LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]

Q1: During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?
A1: 1827
Q2: What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?
A2: Krakowskie Przedmieście
Q3: What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?
A3: 1830
Q4: What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?
A4: a museum
Q5: Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?
A5: Ambroży Mieroszewski
Q6: What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?
A6: 1827
Q7: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
A7: 1830
Q8: What was the Chopin family's business?
A8: boarding house for male students
Q9: What artist painted the Chopin family?
A9: Ambroży Mieroszewski
Q10: Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?
A10: sister Emilia
Q11: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
A11: 1830
Q12: What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?
A12: Chopin Family Parlour
Q13: What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?
A13: Ambroży Mieroszewski
Q14: Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?
A14: male
Queen_Victoria (History)

In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.

Q1: In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?
A1: the centre of England
Q2: What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?
A2: Malvern Hills
Q3: What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?
A3: 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835
Q4: Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?
A4: William
Q5: Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?
A5: his rival
Q6: Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?
A6: the Duchess of Kent and Conroy
Q7: Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? 
A7: William
Q8: Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? 
A8: Ramsgate
Q9: Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? 
A9: Conroy
Q10: What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? 
A10: private secretary
Q11: Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?
A11: Conroy
Q12: How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?
A12: disliked
Q13: What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?
A13: enthusiastically welcomed in each
Q14: Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?
A14: concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival
Q15: When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?
A15: banned him from her presence
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

Q1: What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?
A1: 1832
Q2: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?
A2: federal soldiers
Q3: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?
A3: five United States Coast Guard cutters
Q4: The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?
A4: the Charleston incident
Q5: A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?
A5: in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

Q1: Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?
A1: Marie d'Agoult
Q2: What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?
A2: My tragedy
Q3: Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?
A3: Grzymała
Q4: What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?
A4: George Sand
Q5: What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?
A5: his poor health
Q6: What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?
A6: My tragedy
Q7: Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?
A7: Marie d'Agoult
Q8: What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?
A8: 1837
Q9: What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?
A9: My tragedy
Q10: Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?
A10: Grzymała
Hanover (History)

In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover. After the annexation, the people of Hanover generally opposed the Prussian government.

Q1: What ended in the year 1837?
A1: the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover
Q2: What was the name of William IV's heir?
A2: Queen Victoria
Q3: Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?
A3: Ernest Augustus
Q4: What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?
A4: annexed by Prussia
Q5: In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?
A5: Battle of Langensalza
Crimean_War (History)

In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Q1: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
A1: Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Q2: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
A2: Egyptians
Q3: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
A3: 1839
Q4: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? 
A4: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia
Q5: In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
A5: 1840
East_India_Company (History)

In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.

Q1: in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?
A1: death penalty
Q2: in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?
A2: 1,400 tons
Q3: what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?
A3: Special Imperial Commissioner
Q4: when did the first Opium war start?
A4: 1839
Q5: Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?
A5: France
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

Q1: In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?
A1: 1838
Q2: From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?
A2: Pyrimont Seysell
Q3: What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? 
A3: British asphalt industry
Q4: In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?
A4: Whitehall
Q5: By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?
A5: two
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

Q1: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
A1: 1838
Q2: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
A2: pools and baths
Q3: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
A3: damp proofing
Q4: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
A4: 1840s and 50s
Q5: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
A5: patents
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

Q1: What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
A1: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria
Q2: Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?
A2: Mariano Spada
Q3: What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
A3: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867
Q4: Who gave the teacher the new job ?
A4: Pope Pius IX
Q5: What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?
A5: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.
Queen_Victoria (History)

In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.

Q1: What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?
A1: to form a new ministry
Q2: In what year did Melbourne resign?
A2: 1839
Q3: Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?
A3: Tory
Q4: What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?
A4: bedchamber crisis
Q5: What year did Melbourne resign?
A5: 1839
Q6: Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?
A6: Radicals and Tories
Q7: Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?
A7: Sir Robert Peel
Q8: Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
A8: Melbourne
Q9: The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?
A9: the bedchamber crisis
Q10: Who resigned their position in 1839? 
A10: Melbourne
Q11: Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?
A11: The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.
Q12: What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? 
A12: Sir Robert Peel
Q13: After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? 
A13: resigned his commission
Q14: Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? 
A14: Melbourne
Q15: What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?
A15: voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica
Q16: Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?
A16: plantation owners
Q17: Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?
A17: wives of Tories
Q18: Why did Peel resign his comission?
A18: Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen
Q19: Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
A19: Melbourne
Napoleon (History)

In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

Q1: In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
A1: 1840
Q2:  On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
A2: 15 December 1840
Q3: At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
A3: the Arc de Triomphe
Q4:  In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
A4: St Jérôme's Chapel
Q5: In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
A5: 1861
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.

Q1: In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?
A1: a provisioning station
Q2: What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?
A2: British West Africa Squadron
Q3: What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?
A3: Brazil
Q4: How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?
A4: 500
Q5: How many slaves were freed from the island?
A5: many thousands
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

Q1: Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?
A1: British
Q2: Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?
A2: over 15,000
Q3: What were the freed slaves known as?
A3: Liberated Africans
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace." Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm." He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity." The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.

Q1: What was Chopin's style based upon?
A1: independent finger technique
Q2: Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?
A2: Léon Escudier
Q3: What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?
A3: his Projet de méthode
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus.

Q1: In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?
A1: 1842
Q2: Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?
A2: Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière
Q3: Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?
A3: the Congregation of the Holy Cross
Q4: On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?
A4: November 26, 1842
Q5: Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?
A5: Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel