LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Guam (Geography and places)

Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands.

Q1: Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?
A1: brown tree snake
Q2: What was accidentally introduced into Guam?
A2: brown tree snake
Q3: With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?
A3: nearly eliminated the native bird population
Q4: What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?
A4: has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.

Q1: What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers?
A1: Hindus
Q2: In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate?
A2: South
Q3: What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to?
A3: Malla
Q4: Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple?
A4: Adi Shankaracharya
Q5: What is another term for Bharatam?
A5: Unified India
Crimean_War (History)

Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.

Q1: When did the army march to the southeast?  
A1: 25 September
Q2: Where did the Russians retreat to? 
A2: into the city.
Q3: Who was the engineer adviser? 
A3: Sir John Burgoyne
Q4: Who were the joint commanders? 
A4: Raglan and St Arnaud
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.

Q1: What did Bell call his cord-free phone?
A1: photophone
Q2: Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?
A2: Charles Sumner Tainter
Q3: What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?
A3: light
Q4: What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?
A4: Volta Laboratory Association
Q5: In the photophone, light carried sound and what?
A5: normal human conversations
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.

Q1: How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?
A1: $100,000
Q2: Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?
A2: Western Union
Q3: What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?
A3: a toy
Q4: How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?
A4: $25 million
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration "most extraordinary". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.

Q1: In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?
A1: Philadelphia
Q2: What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?
A2: Emperor Pedro II
Q3: Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?
A3: Brazil
Q4: Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?
A4: Victoria
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.

Q1: What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?
A1: The photophone
Q2: Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?
A2: telephone
Q3: What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?
A3: fiber-optic communication
Q4: When was fiber-optics first patented?
A4: 1880
Q5: In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?
A5: 1980s
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.

Q1: What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?
A1: diabetes
Q2: On what day and month did Bell die?
A2: August 2
Q3: Who was the last person to see Bell alive?
A3: Mabel
Q4: In what Province did Bell die?
A4: Nova Scotia
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.

Q1: What did Bell create in 1881?
A1: metal detector
Q2: What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?
A2: bullet
Q3: What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?
A3: metal bed frame
Q4: On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?
A4: first
Q5: When did Bell's metal detector work well?
A5: in tests
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries." Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Q1: In what year did Bell officially become an American?
A1: 1882
Q2: What was Bell's original nationality?
A2: British
Q3: Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?
A3: Canada
Q4: What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?
A4: hyphenated
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy —Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.

Q1: What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?
A1: Aerial Experiment Association
Q2: When was the AEA founded?
A2: 1907
Q3: Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?
A3: Glenn H. Curtiss
Q4: Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?
A4: army
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race." By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.

Q1: What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?
A1: congenitally deaf parents
Q2: In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?
A2: Second International Congress of Eugenics
Q3: Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?
A3: David Starr
Q4: What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?
A4: livestock breeding
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media.

Q1: What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?
A1: Volta
Q2: What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?
A2: magnetic
Q3: The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?
A3: tape recorder
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":

Q1: What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?
A1: Beinn Bhreagh pine
Q2: What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?
A2: red
Q3: What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?
A3: black
Q4: Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?
A4: Jean MacDonald
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Q1: Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?
A1: Sarah Fuller
Q2: What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?
A2: the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf
Q3: What month did Bell go to Boston?
A3: April
Q4: Bell trained who in Boston?
A4: instructors
Q5: What city was the American Asylum in?
A5: Hartford
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]

Q1: What were his relatives known for working on?
A1: elocution and speech
Q2: What was interesting about his mother and wife?
A2: deaf
Q3: What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?
A3: 1876
Q4: In what country did Bell patent his telephone?
A4: U.S.
Q5: What did Bell never put in his study?
A5: telephone
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds that "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."

Q1: Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?
A1: Science
Q2: Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?
A2: Executive Mansion
Q3: What kind of mattress was the President directly on?
A3: horse-hair
Q4: Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?
A4: footnote
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.

Q1: What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?
A1: ice
Q2: What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?
A2: Methane gas
Q3: What kind of toilet did Bell work on?
A3: composting
Q4: Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?
A4: solar
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.

Q1: What number is Bell's patent?
A1: 174,465
Q2: On what date did Bell get his patent?
A2: March 7, 1876
Q3: Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?
A3: apparatus
Q4: On what day did Bell go back to Boston?
A4: March 7, 1876
Q5: Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?
A5: Gray
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees. He argues that regulators do not require that new drugs offer an improvement over what is already available, or even that they be particularly effective.

Q1: Who argued against regulators?
A1: Ben Goldacre
Q2: Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?
A2: Ben Goldacre
Q3: The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?
A3: regulator and company employees
Q4: Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?
A4: regulators
Miami (Geography and places)

Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though some underground parking garages exist. For this reason, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade.[citation needed]

Q1: Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?
A1: Hialeah
Q2: The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?
A2: Florida Bay
Q3: After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?
A3: 5 to 6
Q4: What is limited by Miami's high water table?
A4: underground construction
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt für den Militärischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.

Q1: What does NCAZ stand for?
A1: Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum
Q2: What does NCAZ take care of?
A2: national security aspects
Q3: When was NCAZ opened?
A3: June 16, 2011
Q4: Whan was NCAZ founded?
A4: February 23, 2011
Q5: What is the purpose of NCAZ?
A5: to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure
Bermuda (History)

Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships, defeating Guyana in the final. They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown. Rugby 7's is also played, with four rounds scheduled to take place in the 2011–2012 season. The Bermuda 7's team competed in the 2011 Las Vegas 7's, defeating the Mexican team. There are four clubs on the island: (1) Police (2) Mariners (3) Teachers (4) Renegades. There is a men's and women's competition–current league champions are Police (Men) (winning the title for the first time since the 1990s) and Renegades (women's). Games are currently played at Warwick Academy. Bermuda u/19 team won the 2010 Caribbean Championships.

Q1: Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships?
A1: The Bermuda Rugby Union team
Q2: How many clubs are on the island?
A2: There are four clubs on the island
Q3: Who are the reigning league champions?
A3: Police (Men)
Q4: Where are the Women's games played?
A4: Warwick Academy.
Q5: What did the Bermuda u/19 team win?
A5: 2010 Caribbean Championships