LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.

Q1: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?
A1: General Sir Nicholas Houghton
Q2: Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?
A2: Chief of the Defence Staff
Q3: The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?
A3: HM Armed Forces
Q4: Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?
A4: the Commander
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

The current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it, but actual charges—electrons—cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V(t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:

Q1: What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?
A1: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it
Q2: For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?
A2: one electron accumulates on the negative plate
Q3: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?
A3: the integral of the current
Q4: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?
A4: proportional to the voltage
Q5: When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?
A5: the initial voltage V(t0)
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors. Apple introduced an emulator during the transition from PowerPC chips (called Rosetta), much as it did during the transition from Motorola 68000 architecture a decade earlier. The Macintosh is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture, and has done so twice. All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini, MacBook Pro (without Retina Display), and MacBook Air. Current Mac computers use ATI Radeon or nVidia GeForce graphics cards as well as Intel graphics built into the main CPU. All current Macs (except for the MacBook Pro without Retina Display) do not ship with an optical media drive that includes a dual-function DVD/CD burner. Apple refers to this as a SuperDrive. Current Macs include two standard data transfer ports: USB and Thunderbolt (except for the MacBook (2015 version), which only has a USB-C port and headphone port). MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini computers now also feature the "Thunderbolt" port, which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. USB was introduced in the 1998 iMac G3 and is ubiquitous today, while FireWire is mainly reserved for high-performance devices such as hard drives or video cameras. Starting with the then-new iMac G5, released in October 2005, Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models, and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer. Front Row has been discontinued as of 2011, however, and the Apple Remote is no longer bundled with new Macs.

Q1: What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?
A1: Macintosh
Q2: What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?
A2: 8 GB
Q3: Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?
A3: Thunderbolt
Q4: When was the iMac G5 released?
A4: October 2005
Q5: Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?
A5: Front Row
Q6: What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?
A6: 8 GB
Q7: What processors are used by the current Mac product family?
A7: Intel x86-64
Q8: How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?
A8: two
Q9: According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?
A9: up to 10 gigabits per second.
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues.

Q1: Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house?
A1: Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker
Q2: What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss?
A2: agreements on controversial issues
Q3: Who is he current Minority leader?
A3: Nancy Pelosi
Q4: If minority party takes control of congress, who is usually in link to become majority leader?
A4: Minority Leader
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

Q1: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
A1: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class
Q2: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?
A2: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)
Q3: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?
A3: 2016
Q4: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
A4: 100,000 ton
Q5: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?
A5: 45,000 ton
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.

Q1: What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?
A1: stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
Q2: What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?
A2: Natural gas and diamonds
Q3: When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?
A3: 2007
Nanjing (Geography and places)

The current economy of the city is basically newly developed based on the past. Service industries are dominating, accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city, and financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them. Industries of information technology, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become pillar industries. Big private firms include Suning, Yurun, Sanpower, Fuzhong, Hiteker, 5stars, Jinpu, Tiandi, CTTQ Pharmaceutical and Simcere Pharmaceutical. Big state-owned firms include Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Nanjing Chemical, Nanjing Steel, Jincheng Motors, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Chenguang and NARI. The city has also attracted foreign investment, multinational firms such as Siemens, Ericsson, Volkswagen, Iveco, A.O. Smith, and Sharp have established their lines, and a number of multinationals such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP established research center there. Many China-based leading firms such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institutes in the city. Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub, hosting many R & D centers and institutions, especially in areas of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology.

Q1: What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing?
A1: Service industries
Q2: How much of the city's GDP do the service industries contribute to?
A2: about 60 percent
Q3: Companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing?
A3: many R & D centers and institutions
Q4: Companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing?
A4: research center
Q5: The top 3 industries in Nanjing are?
A5: financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.

Q1: When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?
A1: 1 February 1968
Q2: What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?
A2: the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
Q3: What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?
A3: the British government
Q4: When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?
A4: 1931
Q5: What war aided Canadian legislative independence?
A5: the First World War
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

The current–voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED's maximum current rating. Since most common power sources (batteries, mains) are constant-voltage sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter, at least a current-limiting resistor. However, the high resistance of three-volt coin cells combined with the high differential resistance of nitride-based LEDs makes it possible to power such an LED from such a coin cell without an external resistor.

Q1: How are LEDs similar to other diodes?
A1: the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage
Q2: What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?
A2: a small change in voltage
Q3: What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?
A3: use constant-current power supplies
Q4: What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?
A4: a power converter
Q5: What is a constant-voltage source?
A5: batteries
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

The cursive script (草書(书), cǎoshū, literally "grass script") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script.

Q1: What script is used informally?
A1: cursive
Q2: What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?
A2: basic character shapes
Q3: What script is derived from the cursive script?
A3: Japanese hiragana script
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.

Q1: What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?
A1: directly ancestral
Q2: What populations is the individual closely related to?
A2: present North American Native American
Q3: What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?
A3: early
Q4: Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?
A4: ruled out
Classical_music (Music)

The dates are generalizations, since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary, to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice "era" comprising baroque, classical, and romantic "periods". For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era (or period), was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical era. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era, and Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other characteristics of their music define their era.

Q1: What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?
A1: Haydn
Q2: Haydn is classified as typical of what era?
A2: Classical
Q3: Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?
A3: Beethoven
Q4: Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?
A4: Brahms
Q5: Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?
A5: era
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them "[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation." That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.

Q1: What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?
A1: no useful purpose
Q2: Who should accept the annexation of Poland?
A2: Britain
Q3: By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?
A3: facing a two front war
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

The death penalty is sought and applied more often in some jurisdictions, not only between states but within states. A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty, in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty. Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average. Texas, however, executed 40 percent of those sentenced, which was about four times higher than the national average. California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced.

Q1: What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?
A1: 2.5
Q2: How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?
A2: 6
Q3: What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?
A3: Texas
Q4: What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?
A4: 1
Q5: How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?
A5: four times
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms.

Q1: When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?
A1: 1919
Q2: Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?
A2: Hugo Preuss
Q3: How many states was the German Reich to divided into?
A3: 14
Q4: Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? 
A4: four
Q5: When did Pyrmont join Prussia?
A5: 1922
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority". After this date everything thus previously rooted in tradition was questioned and often replaced by new concepts in the light of philosophical reason. After the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century, a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in," and confessional disputes were reduced to a secondary status in favor of the "escalating contest between faith and incredulity".

Q1: Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?
A1: "confessional"
Q2: Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?
A2: "confessional"
Q3: During what time period did a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in"?
A3: second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century
Q4: The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?
A4: the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority"
Melbourne (Geography and places)

The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul's, were laid; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation. In 1885 the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system was built, becoming one of the worlds most extensive systems by 1890.

Q1: In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?
A1: 1880
Q2: When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?
A2: 1881
Q3: In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built?
A3: 1885
Q4: In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held?
A4: Exhibition Building
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520–1591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for "experiment" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded "experience and demonstration" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.

Q1: When was Vincenzo Galilei born?
A1: ca. 1520
Q2: When did Vincenzo Galilei die?
A2: 1591
Q3: Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?
A3: Galileo
Q4: What does 'esperienza' mean?
A4: experiment