LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Q1: How old was Truman in 1948?
A1: 64
Q2: In what century was Eisenhower born?
A2: 19th
Q3: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?
A3: James Buchanan
Q4: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?
A4: never
Q5: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?
A5: did not have prior elected office
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.

Q1: What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?
A1: the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy
Q2: What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?
A2: autobahn
Q3: When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?
A3: June 1956
Q4: Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?
A4: economic growth
Q5: Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?
A5: issuance of bonds to finance the project
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Eisenhower's main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. In the first year of his presidency, he threatened the use of nuclear weapons in an effort to conclude the Korean War; his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for conventional military forces. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala. Eisenhower refused to give major aid to help France in Vietnam. He gave strong financial support to the new nation of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, which obliged the U.S. to militarily support the pro-Western Republic of China in Taiwan and continue the isolation of the People's Republic of China.

Q1: Along with reducing the federal deficit, what was Eisenhower's main policy priority as president?
A1: keep pressure on the Soviet Union
Q2: What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War?
A2: nuclear weapons
Q3: Along with Guatemala, what country's government did Eisenhower order overthrown?
A3: Iran
Q4: What country did Eisenhower neglect to assist in their military action in Vietnam?
A4: France
Q5: In what year was the Formosa Resolution passed?
A5: 1955
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

Q1: While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?
A1: Council on Foreign Relations
Q2: What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?
A2: biographer
Q3: Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?
A3: professional
Q4: What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?
A4: economic
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans—a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord. Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. He also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, as he did. Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans, and Eisenhower prevailed. He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.

Q1: Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?
A1: Ernest J. King
Q2: What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?
A2: civilian casualties
Q3: What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?
A3: slapped a subordinate
Q4: What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?
A4: covert and sabotage operations
Q5: Who was the leader of French forces in this period?
A5: de Gaulle
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.

Q1: Illegal interference with an election is called what?
A1: Electoral fraud
Q2: Another term for electoral fraud is what?
A2: voter fraud
Q3: Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?
A3: intimidation
Classical_music (Music)

Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.

Q1: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?
A1: Electric
Q2: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?
A2: popular
Q3: What type of instrument is the gamelan?
A3: electronic
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own distribution lines, switches and transformers.

Q1: What is used to haul passengers cars?
A1: electric locomotives
Q2: How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?
A2: generating stations
Q3: What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?
A3: railway
Gramophone_record (Music)

Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds and overtones cut on the records. This was in spite of some carbon microphones used, which had resonances that colored the recorded tone. The double button carbon microphone with stretched diaphragm was a marked improvement. Alternatively, the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech, but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones.

Q1: What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?
A1: Western Electric licensed recording method
Q2: At at time was radio gaining popularity?
A2: 1925
Q3: What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s?
A3: carbon microphones used,
Q4: What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer?
A4: brilliant midrange
Q5: What was a benefit of early radio recordings?
A5: microphones and amplifiers
Gramophone_record (Music)

Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas. The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$95 to US$300, depending on cabinetry; by comparison, the cheapest Electrola cost US$650, the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $20 a week.

Q1: What was a drawback of early home recording systems?
A1: high cost
Q2: What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?
A2: US$95 to US$300
Q3: What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?
A3: 1925
Q4: What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?
A4: $20
Q5: What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?
A5: cabinetry
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station, as well as a coal-fired station in Chester, Virginia. These three plants provide a total of 4,453 megawatts of power. Several other natural gas plants provide extra power during times of peak demand. These include facilities in Chester, and Surry, and two plants in Richmond (Gravel Neck and Darbytown).

Q1: Who is Richmond's electricity supplier?
A1: Dominion Virginia Power
Q2: How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?
A2: nine
Q3: Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator?
A3: North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
Q4: In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located?
A4: Chester
Q5: What type of power plant is Darbytown?
A5: natural gas
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias. Silver, zinc, and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field. Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halide and other ions, making it a poor choice for electronics use. Tin will grow "whiskers" due to tension in the plated surface. Tin-Lead or solder plating also grows whiskers, only reduced by the percentage Tin replaced. Reflow to melt solder or tin plate to relieve surface stress lowers whisker incidence. Another coating issue is tin pest, the transformation of tin to a powdery allotrope at low temperature.

Q1: What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?
A1: Electrochemical migration
Q2: Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?
A2: zinc
Q3: In addition to "whiskers," what does silver sprout around ions like halide?
A3: conducting surface paths
Q4: What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it's very cold?
A4: tin pest
Q5: What's present in plated surfaces that causes tin to grow metal filaments?
A5: tension
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.

Q1: What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
A1: Old Sparky
Q2: What color was Alabama's electric chair?
A2: Yellow
Q3: What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
A3: Florida
Q4: Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?
A4: lethal injection
Q5: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
A5: Electrocution
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

Q1: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?
A1: Electroluminescence
Q2: When was Electroluminescence discovered?
A2: 1907
Q3: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?
A3: British
Q4: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?
A4: cat's-whisker
Q5: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?
A5: Oleg Losev
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors will self-degrade if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes (for instance, in older equipment, arcing in rectifier tubes). They can be restored before use (and damage) by gradually applying the operating voltage, often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. Unfortunately, the use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input.

Q1: What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?
A1: aluminum
Q2: What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?
A2: an oxide dielectric layer
Q3: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?
A3: drops at low temperatures
Q4: How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?
A4: by gradually applying the operating voltage
Q5: Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?
A5: these produce full output voltage even with reduced input
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education, but the board, rather than the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy. In 2009, the board's chairman also became the "chief executive officer" for the state's school system. North Carolina has 115 public school systems, each of which is overseen by a local school board. A county may have one or more systems within it. The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Guilford County Schools, Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, and Cumberland County Schools. In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state, including 99 charter schools. North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan.

Q1: What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?
A1: North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
Q2: Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?
A2: the board
Q3: What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools?
A3: 2009
Q4: How many public school systems does North Carolina have?
A4: 115
Q5: What is the largest school system in North Carolina?
A5: Wake County Public School System
Elevator (History)

Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally. Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way, and double cascading doors on the cab.

Q1: How do most elevator doors work?
A1: have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally
Q2: What design allows wider entryways within limited space?
A2: a cascading telescopic configuration
Q3: What is a single panel door referred to as?
A3: "slab" door
Q4: The single door is sometimes located where?
A4: on the shaft way
Q5: What do elevator doors protect riders from?
A5: falling into the shaft
Elevator (History)

Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space, and concerns about personal hygiene.

Q1: The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?
A1: social protocols
Q2: The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?
A2: Berlin
Q3: This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?
A3: press the buttons
Q4: Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?
A4: Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator
Elevator (History)

Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab. If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines.

Q1: "Compensation" is the name of the system used for what type of elevators?
A1: Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel
Q2: "Compensation" consists of what?
A2: a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab
Q3: What exactly does this system compensate for?
A3: the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab
Q4: What is the chain guided by in a compensation system that uses chains?
A4: a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines