LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Charles Hedley, a naturalist at the Australian Museum, accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects. The descriptions of these were published in Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also wrote the General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti, The Ethnology of Funafuti, and The Mollusca of Funafuti. Edgar Waite was also part of the 1896 expedition and published an account of The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti. William Rainbow described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in The insect fauna of Funafuti.

Q1: What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?
A1: Charles Hedley
Q2: What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti
A2: invertebrate and ethnological
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rationalism, most importantly the idea that rational concepts can be meaningful and the idea that rational concepts necessarily go beyond the data given by empirical observation. In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism, in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view.

Q1: When was Peirce born?
A1: 1839
Q2: When did Peirce die?
A2: 1914
Q3: What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?
A3: the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view
Q4: Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?
A4: Charles Peirce
Q5: Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?
A5: Descartes
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes." Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.

Q1: Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?
A1: Charles Pollak
Q2: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?
A2: a neutral or alkaline electrolyte
Q3: In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?
A3: In 1896
Q4: What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?
A4: Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors
Q5: Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?
A5: to complement their newly invented transistor
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that "its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal". Atticus' lesson to Scout that "you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, "... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings."

Q1: Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?
A1: Charles Shields
Q2: Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?
A2: Charles Shields
Q3: According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?
A3: human dignity and respect for others
Q4: Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?
A4: Mayella Ewell
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Q1: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?
A1: Creek nations
Q2: What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?
A2: 500,000 to 1,250,000
Q3: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?
A3: 5,239,350
Q4: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?
A4: the deerskin trade
Q5: What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? 
A5: 54,000
Alps (Geography and places)

Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying." Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.

Q1: Where was Charles VII from?
A1: France
Q2: What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
A2: climb Mont Aiguille
Q3: What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
A3: a bronze triptych of three crosses
Q4: When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
A4: 1492
Q5: When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
A5: 18th century
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.

Q1: How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?
A1: 17
Q2: What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?
A2: art festival
Q3: The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?
A3: James Island County Park
Q4: About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?
A4: over 100 performances
Q5: Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?
A5: Gian Carlo Menotti
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

Q1: What season is the wettest in Charleston?
A1: Summer
Q2: In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?
A2: thundershowers
Q3: What season is characterized as short in Charleston?
A3: Winter
Q4: What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?
A4: 8.0 in (20 cm)
Q5: What season is considered short in Charleston?
A5: Winter
Q6: What is the wettest season in Charleston?
A6: Summer
Q7: Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?
A7: thundershowers
Q8: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?
A8: 6.0 in (15 cm
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."

Q1: What is the name of Charleston's sister city?
A1: Spoleto
Q2: In what country is Spoleto located?
A2: Italy
Q3: Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?
A3: Gian Carlo Menotti
Q4: What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?
A4: Festival of Two Worlds
Q5: What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
A5: composer
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Q1: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?
A1: spring
Q2: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?
A2: 1977
Q3: What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
A3: composer
Q4: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?
A4: Festival dei Due Mondi
Q5: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?
A5: Pulitzer Prize
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."

Q1: What is the oldest city in South Carolina?
A1: Charleston
Q2: What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?
A2: Charleston County
Q3: Charleston is located on what harbor?
A3: Charleston Harbor
Q4: Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?
A4: Atlantic Ocean
Q5: What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?
A5: Ashley Rivers
Q6: What county is Charleston located in?
A6: Charleston County
Q7: Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?
A7: Atlantic Ocean
Q8: What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?
A8: Cooper Rivers
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.

Q1: What is the state's first school of medicine?
A1: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center
Q2: Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?
A2: Mount Pleasant
Q3: Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?
A3: City of North Charleston
Q4: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?
A4: West Ashley portion
Q5: What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?
A5: The downtown medical district
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Q1: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?
A1: the Footlight Players
Q2: The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?
A2: 1931
Q3: Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?
A3: Marion Square
Q4: Charleston is known for what type of food?
A4: seafood
Q5: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?
A5: British and French
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007–08 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over £60,000 in prize money.

Q1: Who is the lowest rank to play in the  third round proper?
A1: Chasetown
Q2: What level where they? 
A2: playing at Level 8 of English football
Q3: How many teams competed that year? 
A3: 731 teams entered that season
Q4: What place did Chasetown come in?
A4: final 64
Q5: What FA cup season did this take place in? 
A5: 2007–08 competition
Alps (Geography and places)

Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.

Q1: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
A1: Cheesemaking
Q2: How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
A2: up to 45 kg (100 lb)
Q3: What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
A3: Haymaking
Q4: How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
A4: twice
Q5: When is Carnival celebrated? 
A5: before Lent
Insect (Natural sciences)

Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract, repel, and convey information. Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones. One example is the butterfly Phengaris arion which uses chemical signals as a form of mimicry to aid in predation.

Q1: Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?
A1: Chemical
Q2: What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?
A2: Chemoreception
Q3: Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?
A3: a cell
Q4: What is a message-carrying chemical called?
A4: semiochemical
Q5: Kairomones are a type of what?
A5: semiochemicals
Insect (Natural sciences)

Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of Müllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.

Q1: What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?
A1: Chemical
Q2: What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?
A2: bright colors
Q3: Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?
A3: sequestering
Q4: Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?
A4: Lepidoptera
Q5: Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?
A5: chemicals
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong, Chen states that when "the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu, the Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang." The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that "the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor," while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal.

Q1: Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?
A1: Beijing
Q2: Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?
A2: Chen Qingying
Q3: How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?
A3: 1,000 households
Q4: How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?
A4: 10,000 households
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.

Q1: What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? 
A1: Master of Vajradhara
Q2: Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?
A2: Yonten Gyatso
Q3: When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?
A3: 1616
Q4: Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?
A4: Yonten Gyatso
Q5: Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?
A5: he died
Sichuan (History)

Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese: 成都经济技术开发区; pinyin: Chéngdū jīngjì jìshù kāifā qū) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) and has a planned area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies 13.6 km (8.5 mi) east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China. The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there. Industries encouraged in the zone include mechanical, electronic, new building materials, medicine and food processing.

Q1: When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?
A1: February 2000
Q2: What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?
A2: CETDZ
Q3: How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ?
A3: 8.5 mi
Q4: What is the capital city of Sichuan?
A4: Chengdu
Q5: How many countries are represented by the investors and developers of the CETDZ?
A5: 20
Sichuan (History)

Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 (31.9 sq mi), consisting of the South Park and the West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation, incubation R&D, modern service industry and Headquarters economy playing leading roles. Priority has been given to the development of software industry. Located on both sides of the "Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou" golden tourism channel, the West Park aims at building a comprehensive industrial park targeting at industrial clustering with complete supportive functions. The West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery.

Q1: Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone?
A1: South Park and the West Park
Q2: What is the focus of the South Park?
A2: creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology
Q3: Which industries does West Park give priority to?
A3: electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery
Q4: What industry does South Park give priority to?
A4: software industry