LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Taldykorgan. Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people. Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests. According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died due to blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps. Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000. The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.

Q1: Who was demonstrating?
A1: Kazakh students
Q2: How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?
A2: 3,000
Q3: What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?
A3: 30,000 to 40,000
Q4: How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?
A4: blows to the head
Q5: Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?
A5: Mukhtar Shakhanov
Korean_War (Warfare)

On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.

Q1: What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?
A1: dividing the Korean Peninsula
Q2: What two areas was Korea divided into?
A2: Soviet and U.S. occupation zones
Q3: What order was the division of Korea included in?
A3: General Order No. 1
Q4: Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?
A4: Stalin
Q5: What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?
A5: the capital of Korea
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.

Q1: What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?
A1: Soviet flag
Q2: What replaced the Soviet flag?
A2: Russian tricolor
Q3: When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?
A3: December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time
Q4: What was declared as having ceased to exist?
A4: the Soviet Union
Q5: What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?
A5: upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,
Plymouth (History)

On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.

Q1: What structure was referred to as a "Palmerston's Folly"?
A1: Crownhill Fort
Q2: In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?
A2: north
Q3: Who runs Crownhill Fort?
A3: the Landmark Trust
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the "Apollinare". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares ("Apollonian Games") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.

Q1: Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?
A1: Flaminian fields
Q2: When was the Second Punic war?
A2: 212 BCE
Q3: What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares?
A3: Apollonian Games
Federalism (History)

On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, "Brussels would take an attitude". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:

Q1: How many components does the Belgian federalism have? 
A1: three components
Q2: What passed on July 18, 2007?
A2: Brussels' parliament
Q3: What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?
A3: Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party
Q4: What is Belgian Federalism? 
A4: the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.
Slavs (History)

On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

Q1: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?
A1: South Slavic populations
Q2: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?
A2: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Q3: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?
A3: north-eastern Italians
Q4: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?
A4: west Balkans
Q5: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?
A5: Ken Nordtvedt
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea). Historically since the era of New Spain, many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant.

Q1: What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?
A1: Argentina and Colombia
Q2: Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?
A2: China and South Korea
Q3: When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?
A3: since the era of New Spain
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Q1: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
A1: right-wing
Q2: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
A2: conservative
Q3: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
A3: Republican
Q4: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
A4: Israel
Q5: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
A5: Zionism
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral (as opposed to short-term repo swaps) to be held until their market value stabilises. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets.

Q1: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?
A1: highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased
Q2: What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?
A2: long-term collateral
Q3: How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?
A3: adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback (more ancestors, more descendants) and/or a negative feedback arising from resource limitation. Hyperbolic model implies a second-order positive feedback. The hyperbolic pattern of the world population growth arises from a second-order positive feedback between the population size and the rate of technological growth. The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity. The similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the interference of the hyperbolic trend with cyclical and stochastic dynamics.

Q1: What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?
A1: the Phanerozoic
Q2: What model is widely used in macrosociology?
A2: hyperbolic model
Q3: What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?
A3: exponential and logistic models
Q4: What model implies a second-order positive feedback?
A4: Hyperbolic model
Q5: What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?
A5: The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

On the other hand, classical (analog) television transmissions are usually horizontally polarized, because in urban areas buildings can reflect the electromagnetic waves and create ghost images due to multipath propagation. Using horizontal polarization, ghosting is reduced because the amount of reflection of electromagnetic waves in the p polarization (horizontal polarization off the side of a building) is generally less than s (vertical, in this case) polarization. Vertically polarized analog television has nevertheless been used in some rural areas. In digital terrestrial television such reflections are less problematic, due to robustness of binary transmissions and error correction.

Q1: What is another name for classical television transmissions?
A1: analog
Q2: Buildings can create ghost images because of what?
A2: multipath propagation
Q3: When is ghosting reduced?
A3: horizontal polarization
Q4: What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television?
A4: Vertically polarized analog television
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

On the other hand, in his study on nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world", Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn, Professor of Religious Studies at the Northern Arizona University, wrote: “The NW [New World Translation] emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared.” Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators, BeDuhn stated: “Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers.” He added however that the insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God".

Q1: What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?
A1: the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world
Q2: What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?
A2: religious bias
Q3: BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?
A3: greater accuracy
Q4: The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?
A4: literal, conservative
Q5: What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?
A5: Jehovah
Southampton (Geography and places)

On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton, founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538, were swept away in the 1940s. The site is now occupied by Friary House.

Q1: The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?
A1: Castle Way
Q2: About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?
A2: 1233
Q3: What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?
A3: 1538
Q4: In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?
A4: 1940s
Q5: What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?
A5: Friary House
Time (Philosophy and religion)

On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that (to the stationary observer) are many light years apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: the past is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the future is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals.

Q1: How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?
A1: slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel
Q2: The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?
A2: time
Q3: What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?
A3: hundreds of years
Q4: What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?
A4: causality
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandiñas ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of a number of knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja, part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as "doma del Reino de Galicia": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call the Xunta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws.

Q1: Social turmoil led to conflict?
A1: Guerras Irmandiñas
Q2: Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century?
A2: Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja
Q3: The subsequent reforms were coined as "doma del Reino de Galicia" by who?
A3: Jeronimo Zurita
Q4: What was the name of the local government and tribunal?
A4: Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says "Croatian", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Rešetar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: "The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian."

Q1: All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?
A1: (Illyrian)
Q2: Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?
A2: Milan Rešetar
Q3: Where was Milan Resetar born?
A3: Dubrovnik
Q4: Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?
A4: Serbian
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Q1: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
A1: language shift processes
Q2: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
A2: 60 or older
Q3: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
A3: 2004
Q4: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
A4: 30%
Q5: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
A5: Catalan
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to "bolt" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.

Q1: Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?
A1: conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own
Q2: What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?
A2: to recover their aircraft
Q3: What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?
A3: extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck
Q4: What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?
A4: bolt
Q5: What can a "bolt" prevent an aircraft from doing?
A5: crashing into aircraft on the forward deck
Pacific_War (History)

On the second day, U.S. reconnaissance planes located Ozawa's fleet, 275 miles (443 km)[citation needed] away, and submarines sank two Japanese carriers. Mitscher launched 230 torpedo planes and dive bombers. He then discovered the enemy was actually another 60 miles (97 km)[citation needed] further off, out of aircraft range (based on a roundtrip flight). Mitscher decided this chance to destroy the Japanese fleet was worth the risk of aircraft losses due to running out of fuel on the return flight. Overall, the U.S. lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew; however, Japan lost 450 planes, three carriers, and 445 aircrew. The Imperial Japanese Navy's carrier force was effectively destroyed.

Q1: On what day did U.S> planes located Ozawa's fleet?
A1: second
Q2: How many miles away was Ozawa's fleet located?
A2: 275
Q3: How many planes did the U.S. lose?
A3: 130
Q4: How many planes did Japan lose?
A4: 450
Q5: How many U.S. aircrews were lost?
A5: 76