LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

90th Street is split into two segments. The first segment, West 90th Street begins at Riverside Drive and ends at Central Park West or West Drive, when it is open, in Central Park on the Upper West Side. The second segment of East 90th Street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park. When East Drive is closed, East 90th Street begins at Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side and curves to the right at the FDR Drive becoming East End Avenue. Our Lady of Good Counsel Church, is located on East 90th Street between Third Avenue and Second Avenue, across the street from Ruppert Towers (1601 and 1619 Third Avenue) and Ruppert Park. Asphalt Green, which is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue.

Q1: Which street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park?
A1: East 90th Street
Q2: Which church is located on East 90th Street between Second and Third Avenue?
A2: Our Lady of Good Counsel Church
Q3: Which towers are located at 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue?
A3: Ruppert Towers
Q4: What is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue?
A4: Asphalt Green
Pub (History)

A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.

Q1: What is a "beer engine"?
A1: a device for pumping beer
Q2: What is the function of a "beer engine"?
A2: to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar
Pub (History)

A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.

Q1: What is another name for a rural public house?
A1: country pub
Q2: What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?
A2: serving travellers as coaching inns
Q3: Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?
A3: the last thirty
United_States_dollar (History)

A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as "fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin", "Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick" or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson" (after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or "Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or "buck". The dollar has also been, referred to as a "bone" and "bones" in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".

Q1: What is a "grand" sometimes shortened to?
A1: "G"
Q2: What is another term other than "large" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?
A2: "stack"
Q3: What is a "C-note" a reference to?
A3: the Roman numeral for 100
Q4: Which note is occasionally called a "yardstick"?
A4: $50
Q5: What is another term for "bigface" notes?
A5: Monopoly money
Pub (History)

A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.

Q1: What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?
A1: "lock-in"
Q2: What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?
A2: Licensing Act 2003
Q3: A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"?
A3: 1915
Q4: What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?
A4: allowing smoking
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags.

Q1: What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?
A1: tag
Q2: What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?
A2: album
Q3: What do MP3 standards not define?
A3: tag formats for MP3 files
Q4: What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?
A4: a standard container format
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.

Q1: What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?
A1: $467 billion
Q2: What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?
A2: 10%
Q3: What does CRA stand for?
A3: Community Reinvestment Act
Q4: What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?
A4: 25%
Q5: What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?
A5: 25%
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries. In comparison with data available from other relevant populations in the region, Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent. The authors also report on Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes, which are very frequent in Central and Eastern Europeans (54%–60%) at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews. They hypothesized that the differences among Ashkenazim Jews could reflect low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation. A later 2005 study by Nebel et al., found a similar level of 11.5% of male Ashkenazim belonging to R1a1a (M17+), the dominant Y-chromosome haplogroup in Central and Eastern Europeans.

Q1: A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?
A1: Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations
Q2: Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?
A2: 54%–60%
Q3: Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
A3: 12.7%
Q4: The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?
A4: low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation
Dog (Natural sciences)

A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.

Q1: What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?
A1: 2005
Q2: What is lowered in children who have pets?
A2: absenteeism from school
Q3: What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?
A3: 2005
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the "northern" population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the "southern" group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the "southern" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were "consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups".

Q1: In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?
A1: five thousand
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort – that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families.

Q1: A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?
A1: a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup
Q2: Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?
A2: ethnic group
Q3: Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
A3: Hasidic or Hareidi sects
Q4: Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?
A4: Haredi Jews often have extremely large families
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species." At present, the most threatened ecosystems are found in fresh water, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, which was confirmed by the "Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment", organised by the biodiversity platform, and the French Institut de recherche pour le développement (MNHNP).

Q1: In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?
A1: 2007
Q2: Who conducted the 2007 study?
A2: National Science Foundation
Q3: What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?
A3: If any one type is removed from the system
Q4: Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?
A4: in fresh water
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, including loop diuretics (Lasix/furosemide, Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 1963), beta blockers (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients, irrespective of whether they have hypertension.

Q1: What do ACE inhibitors do?
A1: reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients
Q2: What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?
A2: thiazide antihypertensive drugs
Q3: Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?
A3: Cochrane
Q4: What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?
A4: combination therapy
Q5: In what year did Cochrane release the report?
A5: 2009
Q6: What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?
A6: ACE inhibitors
Q7: What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?
A7: thiazide antihypertensive drugs
Q8: In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?
A8: 2009
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to "mine" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans.

Q1: What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?
A1: 35 to 55 percent
Q2: Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?
A2: admixture is considerably higher
Q3: Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?
A3: a genetically more divergent population
Q4: In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?
A4: more diverse
Q5: Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?
A5: Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry", as both groups – the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews – shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their fellow non-Jewish countrymen. Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins.

Q1: In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?
A1: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews
Q2: The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?
A2: modern-day Italians
Q3: Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?
A3: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire
Wood (Natural sciences)

A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created.

Q1: What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered?
A1: 2011
Q2: In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?
A2: New Brunswick
Q3: If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?
A3: carbon dating
Q4: How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?
A4: 395 to 400
Poultry (Natural sciences)

A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.

Q1: When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?
A1: Translational Genomics Research
Q2: What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?
A2: 47%
Q3: Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?
A3: Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,
Q4: What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??
A4: a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

Q1: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?
A1: 2013
Q2: How old was the young boy's remains?
A2: 24,000-year-old
Q3: What culture was the boy from?
A3: Mal'ta-Buret'
Q4: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?
A4: western Eurasians
Q5: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?
A5: 14 to 38 percent