LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.

Q1: What career path was decided upon for Von Neuman?
A1: chemical engineer
Q2: At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program?
A2: University of Berlin
Q3: Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate?
A3: Pázmány Péter University in Budapest
Q4: What was the topic of Von Neuman's thesis?
A4: axiomatization of Cantor's set theory
Xbox_360 (Video games)

Since these problems surfaced, Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability. Modifications include a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components, the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion, and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat. With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S, the warranty for the newer models does not include the three-year extended coverage for "General Hardware Failures". The newer Xbox 360 S model indicates system overheating when the console's power button begins to flash red, unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred. The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled, whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a "General Hardware Failure" unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red.

Q1: How did Microsoft modify the architecture of the 360 to reduce failure rates?
A1: a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components
Q2: What was the root cause of hardware failures with the 360?
A2: heat
Q3: When the newer 360 S models have their power buttons flash red, it means?
A3: system overheating
Q4: How does the 360 S then react to an overheating situation?
A4: imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled
Q5: How did Microsoft attempt to deal with potential heat-related expansion with GPU and CPU components?
A5: dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia's decision to restrict sales of hemp. Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia.

Q1: In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?
A1: 1786
Q2: Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?
A2: John Call
Q3: In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?
A3: New South Wales
Q4: What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?
A4: Empress Catherine II of Russia
Q5: Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?
A5: Russia
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.

Q1: Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?
A1: Sirri Amer
Q2: Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?
A2: Muhammad Naguib
Q3: How many times was Naguib wounded?
A3: three
Q4: What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?
A4: al-Misri
Q5: In what war was Naguib wounded?
A5: Palestine War
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in December 2005. Except for three patents, the US patents administered by Sisvel had all expired in 2015, however (the exceptions are: U.S. Patent 5,878,080, expires February 2017, U.S. Patent 5,850,456, expires February 2017 and U.S. Patent 5,960,037, expires 9. April 2017.

Q1: Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?
A1: Thomson
Q2: Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?
A2: Sisvel S.p.A.
Q3: What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?
A3: a license to their patents
Q4: When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?
A4: 2015
Q5: When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?
A5: 9. April 2017
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Q1: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
A1: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance
Q2: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
A2: unique
Q3: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
A3: lexical
Q4: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
A4: enyorar
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 kilometres (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres (2,205 ft). The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).

Q1: How far south of Delhi, in miles, is Hyderabad?
A1: 973 mi
Q2: In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad?
A2: northern part
Q3: How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad?
A3: 650 km2
Q4: What are the highest hills in Hyderabad?
A4: Banjara Hills
Q5: When was Hussain Sagar lake built?
A5: 1562
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. By 2014 census estimates, the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve and eleven countries, respectively.

Q1: How many boroughs comprise New York City?
A1: five
Q2: In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?
A2: 1898
Q3: In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?
A3: 8,491,079
Q4: What is the size of New York City in square miles?
A4: 305
Q5: What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?
A5: 23.6 million
Q6: How man boroughs does New York City contain?
A6: five
Q7: The five boroughs of New York City are named what?
A7: Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island
Q8: All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?
A8: 1898
Q9: What is the population of New York City as of 2014?
A9: 8,491,079
Q10: How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?
A10: 800
Xbox_360 (Video games)

Six games were initially available in Japan, while eagerly anticipated titles such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console's launch. Games targeted specifically for the region, such as Chromehounds, Ninety-Nine Nights, and Phantasy Star Universe, were also released in the console's first year. Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker, founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. Mistwalker's first game, Blue Dragon, was released in 2006 and had a limited-edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders. Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan, along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean: The Last Hope. Mistwalker's second game, Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies.

Q1: How many launch titles did the 360 have in Japan?
A1: Six
Q2: What was the name of the Japanese developer that strongly supported the 360?
A2: Mistwalker
Q3: What was Mistwalker's first title for the 360?
A3: Blue Dragon
Q4: Blue Dragon surpassed this sales figure in Japan?
A4: 200,000 units
Q5: What was Mistwalker's second 360 title to be released?
A5: Lost Odyssey
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)

Q1: According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
A1: Sixteen
Q2: In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
A2: 1988
Q3: In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
A3: March 2005
Q4: In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
A4: 5
Q5: Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
A5: 18
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

Q1: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
A1: Sixty-two percent
Q2: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
A2: Rev G. H. Nobbs
Q3: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
A3: a Methodist church
Q4: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? 
A4: one of Nobbs' sons
Q5: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
A5: 30
Brain (Natural sciences)

Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium. In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex. Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates.

Q1: What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?
A1: The cerebral cortex
Q2: The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?
A2: pallium
Q3: Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?
A3: neocortex or isocortex
Q4: The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?
A4: neocortex
Alps (Geography and places)

Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.

Q1: Who were trained for the war?
A1: Ski troops
Q2: Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?
A2: Italy
Q3: Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?
A3: Austria
Q4: Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?
A4: The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

Q1: What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?
A1: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering
Q2: Where was the bobsleigh invented?
A2: St. Moritz
Q3: When were the first ski championships held in Murren?
A3: 1931
Q4: Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?
A4: St. Moritz
Yale_University (History)

Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.

Q1: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?
A1: Harrison's group
Q2: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?
A2: Pickford's and Hutchinson's
Q3: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?
A3: departmental or institutional position or power
Q4: What did Hutchinson's group research?
A4: diverse areas of ecology
Q5: What information did Hutchinson's model provide?
A5: new models for research groups are needed
Roman_Republic (History)

Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as "torts," which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.

Q1: Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?
A1: over 25%
Q2: Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?
A2: slave markets
Q3: Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?
A3: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered
Q4: What branch of law did Rome lack?
A4: law enforcement
Q5: Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?
A5: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself
Slavs (History)

Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Q1: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?
A1: The alphabet
Q2: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
A2: The Orthodox
Q3: Who uses the Latin alphabet?
A3: the Roman Catholics
Q4: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?
A4: the Bosniaks
Q5: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?
A5: the Lacinka alphabet
Slavs (History)

Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

Q1: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?
A1: Slavic studies
Q2: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?
A2: As early as 1833
Q3: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?
A3: Slavic languages
Q4: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?
A4: Indo-European
Slavs (History)

Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

Q1: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?
A1: Slavs
Q2: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?
A2: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs
Q3: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?
A3: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age
Slavs (History)

Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

Q1: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?
A1: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.
Q2: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?
A2: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.
Q3: What was colonised by the East Slavs?
A3: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.
Q4: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?
A4: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities
Q5: Slavic mercenaries settled where?
A5: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.