LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's Armageddon). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such as Black Hawk Down and Enemy at the Gates. The film was also the first major hit for DreamWorks, which co-produced the film with Paramount Pictures (as such, it was Spielberg's first release from the latter that was not part of the Indiana Jones series). Later, Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced a TV mini-series based on Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers. The ten-part HBO mini-series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a number of awards at the Golden Globes and the Emmys.

Q1: Who did Tom Hanks play in 'Saving Private Ryan'?
A1: Capt. Miller
Q2: What war was 'Saving Private Ryan' about?
A2: World War II
Q3: How much did 'Saving Private Ryan' earn?
A3: over $481 million worldwide
Q4: Which film beat 'Saving Private Ryan' worldwide?
A4: Armageddon
Q5: Who directed 'Armageddon'?
A5: Michael Bay
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a "more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents".

Q1: What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?
A1: neoliberalism
Q2: Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?
A2: Samuel Brittan
Q3: Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?
A3: Raymond Plant
Napoleon (History)

His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

Q1: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
A1: His opponents
Q2:  Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
A2: 1807
Q3: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?
A3: artillery
Q4: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
A4: McConachy
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:

Q1: What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?
A1: organisational skills
Q2: When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?
A2: 1939
Q3: With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?
A3: Pacelli
Q4: Where did Montini teach history?
A4: Papal Academy for Diplomats
Q5: Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?
A5: Giuseppe Pizzardo
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David. His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students. His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was "rather wicked," but she did not overrule him. While speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was "one of the most deeply religious men I know" though unattached to any "sect or organization". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.

Q1: What book did Eisenhower's parents read every day?
A1: Bible
Q2: What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower's mother initially belong to?
A2: River Brethren
Q3: What is another name for the International Bible Students Association?
A3: Jehovah's Witnesses
Q4: What university did Eisenhower attend?
A4: West Point
Q5: What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?
A5: Presbyterian
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.

Q1: What event made war planning difficult in this period?
A1: Great Depression
Q2: What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?
A2: Army Chief of Staff
Q3: What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?
A3: Bonus March
Q4: What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?
A4: veterans
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

Q1: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
A1: Yasser Arafat
Q2: What organization did Arafat belong to?
A2: Fatah
Q3: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
A3: Black September Organization
Q4: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
A4: Munich
Q5: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
A5: three
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

Q1: When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?
A1: the early 1950s
Q2: When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?
A2: 8 November 1953
Q3: When did Ancilla die?
A3: 11 November 1953
Q4: Where did he want to be buried?
A4: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.

Q1: What was the main city of Tokharistan?
A1: Balkh
Q2: What was the central part of Transoxiana called?
A2: Samarkand
Q3: In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?
A3: 724
Q4: What notable battle occurred in 731?
A4: Battle of the Defile
Q5: Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?
A5: al-Harith ibn Surayj
Samurai (Language and literature)

Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."

Q1: What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?
A1: Jesuit
Q2: When was St. Francis Xavier born?
A2: 1506
Q3: When did St. Francis Xavier die?
A3: 1552
Q4: When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
A4: 1549–1551
Q5: Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
A5: the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power. Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi. Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than "comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet." Rossabi states that this theory "attributes too much influence to the Chinese," pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the "divide-and-rule" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa—one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas.

Q1: What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?
A1: divide-and-rule
Q2: When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?
A2: after the Sakya regime had fallen
Q3: Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?
A3: fifth Karmapa
Q4: Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?
A4: many different Tibetan lamas
Napoleon (History)

Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rudé stresses his "rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour." At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, "seeing" the best plays moves ahead.

Q1: How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?
A1: 5 ft 6 in
Q2: How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?
A2: 168 cm
Q3: How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?
A3: an innovator
Q4: What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's "rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?"
A4: George F. E. Rudé
Q5: How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?
A5: hypnotic
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are "fallacies".

Q1: Who supported van Praag's beliefs? 
A1: historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
Q2: Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?
A2: Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain
Black_people (Language and literature)

Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

Q1: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
A1: 10 to 18 million
Q2: In what time frame were these people enslaved?
A2: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century
Q3: Who enslaved these people?
A3: Arab slave traders
Q4: Why were women slaves more popular?
A4: for them to serve as concubines
Q5: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
A5: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer.

Q1: What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?
A1: lieutenant colonel
Q2: What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?
A2: pilot's
Q3: Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?
A3: Manuel L. Quezon
Q4: What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?
A4: Quezon City
Q5: How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?
A5: declined
Cubism (Art and architecture)

Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity. English art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch. According to Cooper there was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper referred to "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement.

Q1: What was the first phase of Cubism known as? 
A1: Analytic Cubism
Q2: Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim? 
A2: Juan Gris
Q3: What was the second phase of Cubism called? 
A3: Synthetic Cubism
Q4: From what years did High Cubism take place? 
A4: 1909 to 1914
Q5: From what years did Late Cubism take place? 
A5: 1914 to 1921
Qing_dynasty (History)

Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea. At the start of the Opium War, China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go......In the Arrow War (1856–60), the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing. Meanwhile, new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions, bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia, and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino-French War (1884–85). But the defeat of the fleet, and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan, forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms."

Q1: What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?
A1: naval weakness
Q2: Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?
A2: Edward L. Dreyer
Q3: When was the Arrow War?
A3: (1856–60)
Q4: Where did the French and English land in 1860?
A4: Gulf of Zhili
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington. Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. It was especially attractive to powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists.

Q1: Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?
A1: Freemasonry
Q2: To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?
A2: powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists
Q3: Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?
A3: Europe
Roman_Republic (History)

Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both de jure and de facto) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control.

Q1: What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?
A1: crisis management
Q2: At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?
A2: the time of the Roman Empire
Q3: What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?
A3: intentional empire-building
Q4: What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?
A4: independent