LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.

Q1: Who created the Scheinergrade system? 
A1: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner
Q2: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?
A2: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography
Q3: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?
A3: the speed of a plate
Q4: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?
A4: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch
Q5: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? 
A5: an increment of 3° Sch
Hanover (History)

The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and Südschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz).

Q1: What is a Schnellweg?
A1: expressway
Q2: What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?
A2: a large ring road
Q3: When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?
A3: Seelhorster Kreuz
Q4: What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?
A4: B6
Q5: What road does the Südschnellweg start out as?
A5: B65
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

The School of Architecture was established in 1899, although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome. The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture). It also awards the renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize.

Q1: In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?
A1: School of Architecture
Q2: In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?
A2: Bond Hall
Q3: What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture?
A3: five-year
Q4: In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?
A4: Rome
Q5: Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?
A5: Driehaus Architecture Prize
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors. In November 2007, he was chosen for a Lifetime Achievement Award to be presented at the sixth annual Visual Effects Society Awards in February 2009. He was set to be honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the January 2008 Golden Globes; however, the new, watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007–08 writers strike, the HFPA postponed his honor to the 2009 ceremony. In 2008, Spielberg was awarded the Légion d'honneur.

Q1: When was Spielberg added to the Science Fiction Hall of Fame?
A1: 2005
Q2: When did the Visual Effects Society give Spielberg a Lifetime Achievement Award?
A2: February 2009
Q3: When did Spielberg win the Cecil B. DeMille Award?
A3: 2009
Q4: Why was Spielberg's Cecil B. DeMille Award postponed from 2008?
A4: watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007–08 writers strike
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

The Science Museum Oklahoma (formerly Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex) houses exhibits on science, aviation, and an IMAX theater. The museum formerly housed the International Photography Hall of Fame (IPHF) that exhibits photographs and artifacts from a large collection of cameras and other artifacts preserving the history of photography. IPHF honors those who have made significant contributions to the art and/or science of photography and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri in 2013.

Q1: What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma?
A1: Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex
Q2: When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated?
A2: 2013
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.

Q1: What s the Scientific Revolution?
A1: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected
Q2: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?
A2: a transition to modern science
Q3: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
A3: question all manners of things
Q4: What did Scientific Revolution form?
A4: several modern scientific fields.
Neptune (Natural sciences)

The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.

Q1: What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?
A1: The Scooter
Q2: When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?
A2: 1989
Q3: What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune? 
A3: southern cyclonic storm
Q4: What detected the storms on Neptune? 
A4: Voyager 2)
Q5: What is the second most intense storm on Neptune? 
A5: The Small Dark Spot
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.

Q1: When was the Scottish Reformation?
A1: 1560
Q2: The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?
A2: France
Q3: Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?
A3: John Knox
Q4: Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?
A4: Mary of Guise
Q5: When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?
A5: 1560
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, "Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition." And,

Q1: What did Hume bring to empiricism?
A1: a new level of skepticism
Q2: What was Hume's nationality?
A2: Scottish
Q3: What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?
A3: demonstrative and probable
Q4: When was Hume born?
A4: 1711
Q5: When did Hume die?
A5: 1776
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

Q1: Who was James Bruce?
A1: Scottish traveler
Q2: In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?
A2: James Bruce
Q3: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?
A3: "Kings of the Sea"
Q4: What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?
A4: geopolitical circumstances
Q5: Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?
A5: 16th
Seattle (History)

The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The Sounders have not won the MLS Cup but have, however, won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014.

Q1: How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series?
A1: three
Q2: Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl?
A2: Denver Broncos
Q3: What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?
A3: New England Patriots
Q4: What is the Seattle soccer club named?
A4: Seattle Sounders FC
Q5: With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field?
A5: Seahawks
Israel (History)

The Second Aliyah (1904–14), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish "national home" within the Palestinian Mandate.

Q1: When did the Second Aliyah begin?
A1: after the Kishinev pogrom
Q2: How many Jews settled into Palestine?
A2: 40,000
Q3: The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who?
A3: Orthodox Jews
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

Q1: When did the Second Great Awakening start?
A1: around 1790
Q2: Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?
A2: Baptist and Methodist
Q3: When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?
A3: by the late 1840s
Q4: What did the Second Great Awakening create?
A4: the formation of new denominations
Q5: What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?
A5: skepticism, deism, and rationalism
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Q1: What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?
A1: The Second Sino-Japanese War
Q2: What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?
A2: embargoes
Q3: What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?
A3: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil
Q4: Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? 
A4: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
Sichuan (History)

The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.

Q1: What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?
A1: the Communists
Q2: Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?
A2: Chiang Kai-Shek
Q3: On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?
A3: 10 December
Q4: Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?
A4: it was one area on the road of the Long March
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The Section d'Or, also known as Groupe de Puteaux, founded by some of the most conspicuous Cubists, was a collective of painters, sculptors and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism, active from 1911 through about 1914, coming to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the 1911 Salon des Indépendants. The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912, was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition; exposing Cubism to a wide audience. Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective.

Q1: How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912?
A1: Over 200
Armenia (History)

The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.

Q1: Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?
A1: the Zakarid
Q2: What principality did the Zakarid family form?
A2: Zakarid Armenia
Q3: What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?
A3: Syunik and Vayots Dzor
Q4: What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?
A4: Artsakh and Utik
Q5: When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?
A5: early 12th century
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.

Q1: What does SASO stand for?
A1: Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation
Q2: Why was SASO created?
A2: to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid
Q3: What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?
A3: measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately
Q4: What is one of SASO's main goals?
A4: providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation
Q5: What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?
A5: measurements of sexual orientation.
Sumer (History)

The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the "Neo-Sumerian Renaissance" that followed it. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a "Semitic vs. Sumerian" conflict. However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered by Sargon.

Q1: Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found?
A1: proper names of the kings of Kish
Q2: Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC?
A2: king lists
Q3: During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak?
A3: Sargon the Great
Q4: What language did scribes use over Akkadian?
A4: Sumerian
Q5: How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages?
A5: about one thousand years
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence (in 1829). By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the "sick man" by Europeans. The suzerain states – the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro – moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.

Q1: During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?
A1: 1804–1815
Q2: What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?
A2: Suzerainty of Serbia
Q3: There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?
A3: the Greeks
Q4: Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?
A4: 1829
Q5: What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?
A5: the "sick man"
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koinéisation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.

Q1: Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?
A1: Štokavian
Q2: What is morphology to a language?
A2: tense system
Q3: What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?
A3: migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.

Q1: What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?
A1: two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France
Q2: When was the Seven Year' War fought?
A2: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764
Q3: What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?
A3: It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire
Q4: What country emerged as the world's predominate power?
A4: Britain rose as the world's predominant power
Q5: What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?
A5: Considered a prelude to the two world wars