
Q4: What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?
A4: mutual self-protection
Q5: What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?
A5: land
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Q1: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?
A1: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established
Q2: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?
A2: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it
Q3: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?
A3: the result of faulty psychological development
Q4: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?
A4: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.

Q1: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?
A1: Michael I
Q2: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?
A2: Leontiy
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368–1644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521–1566), who ceased relations with Tibet.

Q1: Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?
A1: Mainland Chinese scholars