LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO
2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H
2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.

Q1: What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?
A1: elemental
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as "orbiting" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity. Because of the discretization of angular momentum postulated in early quantum mechanics by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.

Q1: What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?
A1: Bohr model
Q2: What attracts planets and celestial items?
A2: gravity
Q3: What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?
A3: electrons and protons
Elizabeth_II (History)

The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

Q1: Where did Philip serve during WWII?
A1: Royal Navy
Q2: To whom did Philip's sisters marry?
A2: German noblemen
Q3: What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?
A3: "The Hun"
Q4: What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?
A4: "an English gentleman"
Q5: What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?
A5: good enough
American_Idol (Music)

The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for Fox Broadcasting Company. American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).

Q1: For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?
A1: 9
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God. Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic. They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs, although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible. Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and "private ideas" reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications, and are cautioned against reading other religious literature. Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism about what is taught in the Watch Tower Society's literature, and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding." The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.

Q1: What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?
A1: The entire Protestant canon
Q2: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?
A2: accurate
Q3: Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?
A3: the Governing Body
Q4: What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?
A4: other religious literature
Q5: What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?
A5: criticize or contribute
Mammal (Natural sciences)

The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.

Q1: What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?
A1: 10 to 30 cells thick
Q2: What is the main function of the epidermis?
A2: to provide a waterproof layer
Q3: How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?
A3: 15 to 40 times thicker
Q4: What is the dermis mainly consist of?
A4: bony structures and blood vessels
Q5: What does the Hyperdermis consist of?
A5: adipose tissue
University (Language and literature)

The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time, as individual scientists, associations and universities were vying for limited resources. There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefactors and designed to provide free education to the public, or established by local governments to provide a knowledge hungry populace with an alternative to traditional universities. Even when universities supported new scientific endeavors, and the university provided foundational training and authority for the research and conclusions, they could not compete with the resources available through private benefactors.

Q1: Scientists and universities were competing for what?
A1: limited resources
Q2: What type of education did private benefactors hope to provide to the public?
A2: free
Q3:  Governments created universities to serve as what?
A3: an alternative to traditional universities
Q4: What type of entity created competition with government created universities?
A4: private benefactors
Mesozoic (History)

The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

Q1: At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?
A1: Permian–Triassic extinction
Q2: When did the Mesozoic end?
A2: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
Q3: What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
A3: tectonic
Q4: Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
A4: evolutionary
Q5: When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
A5: Cenozoic
Cotton (Natural sciences)

The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.

Q1: What was the first manufactured fiber?
A1: rayon
Q2: When was rayon first made in France?
A2: 1890s
Q3: What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?
A3: chemicals industry
Q4: What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?
A4: Nylon
Q5: What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?
A5: DuPont
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.

Q1: What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
A1: 1826
Q2: Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
A2: Cayetano Ripoll
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Q1: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
A1: 1948
Q2: How much was allocated?
A2: ₹ 52.7 million
Q3: What kind of plan was it?
A3: five-year plan
Q4: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
A4: fourth
Q5: What was more than 50% used on?
A5: road construction
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

The era saw Libya's return to the international arena. In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalise relations. In 2001, Gaddafi condemned the September 11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the War on Terror against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of sharia law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002. Influenced by the events of the Iraq War, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of weapons of mass destruction, decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs. Relations with the U.S. improved as a result, while UK Prime Minister Tony Blair met with Gaddafi in the Libyan desert in March 2004. The following month, Gaddafi travelled to the headquarters of the European Union (EU) in Brussels, signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU, the latter ending its remaining sanctions in October. In October 2010, the EU paid Libya €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". Removed from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-western rhetoric, and at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Venezuela in September 2009, joined Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO. That month he also addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York for the first time, using it to condemn "western aggression". In Spring 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed jihad against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.

Q1: What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?
A1: Jiang Zemin
Q2: What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?
A2: Iraq War
Q3: What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?
A3: Tony Blair
Q4: In what city is the EU headquarters located?
A4: Brussels
Q5: How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?
A5: €50 million
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target, or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it, taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile.

Q1: What is the first purpose of air defence?
A1: detect hostile aircraft
Q2: What is the second purpose of air defence?
A2: destroy them
Q3: What is the critical issue in air defence?
A3: to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space
Q4: Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?
A4: at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it
Q5: What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?
A5: speed and direction
Brain (Natural sciences)

The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs, and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as "bug perceivers". A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view—a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize. Follow-up studies in higher-order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity, color, movement, and aspects of shape, with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses. Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates, some related to memory, some to abstract types of cognition such as space.

Q1: The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?
A1: 1959
Q2: Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?
A2: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

Q1: Why is a transistor so useful?
A1: gain
Q2: What is gain?
A2: it can act as an amplifier
Q3: What is an additional use of the transistor?
A3: turn current on or off in a circuit
Q4: What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?
A4: other circuit elements
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010[update], the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013[update], it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook,:3 and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris and Wipro.:3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business. The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.

Q1: In what year was Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited established?
A1: 1961
Q2: In 2010 what percentage of India's bulk pharmaceuticals were produced in Hyderabad?
A2: one third
Q3: What percentage of Andhra Pradesh's IT infrastructure exports originated from Cyberabad in 2013?
A3: 98%
Q4: How many ITES and IT companies are located in HITEC city?
A4: more than 1300
Q5: What rank within India was HITEC City given by the World Bank Group in 2009?
A5: second best
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913 the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established.[citation needed] In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The Ottoman aviation squadrons fought on many fronts during World War I, from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south.

Q1: What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?
A1: June 1909
Q2: Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?
A2: Yeşilköy
Q3: On what date was the Aviation School founded?
A3: 3 July 1912
Q4: What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?
A4: the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started
Q5: What new military academy was formed in June 1914?
A5: the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500—a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King—implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille, including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine.

Q1: Which government body was formed in 1480?
A1: Santa Hermandad
Q2: Which body was formed in 1500?
A2: Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia
Q3: What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia responsible for?
A3: 10%
Q4: Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century?
A4: Netherlands, France and England
Q5: In spite of these wars, which exports did Galicia's Atlantic trade consist of?
A5: sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably it is not part of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area. However the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU's single market through a number of bilateral treaties.

Q1: What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?
A1: 1 August 1291
Q2: What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?
A2: 2002
Q3: What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?
A3: Switzerland
Q4: In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?
A4: 1815
Q5: What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?
A5: Swiss National Day