LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Samoa (Geography and places)

Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.

Q1: What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?
A1: Manu Samoa
Q2: The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?
A2: 1991
Q3: What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?
A3: Samoa Rugby Football Union
Q4: What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?
A4: England
Q5: In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?
A5: 1999
Rule_of_law (History)

Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

Q1: In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?
A1: autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy
Q2: According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?
A2: every citizen
Q3: What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?
A3: nomocracy
Q4: What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?
A4: decay
Q5: For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?
A5: neglect or ignorance of the law
Presbyterianism (History)

Ruling elders are usually laymen (and laywomen in some denominations) who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for nurture and leadership of the congregation. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations). This group may variously be known as a "Deacon Board", "Board of Deacons" "Diaconate", or "Deacons' Court". These are sometimes known as "presbyters" to the full congregation.

Q1: Who elects the ruling elders?
A1: the congregation
Q2: In very large congregations, what do the elders delegate?
A2: practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry
Q3: There's a group of officers in the congregation, what other names are they also known by?
A3: deacons
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Rumors began swirling with regards to bringing the AFL back to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Both cities have hosted franchises in the past (Austin Wranglers, San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons), but an AFL spokesman, BJ Pickard, was quoted as saying, "News to me." Announcements have yet to be made on any sort of expansion plans. An expected "big announcement" on Friday, October 30 at a San Antonio Spurs game never came to fruition.

Q1: What day of the week was October 30, 2015?
A1: Friday
Q2: At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?
A2: San Antonio Spurs
Q3: Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?
A3: BJ Pickard
Q4: What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin?
A4: Austin Wranglers
Q5: Along with the San Antonio Talons, what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time?
A5: San Antonio Force
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the "mother of Rus' cities." Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Q1: When did Ruik past away?
A1: 879
Q2: When Rurik past away, who took over?
A2: Prince Oleg
Q3: Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis'?
A3: Prince Oleg
Q4: What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?
A4: 883
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor." Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.

Q1: When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?
A1: 1909
Q2: What did Russell combine at the headquarters?
A2: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship
Q3: What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?
A3: Bethel
Q4: How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?
A4: about 50,000 people
Q5: When did Russell die?
A5: October 31, 1916
Queen_Victoria (History)

Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.

Q1: What political party was Russells ministry?
A1: Whig
Q2: What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?
A2: Lord Palmerston
Q3: To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?
A3: Russell
Q4: What year was Palmerston removed from office?
A4: 1851
Q5: What was president Bonapartes name changed to?
A5: Emperor Napoleon III
Q6: What position did Lord Palmerston hold?
A6: Foreign Secretary
Q7: What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?
A7: he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister
Q8: President Bonaparte was declared what in France? 
A8: Emperor Napoleon III
Q9: Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister? 
A9: Lord Derby
Q10: What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton? 
A10: Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge
Q11: Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?
A11: Lord Palmerston
Q12: To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?
A12: Whig
Q13: What replaced Russell's administration?
A13: a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby
Q14: What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?
A14: declared Emperor Napoleon III
Q15: Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup? 
A15: Prime Minister
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.

Q1: When did Russia experience territorial growth?
A1: the 17th century
Q2: The 17th century is also known as?
A2: age of Cossacks.
Q3: Who are Cossacks?
A3: warriors organized into military communities
Q4: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
A4: peasants of Ukraine
Q5: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
A5: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania
Crimean_War (History)

Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.

Q1: What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?
A1: British Columbia
Q2: What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?
A2: British Columbia
Q3: Who made the call to sell Alaska?
A3: Alexander II
Q4: Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?
A4: the United States
Q5: Who is Russia's largest regional rival?
A5: the United Kingdom
Crimean_War (History)

Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.

Q1: Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?
A1: Russia
Q2: Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?
A2: Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's
Q3: Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?
A3: Nicholas
Crimean_War (History)

Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the "police of Europe", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire — the "sick man of Europe". The United Kingdom could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, as that would challenge the British domination of the eastern Mediterranean.

Q1: Who operated as the "police of Europe"?
A1: Russia
Q2: What treaty was signing in 1815?
A2: Treaty of Vienna
Q3: In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?
A3: 1848
Q4: Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?
A4: Austria
Q5: In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?
A5: Ottoman Empire
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Russian (ру́сский язы́к, russkiy yazyk, pronounced [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] ( listen)) is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely-spoken language in Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, and to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the Soviet Union and former participants of the Eastern Bloc. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the three living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards.

Q1: What language sub-family is Russian in?
A1: East Slavic
Q2: Where is Russian an official language?
A2: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories
Q3: Where is Russian popular but not an official language?
A3: Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia
Q4: How many living East Slavic languages are there?
A4: three
Q5: When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic?
A5: 10th century
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

Q1: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?
A1: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era
Q2: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?
A2: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan
Q3: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?
A3: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
Q4: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?
A4: gaining access to a supply of cotton
Q5: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?
A5: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.

Q1: Who was stationed along the boarder?
A1: Russian border troops
Q2: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?
A2: at the Dushanbe Airport
Q3: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
A3: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
Q4: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
A4: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (знак ударения, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example замо́к (zamok, meaning a lock) and за́мок (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names.

Q1: What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?
A1: consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation
Q2: What kind of accent can mark stress?
A2: optional acute accent
Q3: What kind of words can acute accents distinguish?
A3: homographic words
Q4: What word means both lock and castle, depending on its accent?
A4: zamok
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures, e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, as well as because of later interaction in the 19th–20th centuries, although Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian".

Q1: What language does Russian descend from?
A1: the language used in Kievan Rus'
Q2: What are Russian's closest relatives?
A2: Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn
Q3: Where is Surzhyk used?
A3: eastern Ukraine
Q4: Where is Trasianka used?
A4: Belarus
Q5: What was 'Little Russian'?
A5: Ukrainian
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.

Q1: What might /kʲ/ be considered?
A1: a phoneme
Q2: What is palatalization?
A2: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant
Q3: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?
A3: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975.

Q1: For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?
A1: Apollo-Soyuz
Q2: When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?
A2: 1975
Q3: What are Russian astronauts called?
A3: cosmonauts
Q4: What math competition has Russian as an official language?
A4: International Mathematical Olympiad
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.

Q1: What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?
A1: a director
Q2: What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?
A2: preaching activity
Q3: Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?
A3: Cedar Point, Ohio
Q4: What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?
A4: house-to-house preaching
Q5: How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?
A5: twenty-five years
Bern (Geography and places)

SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena. The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade. The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.

Q1: What is the major hockey league team of Bern?
A1: SC Bern
Q2: Where do they play?
A2: PostFinance Arena
Q3: What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern?
A3: 2009