LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Wood (Natural sciences)

In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that a dramatic color difference does not mean a dramatic difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood, although there may be a dramatic chemical difference.

Q1: When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?
A1: heartwood
Q2: What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?
A2: chemical substances
Q3: Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?
A3: conspicuous
Q4: What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?
A4: mechanical
Q5: Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?
A5: chemical
Gramophone_record (Music)

In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over. (See Record collecting.) Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl.

Q1: Are records generally out of print as of date?
A1: Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today
Q2: Are albums ever reproduced?
A2: Many popular new albums are given releases
Q3: What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?
A3: Old records and out-of-print recordings
Q4: Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?
A4: records still have enthusiastic supporters
Crimean_War (History)

In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.

Q1: What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?
A1: Anglo-French naval squadron
Q2: What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?
A2: Azov Sea
Q3: Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?
A3: the Kerch Strait
Q4: What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?
A4: the seaport of Taganrog
Q5: The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?
A5: Rostov on Don
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an official ban. On August 15, 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson. In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made, and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia's transition to autonomy. Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti ("A Self-Managing Estonia") became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means "miracle". On October 21, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence took place in Võru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia. For the first time in years, the blue, black, and white national tricolor was publicly displayed.

Q1: What was being protested in Estonia?
A1: new phosphate mines
Q2: When did the phosphate mine protests begin?
A2: spring 1987
Q3: What group was started by ex-political prisoners?
A3: MRP-AEG group
Q4: Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group?
A4: Tiit Madisson
Q5: What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987?
A5: autonomy
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as major changes in brain structure and organization. Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations. For example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles (e.g., worker or romantic partner) and how this varies across cultures or social conditions. Developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status.

Q1: How is adolescence defined biologically?
A1: the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth
Q2: How is adolescence defined cognitively?
A2: changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally
Q3: Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?
A3: biological
Q4: Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?
A4: Cognitive
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.

Q1: What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?
A1: street art
Q2: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
A2: the French Invader
Q3: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
A3: Rubikcubism
Q4: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
A4: 8 bit video game character
Q5: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?
A5: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes
Queen_(band) (Music)

In summer of 1986, Queen went on their final tour with Freddie Mercury. A sold-out tour in support of A Kind of Magic, once again they hired Spike Edney, leading to him being dubbed the unofficial fifth member. The Magic Tour's highlight was at Wembley Stadium in London and resulted in the live double album, Queen at Wembley, released on CD and as a live concert DVD, which has gone five times platinum in the US and four times platinum in the UK. Queen could not book Wembley for a third night, but they did play at Knebworth Park. The show sold out within two hours and over 120,000 fans packed the park for what was Queen's final live performance with Mercury. Queen began the tour at the Råsunda Stadium in Stockholm, Sweden, and during the tour the band performed a concert at Slane Castle, Ireland, in front of an audience of 95,000, which broke the venue's attendance record. The band also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 at the Népstadion in Budapest, in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe. More than one million people saw Queen on the tour—400,000 in the United Kingdom alone, a record at the time.

Q1: Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury was in what year?
A1: 1986
Q2: What was the name of Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury?
A2: A Kind of Magic
Q3: How many fans saw Queen in Knebworth park?
A3: 120,000
Q4: How many fans saw Queen at the Nepstadion in Budapest?
A4: 80,000
Q5: How many fans saw Queen at Slane castle?
A5: 95,000
Green (Language and literature)

In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.

Q1: What is green a symbol of in China?
A1: fertility and happiness
Q2: In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?
A2: green
Q3: What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?
A3: she is not from a noble family
Q4: What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?
A4: lush vegetation of Paradise
Q5: Why is green the color of the environmental movement?
A5: its association with nature
Wood (Natural sciences)

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

Q1: What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?
A1: temperate
Q2: Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?
A2: denser
Q3: Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?
A3: walls
Q4: Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?
A4: thin
Q5: What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?
A5: very small
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

In terms of casting and production itself, Spielberg has a known penchant for working with actors and production members from his previous films. For instance, he has cast Richard Dreyfuss in several films: Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always. Aside from his role as Indiana Jones, Spielberg also cast Harrison Ford as a headteacher in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (though the scene was ultimately cut). Although Spielberg directed veteran voice actor Frank Welker only once (in Raiders of the Lost Ark, for which he voiced many of the animals), Welker has lent his voice in a number of productions Spielberg has executive produced from Gremlins to its sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch, as well as The Land Before Time, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and television shows such as Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV. Spielberg has used Tom Hanks on several occasions and has cast him in Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies. Spielberg has collaborated with Tom Cruise twice on Minority Report and War of the Worlds, and cast Shia LaBeouf in five films: Transformers, Eagle Eye, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon.

Q1: Which Spielberg films has Dreyfuss been in?
A1: Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always
Q2: Who was Ford going to play in E.T., until the scene was removed?
A2: a headteacher
Q3: Which Spielberg TV shows has Frank Welker been a voice actor for?
A3: Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV
Q4: Which Spielberg films has Tom Hanks been in?
A4: Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies
Q5: Which Spielberg films has Tom Cruise been in?
A5: Minority Report and War of the Worlds
Napoleon (History)

In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men—Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

Q1: What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?
A1: France
Q2: How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?
A2: 40,000
Q3: Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?
A3: Wellington
Q4: In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?
A4: 1806
Q5: Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?
A5: King Frederick William III
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School.

Q1: How many school children died due to shoddy construction?
A1: thousands
Q2: How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?
A2: seven
Q3: How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?
A3: 1,700
Q4: How many school buildings collapsed in the province?
A4: 7,000
Q5: How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?
A5: 700
Q6: What caused the deaths of many school children?
A6: shoddy construction
Q7: How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City
A7: seven
Q8: How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?
A8: 1,700
Q9: How many school buildings fell in the entire province?
A9: 7,000
Q10: How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?
A10: 600
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

In terms of sexual identity, adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively. Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence. Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members.

Q1: At what age does awareness of one's sexual orientation occur on average?
A1: 10
Q2: At what age does coming out to one's peers occur on average?
A2: 16
Q3: At what age does coming out to adults occur on average?
A3: 17
Q4: How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers?
A4: four
Q5: What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents?
A5: bullying and rejection from peers or family members
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

In terms of ship categories, Greek companies have 22.6% of the world's tankers and 16.1% of the world's bulk carriers (in dwt). An additional equivalent of 27.45% of the world's tanker dwt is on order, with another 12.7% of bulk carriers also on order. Shipping accounts for an estimated 6% of Greek GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit. Earnings from shipping amounted to €14.1 billion in 2011, while between 2000 and 2010 Greek shipping contributed a total of €140 billion (half of the country's public debt in 2009 and 3.5 times the receipts from the European Union in the period 2000–2013). The 2011 ECSA report showed that there are approximately 750 Greek shipping companies in operation.

Q1: How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?
A1: 22.6%
Q2: What percentage of the world's bulk carriers are Greece's?
A2: 16.1%
Q3: What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping account for?
A3: 6%
Q4: What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to in 2011?
A4: €14.1 billion
Q5: How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011?
A5: 750
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.

Q1: What is the code for separating lines? 
A1: U+2028
Q2: What is the code for separating paragraphs? 
A2: U+2029
Q3: How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? 
A3: Cocoa text system
Q4: How does the newliine normallization format work? 
A4: every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline
Greece (Geography and places)

In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s. Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).

Q1: Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?
A1: 4th worldwide
Q2: How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?
A2: 3,150
Q3: Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?
A3: first
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York. However, the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001. Mr Greenberger was later corrected on this matter.

Q1: Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?
A1: Michael Greenberger
Q2: Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?
A2: IntercontinentalExchange
Q3: Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?
A3: Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
Q4: Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?
A4: IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)
Q5: Where are regulated future exchanges located?
A5: London and New York