LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Q1: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
A1: What Do You Care What Other People Think?
Q2: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
A2: sober narrative
Q3: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
A3: NASA
Q4: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?
A4: 1 in 200
Q5: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
A5: Christa McAuliffe
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

Q1: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?
A1: string theory and M-theory
Q2: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?
A2: tubes
Q3: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?
A3: they don't check their ideas
Q4: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?
A4: 'Well, it still might be true.'"
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Q1: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
A1: ants and Martians
Q2: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
A2: Mathematics
Q3: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
A3: parallel computing
Q4: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
A4: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Q5: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
A5: Don Quixote
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

Q1: Which nickname did Feynman receive?
A1: Great Explainer
Q2: Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?
A2: fully understood
Q3: In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?
A3: antiparticles
Q4: Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?
A4: light cone
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Q1: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
A1: Brazilian Center for Physics Research
Q2: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
A2: Tuva
Q3: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
A3: The day after he died
Q4: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
A4: Feynman's daughter Michelle
Q5: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
A5: Genghis Blues
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

Q1: What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?
A1: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
Q2: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?
A2: The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Q3: What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?
A3: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!
Q4: What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?
A4: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
Q5: Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___
A5: lectures
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.

Q1: Which society was Feynman elected to?
A1: Royal Society
Q2: After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?
A2: The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Q3: Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?
A3: connections to drugs and rock and roll
Q4: In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?
A4: drums
Q5: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?
A5: The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided. He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which later proved not to be feasible.

Q1: What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?
A1: nuclear reactor
Q2: Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?
A2: Oak Ridge facility
Q3: What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?
A3: safety procedures
Q4: Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?
A4: uranium hydride bomb
Q5: Where did Feynman work on the "Wateer Boiler"?
A5: Los Alamos
Samoa (Geography and places)

Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

Q1: What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?
A1: Prime Minister
Q2: What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?
A2: life
Q3: What year did the first of the two heads of state die?
A3: 1963
Q4: Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?
A4: Malietoa Tanumafili II
Q5: Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?
A5: constitutional monarchy
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple’s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy "started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together," the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child "from the start and continued to provide support." KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.

Q1: Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?
A1: 20
Q2: What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?
A2: Joseph
Q3: Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?
A3: 2010
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong), or "VC", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war.

Q1: What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?
A1: RVN
Q2: What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?
A2: NVA
Q3: By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?
A3: Viet Cong
Q4: The VC operated in what geographic area?
A4: South Vietnam
Q5: The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?
A5: Soviet Union and China
Eton_College (History)

Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College.

Q1: How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?
A1: nine
Q2: Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?
A2: Wellington College
Q3: Who described outreach events at Eton as "unfair and indefensible?"
A3: Labour MP David Lammy
Q4: In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?
A4: 37
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed point” m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:

Q1: What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?
A1: the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve
Q2: How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?
A2: five
Q3: What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?
A3: a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film
Q4: What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?
A4: The exposure Hm, in lux-s
Q5: What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?
A5: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, by addition, using the APEX system, in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure; this increment is commonly known as a "stop". The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter, the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area. Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2. Therefore, each f-number factor of the square root of two (approximately 1.4) is also a stop, so lenses are typically marked in that progression: f/1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc.

Q1: What is the effective f-number proportional to?
A1: the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter
Q2: What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?
A2: Film speed
Q3: What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?
A3: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)
Q4: A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?
A4: twice as much
Q5: In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?
A5: "stop"
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around Sölden—including the Ötztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station—and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.

Q1: When did Spectre begin production in Austria?
A1: December 2014
Q2: When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?
A2: February 2015
Q3: What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?
A3: Ice Q Restaurant
Q4: What part of his body did Craig injure?
A4: knee
Q5: What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?
A5: Ice Q Restaurant
Q6: Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?
A6: Austrian Alps.
Q7: Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?
A7: Rettenbach glacier
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.

Q1: What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?
A1: Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum
Q2: Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?
A2: Williams
Q3: For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?
A3: Jaguar
Q4: How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?
A4: four
Q5: Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?
A5: Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire
Q6: What bridge in Rome was a filming location?
A6: the Ponte Sisto bridge
Q7: What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?
A7: Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
Q8: Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.
A8: Williams
Q9: What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?
A9: Jaguar.
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells, and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens. Pili (sing. pilus) are cellular appendages, slightly larger than fimbriae, that can transfer genetic material between bacterial cells in a process called conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or "sex pili" (see bacterial genetics, below). They can also generate movement where they are called type IV pili (see movement, below).

Q1: What are fimbriae?
A1: fine filaments of protein
Q2: What is the diameter of fimbriae?
A2: 2–10 nanometres
Q3: What are fimbriae liable for?
A3: involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells
Q4: What are pili?
A4: cellular appendages
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.

Q1: What is Germany's constitution called?
A1: the Grundgesetz
Q2: What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?
A2: Bundesverfassungsgericht
Q3: The english translation of this court and its duties is what?
A3: Federal Constitutional Court
Q4: What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?
A4: the power and authority to outlaw political parties
Q5: Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?
A5: it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution