LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls – Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.

Q1: The rise of ports caused what in populations?
A1: the clustering of populations
Q2: Steamships and railroads rose with what else?
A2: The rise of port cities
Q3: In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?
A3: 1700
Q4: What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?
A4: Improvements in health and sanitation
Q5: What was the population of Salonica in 1800?
A5: 55,000
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon. Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution. The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems. The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.

Q1: What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?
A1: Funafuti Conservation Area
Q2: What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?
A2: rising population
Q3: What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?
A3: pollution
Q4: What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?
A4: European Union
Q5: What do imports produce on Tuvalu?
A5: plastic waste
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.

Q1: As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? 
A1: reactivation
Q2: What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?
A2: HIV
Q3: If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?
A3: 8%
Q4: In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?
A4: 2008
Q5: New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other "re-" word?
A5: reinfection
Freemasonry (Unknown)

The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.

Q1: When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?
A1: 1813
Q2: The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?
A2: the 1860s and 1870s
Q3: What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?
A3: 1868
Samurai (Language and literature)

The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."

Q1: Who was Takeda's rival?
A1: Uesugi Kenshin
Q2: What did Uesugi encourage?
A2: the "way of the warrior as death"
Q3: What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?
A3: Japanese historian
Q4: When was Takeda born?
A4: 1521
Q5: When was Uesugi born?
A5: 1530
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744–747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-Ándalus.

Q1: In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?
A1: 692
Q2: During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?
A2: 740–743 CE
Q3: What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?
A3: Marwanid
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point, the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992, and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation, and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn. According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market.

Q1: What market did the Genesis target?
A1: older gamers
Q2: How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?
A2: over a year
Q3: How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?
A3: 60%
Q4: What game was key to the SNES's success?
A4: Donkey Kong Country
Q5: How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?
A5: more than 20 million
Alps (Geography and places)

The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks.

Q1: Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?
A1: Germany
Q2: What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?
A2: south side
Q3: What do the rivers form?
A3: lakes
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

The road to Yorktown and America's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and away from the latter's base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as "The Race to the Dan" or "The Race for the River."

Q1: Who met the British army as they moved north?
A1: the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia
Q2: Who lost the battle of Cowpens?
A2: the British Cavalry
Q3: Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?
A3: Commander Banastre Tarleton
Q4: What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?
A4: January 17, 1781
Q5: What is another name for the race to the Dan?
A5: The Race for the River
Central_Intelligence_Agency (Geography and places)

The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
A1: Secret Intelligence Service
Q2: What does ASIS stand for?
A2: Australian Secret Intelligence Service
Q3: What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
A3: Mossad
Q4: What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
A4: DGSE
Q5: What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
A5: RAW
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). It however introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) from the filament, by heat conduction and heat convection.

Q1: What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?
A1: introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)
Q2: What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?
A2: chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight
Q3: What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?
A3: to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses
Q4: How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?
A4: The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."

Q1: Are minority leadership roles specified closely?
A1: are not well-defined
Q2: What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?
A2: Representative Bertrand Snell
Q3: What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?
A3: He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.
Q4: What defines a large part of minority leader role?
A4: tradition and custom
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.

Q1: The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?
A1: Mahasanghikas
Q2: The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?
A2: Mahasanghika
Q3: The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?
A3: the vinaya
Botany (Natural sciences)

The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots. Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with Saintpaulia, or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots.

Q1: Do the roots and shoots need each other?
A1: interdependent
Q2: What do the roots get from the shoots?
A2: food
Q3: What do the shoots get from the roots?
A3: water and minerals
Q4: What are roots used for in beets and carrots?
A4: to store food
Q5: What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?
A5: can often regrow it
Greeks (History)

The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

Q1: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? 
A1: the Greek tradition of education and commerce
Q2: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?
A2: the wealth of the extensive merchant class
Q3: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?
A3: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce
Q4: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?
A4: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Q1: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
A1: 19th century
Q2: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
A2: early 19th century
Q3: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
A3: education
Q4: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
A4: absolute divine authorship
Presbyterianism (History)

The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon "Plan of Union of 1801" for frontier areas.

Q1: Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?
A1: Scotland
Q2: When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?
A2: 16th century
Q3: Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?
A3: Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists
Hard_rock (Music)

The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton's "Cotton Crop Blues" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).

Q1: What genre laid the roots for hard rock?
A1: electric blues
Q2: Who recorded "Rumble"?
A2: Link Wray
Q3: When was "Rumble" released?
A3: 1958
Q4: What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?
A4: "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962)
Q5: What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?
A5: Memphis
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically "soft" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does), but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied.

Q1: Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?
A1: electromagnet
Q2: What rotates the motor shaft?
A2: force between the two magnetic fields
Q3: What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?
A3: commutator
Q4: What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?
A4: compass
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.

Q1: How many continents did the torch visit?
A1: six
Q2: What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?
A2: Taipei
Q3: The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?
A3: Hong Kong and Macau
Q4: The torch route covered six what?
A4: continents
Q5: What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?
A5: Taiwan.
Q6: What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?
A6: Hong Kong and Macau
Q7: How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?
A7: 24