LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Treaty (Language and literature)

There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement, most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty.[citation needed] For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as "already null and void" in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea.

Q1: When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?
A1: at the formation of the treaty
Q2: What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void?
A2: the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910
Q3: In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907, and 1910 confirmed as "already null and void?"
A3: the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea
Q4: Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905, 1907, and 1910 to be already void?
A4: Japan and the Republic of Korea
Q5: An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty?
A5: a binding international agreement
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore.

Q1: How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?
A1: one kilometre
Q2: Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?
A2: South
Q3: Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?
A3: Southwest
Q4: Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?
A4: West
Q5: Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?
A5: Southeast
Grape (Natural sciences)

There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

Q1: How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? 
A1: three
Q2: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? 
A2: more than a dozen
Q3: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? 
A3: Vitis vinifera
Q4: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? 
A4: cold
Q5: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
A5: Vitis vinifera
Elevator (History)

There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety. Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images, building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and down. British company LiftEye provides a virtual window technology to turn common elevator into panoramic. It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement. The video is projected on a wall-sized screens making it look like the walls are made of glass.

Q1: New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?
A1: claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety
Q2: What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs?
A2: DigiGage
Q3: LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what?
A3: to turn common elevator into panoramic
Q4: How does it produce the panoramic effects?
A4: It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement
Q5: Where is the video projected?
A5: on a wall-sized screens
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

Q1: In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?
A1: Malacca Sultanate
Q2: Where did the traders from Yemen settle?
A2: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia
Q3: Which missionary helped to spread Islam?
A3: The Sufi missionaries
Q4: Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?
A4: Islam
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between the luminous efficacy and color rendering. For example, the dichromatic white LEDs have the best luminous efficacy (120 lm/W), but the lowest color rendering capability. However, although tetrachromatic white LEDs have excellent color rendering capability, they often have poor luminous efficacy. Trichromatic white LEDs are in between, having both good luminous efficacy (>70 lm/W) and fair color rendering capability.

Q1: What is one type of multi-color white LED?
A1: tetrachromatic
Q2: What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs?
A2: luminous efficacy
Q3: Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what?
A3: lower color rendering
Q4: What type has the best luminous efficacy?
A4: dichromatic white LEDs
Q5: What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have?
A5: >70 lm/W
Emotion (Natural sciences)

There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the ‘standard objection’ to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example.

Q1: Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?
A1: Robert C. Solomon
Q2: In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?
A2: 1993
Q3: What does Solomon believe emotions to be?
A3: judgments
Q4: Whose theory discussed action tendencies?
A4: Nico Frijda
Q5: The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?
A5: cognitivism
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act.  Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.

Q1: What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
A1: diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances
Q2: What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"?
A2: tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents
Q3: Why are these companies rewarded?
A3: Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous
Q4: What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?
A4: orphan diseases
Q5: What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
A5: fewer than 200,000 patients
Q6: What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?
A6: tax reductions
Q7: What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?
A7: seven years
Energy (Natural sciences)

There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces.

Q1: What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?
A1: Carnot's theorem
Q2: What is the direction of transformations in energy?
A2: what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind
Q3: What is often determined by entropy considerations?
A3: direction of transformations in energy
Q4: Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?
A4: because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.

Q1: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?
A1: technical
Q2: The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?
A2: underlying links
Q3: What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?
A3: forms
Q4: What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?
A4: e-commerce
Glass (Art and architecture)

There are three classes of components for oxide glasses: network formers, intermediates, and modifiers. The network formers (silicon, boron, germanium) form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds. The intermediates (titanium, aluminium, zirconium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc) can act as both network formers and modifiers, according to the glass composition. The modifiers (calcium, lead, lithium, sodium, potassium) alter the network structure; they are usually present as ions, compensated by nearby non-bridging oxygen atoms, bound by one covalent bond to the glass network and holding one negative charge to compensate for the positive ion nearby. Some elements can play multiple roles; e.g. lead can act both as a network former (Pb4+ replacing Si4+), or as a modifier.

Q1: What components of glass for networks?
A1: silicon, boron, germanium
Q2: What type of components change the network's shape?
A2: modifiers
Q3: What type of component can both make and change networks?
A3: intermediates
Q4: What type of chemical attachment connects ions to the network?
A4: covalent bond
Paper (Natural sciences)

There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.

Q1: How many chemical pulping processes are there?
A1: three
Q2: What decade does the sulfite process date to?
A2: 1840s
Q3: What process is most commonly used?
A3: The kraft process
Q4: What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?
A4: Soda pulping
Southampton (Geography and places)

There are three members of parliament for the city: Royston Smith (Conservative) for Southampton Itchen, the constituency covering the east of the city; Dr. Alan Whitehead (Labour) for Southampton Test, which covers the west of the city; and Caroline Nokes (Conservative) for Romsey and Southampton North, which includes a northern portion of the city.

Q1: How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?
A1: three
Q2: What is Royston Smith's constituency?
A2: Southampton Itchen
Q3: Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?
A3: Dr. Alan Whitehead
Q4: To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?
A4: Conservative
Q5: Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?
A5: west
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.

Q1: What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?
A1: The Hub
Q2: What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?
A2: The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District
Q3: Which streets demarcate The Hub BID?
A3: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues
Q4: What is The Hub's nickname?
A4: "the Broadway of the Bronx"
Q5: What shape is The Hub?
A5: bow-tie
Treaty (Language and literature)

There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty. When determining the legal obligations of states, one party to the original treaty and one a party to the amended treaty, the states will only be bound by the terms they both agreed upon. Treaties can also be amended informally by the treaty executive council when the changes are only procedural, technical change in customary international law can also amend a treaty, where state behavior evinces a new interpretation of the legal obligations under the treaty. Minor corrections to a treaty may be adopted by a procès-verbal; but a procès-verbal is generally reserved for changes to rectify obvious errors in the text adopted, i.e. where the text adopted does not correctly reflect the intention of the parties adopting it.

Q1: How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?
A1: three
Q2: What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?
A2: the ratification process
Q3: What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?
A3: a procès-verbal
Q4: Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?
A4: the terms they both agreed upon
Q5: In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?
A5: some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty
Northwestern_University (History)

There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling.

Q1: What do students traditionally do at the beginning of each football game kickoff?
A1: jingle keys
Q2: What football game tradition has since been discontinued?
A2: students would throw marshmallows during games
Q3: What color does the Clock Tower glow after a winning football game?
A3: purple
Q4: What noise do students make when the opposing team has control of the football?
A4: growl
Q5: How long does the Clock Tower remain purple after a winning game?
A5: until a loss or until the end of the sports season
USB (Engineering and technology)

There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.

Q1: There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?
A1: DATA0 and DATA1
Q2: A data packet must always be preceded by what?
A2: an address token
Q3: What is a data packet usually followed by?
A3: a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Q1: What are the two categories of public funding?
A1: direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect
Q2: Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?
A2: 25%
Q3: What percentage of nations provide direct funding?
A3: 58%
Q4: Are parties required to reveal their funding?
A4: required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.
Q5: What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?
A5: 60%
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).

Q1: What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?
A1: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Q2: What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?
A2: Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

Q1: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?
A1: a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military
Q2: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?
A2: 10-meter location-tracking accuracy
Q3: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?
A3: 10 centimetres
Q4: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?
A4: the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan
Q5: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?
A5: communication
Southampton (Geography and places)

There are two main termini for bus services. As the biggest operator, First uses stops around Pound Tree Road. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions, and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.

Q1: What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?
A1: Pound Tree Road
Q2: Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?
A2: Uni-link
Q3: What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?
A3: Wilts & Dorset
Q4: When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?
A4: 1949
Q5: Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?
A5: Hanover Buildings