LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.

Q1: What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?
A1: battery
Q2: What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?
A2: Apple product replacement program
Armenians (Geography and places)

The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

Q1: When was Armenia established?
A1: in the late 6th century BC
Q2: What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?
A2: the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription
Q3: During which dynasty was Armenia established?
A3: Orontid dynasty
Q4: When was Armenia at its largest?
A4: 95–65 BC
Translation (Language and literature)

The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).

Q1: What was the first great English translation?
A1: Wycliffe Bible
Q2: When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?
A2: 1382
Q3: When did the age of great English prose translation begin?
A3: end of the 15th century
Q4: What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?
A4: Le Morte Darthur
Q5: The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?
A5: Tudor
War_on_Terror (History)

The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.

Q1: When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?
A1: 21 March 2003
Q2: Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?
A2: British, American and Polish
Q3: When did the US capture Baghdad?
A3: April 2003
Q4: When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?
A4: 1 May 2003
Q5: What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?
A5: Ba'ath
History_of_science (History)

The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary "sensible species" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion.

Q1: Who pioneered parsimony?
A1: William of Ockham
Q2: What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?
A2: impetus
Q3: What theory did impetus pave the way for?
A3: inertia
Q4: What did the Oxford Calculators measure?
A4: the kinematics of motion
Slavs (History)

The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Q1: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?
A1: succession of wars, famines and other disasters
Q2: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?
A2: Stephen J. Lee
Q3: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?
A3: 1945
Q4: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?
A4: Russia and the Soviet Union
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015.

Q1: Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?
A1: Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377
Q2: Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?
A2: HMS Lancaster
Q3: When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?
A3: 23 October 2015
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasaki and Amano were awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for their work. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a "transparent contact" LED using indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs).

Q1: What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?
A1: blue
Q2: Who demonstrated the first blue LED?
A2: Shuji Nakamura
Q3: What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?
A3: 2014 Nobel prize in physics
Q4: Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?
A4: Alberto Barbieri
Q5: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?
A5: indium tin oxide
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.

Q1: In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?
A1: 822 AD
Q2: What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?
A2: Adalard of Corbie
Q3: In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?
A3: the thirteenth century
Q4: In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?
A4: the sixteenth century
Q5: What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?
A5: gruit
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.

Q1: Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?
A1: Jacques Charles
Q2: What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?
A2: 1783
Q3: what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?
A3: Zeppelins
Q4: In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?
A4: 1900
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.

Q1: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
A1: the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola
Q2: What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?
A2: dominant culture
Q3: What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?
A3: 70%
Q4: Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?
A4: no immunity to European diseases
Q5: What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?
A5: Increasing punishment
Madrasa (Language and literature)

The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of "nabuwwat" to the first portion of the "Umaiya" caliphate.[citation needed]

Q1: Where was the first madrasa located?
A1: the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam
Q2: Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?
A2: Hazrat Muhammad
Q3: Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?
A3: Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit
Q4: What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?
A4: calligraphy
Q5: What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?
A5: athletics and martial arts
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

Q1: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?
A1: in the air
Q2: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?
A2: shrapnel
Q3: Airburst fuses could be which two things?
A3: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)
Q4: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?
A4: Zeppelins
Q5: What was used as targets in training practices?
A5: Smoke shells
Bermuda (History)

The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.

Q1: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?
A1: Spanish
Q2: What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?
A2: Juan de Bermúdez
Q3: What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?
A3: pigs
Q4: What company permanently settled Bermuda?
A4: the English Virginia Company
Q5: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?
A5: Juan de Bermúdez
Q6: In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?
A6: 1503
Q7: How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?
A7: two
Q8: What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?
A8: pigs
Q9: In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?
A9: 1609
Alloy (Mathematics)

The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages.

Q1: Where did smelting of iron begin?
A1: Anatolia
Q2: When did the smelting of iron first begin?
A2: around 1800 BC
Q3: When did iron making technology begin in Japan?
A3: around 700 AD
Q4: Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?
A4: carbon
Q5: What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?
A5: lower melting point
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

Q1: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
A1: AD 380
Q2: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
A2: Thessalonica of Theodosius I
Q3: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
A3: state-sponsored support
Q4: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
A4: state powers of legal enforcement
Q5: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
A5: death sentence
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.

Q1: When was the first known use of the word "computer"?
A1: 1613
Q2: In which book, was the term "computer" first used?
A2: The Yong Mans Gleanings
Q3: Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?
A3: Richard Braithwait
Q4: From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today?
A4: 19th century
Space_Race (History)

The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).

Q1: When was the second landing on the Moon successful?
A1: November 1969
Q2: When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?
A2: February 1971
Q3: Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?
A3: July 1971
Q4: On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?
A4: April 1972
Q5: Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?
A5: December 1972
Bird (Natural sciences)

The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era.

Q1: What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?
A1: enantiornithes
Q2: Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?
A2: opposite birds
Q3: What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?
A3: enantiornithes
Q4: When did enantiornithes become extinct?
A4: end of the Mesozoic era
Energy (Natural sciences)

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as

Q1: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.
A1: first law of thermodynamics
Q2: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?
A2: energy
Q3: What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?
A3: for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.

Q1: When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?
A1: 1966
Q2: What did this act due?
A2: legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14
Q3: When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?
A3: 1989
Q4: What did it help do to?
A4: helped to reduce the exploitation of children