LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Communication (Language and literature)

In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

Q1: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?
A1: reciprocally
Q2: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?
A2: constitutive model or constructionist view
Q3: What is communication viewed as?
A3: a conduit
Q4: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?
A4: different regional traditions
Q5: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?
A5: communication noise
Energy (Natural sciences)

In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.

Q1: What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?
A1: Earthquakes
Q2: What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?
A2: heat
Q3: What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?
A3: thermal energy
Q4: What is mechanical potential energy?
A4: elastic strain
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

Q1: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?
A1: a small minority
Q2: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
A2: sexist and oppressive
Q3: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
A3: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive
Q4: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
A4: the face
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over. He went on to explain, "The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the interests that we share."

Q1: Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013?
A1: the Organization of American States
Q2: What did Kerry say had ended, in the Nov 2013 speech?
A2: the era of the Monroe Doctrine
Q3: When did Kerry speak to the OAS?
A3: in November 2013
Elizabeth_II (History)

In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.

Q1: What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?
A1: her accession
Q2: What did Elizabeth call her past year?
A2: annus horribilis
Q3: When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?
A3: March
Q4: Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?
A4: Captain Mark Phillips
Q5: What great house caught fire in November?
A5: Windsor Castle
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.

Q1: What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?
A1: University of Portsmouth
Q2: How many people were part of the study?
A2: 6,000
Q3: What was the age range of people studied?
A3: seven to 84
Q4: Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?
A4: artists
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry; the resistance of the transistor in the "on" state is too small to affect circuitry; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a detrimental effect.

Q1: How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?
A1: the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry
Q2: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?
A2: short circuit
Q3: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?
A3: open circuit
Q4: How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?
A4: instantaneous
George_VI (History)

In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

Q1: Who was Albert infatuated with?
A1: Sheila, Lady Loughborough
Q2: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?
A2: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Q3: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?
A3: twice
Q4: Who were royals usually expected to marry?
A4: fellow royals
Myanmar (Geography and places)

In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace.

Q1: Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?
A1: In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life.
Q2: What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ? 
A2: A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu
Q3: What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?
A3: Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time.
Q4: What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?
A4: the most important being the pagoda festival
Q5: What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?
A5: Many villages have a guardian nat
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight  This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing."  A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

Q1: What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?
A1: landing
Q2: Where do most injuries happen?
A2: the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures
Q3: How do you avoid injuries?
A3: proper technique must be used by the gymnast
Q4: What is a successful landing?
A4: soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.

Q1: Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?
A1: software engineer
Q2: What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?
A2: 3D
Q3: What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?
A3: anaglyph
Q4: When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?
A4: In May 2011
Switzerland (Geography and places)

In about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defense at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes), but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept, and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes.

Q1: In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?
A1: about 260 AD
Q2: In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?
A2: raids by the Alamanni tribes
Q3: What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?
A3: the linear defence concept
Q4: What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?
A4: Germanic
Q5: Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?
A5: German tribes
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius's theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity, and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, further illustrate how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.

Q1: What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?
A1: Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten
Q2: Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?
A2: common Christological view
Q3: What other leaders believed this?
A3: powerful bishops
Q4: What eventually happened to Arius?
A4: excommunicated by Alexander
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses.

Q1: What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970
A1: 52%
Q2: What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?
A2: 2014
Q3: What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?
A3: 39%
Q4: What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?
A4: 39%
Q5: What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?
A5: 76%
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

In abstract algebra, more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group. For example, if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated, the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid. The natural numbers N (including 0) under addition form a monoid, as do the nonzero integers under multiplication (Z ∖ {0}, ·), see above. There is a general method to formally add inverses to elements to any (abelian) monoid, much the same way as (Q ∖ {0}, ·) is derived from (Z ∖ {0}, ·), known as the Grothendieck group. Groupoids are similar to groups except that the composition a • b need not be defined for all a and b. They arise in the study of more complicated forms of symmetry, often in topological and analytical structures, such as the fundamental groupoid or stacks. Finally, it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n-ary one (i.e. an operation taking n arguments). With the proper generalization of the group axioms this gives rise to an n-ary group. The table gives a list of several structures generalizing groups.

Q1: What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?
A1: monoid
Q2: What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?
A2: natural numbers N (including 0)
Q3: What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?
A3: the Grothendieck group
Q4: What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?
A4: the binary operation
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.

Q1: The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? 
A1: "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"
Q2: What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?
A2: Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
Q3: How do cardinals sign traditionally?
A3: by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname
Q4: How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?
A4: Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis
Q5: Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?
A5: because they do not belong to the Roman clergy
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Q1: Who cast the two service bells?
A1: Robert Mot
Q2: When were the two service bells cast?
A2: 1585 and 1598
Q3: When was the Sanctus bell cast?
A3: 1738
Q4: Who cast the Sanctus bell?
A4: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester
Q5: Where is the "dish bell" kept?
A5: in the refectory
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

In addition to Celine Dion, who has had significant success on this chart, other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain. Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time.

Q1: What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?
A1: multiple number ones
Q2: Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow, what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s?
A2: Jewel
Q3: On what chart did Whitney Houston see success?
A3: AC
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

In addition to Mesa, the club has held spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas (1886, 1896–1900), (1909–1910) New Orleans (1870, 1907, 1911–1912); Champaign, Illinois (1901–02, 1906); Los Angeles (1903–04, 1948–1949), Santa Monica, California (1905); French Lick, Indiana (1908, 1943–1945); Tampa, Florida (1913–1916); Pasadena, California (1917–1921); Santa Catalina Island, California (1922–1942, 1946–1947, 1950–1951); Rendezvous Park in Mesa (1952–1965); Blair Field in Long Beach, California (1966); and Scottsdale, Arizona (1967–1978).

Q1: Where is Rendezvous Park?
A1: Mesa
Q2: Where is Blair Field?
A2: Long Beach, California
Q3: Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?
A3: (1967–1978)
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian".

Q1: What language is Carduchi thought to have become?
A1: Kurdish
Q2: What language did Herodotus invent a name for?
A2: Scythian