LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Sleep does not affect acquisition or recall while one is awake. Therefore, sleep has the greatest effect on memory consolidation. During sleep, the neural connections in the brain are strengthened. This enhances the brain’s abilities to stabilize and retain memories. There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory, as memories are enhanced through active consolidation. System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep (SWS). This process implicates that memories are reactivated during sleep, but that the process doesn’t enhance every memory. It also implicates that qualitative changes are made to the memories when they are transferred to long-term store during sleep. When you are sleeping, the hippocampus replays the events of the day for the neocortex. The neocortex then reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory. When you do not get enough sleep it makes it more difficult to learn as these neural connections are not as strong, resulting in a lower retention rate of memories. Sleep deprivation makes it harder to focus, resulting in inefficient learning. Furthermore, some studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to false memories as the memories are not properly transferred to long-term memory. Therefore, it is important to get the proper amount of sleep so that memory can function at the highest level. One of the primary functions of sleep is thought to be the improvement of the consolidation of information, as several studies have demonstrated that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test. Additionally, data obtained from neuroimaging studies have shown activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day, suggesting that new memories may be solidified through such rehearsal.

Q1: Does sleep hurt a persons memory?
A1: There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,
Q2: What does SWS stand for?
A2: slow-wave sleep
Q3: What take place during SWS?
A3: System consolidation
Q4: What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?
A4: reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory
Q5: In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?
A5: activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day
Brain (Natural sciences)

Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usually without dreaming) sleep, which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured: REM, light NREM and deep NREM. During deep NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep, activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves, whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern.

Q1: There are two types of sleep called what?
A1: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM
Q2: What type of sleep involves dreaming?
A2: REM sleep
Q3: The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?
A3: REM, light NREM and deep NREM
Q4: Slow wave sleep is also known as what?
A4: deep NREM sleep
Q5: During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?
A5: slow wave sleep
USB (Engineering and technology)

Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.

Q1: What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?
A1: charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off
Q2: What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?
A2: USB ports
Q3: What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?
A3: Sleep-and-charge USB ports
Genocide (History)

Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.

Q1: Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
A1: Slobodan Milošević
Q2: What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
A2: He died
Q3: Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?
A3: genocide or complicity in genocide
Q4: With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?
A4: Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić
Q5: Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
A5: Belgrade
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250M rural migrants in China.

Q1: What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"?
A1: Mark Dybul
Q2: What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?
A2: Brazil
Q3: What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?
A3: World Bank
Q4: What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?
A4: rural migrants
Q5: What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?
A5: regulations
Armenians (Geography and places)

Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the Armenian Quarter?
A1: one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem
Q2: How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?
A2: 35
Q3: When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?
A3: 1717
Q4: What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?
A4: Catholic
Q5: Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?
A5: on an island near Venice
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed since the 1930s, and remain in widespread use. Since the 1980s, surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size.

Q1: Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?
A1: the 1930s
Q2: Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?
A2: the 1980s
Q3: What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?
A3: connecting leads
Q4: What is one benefit of using surface mount components?
A4: simplify automated assembly
Q5: What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?
A5: manual handling is made difficult due to their small size
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.

Q1: Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?
A1: 1957
Q2: What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?
A2: Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol
Q3: How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?
A3: 95%
Q4: What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?
A4: small or medium ship
Q5: How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?
A5: 37,506
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.

Q1: What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?
A1: gold
Q2: What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?
A2: Mali
Q3: Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?
A3: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue
Q4: What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?
A4: primary and sometimes the only source of income
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In general, naval vessels should be treated with respect by aircraft, however the reverse is equally true. Carrier battle groups are especially well defended, as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats.

Q1: What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?
A1: machine-guns or fast cannons
Q2: These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?
A2: a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence
Q3: What type of ships are particularly well defended?
A3: Carrier battle groups
Q4: Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?
A4: fighter jets
Boston (Geography and places)

Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school), and Emerson College.

Q1: Babson College is what type of institution?
A1: Smaller private schools
Q2: What small private law school is located in Boston?
A2: New England School of Law
Q3: What was the name of Americas first all female law school?
A3: New England School of Law
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Smith's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin's design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (kB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256×256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team, was interested in running the Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256-pixel display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 kB of ROM – far more than most other computers; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the size of the planned screen.

Q1: How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?
A1: 64 kilobytes (kB)
Q2: Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?
A2: Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team
Q3: What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?
A3: Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor
Q4: Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?
A4: fewer RAM chips than the Lisa
Q5: What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?
A5: memory slots
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."

Q1: Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?
A1: Smyth
Q2: Smyth applied for membership with who?
A2: the Mennonites
Q3: What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?
A3: The modern Baptist denomination
Q4: What name did Baptists reject?
A4: Anabaptist
Q5: Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"
A5: McBeth
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

Q1: What are the saved versions of a site called?
A1: Snapshots
Q2: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
A2: six months
Q3: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
A3: variable
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.

Q1: Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?
A1: Snyder and Strömberg
Q2: What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?
A2: Cincinnati Post
Q3: Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?
A3: incumbents
Q4: Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?
A4: voter turnout
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

So an additional problem beyond canceling the unwanted reactance is of matching the remaining resistive impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. In principle this can always be done with a transformer, however the turns ratio of a transformer is not adjustable. A general matching network with at least two adjustments can be made to correct both components of impedance. Matching networks using discrete inductors and capacitors will have losses associated with those components, and will have power restrictions when used for transmitting. Avoiding these difficulties, commercial antennas are generally designed with fixed matching elements or feeding strategies to get an approximate match to standard coax, such as 50 or 75 Ohms. Antennas based on the dipole (rather than vertical antennas) should include a balun in between the transmission line and antenna element, which may be integrated into any such matching network.

Q1: What is not adjustable when it comes to a transformer?
A1: turns ratio
Q2: A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance?
A2: two adjustments
Q3: How many ohms are in are in a standard coax?
A3: 50 or 75
Q4: What is included between the transmission line and the antenna element?
A4: balun
Q5: A balun should be integrated into what?
A5: matching network
Red (Natural sciences)

So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.

Q1: Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?
A1: zero to 255,
Q2: What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?
A2: 16,777,216
Q3: What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?
A3: 255, 00, 00
Q4: Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?
A4: 220, 20, 60
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Q1: What is breathy voice?
A1: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds
Q2: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
A2: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.

Q1: What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? 
A1: social dynamics and promoting new cultural models
Q2: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?
A2: U.S. feminist movement
Q3: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?
A3: ice age