LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Jews (History)

The Hebrew Bible, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews, established the first of the Abrahamic religions, which are now practiced by 54% of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah), in Islamic Spain and Portugal, in North Africa and the Middle East, India, China, or the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.

Q1: What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?
A1: The Hebrew Bible
Q2: What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?
A2: Abrahamic religions
Q3: What is the Hebrew Bible?
A3: a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews
Heian_period (History)

The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (平安?) means "peace" in Japanese.

Q1: What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?
A1: Heian
Q2: The Heian period is named after what city?
A2: Heian-kyō
Q3: What does heian mean in Japanese?
A3: peace
Q4: What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?
A4: Fujiwara
Q5: The Heian period was known for what types of art?
A5: poetry and literature
Heian_period (History)

The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (present day Kyōto京都), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyō, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan.

Q1: What was the name of the period before the Heian era?
A1: Nara
Q2: The Heian period began in what year?
A2: 794 A.D
Q3: What warrior class rose during the Heian era?
A3: samurai
Q4: Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?
A4: Kyōto
Q5: What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?
A5: Kanmu
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.

Q1: What is another term for Greek?
A1: Hellenic
Q2: Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?
A2: Cyprus
Hellenistic_period (History)

The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia. The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes.

Q1: The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?
A1: traditional
Q2: Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?
A2: Sophists
Q3: What is the view "that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes" called?
A3: Euhemerism
Q4: Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?
A4: Epicurus
Q5: Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?
A5: down to earth
Hellenistic_period (History)

The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.

Q1: What mathematician advance Greek Science?
A1: Greek Science
Q2: What period saw the rise of New Comedy?
A2: Hellenistic
Q3: When was the Battle of Actium?
A3: 31 BC
Q4: When did Alexander the Great die?
A4: 323 BC
Q5: What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?
A5: Hellenistic
Q6: dd
A6: Buddhism
Q7: d
A7: the Gre
Hellenistic_period (History)

The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BCE). Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism, marriage, romance and luck (Tyche). Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The Supplementum Hellenisticum, a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors.

Q1: Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?
A1: New Comedy
Q2: What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?
A2: Dyskolos
Q3: What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?
A3: The Supplementum Hellenisticum
Q4: What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?
A4: 342/1 BCE
Hellenistic_period (History)

The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.

Q1: Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
A1: Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors
Q2: Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?
A2: military and paramilitary forces
Q3: Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?
A3: the monarch
Q4: What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?
A4: royal estates
Q5: Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
A5: Greco-Macedonian settlers
Seattle (History)

The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill. Regional history collections are at the Loghouse Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, the Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries, including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery, and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.

Q1: When did the first art gallery open in Washington state?
A1: 1927
Q2: What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?
A2: Henry Art Gallery
Q3: When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?
A3: 1933
Q4: Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?
A4: Olympic Sculpture Park
Q5: Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?
A5: artist-run
History_of_India (History)

The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader Toramana, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son Mihirakula, a Saivite Hindu, moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India. Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings Yasodharman of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.

Q1: What type of trib were the Hephthalites?
A1: nomadic confederation
Q2: Where did the White Huns roam?
A2: Central Asia
Q3: In what country did the White Huns settle?
A3: Afghanistan
Q4: What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? 
A4: Pakistan and North India
Greece (Geography and places)

The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene.

Q1: What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?
A1: Heptanesean kantádhes
Q2: Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?
A2: 1870–1930
Q3: What influenced Greek modern song considerably?
A3: Heptanesean kantádhes
Middle_Ages (History)

The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153). These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen, who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity, or to live an Apostolic life. Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged. Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors, and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence.

Q1: What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?
A1: Cistercians
Q2: When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?
A2: 1153
Q3: Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?
A3: Monte Gargano
Q4: Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?
A4: Compostela
Q5: Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?
A5: Carthusians
Middle_Ages (History)

The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested. As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages. These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism. There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond, with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north. The practice of assarting, or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population.

Q1: What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?
A1: 80 million
Q2: About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?
A2: 35
Q3: During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?
A3: 90
Q4: Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?
A4: villages
Q5: What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?
A5: assarting
Middle_Ages (History)

The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád (d. c. 907) after a series of invasions in the 9th century. The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198–1216). Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north-east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture.

Q1: Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?
A1: Hungary
Q2: Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?
A2: Árpád
Q3: When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?
A3: 1198
Q4: Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?
A4: England
Q5: In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?
A5: 900
Tennessee (Geography and places)

The Highway Patrol is the primary law enforcement entity that concentrates on highway safety regulations and general non-wildlife state law enforcement and is under the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Department of Safety. The TWRA is an independent agency tasked with enforcing all wildlife, boating, and fisheries regulations outside of state parks. The TBI maintains state-of-the-art investigative facilities and is the primary state-level criminal investigative department. Tennessee State Park Rangers are responsible for all activities and law enforcement inside the Tennessee State Parks system.

Q1: Which Tennessee law enforcement agency looks for road safety violations?
A1: Highway Patrol
Q2: Which Tennessee agency enforces state wildlife regulations outside of parks?
A2: TWRA
Q3: What is the acronym for Tennessee's statewide criminal investigation agency?
A3: TBI
Q4: Who provides law enforcement within Tennessee's state parks?
A4: Tennessee State Park Rangers
History_of_India (History)

The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.

Q1: In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?
A1: consolidation of the Ghaznavids
Q2: What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?
A2: Ghazni
Q3: Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?
A3: Sebuk Tigin
Q4: What part of the area did Jayapala lose?
A4: Kabul Valley and Indus River
Q5: What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?
A5: defaulted
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Histórico) and the "floating gardens" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).

Q1: Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?
A1: UNESCO
Q2: The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?
A2: World Heritage Sites
Q3: When was the Templo Mayor found?
A3: 1978
Q4: How was Templo Mayor discovered? 
A4: workers were digging to place underground electric cables
Melbourne (Geography and places)

The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades (most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and cafés and are a byproduct of the city's layout.

Q1: What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?
A1: 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)
Q2: Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?
A2: southern
Q3: What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?
A3: Royal Arcade
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.

Q1: What is the Holocaust?
A1: was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted"
Q2: During what word event did the Holocaust happen? 
A2: during World War II
Q3: Who is responsible for the Holocaust? 
A3: Nazi regime in Germany.
Q4: How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?
A4: propaganda
Q5: When did the suffering of the Jews begin?
A5: before the war even started
Montana (Geography and places)

The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.

Q1: What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?
A1: 1862
Q2: How much land did the Homestead Act allow?
A2: 160 acres
Q3: What year was the first homestead claim claimed?
A3: 1868
Roman_Republic (History)

The Hortensian Law deprived the patricians of their last weapon against the plebeians, and thus resolved the last great political question of the era. No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC. The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate. In effect, the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power, but did not care to use it. The senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy. This was the most militarily active era of the Roman Republic.

Q1: Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?
A1: because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy
Q2: What years did no important political changes happen during?
A2: 287 BC and 133 BC
Q3: What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them?
A3: the plebeians
Q4: Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time?
A4: the senate
Q5: What was a political element that satiated the plebeians?
A5: the possession of power