LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gene (Natural sciences)

During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different.:5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome, or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them. This is known as genetic linkage.

Q1: When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?
A1: During the process of meiotic cell division
Q2: If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? 
A2: no effect
Q3: If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? 
A3: reassortment of otherwise linked alleles
Q4: Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle?
A4: independent assortment
Q5: In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur?
A5: a crossover point
Valencia (Geography and places)

During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.

Q1: Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?
A1: Espartero
Q2: When did Espartero rule?
A2: 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841
Q3: What type of government did Espartero have?
A3: progressive
Q4: Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?
A4: local bourgeoisie
Q5: Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?
A5: General Cabrera
History_of_India (History)

During the reign of Khārabēḷa, the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa: under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).

Q1: What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?
A1: Khārabēḷa
Q2: What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? 
A2: Ashoka
Q3: In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?
A3: maritime
Q4: What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?
A4: trade routes
Q5: What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?
A5: Khārabēḷa
Hellenistic_period (History)

During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid–Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets.

Q1: The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?
A1: Antiochus VII Sidetes
Q2: Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?
A2: Parthian
Q3: What years were the Roman–Parthian Wars?
A3: 66 BC – 217 AD
Q4: What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?
A4: Greek drachmas
Q5: The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?
A5: Iranian
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people.

Q1: When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? 
A1: 1521–1567
Q2: What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?
A2: the native Chinese ideology of Daoism
Q3: Who stopped their trips to Ming China?
A3: the Tibetan lamas
Q4: Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?
A4: Yang Tinghe
Q5: Who broke the eunuch influence at court?
A5: Yang Tinghe
John,_King_of_England (History)

During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne – effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers.

Q1: John focused on trying to retake what?
A1: Normandy
Q2: John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?
A2: Capetian power
Q3: What was John's preferred plan?
A3: use Poitou as a base of operations
Czech_language (Language and literature)

During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.

Q1: What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský?
A1: linguist and historian
Q2: What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?
A2: 1809
Q3: What didn't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as?
A3: a major language
Q4: What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?
A4: a Czech linguistic revival
Q5: Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?
A5: Modern scholars
Madrasa (Language and literature)

During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamlūk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamlūk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo.

Q1: Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?
A1: ruling elite
Q2: How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?
A2: through a religious endowment
Q3: What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?
A3: former slaves
Q4: What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?
A4: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris
Q5: In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?
A5: Cairo
Royal_assent (History)

During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.

Q1: During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?
A1: Hanoverian dynasty
Q2: Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?
A2: George I
Q3: In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?
A3: Catholic Emancipation
Q4: Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?
A4: George I
Q5: What did George III and George IV both oppose?
A5: Catholic Emancipation
Q6: What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?
A6: Coronation Oath
Q7: Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?
A7: George IV
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.

Q1: How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?
A1: 12 terabytes
Q2: Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?
A2: Electronic Frontier Foundation
Q3: What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?
A3: appeal
Q4: What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?
A4: rejected in a summary judgment
Q5: Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?
A5: Louis L. Stanton
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

Q1: In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?
A1: Prussia
Q2: In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?
A2: German or French
Q3: In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?
A3: younger generations
Q4: Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?
A4: Germany
Q5: What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?
A5: Dutch
Valencia (Geography and places)

During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

Q1: Who had suppressed the Valencian language?
A1: Philip V
Q2: What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?
A2: Lo Rat Penat
Q3: Who founded Lo Rat Penat?
A3: Constantine Llombart
Q4: What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?
A4: Teodor Llorente
Q5: Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?
A5: land-owners
Israel (History)

During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? – discuss]

Q1: Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?
A1: Fatimid garrison
Q2: How many people were massacred when the city fell?
A2: 60,000
Q3: How many Jews were seeking refuge?
A3: 6,000
Red (Natural sciences)

During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

Q1: At which period of the year are phosphates high?
A1: the summer growing season
Q2: What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?
A2: phosphate
Q3: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?
A3: the stem of the plant
Q4: What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?
A4: anthocyanin pigments
Q5: What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?
A5: greater the production of anthocyanins
Houston (History)

During the summer months, it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 °F (32 °C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 °F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 °F (38 °C). However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average over 90 percent relative humidity. Winds are often light in the summer and offer little relief, except in the far southeastern outskirts near the Gulf coast and Galveston. To cope with the strong humidity and heat, people use air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was described as the "most air-conditioned place on earth". Officially, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C), which was reached both on September 4, 2000 and August 28, 2011.

Q1: How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?
A1: 106.5
Q2: How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?
A2: 4.6
Q3: What weather factor produces a higher heat index?
A3: humidity
Q4: What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston?
A4: Winds
Q5: What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston?
A5: 109 °F
Space_Race (History)

During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.

Q1: The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?
A1: 1968
Q2: What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?
A2: tortoises
Q3: The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?
A3: March 1969
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after.

Q1: What year was the single "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" produced? 
A1: 1969
Q2: What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?
A2: Cub Power
Q3: What did The Cubs Song incorporate?
A3: the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:

Q1: What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant?
A1: Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53
Q2: Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?
A2: Pauline Viardot
Q3: On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?
A3: 7 June 1842
Q4: What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?
A4: piano technique and composition
Q5: Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?
A5: Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot
Q6: What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?
A6: piano technique and composition.
Q7: Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?
A7: Delacroix
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

During the three years following its inception, the university bore three different names. The board first approved "Eliot Seminary," but William Eliot was uncomfortable with naming a university after himself and objected to the establishment of a seminary, which would implicitly be charged with teaching a religious faith. He favored a nonsectarian university. In 1854, the Board of Trustees changed the name to "Washington Institute" in honor of George Washington. Naming the University after the nation's first president, only seven years before the American Civil War and during a time of bitter national division, was no coincidence. During this time of conflict, Americans universally admired George Washington as the father of the United States and a symbol of national unity. The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri. In 1856, the University amended its name to "Washington University." The university amended its name once more in 1976, when the Board of Trustees voted to add the suffix "in St. Louis" to distinguish the university from the nearly two dozen other universities bearing Washington's name.

Q1: What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?
A1: Eliot Seminary
Q2: What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University?
A2: Washington Institute
Q3: Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington?
A3: The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri
Q4: When was the name Washington University amended? 
A4: 1856
Q5: When was the suffix "in St. Louis" added to Washington University?
A5: 1976