LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
A_cappella (Music)

In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales and the Netherlands. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses.

Q1: What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?
A1: Sweet Adelines
Q2: When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?
A2: 1991
Q3: How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?
A3: nearly 25,000
Q4: Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?
A4: Tulsa, Oklahoma
Q5: In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?
A5: 1953
George_VI (History)

In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Q1: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?
A1: Jan Smuts
Q2: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? 
A2: the Gestapo
Q3: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?
A3: South African government
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Q1: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
A1: President of Columbia University
Q2: Where is Columbia University located?
A2: New York City
Q3: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
A3: Crusade in Europe
Q4: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
A4: Ivy League
Q5: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
A5: Department of the Treasury
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.

Q1: In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?
A1: 1948
Q2: Who invented the point-contact transistor?
A2: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker
Q3: Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?
A3: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux
Q4: What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?
A4: transistron
Q5: What was the transistron used for?
A5: amplified use in France's telephone network
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.

Q1: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?
A1: 1949
Q2: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?
A2: France
Q3: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?
A3: an 819 lines system
Q4: Was France's 819 line system in color?
A4: monochrome only
Q5: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?
A5: 1983
Strasbourg (Geography and places)

In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.

Q1: What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? 
A1: Council of Europe
Q2: When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?
A2: 1952
Q3: When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?
A3: 1999
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit "victory comes from harmony", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.

Q1: What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?
A1: Victoria Concordia Crescit
Q2: In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?
A2: rendered in colour
Q3: What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?
A3: trademark
Q4: In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?
A4: 2002
Q5:  Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?
A5: fans
Israel (History)

In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration.

Q1: When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?
A1: 1950
Q2: Who was Israel frequently attacked by?
A2: Palestinian fedayeen
Q3: What did the war result in?
A3: significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.

Q1: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?
A1: University of Chicago
Q2: Who supplied Hayek's salary?
A2: an outside foundation
Q3: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
A3: departmental autonomy and control
Q4: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
A4: sick of Hutchins' meddling
Q5: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
A5: Committee on Social Thought
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years, he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.

Q1: In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?
A1: Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
Q2: What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?
A2: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
Q3: What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?
A3: General Advisory Committee
Boston (Geography and places)

In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).

Q1: What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?
A1: 94.7%
Q2: In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?
A2: 49.5%
Q3: What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?
A3: 2000
Q4: In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?
A4: formerly non-white areas
Q5: What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?
A5: 2006
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

Q1: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
A1: ANZUS Treaty
Q2: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
A2: Australia, New Zealand and the United States
Q3: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
A3: San Francisco
Q4: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
A4: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty
Q5: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
A5: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)
British_Empire (History)

In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956.

Q1: What party regained power in Britain in 1951?
A1: Conservative Party
Q2: Which party was Winston Churchill in?
A2: Conservative Party
Q3: Who ruled Egypt in 1952?
A3: Gamal Abdul Nasser
Q4: When did Sudan receive independence?
A4: 1 January 1956
Q5: Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?
A5: Middle East
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension".

Q1: Who discovered Hydralazine?
A1: researchers at Ciba
Q2: Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?
A2: the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension
Q3: Who developed Chlorothiazide?
A3: Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co
Q4: What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?
A4: hypertension
Q5: What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?
A5: lost its effectiveness over time
Q6: What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?
A6: hydralazine
Q7: What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?
A7: chlorothiazide
Q8: Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?
A8: Public Health Lasker Award
Q9: In what year was hydralazine discovered?
A9: 1952
Q10: Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?
A10: hypertension
IBM (History)

In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

Q1: Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
A1: Thomas J. Watson, Jr
Q2: In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
A2: 1952
Q3: In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
A3: sex, national origin, and age
Q4: How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
A4: 34
Q5: Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
A5: IBM Fellows
IBM (History)

In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.

Q1: Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?
A1: 1952
Q2: In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?
A2: artificial intelligence
Q3: What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?
A3: an IBM 704
Q4: In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?
A4: FORmula TRANslation
Q5: In 1961 who became the president of IBM?
A5: Albert L. Williams
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thüringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.

Q1: Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?
A1: Baden-Württemberg
Q2: In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?
A2: 1952
Q3:  In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?
A3: Saarland
Q4: When did the German reunification take place?
A4: 1990
Q5: Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?
A5: failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg
Korean_War (Warfare)

In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.

Q1: Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?
A1: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Q2: Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?
A2: the United Nations
Q3: What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?
A3: Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
Q4: Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?
A4: United States
Q5: What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?
A5: went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War
Space_Race (History)

In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.

Q1: Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?
A1: Korolev
Q2:  R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?
A2: German G-4
Q3: When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?
A3: August 21, 1957
Q4: The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?
A4: R-7 Semyorka rocket
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Q1: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?
A1: Yalta
Q2: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?
A2: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch
Q3: What world leader died in March of 1953?
A3: Joseph Stalin
Q4: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?
A4: Chance for Peace
Q5: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
A5: Stephen Ambrose