LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Somerset (Geography and places)

The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

Q1: What are the people of somerset mentioned in 
A1: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845
Q2: What archaic name was mentioned in 878 
A2: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878
Q3: When did the county stop using Somersetshire 
A3: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century
Q4: What was superfluous 
A4: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town
Central_African_Republic (Geography and places)

The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine. For most Central Africans, the informal economy of the CAR is more important than the formal economy.[citation needed] Export trade is hindered by poor economic development and the country's landlocked position.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the per capita income in CAR?
A1: $400 a year
Q2: How is the per capita income compared to the world?
A2: one of the lowest
Q3: What gemstone comes from the CAR?
A3: diamonds
Q4: Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR?
A4: ivory
Q5: What hinders export?
A5: country's landlocked position
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

Q1: What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
A1: 50%
Q2: What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
A2: less than 1%
American_Idol (Music)

The performance of "Summertime" by Barrino, later known simply as "Fantasia", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single "I Believe", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released "Dreams". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy.

Q1: Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?
A1: Diana DeGarmo
Q2: What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?
A2: I Believe
Q3: What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?
A3: Dreams
Q4: What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?
A4: Summertime
Q5: Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?
A5: Simon Cowell
Q6: Who were the final two contestants?
A6: Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo
Q7: Who was declared the season winner?
A7: Fantasia
Q8: What was Fantasia's coronation song?
A8: I Believe
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.

Q1: When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?
A1: between 1815 and 1871
Q2: From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?
A2: the Ottoman Empire
Q3: In what year was Rome conquered?
A3: 1870
Q4: What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?
A4: The Age of Empire
Han_dynasty (History)

The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this period the capital was at Chang'an (modern Xi'an). From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang. The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 东汉; traditional Chinese: 東漢; pinyin: Dōng Hàn) or the Later Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 后汉; traditional Chinese: 後漢; pinyin: Hòu Hàn) (25–220 AD).

Q1: Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?
A1: Luoyang
Q2: What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?
A2: Eastern Han dynasty
Q3: What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called?
A3: Later Han dynasty
Q4: Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty?
A4: Chang'an
Q5: What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?
A5: Former Han dynasty
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.

Q1: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
A1: classical antiquity
Q2: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
A2: city-states
Q3: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
A3: Alexander the Great
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

Q1: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
A1: the Crusades
Q2: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
A2: 1204
Q3: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
A3: Genoa and Venice
Q4: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
A4: The Reconquista
Q5: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
A5: the Byzantine Empire
Translation (Language and literature)

The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

Q1: During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?
A1: European
Q2: Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?
A2: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism
Q3: Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?
A3: religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries
Q4: Who translated the Bible to German?
A4: Martin Luther
Q5: What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?
A5: religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Q1: Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?
A1: Donatello
Q2: Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?
A2: linear perspective
Q3: Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?
A3: Michelangelo and Raphael
Q4: What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?
A4: Greater realism
Q5: What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?
A5: classical models
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

Q1: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?
A1: architect
Q2: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?
A2: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings
Q3: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?
A3: the apprenticeship system
Q4: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?
A4: William Halfpenny
Q5: What years were William Halfpenny active?
A5: 1723–1755
Sahara (Geography and places)

The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.

Q1: What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?
A1: dissolution of clouds
Q2: What weather is virtually non-existent?
A2: rainfall
Q3: Where is the air the strongest?
A3: eastern part of the Great Desert
Egypt (Geography and places)

The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup.

Q1: Where is the Arab League headquarters?
A1: Cairo
Q2: Who is the leader of Arab League?
A2: Nabil el-Araby
Q3: What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?
A3: United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia
Glacier (Natural sciences)

The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.

Q1: Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?
A1: permanent snow cover
Q2: Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?
A2: 20° to 27° north
Q3: Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?
A3: 19˚N and 19˚S
Q4: Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?
A4: precipitation is higher
Jews (History)

The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."

Q1: How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?
A1: approximately 6 million
Q2: Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?
A2: 15 million
Q3: What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?
A3: The Holocaust
Q4: In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?
A4: more than a third
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan/ Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal-Mart store (in Florida) permit expires after one year. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action-which means other federal laws can apply, such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins.

Q1: An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?
A1: an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)
Q2: How long do ITPs last?
A2: allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time
Q3: How is the public made aware of ITP applications?
A3: A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register
Q4: How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications?
A4: 30 to 90 days
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.

Q1: What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?
A1: EU Copyright Directive of 2001
Q2: What was the directive NOT intended for?
A2: legitimize file-sharing
Q3: Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?
A3: a tax on the content itself
Q4: What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?
A4: Canada
Q5: What are examples of general purpose storage devices?
A5: computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The phase of reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization of the incident wave. Given the larger refractive index of the ground (typically n=2) compared to air (n=1), the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection (a phase shift of  radians or 180°). On the other hand, the vertical component of the wave's electric field is reflected at grazing angles of incidence approximately in phase. These phase shifts apply as well to a ground modelled as a good electrical conductor.

Q1: What is the refractive index of the ground?
A1: n=2
Q2: What is the refractive index of air?
A2: n=1
Q3: When is polarized radiation reversed?
A3: reflection
Q4: Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?
A4: electrical conductor
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former must be at least deducible from the latter. But it came to be realized that there is no finite set of statements about actual and possible sense-data from which we can deduce even a single physical-object statement. Remember that the translating or paraphrasing statement must be couched in terms of normal observers in normal conditions of observation. There is, however, no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer. According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal. But, of course, the doctor himself must be a normal observer. If we are to specify this doctor's normality in sensory terms, we must make reference to a second doctor who, when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor, would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer. And if we are to specify in sensory terms that the second doctor is a normal observer, we must refer to a third doctor, and so on (also see the third man).

Q1: What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?
A1: phenomenalist
Q2: How can't a finite set of statements be described?
A2: in purely sensory terms
Q3: What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?
A3: a second doctor
Multiracial_American (History)

The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

Q1: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
A1: exceed one-fourth
Q2: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
A2: African blacks and whites
Q3: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
A3: less threatening to whites
Samurai (Language and literature)

The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.

Q1: What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?
A1: Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto
Q2: What type of meditation did samurai do?
A2: Zen
Q3: What caused some samurai to stop fighting?
A3: The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth
Q4: What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?
A4: to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship