LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer (Engineering and technology)

In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program[citation needed], architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.

Q1: Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?
A1: Harvard Mark I computer
Q2: A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?
A2: the Harvard architecture
Education (Philosophy and religion)

In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.

Q1: What does secondary education comprise of?
A1: formal education that occurs during adolescence
Q2: What two examples were given of what "postsecondary" or "higher" education?
A2: university, vocational school
Q3: When does secondary schooling typically take place?
A3: teenage years
Q4: What is the purpose of secondary education?
A4: to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.

Q1: What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?
A1: Soviet Union
Q2: What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?
A2: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)
Q3: Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?
A3: cases which have already been decided
Q4: Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?
A4: common law
Q5: Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?
A5: Portuguese-based legal system
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

Q1: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
A1: the upper class
Q2: What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
A2: food and furs
Q3: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
A3: Robin Hood
Q4: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
A4: they "hunt the King's deer
Q5: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
A5: democratically in hunting for all
Q6: In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?
A6: upper class
Q7: What was the game in feudal territory was used as?
A7: food and furs
Q8: Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?
A8: professional huntsmen
Q9: The importance of can be seen in what legends?
A9: Robin Hood
Q10: Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?
A10: all
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with Anthophyta ("flowering plants") a second choice. These names are not linked to any rank. The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae, at the assigned rank of subdivision. The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina (Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 1996), but later split it to Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, and Rosopsida. The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division, leading to the name Magnoliophyta (from the family name Magnoliaceae). The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) treat this group at the rank of class, leading to the name Magnoliopsida. The APG system of 1998, and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name. However, a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae.

Q1: In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?
A1: coherent
Q2: What does anthophyta mean?
A2: flowering plants
Q3: What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?
A3: Angiospermae
Q4: How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?
A4: a clade called angiosperms
Q5: What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?
A5: Magnoliidae
Samoa (Geography and places)

In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

Q1: What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?
A1: The Five Stars
Q2: What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?
A2: Sweet Inspiration
Q3: What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?
A3: New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award
Q4: Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?
A4: Tha Feelstyle
Q5: What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?
A5: 1999
Red (Natural sciences)

In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Q1: From where does the color red in blood come from?
A1: hemoglobin
Q2: What does hemoglobin contain?
A2: iron
Q3: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
A3: iron oxide
Q4: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
A4: Rayleigh scattering
Q5: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
A5: anthocyanins
Uranium (Natural sciences)

In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.

Q1: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?
A1: 0.7204%
Q2: What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?
A2: uranium-238
Q3: What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?
A3: critical mass
Q4: What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?
A4: 99.2742%
Q5: Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?
A5: pressurised heavy water
Uranium (Natural sciences)

In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

Q1: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?
A1: carbonate
Q2: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
A2: carbonate
Q3: What is BSAR-1 a strain of?
A3: Sphingomonas sp.
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Q1: In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?
A1: non-Commonwealth countries
Q2: What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?
A2: Right Honourable
Q3: What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?
A3: Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
Q4: What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?
A4: Canada
Time (Philosophy and religion)

In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.

Q1: What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?
A1: concept of "relative, apparent, and common time"
Q2: In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?
A2: the late nineteenth century
Q3: The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?
A3: the behavior of electricity and magnetism
Q4: Which famous scientist resolved these issues?
A4: Einstein
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

In northern Galicia, the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coruña left all the other Galician cities behind.

Q1: Which metro area is largest in terms of population?
A1: A Coruña-Ferrol
Q2: What was it's total population back in 1900?
A2: 653,556
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Q1: Where do you find medieval plurals?
A1: nouns and adjectives
Q2: What letter is lost in some words?
A2: /n/
Q3: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
A3: homes
Q4: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
A4: joves
Q5: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
A5: proparoxytone
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

Q1: In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?
A1: one-party systems
Q2: What are North Korea and China examples of?
A2: positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government
Q3: What is the one-party system often compared with?
A3: dictatorships and tyranny
Q4: When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?
A4: 1934 and 1945
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Gutiérrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter.

Q1: How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?
A1: 20
Q2: When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?
A2: May 6, 1998
Q3: Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?
A3: Houston
Qing_dynasty (History)

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.

Q1: Who controlled the "Inner Court"?
A1: imperial family and Manchu nobility
Q2: Where was the Inner Court?
A2: Forbidden City
Q3: What was the Grand Council?
A3: core institution of the inner court
Korean_War (Warfare)

In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

Q1: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?
A1: the Black Sea
Q2: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
A2: two or three months
Q3: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?
A3: Chinese airspace
Q4: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?
A4: March 1951
Q5: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?
A5: the south side of the Yalu
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.

Q1: When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?
A1: early second millennium BCE
Q2: What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?
A2: close
Q3: From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?
A3: north-west
Q4: Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?
A4: India and Pakistan
Q5: What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?
A5: Indo-Aryan migration theory
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Q1: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
A1: in a fixed medium
Q2: What is NOT protected?
A2: The idea itself
Q3: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
A3: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea
Q4: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
A4: what qualifies as original
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.

Q1: What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?
A1: that pesticides be degradable
Q2: How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?
A2: quickly deactivated in the environment
Q3: What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?
A3: presence of halogens
Q4: What may slow pesticide movement?
A4: Adsorption to soil
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.

Q1: Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?
A1: Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang
Q2: Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?
A2: to seek out the Karmapa
Q3: When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?
A3: 1407
Q4: Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?
A4: through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

Q1: What measures the amount of light entering the eye?
A1: Daysimeter
Q2: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?
A2: circadian light meter