LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Jews (History)

The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

Q1: In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?
A1: due to similar styles of liturgy
Q2: When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?
A2: the 1490s
Q3: Where are the Teimanim from?
A3: Yemen
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.

Q1: Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?
A1: iPod Hi-Fi
Q2: What are two companies that make iPod accessories?
A2: Belkin and Griffin
Q3: What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?
A3: dock connector
Q4: What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?
A4: paying royalties
Q5: The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?
A5: third parties
Q6: What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?
A6: iPod Hi-Fi
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency".

Q1: What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?
A1: pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起)
Q2: Translated into English, what does pratītyasamutpāda mean?
A2: "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
Q3: The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?
A3: Buddhist
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

Q1: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
A1: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus
Q2: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
A2: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother
Q3: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
A3: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne
Q4: When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
A4: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,
Q5: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
A5: since the 4th century
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The doctrine of the last day and eschatology (the final fate of the universe) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time. There is a reference to the afterlife on most pages of the Quran and belief in the afterlife is often referred to in conjunction with belief in God as in the common expression: "Believe in God and the last day". A number of suras such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations. Some suras indicate the closeness of the event and warn people to be prepared for the imminent day. For instance, the first verses of Sura 22, which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day, represent this style of divine address: "O People! Be respectful to your Lord. The earthquake of the Hour is a mighty thing."

Q1: What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology?
A1: one-third
Q2: What general topic is eschatology about?
A2: the final fate of the universe
Q3: Which natural disaster features in Sura 22?
A3: earthquake
Q4: What topic do suras 44, 56, 75, and 101 have in common?
A4: afterlife
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.

Q1: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?
A1: 1950
Q2: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?
A2: Munificentissimus Deus
Q3: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?
A3: Pope Pius XII
Q4: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?
A4: Eastern Orthodox Church
Q5: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?
A5: Dormition
Szlachta (History)

The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status. (Górecki 1992, pp. 183–185).

Q1: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?
A1: documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure
Q2: WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?
A2: Middle Ages and in the early modern period
Q3: The polish anem and cry ritualized what?
A3: the ius militare,
Q4: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?
A4: define knightly status
Dog (Natural sciences)

The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.

Q1: Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?
A1: hunter-gatherers
Q2: Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?
A2: aiding handicapped individuals.
Q3: Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?
A3: man's best friend
Q4: Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
A4: a source of meat
United_States_dollar (History)

The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

Q1: What was the look of the dollar based on?
A1: Spanish dollar
Q2: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?
A2: 16th
Q3: When was the United States Mint founded?
A3: 1792
Q4: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?
A4: Peru
Q5: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?
A5: 1857
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.

Q1: What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?
A1: 30%
Dog (Natural sciences)

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.

Q1: What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?
A1: Canis lupus familiaris
Q2: What is Canis familiaris?
A2: domestic dog
Q3: How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?
A3: millennia
Q4: Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?
A4: sensory capabilities
Neolithic (History)

The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.

Q1: What caused a major increase in social inequality?
A1: domestication of large animals
Q2: What started competition between families for wealth?
A2: Possession of livestock
Q3: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?
A3: Neolithic pastoralists
Q4: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?
A4: Catal Huyuk
Poultry (Natural sciences)

The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

Q1: How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?
A1: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago
Q2: What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?
A2: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs
Q3: Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? 
A3: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place
Q4: Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?
A4: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.
Q5: How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?
A5: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally
American_Idol (Music)

The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature "Idol" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.

Q1: How much money did American Idol make in 2004?
A1: $900 million
Q2: How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? 
A2: $6.4 billion
Q3: What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? 
A3: The American Idol Experience
Q4: How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?
A4: $900 million
Q5: Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?
A5: Disney
Mesozoic (History)

The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Q1: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
A1: gymnosperms
Q2: What is an example of a gymnosperm?
A2: conifers
Q3: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
A3: angiosperms
Q4: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
A4: Mesozoic
Q5: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
A5: Sequoia
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

Q1: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
A1: 13th century to 1918
Q2: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
A2: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia
Q3: Following the crusades which country was dominated?
A3: Estonia
Q4: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
A4: indigenous literacy
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

Q1: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
A1: when it is important to see the work
Q2: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
A2: directly controlling the final result of the work
Q3: When was the double indirect method invented?
A3: 1989
Q4: Who invented the double indirect method?
A4: Maurizio Placuzzi
Q5: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
A5: sticky plastic
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.

Q1: What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?
A1: liberalized electricity markets
Q2: What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?
A2: RES Directive
Q3: In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?
A3: Green-e program
Pub (History)

The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

Q1: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
A1: William Hogarth
Q2: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?
A2: The Gin Act 1736
Q3: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? 
A3: 1742
Q4: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
A4: The Gin Act 1751
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.

Q1: Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?
A1: Orange River
Q2: What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?
A2: southern Namibia
Q3: When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?
A3: 18th century
Q4: When did the Nama-Herero war begin?
A4: 1880
Q5: Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?
A5: Imperial Germany
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

Q1: When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?
A1: 14th century
Q2: When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?
A2: 1884
Q3: When did Namibia stop being a German colony?
A3: end of World War I
Q4: What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?
A4: 1920
Q5: When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?
A5: 1948