LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Red (Natural sciences)

The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

Q1: What was kermes lake made from?
A1: kermes insects
Q2: What was madder lake made from?
A2: rubia tinctorum plant
Q3: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?
A3: carmine
Q4: During what century did carmine start to see use?
A4: 15th
Q5: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?
A5: change color
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

The palace measures 108 metres (354 ft) by 120 metres (390 ft), is 24 metres (79 ft) high and contains over 77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft) of floorspace. The floor area is smaller than the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Papal Palace in Rome, the Louvre in Paris, the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, or the Forbidden City. There are 775 rooms, including 19 state rooms, 52 principal bedrooms, 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, and 78 bathrooms. The principal rooms are contained on the piano nobile behind the west-facing garden façade at the rear of the palace. The centre of this ornate suite of state rooms is the Music Room, its large bow the dominant feature of the façade. Flanking the Music Room are the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. At the centre of the suite, serving as a corridor to link the state rooms, is the Picture Gallery, which is top-lit and 55 yards (50 m) long. The Gallery is hung with numerous works including some by Rembrandt, van Dyck, Rubens and Vermeer; other rooms leading from the Picture Gallery are the Throne Room and the Green Drawing Room. The Green Drawing Room serves as a huge anteroom to the Throne Room, and is part of the ceremonial route to the throne from the Guard Room at the top of the Grand Staircase. The Guard Room contains white marble statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Roman costume, set in a tribune lined with tapestries. These very formal rooms are used only for ceremonial and official entertaining, but are open to the public every summer.

Q1: How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?
A1: 52
Q2: How many bathrooms are there?
A2: 78
Q3: A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?
A3: the Music Room
Q4: How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?
A4: 55 yards
Q5: Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?
A5: The Guard Room
Q6: What is the floor space of the palace?
A6: 77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)
Q7: How many staterooms does the palace have?
A7: 19 state rooms
Q8: How many bathrooms does the palace have?
A8: 78 bathrooms
Q9: How many offices does the palace have?
A9: 92 offices
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

The palace, like Windsor Castle, is owned by the Crown Estate. It is not the monarch's personal property, unlike Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle. Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews. Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection. It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II. The palace's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993. The money raised in entry fees was originally put towards the rebuilding of Windsor Castle after the 1992 fire devastated many of its state rooms. 476,000 people visited the palace in the 2014–15 financial year.

Q1: Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?
A1: Crown Estate
Q2: Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?
A2: Queen's Gallery
Q3: What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?
A3: chapel
Q4: What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?
A4: The palace's state rooms
Q5: Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?
A5: Crown Estate
Q6: Where can the public view the Royal Collection?
A6: at the Queen's Gallery
Q7: Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?
A7: since 1993
Q8: How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?
A8: 476,000 people
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped grooves across the full dimension of the panel. The individual PCBs can then be broken apart along this line of weakness. Today depaneling is often done by lasers which cut the board with no contact. Laser panelization reduces stress on the fragile circuits.

Q1: What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?
A1: depaneling
Q2: What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?
A2: individual circuits
Q3: What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?
A3: lasers
Q4: What does the V-shaped groove method save?
A4: space
Q5: What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?
A5: circuits
Middle_Ages (History)

The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the Devil. Mystics such as Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) and Thomas à Kempis (d. 1471) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life, which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Besides mysticism, belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread, and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum, the most popular handbook for witch-hunters.

Q1: In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?
A1: the clergy
Q2: When did Thomas à Kempis die?
A2: 1471
Q3: In what year did the Church condemn witches?
A3: 1484
Q4: In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published?
A4: 1486
Q5: What was the Malleus Maleficarum?
A5: handbook for witch-hunters
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence" "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind."

Q1: What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?
A1: papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus
Q2: What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?
A2: Genesis 3:15
Q3: According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?
A3: the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence
Q4: Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?
A4: in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world
Paper (Natural sciences)

The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

Q1: What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?
A1: reels
Q2: In what manner are sheets normally cut?
A2: long-grain
Q3: If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?
A3: cut into sheets
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.

Q1: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?
A1: accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
Q2: What happened in the Feb 2010 election?
A2: PDPT lose four seats in Parliament
Q3: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?
A3: "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
Q4: What was the Tajikistan governments response?
A4: The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people
Phonology (Language and literature)

The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics.

Q1: What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?
A1: historical
Q2: With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?
A2: contrasts
Q3: In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?
A3: the same phoneme
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Q1: Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?
A1: Malcolm Turnbull
Q2: Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?
A2: Julie Bishop
Q3: Who was Turnbull elected to replace?
A3: Tony Abbott
Q4: What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?
A4: the Abbott Government
Elevator (History)

The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in before the elevator starts moving vertically. Multiple elevator shafts are used to further improve passenger throughput. The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment, thus allowing passengers to look out from the top of the structure.

Q1: How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?
A1: mechanically
Q2: What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?
A2: automated guided vehicles or AGVs
Q3: What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move?
A3: move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in
Q4: What is special about the doorways of the top floors?
A4: The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment
Q5: What does this allow riders to do at the top?
A5: look out from the top of the structure
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000.

Q1: When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?
A1: 1978
Q2: What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?
A2: criminal
Q3: Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?
A3: krill
Q4: How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?
A4: 32,000
Q5: When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?
A5: 1980
Roman_Republic (History)

The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the "Peace of the Greeks", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies.

Q1: What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?
A1: "Peace of the Greeks"
Q2: Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?
A2: Greece
Q3: What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?
A3: an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies
Q4: In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?
A4: 197 BC
Q5: What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?
A5: his recent Greek conquests
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Wilber also claimed (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Gray's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $100. Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.

Q1: Who declared himself an alcoholic?
A1: Zenas Fisk Wilber
Q2: In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?
A2: Civil War
Q3: How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?
A3: $100
Q4: What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?
A4: technical details
British_Empire (History)

The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest there. This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907.

Q1: When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada?
A1: 1839
Q2: The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?
A2: Province of Canada
Q3: When was the British North America Act passed?
A3: 1867
Q4: When did Australia achieve self-government?
A4: after 1900
Q5: When did New Zealand achieve self-government?
A5: after 1900
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The patron saint of Galicia is Saint James the Greater, whose body was discovered – according to the Catholic tradition – in 814 near Compostela. After that date, the relics of Saint James became an extraordinary centre of pilgrimage and from the 9th century have been kept in the heart of the church – the modern-day cathedral – dedicated to him. There are many other Galician and associated saints; some of the best-known are: Saint Ansurius, Saint Rudesind, Saint Mariña of Augas Santas, Saint Senorina, Trahamunda and Froilan.

Q1: Who is Galicia's patron saint?
A1: Saint James the Greater
Q2: Name another saint associated with Galicia.
A2: Saint Senorina
Palermo (Unknown)

The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.

Q1: Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?
A1: Santa Rosalia
Q2: When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?
A2: 14 July
Q3: Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?
A3: Santa Rosalia
Q4: What is The Festino?
A4: procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia
Somalis (Geography and places)

The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries.

Q1: During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?
A1: early medieval
Q2: Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?
A2: Persia
Q3: In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?
A3: mosques
Q4: Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?
A4: limestone
Q5: Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?
A5: drystone
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.

Q1: Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?
A1: C. B. J. Snyder
Q2: What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?
A2: a former public school
Q3: Where is the NY Maritime College?
A3: Fort Schuyler
Q4: What is 'Scullers' Row'?
A4: the Harlem River
Q5: Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?
A5: Bronx River