LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).

Q1: In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
A1: research
Q2: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
A2: non-classical models of immunity
Q3: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
A3: cells, organs and systems
Q4: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
A4: not previously associated with the immune system
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Q1: In general, what does immunology study?
A1: immune systems in all organisms
Q2: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
A2: both health and diseases
Q3: Name three types of immunological disorders?
A3: autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection
Q4: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
A4: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo
Q5: What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
A5: organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

Q1: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
A1: strongly experimental
Q2: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
A2: "cellular" and "humoral"
Q3: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
A3: phagocytes
Q4: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
A4: soluble components (molecules)
Q5: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
A5: the organism’s “humors”
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

Q1: Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?
A1: 12 December 1919
Q2: How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
A2: 3
Q3: What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
A3: Martin McElroy
Q4: Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?
A4: Henley Royal Regatta
Q5: Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
A5: The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]

Q1: What was formed on the 1st October 2007?
A1: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
Q2: How many hospitals does it manage?
A2: five
Q3: What is it considered to be?
A3: an academic health science centre
Q4: What is the annual turnover for the trust?
A4: £800 million
Q5: How many patients a year does the trust treat?
A5: more than a million
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary.

Q1: What kind of University is Imperial College London?
A1: public research university
Q2: Who founded the Imperial College London?
A2: Prince Albert
Q3: Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?
A3: Queen Victoria
Q4: Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?
A4: Royal Charter
Q5: What was the focus of the Imperial College London?
A5: science and technology
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial College TV
ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.

Q1: What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?
A1: Student Television of Imperial College
Q2: What is STOIC's modern name?
A2: Imperial College TV
Q3: When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?
A3: 1969
Q4: Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?
A4: Exhibition Road
Q5: When was the station renamed to it's modern name?
A5: start of the 2014/15 academic year
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club.

Q1: What is the official name of the student's union?
A1: Imperial College Union
Q2: How many full time officers run the union?
A2: five
Q3: How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?
A3: one year
Q4: How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?
A4: around 300
Q5: What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?
A5: educational development
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated £350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]

Q1: What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?
A1: Silwood Park
Q2: What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?
A2: Felix
Q3: How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?
A3: £350,000
Q4: Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?
A4: Wolfson Foundation
Q5: Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?
A5: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Q1: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?
A1: 1,257
Q2: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?
A2: 2nd
Q3: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?
A3: 14
Q4: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?
A4: 8th
Q5: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?
A5: 1,257
Q6: What does REF stand for?
A6: Research Excellence Framework
Q7: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?
A7: 44%
Q8: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?
A8: 3.36
Q9: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
A9: 2nd
Imperial_College_London (History)

Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings.

Q1: In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?
A1: South Kensington
Q2: What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?
A2: Albertopolis
Q3: In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?
A3: 1950s
Q4: Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?
A4: Thomas Collcutt
Q5: Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?
A5: Queen's Tower
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Impermanence (Pāli: anicca) expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience. According to the doctrine of impermanence, life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha).

Q1: What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?
A1: all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
Q2: According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?
A2: in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss
Q3: Why is attachment to things futile?
A3: because things are impermanent
Q4: What is in a constant flux?
A4: Everything
Q5: Everything is continuously coming into being and what?
A5: ceasing to be
Q6: The cycle of rebirth is also called what?
A6: saṃsāra
Q7: According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?
A7: suffering
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In the apse we can see the Transfiguration of Jesus on a golden background. The apse is surrounded with bands containing medallions of apostles and prophets, and two contemporary figure, "Abbot Longinos" and "John the Deacon". The mosaic was probably created in 565/6.

Q1: What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?
A1: Justinian
Q2: Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?
A2: Mount Sinai in Egypt
Q3: Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?
A3: the destruction of buildings
Q4: Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background? 
A4: Moses
Q5: When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?
A5: in 565/6
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinianian age. The so-called small sekreton of the palace was built during Justin II's reign around 565–577. Some fragments survive from the mosaics of this vaulted room. The vine scroll motifs are very similar to those in the Santa Constanza and they still closely follow the Classical tradition. There are remains of floral decoration in the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki (5th–6th centuries).

Q1: When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?
A1: during Justinian's reign
Q2: What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?
A2: The portrait of a moustached man
Q3: What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?
A3: small sekreton
Q4: Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?
A4: Classical
Q5: When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?
A5: 5th–6th centuries
Alps (Geography and places)

Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.

Q1: Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
A1: naturalists
Q2: When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
A2: the 18th century
Q3: What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains? 
A3: theory of geosynclines
Q4: What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century? 
A4: the theory of plate tectonics
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.

Q1: When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?
A1: 1810
Q2: How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?
A2: 618
Q3: What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?
A3: 1818
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "magic", conspiratorial (coniuratio), or subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the senate's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC.

Q1: What was the practice of religion to the Romans?
A1: personal choice
Q2: What was the standard practice in Roman religious life?
A2: public religion
Q3: What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?
A3: mysteries
Q4: What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive?
A4: conservative Romans
Q5: What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them?
A5: morality and unity
The_Blitz (History)

Improved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per minute. Its armament of four 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano cannon and six .303 in Browning machine guns offered a serious threat to German bombers. On 19 November, John Cunningham of No. 604 Squadron RAF shot down a bomber flying an AI-equipped Beaufighter. It was the first air victory for the airborne radar.

Q1: What was the max speed of a Beaufighter?
A1: 320 mph (510 km/h)
Q2: What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter?
A2: 26,000 ft (7,900 m)
Q3: how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include?
A3: six .303 in Browning machine guns
Q4: What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar?
A4: 19 November
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Q1: What is need in the developing world 
A1: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need
Q2: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
A2: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected
Q3: How many people have no sanatation facilities
A3: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies
Q4: What country is the worst violator
A4: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people
Q5: India is host to what activity
A5: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
Classical_music (Music)

Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel's Giulio Cesare.

Q1: What once played an important role in classical music?
A1: Improvisation
Q2: Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?
A2: cadenza
Q3: What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?
A3: their virtuoso skills on the instrument
Q4: What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?
A4: authentic performances
Q5: An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?
A5: Da tempeste il legno infranto