LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or early 10th century). Above the door from the southwest vestibule to the narthex another mosaic shows the Theotokos with Justinian and Constantine. Justinian I is offering the model of the church to Mary while Constantine is holding a model of the city in his hand. Both emperors are beardless – this is an example for conscious archaization as contemporary Byzantine rulers were bearded. A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe (1042–1055). The emperor gives a bulging money sack to Christ as a donation for the church.

Q1: When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?
A1: The 9th- and 10th-century
Q2: The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?
A2: prophets, saints and patriarchs
Q3: When did the Empress Zoe die?
A3: 1055
Q4: What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?
A4: a bulging money sack
Q5: Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?
A5: Constantine Monomachos
Plymouth (History)

The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West.

Q1: What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?
A1: The Parkway
Q2: In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?
A2: 40
Q3: What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?
A3: Tamar Bridge
Q4: What park and ride service is located at George Junction?
A4: Plymouth City Airport
Q5: Who operates Milehouse park and ride?
A5: First South West
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air, likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives. This, along with the particularly light color of the original plastic, causes affected consoles to quickly become yellow; if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic, a "two-tone" effect results. The color can sometimes be restored with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution.

Q1: What material is the SNES case made of?
A1: ABS plastic
Q2: What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow?
A2: oxidization
Q3: What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow?
A3: an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives
Q4: How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed?
A4: with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution
Q5: Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow?
A5: if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.

Q1: What did the AEA work on after kites?
A1: gliders
Q2: What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?
A2: bamboo
Q3: What kind of plane was the Red Wing?
A3: biplane
Q4: How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?
A4: 150
Q5: Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?
A5: Selfridge
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games.

Q1: Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?
A1: Fox Sports
Q2: What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?
A2: FSN
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports leagues; each team essentially operated as its own business and the league itself was a separate entity which in exchange for franchise fees paid by the team owners provided rules, officials, scheduling and the other elements of organizational structure. A pool of money is allotted to teams to aid in travel costs.

Q1: In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?
A1: 2010
Q2: Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?
A2: the league
Q3: What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?
A3: franchise model
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

The AP reported that "The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened."

Q1: Who has ignored the school issue?
A1: state-controlled media
Q2: Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?
A2: propaganda bureau
Q3: What media source has reported this happening?
A3: The AP
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had been rated at 200 ASA before 1960 was labeled 400 ASA afterwards without any change to the emulsion. Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961-10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years.

Q1: In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?
A1: 1960
Q2: What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?
A2: effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films
Q3: Which other system were these changes applied to?
A3: the DIN system
Q4: In what year was the BS system modified?
A4: 1963
Q5: What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?
A5: safety factors against under-exposure
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Q1: Who established the AVL?
A1: Valencian parliament
Q2: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
A2: use of Valencian
Q3: What is the AVL standard based on?
A3: Norms of Castelló
Q4: Who uses this standard?
A4: everyone who writes
Q5: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
A5: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The Abbot of Monte Cassino, Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler Leo of Ostia the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte Cassino Museum). "The abbot in his wisdom decided that great number of young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy.

Q1: Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church?
A1: The Abbot of Monte Cassino
Q2: After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists?
A2: 1066
Q3: What animal was on the only surviving mosaics created by the greeks at the rebuilt abbey?
A3: greyhounds
Q4: Where are the only remaining greek mosaic panels now kept?
A4: in the Monte Cassino Museum
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.

Q1: What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?
A1: Querétaro
Q2: What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?
A2: Section XXVIII of Article 50
Q3: When was the federal constitution signed? 
A3: October 4, 1824
Q4: What type of land is Mexico City?
A4: federal
Q5: Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?
A5: federal government
East_Prussia (History)

The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau, Labiau, and Oliva, Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. The absolutist elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia.

Q1: In what year did Maximilian III die?
A1: 1618
Q2: What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?
A2: Albert's line died out
Q3: Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?
A3: Frederick William
Virgil (Language and literature)

The Aeneid appears to have been a great success. Virgil is said to have recited Books 2, 4, and 6 to Augustus; and Book 6 apparently caused Augustus' sister Octavia to faint. Although the truth of this claim is subject to scholarly scepticism, it has served as a basis for later art, such as Jean-Baptiste Wicar's Virgil Reading the Aeneid.

Q1: Which book supposedly caused Augustus' sister to faint?
A1: 6
Q2: What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid?
A2: Virgil Reading the Aeneid
Q3: Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to?
A3: Augustus
Virgil (Language and literature)

The Aeneid is widely considered Virgil's finest work and one of the most important poems in the history of western literature. Virgil worked on the Aeneid during the last eleven years of his life (29–19 BC), commissioned, according to Propertius, by Augustus. The epic poem consists of 12 books in dactylic hexameter verse which describe the journey of Aeneas, a warrior fleeing the sack of Troy, to Italy, his battle with the Italian prince Turnus, and the foundation of a city from which Rome would emerge. The Aeneid's first six books describe the journey of Aeneas from Troy to Rome. Virgil made use of several models in the composition of his epic; Homer, the preeminent author of classical epic, is everywhere present, but Virgil also makes special use of the Latin poet Ennius and the Hellenistic poet Apollonius of Rhodes among the various other writers to which he alludes. Although the Aeneid casts itself firmly into the epic mode, it often seeks to expand the genre by including elements of other genres such as tragedy and aetiological poetry. Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad.

Q1: Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest?
A1: The Aeneid
Q2: Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius?
A2: Augustus
Q3: How many books are included in The Aeneid?
A3: 12
Q4: Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after?
A4: Odyssey
Q5: Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?
A5: Iliad
Federal_Aviation_Administration (History)

The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities.

Q1: What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?
A1: Bureau of Air Commerce
Q2: When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?
A2: 1934
Q3: When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?
A3: 1936
Q4: What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?
A4: air traffic controllers
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.

Q1: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
A1: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.
Q2: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
A2: Europe and America
Q3: What is the basic training of a humanist?
A3: speak well and write
Q4: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
A4: the 15th century
Q5: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
A5: quadrivium and scholastic logic.
History_of_science (History)

The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the development of modern mathematics, physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783), epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie between 1751 and 1772. The impact of this process was not limited to science and technology, but affected philosophy (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), religion (the increasingly significant impact of science upon religion), and society and politics in general (Adam Smith, Voltaire), the French Revolution of 1789 setting a bloody cesura indicating the beginning of political modernity[citation needed]. The early modern period is seen as a flowering of the European Renaissance, in what is often known as the Scientific Revolution, viewed as a foundation of modern science.

Q1: The Age of Reason made way for which movement?
A1: Age of Enlightenment
Q2: What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?
A2: the French Revolution of 1789
Q3: What book did Denis Diderot write?
A3: Encyclopédie
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Immanuel Kant. Some European rulers, including Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick I of Prussia, tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism. The Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson came to Europe during the period and contributed actively to the scientific and political debate, and the ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Q1: Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?
A1: enlightened absolutism
Q2: Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?
A2: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
Q3: The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?
A3: Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
Q4: Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?
A4: preceded
Federal_Aviation_Administration (History)

The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.

Q1: When was the Air Commerce Act passed?
A1: May 20, 1926
Q2: Who was charged with fostering air commerce?
A2: Secretary of Commerce
Q3: What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?
A3: Aeronautics Branch
Q4: Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?
A4: Aeronautics Branch
Q5: Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?
A5: Secretary of Commerce
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training (COT) for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration. Originally viewed as a "knife and fork school" that covered little beyond basic wear of the uniform, COT in recent years has been fully integrated into the OTS program and today encompasses extensive coursework as well as field exercises in leadership, confidence, fitness, and deployed-environment operations.

Q1: What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?
A1: Commissioned Officer Training
Q2: What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? 
A2: medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration
Q3: What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? 
A3: deployed-environment operations
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

Q1: What purpose did stelae serve?
A1: religious
Q2: Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?
A2: The Aksumites
Q3: Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?
A3: the obelisk of Aksum
Q4: Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?
A4: Aksum
Q5: Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?
A5: Aksum
Alaska (Geography and places)

The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.

Q1: The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?
A1: University of Alaska Fairbanks
Q2: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?
A2: The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage
Q3: As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
A3: well over half
Alaska (Geography and places)

The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.

Q1: Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?
A1: discourage
Q2: Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?
A2: political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation
Q3: Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?
A3: outside Alaska
Q4: How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?
A4: $734,000
Q5: How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?
A5: $50 billion