LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Emotion (Natural sciences)

In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.

Q1: Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?
A1: computer science
Q2: What is the foundational document of affective computing?
A2: Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper
Q3: In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?
A3: passive sensors
Q4: How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?
A4: analyzing speech patterns
Southampton (Geography and places)

In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also known as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.

Q1: What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?
A1: Portsmouth
Q2: What's the other name for South Hampshire?
A2: Solent City
Q3: In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?
A3: 855,569
Q4: What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?
A4: South Hampshire
Q5: What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?
A5: 1.5 million
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a "ridiculous waste of time."

Q1: Where was John Edwards a senator?
A1: North Carolina
Q2: Where was Howard Dean a governor?
A2: Vermont
Q3: What was Wesley Clark's former job?
A3: Army General
Q4: Who won the 2004 Iowa Democratic Caucus?
A4: John Kerry
Q5: When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP?
A5: July 6, 2004
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,:47 which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.:98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.:97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,:44, 55–56 while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.:57

Q1: What percentage of the children in Hyderabad city had basic vaccinations in 2005?
A1: 61%
Q2: What is the only city that had a lower vaccination rate for children than Hyderabad in the 2005 National Family Health Survey?
A2: Meerut
Q3: What was the fertility rate of Hyderabad according to a 2005 survey?
A3: 1.8
Q4: What was the child vaccination rate according to a 2005 survey of Hyderabad?
A4: 61%
Q5: Only one city, according to a 2005 survey, had a lower child vaccination rate than Hyderabad, what was it?
A5: Meerut
Q6: According to a 2005 survey what was in Hyderabad?
A6: 35 per 1,000 live births
Q7: What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight?
A7: 20%
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

In the 2005 OECD report for Greece, it was clearly stated that "the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EMU membership qualification". The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3% limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece's application, and thus the criteria had been met.

Q1: Who provided a report for Greece in 2005?
A1: OECD
Q2: What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999?
A2: 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP
Q3: What was the year of Greece's EMU membership qualification?
A3: 1999
Q4: What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?
A4: ESA79
Q5: What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?
A5: the prescribed 3% limit
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

In the 2005–06 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes. The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in a 3–0 win over Real Madrid. It was Frank Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernabéu, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice. Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation. In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final. Trailing 1–0 to a 10-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2–1, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years.

Q1: Where did Barcelona defeat Real Madrid for a trophy win in 2005-06?
A1: Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
Q2: What was the winning score for the game with Real Madrid at Bernabeu stadium?
A2: 3–0
Q3: How many wins did Frank Rijkaard have at Bernabeu Stadium?
A3: second victory
Q4: What recognition did Ronaldinho's second goal receive at Bernabeu?
A4: standing ovation
Q5: What team did Barcelona defeat to win the Champions League trophy?
A5: Arsenal
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.

Q1: How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
A1: 181,973
Q2: How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
A2: 20,014
Q3: How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
A3: 4,395
Q4: How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?
A4: 18,892
Q5: How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?
A5: 5,386
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party. However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government. On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.

Q1: How many seats did Labour win in 2010?
A1: 258
Q2: How many seats did the Conservatives win?
A2: 307
Q3: WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?
A3: 10 May 2010
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes. Another alternative, pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union, which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers.

Q1: What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?
A1: sodium thiopental
Q2: Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?
A2: Hospira
Q3: What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?
A3: Danish
Q4: Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?
A4: low production volume
Q5: The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?
A5: execution
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest.

Q1: What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?
A1: 125th year anniversary
Q2: What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?
A2: founding members
Q3: What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?
A3: 1886 and 2011
Q4: What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?
A4: Forward
Q5: Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?
A5: on their jerseys
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

In the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools, the law school is ranked 18th nationally, out of over 180 law schools. In particular, its Clinical Education Program is currently ranked 4th in the nation. This year, the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers. The law school offers a full-time day program, beginning in August, for the J.D. degree. The law school is located in a state-of-the-art building, Anheuser-Busch Hall (opened in 1997). The building combines traditional architecture, a five-story open-stacks library, an integration of indoor and outdoor spaces, and the latest wireless and other technologies. National Jurist ranked Washington University 4th among the "25 Most Wired Law Schools."

Q1: Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?
A1: 18th
Q2: Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?
A2: 96th percentile
Q3: When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?
A3: August
Q4: What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?
A4: Anheuser-Busch Hall
Q5: Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among "25 Most Wired Law Schools"?
A5: 4th
Near_East (Geography and places)

In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities, fell into the shadow of international relations. Their domain became the Ancient Near East, which could no longer be relied upon to be the Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced with independent republics. Someone had to reconcile the present with the past. This duty was inherited by various specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of international relations, now so complex as to be beyond the scope and abilities of a diplomatic corps in the former sense. The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies say it is. In most cases this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range of their operations. The result is multiple definitions.

Q1: When were terms such as "Near East", "Far East", and "Middle East" relegated to the experts?
A1: the 20th century
Q2: Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?
A2: the new field of political science
Q3: Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?
A3: the shadow of international relations
Q4: What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?
A4: independent republics
Greece (Geography and places)

In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others.

Q1: Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?
A1: Iannis Xenakis
Q2: What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?
A2: Zorba the Greek
Q3: Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?
A3: Yanni
Q4: Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?
A4: Maria Callas
Portugal (Geography and places)

In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.

Q1: In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?
A1: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
Q2: During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?
A2: 1961–1974
Q3: In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?
A3: East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
Q4: What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?
A4: Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998
Russian_language (Language and literature)

In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).

Q1: What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?
A1: Warsaw Pact
Q2: Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?
A2: Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba
Q3: Which countries speak other Slavic languages?
A3: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria
Sichuan (History)

In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.

Q1: To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? 
A1: Chongqing
Q2: What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
A2: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan
Q3: What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? 
A3: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou
Q4: What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?
A4: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate
Glass (Art and architecture)

In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated glass has been widely applied to vehicles for windscreens. While glass containers have always been used for storage and are valued for their hygienic properties, glass has been utilized increasingly in industry. Optical glass for spectacles has been used since the late Middle Ages. The production of lenses has become increasingly proficient, aiding astronomers as well as having other application in medicine and science. Glass is also employed as the aperture cover in many solar energy systems.

Q1: What type of glass is used in cars?
A1: laminated
Q2: When did eyeglasses originate?
A2: late Middle Ages
Q3: The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?
A3: glass
Q4: What type of power systems use glass?
A4: solar
Q5: What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations?
A5: astronomers
Paris (Geography and places)

In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre; Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, and, in the 1970s, Milan Kundera. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano–who lives in Paris–, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s.

Q1: Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature?
A1: Patrick Modiano
Q2: In what century did Collete, ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community?
A2: 20th
Q3: In what city does Patrick Modiano live?
A3: Paris
Q4: During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of?
A4: World War II
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (За витриной универмага) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's.

Q1: Where is the most notable Russian department store located?
A1: Moscow
Q2: In what city is the Passage located?
A2: St. Petersburg
Q3: What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?
A3: Behind Store Window
Q4: When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? 
A4: 1956
Brain (Natural sciences)

In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally; genomics, which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.

Q1: Multielectrode recording allows what?
A1: the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;
Q2: Genetic engineering allows what?
A2: molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;
Q3: What does genomics allow the study of?
A3: variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.
Q4: During what century was multielectrode recording invented?
A4: the 21st century,
Q5: Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?
A5: the 21st century,