LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Q1: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?
A1: $250,000
Q2: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
A2: Alexandre Dumas
Q3: Who first established the Volta Prize?
A3: Napoleon Bonaparte
Q4: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
A4: wax
Q5: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
A5: Volta Bureau
Raleigh,_North_Carolina (Geography and places)

In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.

Q1: What year did the News and the Observer merge?
A1: 1880
Q2: What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?
A2: The News & Observer
Q3: What was North Carolina State called before?
A3: The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,
Q4: What year was the college founded?
A4: 1887
Q5: When did Merideth College open?
A5: 1891
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.

Q1: What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?
A1: an early wind tunnel
Q2: In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?
A2: 1882
Q3: Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?
A3: Professor Jerome Green
Q4: In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?
A4: Around 1899
Q5: Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?
A5: Father Julius Nieuwland
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mother was in the back of the store when the sale was made, and loved the name, and so salt water taffy was born.

Q1: In what year was salt water taffy conceived?
A1: 1883
Q2: Who was the creator of salt water taffy?
A2: David Bradley
Q3: What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?
A3: Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm
Q4: Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?
A4: a girl
Q5: Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?
A5: Atlantic Ocean
Qing_dynasty (History)

In 1884, pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation. The Treaty of Shimonoseki recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan. The terms might have been harsher, but when Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang, an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them. The original agreement stipulated the cession of Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, but Russia, with its own designs on the territory, along with Germany and France, in what was known as the Triple Intervention, successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula.

Q1: What coup happened in 1884?
A1: Gapsin Coup
Q2: Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?
A2: pro-Japanese Koreans
Q3: What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?
A3: Tensions
Q4: Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?
A4: Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang
Q5: When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?
A5: 1895
Nigeria (History)

In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.

Q1: Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?
A1: the Berlin Conference
Q2: What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?
A2: Royal Niger Company
Q3: When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?
A3: 1900
Q4: When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?
A4: 1 January 1901
Q5: Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?
A5: Benin
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

Q1: What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?
A1: small air gap
Q2: Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?
A2: Frank Julian Sprague
Q3: What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?
A3: electric trolley system
Q4: What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?
A4: South Side Elevated Railway
Q5: Who did Sprague work for early in his career?
A5: Thomas Edison
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned €435.5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015.

Q1: What was the original name of the Arsenal team?
A1: Dial Square
Q2: When was Arsenal originally formed?
A2: 1886
Q3: When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?
A3: 1913
Q4: In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?
A4: 2006
Q5: How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?
A5: $1.3 billion
Queen_Victoria (History)

In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.

Q1: How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?
A1: 50
Q2: What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?
A2: fiftieth anniversary
Q3: Who accused Karim of spying?
A3: Her family and retainers
Q4: What was Munshi lying about?
A4: his parentage
Q5: What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?
A5: 1887
Q6: What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?
A6: Abdul Karim
Q7: Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?
A7: Sir Henry
Q8: Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?
A8: Equerry Frederick Ponsonby
Q9: Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?
A9: Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India
Q10: When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? 
A10: 1887
Q11: What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? 
A11: Hindustani
Q12: Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? 
A12: Muslim Patriotic League
Q13: Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? 
A13: Equerry Frederick Ponsonby
Q14: What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? 
A14: 20 June
Q15: When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?
A15: 1887
Q16: What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?
A16: the fiftieth anniversary of her accession
Q17: Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?
A17: Abdul Karim
Q18: Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?
A18: spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus
Q19: How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?
A19: until he returned to India with a pension on her death
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

Q1: When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?
A1: 1888
Q2: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?
A2: 1911
Q3: What was the longest line in the world during its time?
A3: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway
Q4: Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?
A4: the British
Q5: In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?
A5: police and public works departments
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

Q1: What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?
A1: Robert Louis Stevenson
Q2: When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?
A2: 1890
Q3: What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?
A3: trading steamer
Q4: Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?
A4: Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson
Q5: What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?
A5: The Cruise of the Janet Nichol
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (Nanumea); Jack Buckland (Niutao); Harry Nitz (Vaitupu); John (also known as Jack) O'Brien (Funafuti); Alfred Restieaux and Emile Fenisot (Nukufetau); and Martin Kleis (Nui). During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader.

Q1: What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?
A1: Captain Davis
Q2: What was the name of Davis's ship?
A2: HMS Royalist
Q3: What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?
A3: agents
Q4: How many traders did some islands have?
A4: competing
Q5: What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders? 
A5: dryer
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

Q1: What element can be found in thyroid glands?
A1: iodine
Q2: What group of natives suffered from beriberi?
A2: Java
Q3: Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?
A3: Christiaan Eijkman
Q4: What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?
A4: unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact
Q5: How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?
A5: two decades
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.

Q1: Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?
A1: Patrick and Gilbert
Q2: Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?
A2: J.S. Szymanski
Q3: What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?
A3: bees
Q4: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?
A4: "period"
Q5: What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?
A5: circadian clock
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912.

Q1: What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?
A1: Frank Shuman
Q2: In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?
A2: 1908
Q3: Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?
A3: 1912
Q4: Who is Frank Shuman?
A4: a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer
Q5: In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?
A5: 1897
Q6: What was the solar engine used to power?
A6: steam engine
Q7: In what year was the Sun Power Company established?
A7: 1908
Q8: In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?
A8: 1912
Queen_Victoria (History)

In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.

Q1: Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?
A1: Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Q2: What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?
A2: wedding veil
Q3: What color was her dress?
A3: white
Q4: Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?
A4: Albert's
Q5: What year did Queen Victoria die?
A5: 1897
Q6: What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?
A6: a white dress and her wedding veil
Q7: A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?
A7: his hand
Q8: What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?
A8: a lock of John Brown's hair
Q9: Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?
A9: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Q10: What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? 
A10: She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil
Q11: Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? 
A11: John Brown
Q12: When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? 
A12: 1883
Q13: When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? 
A13: Saturday, 2 February
Q14: Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? 
A14: Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park
Q15: Where was Victoria laid to rest?
A15: Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park
Q16: When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?
A16: 2 February
Q17: What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?
A17: a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him
Q18: How was Victoria dressed for burial?
A18: a white dress and her wedding veil
Q19: Who placed Victoria into her coffin?
A19: Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Q1: What color silk covered Bell's kites?
A1: maroon
Q2: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?
A2: Selfridge
Q3: Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?
A3: 1912
Q4: How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?
A4: 3
Q5: Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?
A5: Alexander Graham Bell