LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.

Q1: What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?
A1: Antarctic fur seal
Q2: For whom is the Weddell seal named ?
A2: Sir James Weddell
Q3: What did  Sir James Weddell command?
A3: British sealing expeditions
Q4: What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?
A4: Antarctic krill
Q5: Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?
A5: important food
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the antebellum age?
A1: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery
Q2: When did the civil was begin?
A2: 1861
Q3: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?
A3: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
Q4: What did The Antebellum age mark?
A4: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later.

Q1: What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer?
A1: The Antikythera mechanism
Q2: The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?
A2: Derek J. de Solla Price.
Q3: When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered?
A3: 1901
Q4: Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901?
A4: Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera
Q5: Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between?
A5: Kythera and Crete
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Q1: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?
A1: eighty-five
Q2: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?
A2: fifty
Q3: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?
A3: Ecclesiastical Canons
Q4: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?
A4: 325
Q5: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
A5: a rule
Appalachian_Mountains (Geography and places)

The Appalachian Mountains (i/ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn/ or /ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.

Q1: What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?
A1: les Appalaches
Q2: What are the Appalachian mountains?
A2: a system of mountains in eastern North America
Q3: When did the Appalachian mountains form?
A3: roughly 480 million years ago
Q4: In what era did the mountains form?
A4: Ordovician Period
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s °F (6–3 °C) for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s °F (−5 °C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 °F (27 °C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow in every month of the year.

Q1: What mountain range makes up the coolest part of North Carolina?
A1: The Appalachian Mountains
Q2: What are the average high winter temperatures in the Appalachians?
A2: low 40s and upper 30s °F
Q3: What are the low winter temperatures in the Appalachians?
A3: low 20s °F (−5 °C) or lower
Q4: Temperatures rarely go higher than what temperature in the Appalachians?
A4: 80 °F
Q5: Average snowfall in the Appalachians can exceed how many inches?
A5: 30
Appalachian_Mountains (Geography and places)

The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.

Q1: What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?
A1: divides the mountain system into two unequal portions
Q2: What is common among all the mountains in the range?
A2: has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights
Q3: What is the climate like on the summits?
A3: None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

Q1: What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?
A1: The Arabian oryx
Q2: Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?
A2: the species' striking appearance
Q3: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?
A3: 1972
Q4: How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?
A4: use of automobiles and high-powered rifles
Q5: What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"?
A5: Arabian oryx
Q6: What is a species of large antelope?
A6: Arabian oryx
Q7: What did the large antelope species once inhabit?
A7: much of the desert areas of the Middle East
Q8: What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.
A8: automobiles and high-powered rifles
Q9: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?
A9: 1972
Q10: What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?
A10: conservation efforts
Madrasa (Language and literature)

The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

Q1: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?
A1: licence to teach
Q2: Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?
A2: individual scholar-teacher
Q3: Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?
A3: chief official of the university
Q4: What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?
A4: licentia docendi
Translation (Language and literature)

The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wise) of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum (School of Translation) in Toledo. There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism, and thus European science and culture.

Q1: Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?
A1: Arabs
Q2: What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?
A2: philosophical and scientific works
Q3: When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?
A3: Middle Ages
Q4: What is Schola Traductorum in English?
A4: School of Translation
Q5: Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?
A5: European
Rajasthan (Geography and places)

The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.

Q1: What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?
A1: more fertile and better watered
Q2: What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?
A2: the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion
Q3: What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?
A3: teak, Acacia
Q4: What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?
A4: Vagad region
Q5: What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?
A5: Vagad
Rajasthan (Geography and places)

The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.

Q1: How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?
A1: 1,722
Q2: What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?
A2: 60%
Q3: What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?
A3: 100 to 350 m above sea level
Q4: A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?
A4: Kota and Bundi
Q5: What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan
A5: the Chambal River
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. This regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.

Q1: What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?
A1: warmer more arid
Q2: What disappeared during the Archaic period?
A2: megafauna
Q3: What became the norm for the mobile bands?
A3: regional adaptations
Q4: What did they rely less and less on?
A4: hunting and gathering
Q5: What was there a pattern of in this period?
A5: increasing regional generalization
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration (History)

The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

Q1: What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?
A1: The Archivist
Q2: What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?
A2: The Archivist
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas.

Q1: Which birds migrate the furthest?
A1: The Arctic tern
Q2: Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
A2: between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic
Q3: which bird migrates by circling the earth?
A3: albatrosses
Q4: Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
A4: between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean
Q5: What is an example of a shorter migration?
A5: altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

Q1: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
A1: Jim Foster
Q2: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
A2: 1987
Q3: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
A3: third
Q4: In yards, how large is an arena football field?
A4: 68
Q5: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
A5: half
Exhibition_game (Sports and recreation)

The Arena Football League briefly had a two-game exhibition season in the early 2000s, a practice that ended in 2003 with a new television contract. Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play, it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league, about to join the league as a probational franchise, or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule.

Q1: How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?
A1: two
Q2: What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?
A2: indoor American football leagues
Q3: What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?
A3: a probational franchise
Q4: Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?
A4: semi-pro
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine–UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War.

Q1: What did the British claim in 2012?
A1: Queen Elizabeth Land
Q2: To what was the claim of land in tribute?
A2: Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee
Q3: What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?
A3: protest
Q4: Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?
A4: Falklands War
Q5: When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?
A5: 18 December 2012
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362.

Q1: Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?
A1: Julian
Q2: Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?
A2: Pistus
Q3: In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?
A3: 362
Q4: In what year did Emperor Constantius die?
A4: 361
Q5: How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?
A5: murdered
Q6: Were the Arians united in their oppostion?
A6: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front
Q7: Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?
A7: Julian
Q8: What happened to the usurping bishop, George?
A8: flung into prison and murdered
Q9: Who then succeeded George?
A9: An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus
Q10: When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?
A10: 22 February, 362
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.

Q1: What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?
A1: approximately $20.1 billion
Q2: How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?
A2: 74th in size
Q3: What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?
A3: approximately 119,000
Q4: By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?
A4: 2020
Q5: What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?
A5: around 124,000
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial.

Q1: The armed forces has approximately how many members?
A1: 115,349
Q2: Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?
A2: the Chief of the Defence Staff
Q3: Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?
A3: The governor general
Q4: What location does the National Defense operate out of?
A4: Ottawa, Ontario
Q5: What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?
A5: the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.