LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.

Q1: What is the color of U4+?
A1: green
Q2: What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?
A2: uranium(VI)
Q3: Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?
A3: uranyl carbonate
Q4: What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?
A4: uranyl acetate
Space_Race (History)

Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations.

Q1: The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?
A1: October 11
Q2: How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?
A2: 175 days
Q3: Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?
A3: rocket failure
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'.

Q1: Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?
A1: idea
Q2: What is the term for tranquility?
A2: jhāna
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Samba Schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In Rio Carnival, samba schoolsparade in the Sambadrome ("sambódromo" in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nilópolis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and recently, Unidos da Tijuca and GRES União da Ilha do Governador. Local tourists pay $500–950, depending on the costume, to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade. Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 blocos operate in Rio. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called "street carnival bands", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical back-ground. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.

Q1: How many members do Samba Schools have?
A1: thousands
Q2: How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?
A2: $500–950
Q3: What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?
A3: Blocos
Q4: About how many Samba schools are in Rio?
A4: 30
Q5: How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?
A5: 1 billion
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.

Q1: How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?
A1: three
Q2: Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? 
A2: Sattva
Q3: Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?
A3: Rajas
Q4: What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?
A4: Tamas
Q5: What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?
A5: atheist / non-theistic
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi (awareness, intellect) and ahankara (individualized ego consciousness, “I-maker”). The universe is described by this school as one created by Purusa-Prakriti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.

Q1: Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?
A1: Samkhya
Q2: How does Samkhya view the universe?
A2: two realities
Q3: What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?
A3: Puruṣa
Q4: What is the Samkhya school word for matter?
A4: prakriti
Q5: What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?
A5: buddhi
Samoa (Geography and places)

Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bahá'í convert. Samoa hosts one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.

Q1: What's the most popular church in Samoa?
A1: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa
Q2: What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?
A2: 7.6%
Q3: Where is the Bahá'í place of worship located in Samoa?
A3: Tiapapata
Q4: What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bahá'í House of Worship?
A4: His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II
Q5: What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?
A5: Roman Catholic
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The "All-India Sanskrit Festival" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits.

Q1: What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?
A1: Samskrita Bharati
Q2: What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?
A2: composition contests
Q3: How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?
A3: 49,736
Q4: Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?
A4: Mattur village
Q5: Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?
A5: king Krishnadevaraya
Mandolin (Music)

Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."

Q1: Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?
A1: Samuel Adelstein
Q2: How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?
A2: 4
Q3: What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?
A3: C, D, A, E, B, G.
Q4: How many frets did the Lombardi have?
A4: 20 frets
Q5: How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?
A5: three octaves
Samurai (Language and literature)

Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.

Q1: What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?
A1: Samurai
Q2: Who started Mitsubishi?
A2: Iwasaki Yatarō
Q3: What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?
A3: great-grandson of a samurai
Q4: What kind of schools did samurai start?
A4: private schools for higher educations
Q5: Who did samurai write for?
A5: newspaper companies
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list among counties in the United States. Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species, more than any other region in the country. San Diego always scores very high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count, sponsored by the Audubon Society, and it is known as one of the "birdiest" areas in the United States.

Q1: How many bird species have been observed in San Diego?
A1: 492
Q2: What birding event does the Audubon Society host every year?
A2: Christmas Bird Count
Q3: What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Diego?
A3: highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list
Q4: What flyway contributes to the diverse bird population in San Diego County?
A4: Pacific Flyway
Q5: What word describes San Diego County due to the many birds residing there?
A5: birdiest
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego and its backcountry are subject to periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire, which has been called the largest wildfire in California over the past century. The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes. In addition to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye irritation, and smoke inhalation; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week. Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within the communities of Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Santa Fe, and Ramona.

Q1: When did California's largest wildfire of the century take place?
A1: October 2003
Q2: How many acres were burned in the historic Cedar Fire of 2003?
A2: 280,000 acres (1,100 km2)
Q3: Why did San Diego schools close during the Cedar Fire?
A3: poor air quality
Q4: How many years after the Cedar Fire did additional fires destroy Rancho Santa Fe?
A4: four years later
Q5: How many homes were destroyed in the Cedar Fire?
A5: more than 2,200
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego. Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia, LG Electronics, Kyocera International., Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless. The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc. San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET. San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences.

Q1: Why is San Diego known as an iHub Innovation Center?
A1: for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences
Q2: What cellular  company is one of the city's largest private-sector employers?
A2: Qualcomm
Q3: What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network?
A3: Cricket Communications
Q4: What is San Diego's largest software company?
A4: Websense Inc
Q5: What sector does ESET fall under?
A5: security
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego is one of the top-ten best climates in the Farmers' Almanac and is one of the two best summer climates in America as scored by The Weather Channel. Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate (BSh in the original classification and BSkn in modified Köppen classification) or a Mediterranean climate (Csa and Csb). San Diego's climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March. The city has a mild climate year-round, with an average of 201 days above 70 °F (21 °C) and low rainfall (9–13 inches [230–330 mm] annually). Dewpoints in the summer months range from 57.0 °F (13.9 °C) to 62.4 °F (16.9 °C).

Q1: When does San Diego receive most of its precipitation?
A1: between December and March
Q2: How many days of the year does San Diego typically experience temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit ?
A2: 201 days
Q3: What ranked San Diego as having the country's best summer climate?
A3: Weather Channel
Q4: What type of climate is San Diego classified as having?
A4: semi-arid climate
Q5: What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Diego in the winter?
A5: mild
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system, by the SDMTS bus system, and by Coaster and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner commuter rail; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line. The Trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east county, and coastal south bay. A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley will operate from Old Town to University City and the University of California, San Diego along the I-5 Freeway, with planned operation by 2018. The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown. San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing "511" from any phone in the area.

Q1: What areas of San Diego are primarily served by the trolley?
A1: downtown and surrounding urban communities
Q2: What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018?
A2: A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley
Q3: How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego?
A3: two
Q4: What number can you dial from any phone for public transportation information in San Diego?
A4: 511
Q5: Where do the Amtrak and Coaster trains primarily run?
A5: along the coastline
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego was ranked as the 20th-safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider. According to Forbes magazine, San Diego was the ninth-safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the U.S. in 2010. Like most major cities, San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000. Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s. In 2004, San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents. From 2002 to 2006, the crime rate overall dropped 0.8%, though not evenly by category. While violent crime decreased 12.4% during this period, property crime increased 1.1%. Total property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008.

Q1: What happened to the crime rate in San Diego between 1990 and 2000?
A1: San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000
Q2: What did Business Insider call San Diego in 2013?
A2: 20th-safest city in America
Q3: In what place did Forbes rank San Diego on it's top 10 list?
A3: ninth
Q4: What percentage did the crime rate in San Diego drop from 2002 to 2006?
A4: 0.8%
Q5: What type of crime increased between 2002 and 2006?
A5: property crime
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate.

Q1: Which television station began broadcasting  on May 16, 1949?
A1: KFMB
Q2: What is San Diego's cable penetration rate?
A2: 80.6 percent
Q3: Why was San Diego eligible for two VHF channels?
A3: because of its relative proximity to the larger city
Q4: In what year did UHF channels beging being licensed by the FCC?
A4: 1952
Q5: What independent station is in San Diego?
A5: KUSI 51
San_Diego (Geography and places)

San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of routes for travel by bicycle. The dry and mild climate of San Diego makes cycling a convenient and pleasant year-round option. At the same time, the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain and significantly long average trip distances—brought about by strict low-density zoning laws—somewhat restrict cycling for utilitarian purposes. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be utility cycling oriented. This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core, where suburban style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, a vast majority of cycling-related activities are recreational. Testament to San Diego's cycling efforts, in 2006, San Diego was rated as the best city for cycling for U.S. cities with a population over 1 million.

Q1: In what year was San Diego rated as the country's best densely populated city for cycling?
A1: 2006
Q2: Why are older neighborhoods in San Diego popular with cyclists?
A2: the grid street patterns
Q3: What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike?
A3: dry and mild climate
Q4: Why are average trip distances so lengthy in San Diego?
A4: the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies. On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader, Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament.

Q1: How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma?
A1: Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts
Q2: What was the result for internationals companies attempting to conduct business in Burma ? 
A2: the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies
Q3: Who called for the sanctions in Burma to be given reprieve ?
A3: British Prime Minister David Cameron
Q4: What did Aung San Suu Kyi become a part of in Burma ?
A4: the Burmese parliament
Black_people (Language and literature)

Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Q1: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
A1: Sandra Laing
Q2: What year was the movie "Skin" made?
A2: 2008
Q3: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
A3: age 10
Q4: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? 
A4: South African
Q5: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
A5: three