LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between "the patron and the priest" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized "the religious nature of the relationship." Josef Kolmaš writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were "almost entirely of a religious character." Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to "resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa." She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as "part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri."

Q1: According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?
A1: Chinese Communist historians
Q2: What were the items of tribute?
A2: Buddhist artifacts
Q3: Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?
A3: Josef Kolmaš
American_Idol (Music)

With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with season seven, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards. In the first nine seasons, performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten.

Q1: In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?
A1: seven
Q2: Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?
A2: Ray Chew
Q3: In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?
A3: ten
Q4: Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?
A4: Rickey Minor
Q5: Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?
A5: Rickey Minor
Q6: Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?
A6: Ray Chew
Q7: What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?
A7: seven
Ottoman_Empire (History)

With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

Q1: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?
A1: conquest of Constantinople
Q2: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?
A2: Byzantine
Q3: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?
A3: Timur
Q4: Timur was the founder of what?
A4: Timurid Empire
Q5: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?
A5: Battle of Ankara
History_of_science (History)

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.

Q1: What allowed political studies to spread?
A1: the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Q2: What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?
A2: monotheism
Q3: Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?
A3: churches and courts
Q4: Who wrote The City of God?
A4: Augustine of Hippo
Q5: What did The City of God change?
A5: the borders between what was religious and what was political
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

Q1: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?
A1: monopolies
Q2: Which families financed the wars of kings?
A2: the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England
Q3: Which economic associations gained power in the towns?
A3: guilds
Q4: Where was Jacques Couer from?
A4: France
East_Prussia (History)

With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

Q1: In what year did Germany become a republic?
A1: 1918
Q2: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?
A2: Treaty of Versailles
Q3: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?
A3: The Seedienst Ostpreußen
Melbourne (Geography and places)

With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.

Q1: When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?
A1: 1860
Q2: How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?
A2: gold mining
Q3: What was protected by high tarriffs?
A3: wool
Q4: In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?
A4: diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.
Q5: By what year was the gold rush largely over?
A5: 1860
Q6: What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?
A6: wool
Q7: What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?
A7: introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands
Q8: Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?
A8: smallpox
Q9: The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?
A9: 80%
East_India_Company (History)

With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

Q1: how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?
A1: three
Q2: What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?
A2: Maratha empire
Q3: With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?
A3: India
Q4: Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?
A4: gradual
Q5: what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?
A5: British
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar (Operation Rösselsprung), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia.

Q1: Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?
A1: Axis
Q2: Who was the opponent of the Allies?
A2: Axis
Q3: Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?
A3: German
Q4: In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?
A4: Drvar
Q5: What type of assault was there in Bosnia?
A5: airborne
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.

Q1: Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?
A1: at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society
Q2: Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?
A2: Charles Stearn
Q3: Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?
A3: 'parchmentised thread'
Q4: When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?
A4: 1880
Q5: What was the first public building to install electric lighting?
A5: the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Q1: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?
A1: director
Q2: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?
A2: Lionel Robbins
Q3: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?
A3: one of the leading economic theorists in the world
Q4: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?
A4: modern microeconomics
Q5: In what year did Hayek come to London?
A5: 1931
Police (Social sciences and society)

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

Q1: What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?
A1: 50
Q2: How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?
A2: 33,000
Q3: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?
A3: 11,000
Q4: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?
A4: £122,000
Q5: When was the Thames River Police made a public service?
A5: 28 July 180
Alloy (Mathematics)

With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.

Q1: What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?
A1: produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron
Q2: By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?
A2: steel
Q3: When did puddling start occurring?
A3: 1700s
Q4: When was the Bessemer process developed?
A4: 1858
Q5: Steel and manganese combines form to make what?
A5: Mangalloy
Nigeria (History)

With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.

Q1: What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?
A1: 'Pidgin' or 'Broken'
Q2: What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?
A2: Niger Delta Regions
Q3: What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?
A3: rural
Q4: What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?
A4: indigenous
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play. Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music.

Q1: Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?
A1: less and less new music fits their bill
Q2: By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?
A2: dance-pop and electronic dance music
Q3: Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?
A3: too alternative
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, "The only space or place of the world is the soul" and "Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul", Ludwig Noiré wrote: "For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

Q1: What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?
A1: neoplatonist
Q2: According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?
A2: Plotinus
Q3: What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?
A3: whether we know external objects
Q4: What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?
A4: Time
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots  and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

Q1: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?
A1: the Macintosh IIx
Q2: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?
A2: the Macintosh IIci
Q3: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?
A3: US$9,900
Q4: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?
A4: two
Q5: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?
A5: 40 MHz
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (an explicit-content line) and Marvel Adventures (developed for child audiences). In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation.

Q1: What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?
A1: bankruptcy
Q2: When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?
A2: 2001
Q3: What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?
A3: Marvel Rating System
Q4: What was the first book published under this new ratings system?
A4: X-Force #119
Q5: What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?
A5: MAX
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

With the new stadium, Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup, which, at the time, consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region. The contest was the most prestigious in that era. From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913, Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times. Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four-time champion, managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell. The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917. The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona, which local rivals Espanyol won.

Q1: How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?
A1: four
Q2: From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?
A2: Marca Hispanica
Q3: When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?
A3: 1910
Q4: Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?
A4: Jack Greenwell
Q5: When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?
A5: 1914