LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931. According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially "fascinated the academic world" and appeared to offer a less "facile and superficial" understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.

Q1: Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?
A1: London School of Economics
Q2: In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?
A2: narrow approach
Q3: Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?
A3: Alfred Marshall
Q4: Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?
A4: Lionel Robbins
Q5: What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?
A5: less "facile and superficial" understanding
Thuringia (History)

In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet. In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party. He also ensured that whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, he used his power to ensure that a Nazi was given that post.

Q1: When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?
A1: 1930
Q2: Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?
A2: Wilhelm Frick
Q3: How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?
A3: six delegates
Q4: Who did Frick remove from the police force?
A4: anyone he suspected of being a republican
Q5: Who did Frick replace republican police with?
A5: men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.

Q1: An infinite sea of particles with negative energy  was a model propesed by whom?
A1: Paul Dirac
Q2: What year was the Dirac sea modeled?
A2: 1930
Q3: When werer virtual particles confirmed?
A3: late 20th century
Q4: What year was the uncertainty principle formed?
A4: 1927,
Q5: What theorized that time and energy can be measured?
A5: Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Gramophone_record (Music)

In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications. When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records, however, the much higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players, made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time. During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm V-Discs for use by the troops overseas. After the war, the wider use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with relatively lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of sapphire or an exotic osmium alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering special transparent red vinyl De Luxe pressings of some classical 78s, at a de luxe price. Later, Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite, Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce "unbreakable" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.

Q1: What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?
A1: vinyl-based Victrolac compound
Q2: What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?
A2: children's records
Q3: What year was the Victrolac compound released?
A3: 1931
Q4: What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?
A4: light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise
Q5: What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?
A5: higher cost
Gramophone_record (Music)

In 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as program-transcription discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1⁄3 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. RCA Victor's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, reliable consumer playback equipment and consumer wariness during the Great Depression. Because of financial hardships that plagued the recording industry during that period (and RCA's own parched revenues), Victor's long-playing records were discontinued by early 1933.

Q1: What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?
A1: ten minutes playing time per side
Q2: How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?
A2: commercial failure
Q3: When did RCA Victor release long play discs?
A3: 1931
Q4: Who released the first commercial long play discs?
A4: RCA Victor
Q5: By when were long play records discontinued?
A5: early 1933
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs.

Q1: What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?
A1: private investment in the public markets
Q2: What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?
A2: Lionel Robbins
Q3: Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?
A3: Churchill
Q4: With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?
A4: John Maynard Keynes
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe.

Q1: What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?
A1: Herbert Chapman
Q2: What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?
A2: pillar box red
Q3: What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?
A3: white sleeves
Q4: For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?
A4: red and white
Q5: What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?
A5: first season
Freemasonry (Unknown)

In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

Q1: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?
A1: cannot partake of the Eucharist
Q2: What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?
A2: cannot be at all compatible with Christianity
Q3: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?
A3: constitutes an act of apostasy
Q4: When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?
A4: 1933
Q5: Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?
A5: Roman Catholic and Protestant
Q6: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?
A6: 1933
Q7: Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?
A7: Christianity
Q8: Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?
A8: the Eucharist
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

In 1933, von Neumann was offered a lifetime professorship on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study when the institute's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he announced that shortly before his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed John to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname of von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to "Neumann" and "Vonneumann". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily, but was ultimately rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis is often quoted. Asked about how France would stand up to Germany he said "Oh, France won't matter."

Q1: In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? 
A1: 1933
Q2: In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?
A2: 1939
Q3: In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?
A3: 1937
Q4: Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?
A4: age
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković and Boris Kidrič. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent "Comrade Walter" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorkić, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY.

Q1: When was Tito sent to Vienna?
A1: 1934
Q2: Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?
A2: Milan Gorkić
Q3: Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?
A3: Moscow
Q4: Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered?
A4: Tito
Q5: Who is known as "Comrade Walter"?
A5: Tito
Iran (Geography and places)

In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

Q1: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?
A1: 1935
Q2: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?
A2: New York Times
Q3: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
A3: Professor Ehsan Yarshater
Q4: Which name is officially used politically?
A4: Iran
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.

Q1: In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?
A1: First
Q2: What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
A2: commemorative stamp
Q3: Bell's stamp is part of which line?
A3: Famous Americans Series
Q4: On what date was the stamp officially released?
A4: October 28
Q5: In which city was the stamp officially released?
A5: Boston
The_Blitz (History)

In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. However, it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations (direct or indirect) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek. These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers. The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army, or because it was led by ex-army personnel. It was instead a mission that suited the Luftwaffe's existing approach to warfare; a culture of joint inter-service operations, rather than independent strategic air campaigns.

Q1: How did Wever die?
A1: air crash
Q2: What year did Wever die?
A2: 1936
Q3: Who took over for Wever after his death?
A3: Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
Q4: What two men were the most important in ground support?
A4: Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek
Q5: What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?
A5: German air services
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In 1936, when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow, he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later erased.

Q1: Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia?
A1: Moscow
Q2: When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux?
A2: 1936
Q3: What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936?
A3: Lucia Bauer
Q4: When did Tito marry Lucia Bauer?
A4: 1936
Q5: Tito's marriage to what person was later erased in records?
A5: Lucia Bauer
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.

Q1: What drug killed 100 people in 1937?
A1: Elixir Sulfanilamide
Q2: Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?
A2: S.E. Massengill Company
Q3: What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
A3: 1938
Q4: What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?
A4: antifreeze
Q5: What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?
A5: explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims
Q6: What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?
A6: Elixir Sulfanilamide
Q7: What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? 
A7: S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee
Q8: Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?
A8: antifreeze
Q9: What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?
A9: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Q10: The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid?
A10: ethanol
IBM (History)

In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort (M1 Carbine, and Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials. In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).

Q1: What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?
A1: Dehomag
Q2: Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?
A2: 26 million
Q3: What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?
A3: translation services
Q4: What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?
A4: 1947
Q5: What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?
A5: Saudi Business Machines
Bermuda (History)

In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s–1970s. By the end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy (see Economy of Bermuda).

Q1: What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?
A1: flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda
Q2: What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?
A2: regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes
Q3: What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?
A3: international business
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

Q1: What was Nasser's goal?
A1: a military career
Q2: Where did Nasser apply in 1937?
A2: Royal Military Academy
Q3: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?
A3: record of anti-government protest
Q4: Where did Nasser attend law school?
A4: King Fuad University
Q5: How long did Nasser attend law school?
A5: one semester
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

Q1: Where did Popper move in 1937?
A1: New Zealand
Q2: Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
A2: Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand
Q3: Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?
A3: John Carew Eccles
Q4: What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?
A4: logic and scientific method
Q5: Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?
A5: Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft