LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight." Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.

Q1: What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?
A1: no programming knowledge is required
Q2: What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?
A2: like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.
Q3: What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?
A3: tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

One big impetus for the development of the AC radio format was that, when rock and roll music first became popular in the mid-1950s, many more conservative radio stations wanted to continue to play current hit songs while shying away from rock. These middle of the road (or "MOR") stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs.

Q1: During what decade did rock and roll music first rise to popularity?
A1: 1950s
Q2: What does the acronym MOR stand for?
A2: middle of the road
Q3: Along with pre-rock standards, what type of older songs did MOR stations play?
A3: big band titles
Eton_College (History)

One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name "King's Scholars" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense.

Q1: The College boarding house is reserved for whom?
A1: King's Scholars
Q2: Where do "King's Scholars" get their name?
A2: the school was founded by King Henry VI
Q3: How many original Scholars were there in the original School?
A3: seventy
Q4: How many students receive some form of financial aid?
A4: up to a third
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. Their original wood-frame structures would be enlarged, and even moved closer to the beach, over the years. The modern Chalfonte Hotel, eight stories tall, opened in 1904. The modern Haddon Hall was built in stages and was completed in 1929, at eleven stories. By this time, they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel, becoming the city's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms. By 1930, the Claridge, the city's last large hotel before the casinos, opened its doors. The 400-room Claridge was built by a partnership that included renowned Philadelphia contractor John McShain. At 24 stories, it would become known as the "Skyscraper By The Sea." The city became known as the "The World's Playground.

Q1: What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open?
A1: 1868
Q2: What year did the Haddon House open?
A2: 1869
Q3: How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?
A3: eight
Q4: How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel?
A4: nearly 1,000
Q5: What was the name given to the 24 story tall, 400-room Claridge?
A5: Skyscraper By The Sea
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field.

Q1: Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?
A1: matter and energy
Q2: Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?
A2: energy
Q3: Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?
A3: fields
Roman_Republic (History)

One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen, that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate to a tribune. In addition, once a magistrate's one-year term of office expired, he would have to wait ten years before serving in that office again. This created problems for some consuls and praetors, and these magistrates would occasionally have their imperium extended. In effect, they would retain the powers of the office (as a promagistrate), without officially holding that office.

Q1: How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?
A1: one-year
Q2: How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?
A2: at least two people
Q3: What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus?
A3: Provocatio
Q4: What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued?
A4: promagistrate
Q5: Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?
A5: a tribune
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981–2002, the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world. King George VI is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Princess Margaret were travelling to South Africa. Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002.

Q1: What caused high unemployment on the island?
A1: loss of full passports
Q2: Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?
A2: King George VI
Q3: What year did King George VI visit the island?
A3: 1947
Q4: When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?
A4: 1957
Q5: Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?
A5: 1984
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolation by distance. This point called attention to a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races (for example, those based on hair texture and skin color): they ignore a host of other similarities and differences (for example, blood type) that do not correlate highly with the markers for race. Thus, anthropologist Frank Livingstone's conclusion, that since clines cross racial boundaries, "there are no races, only clines".

Q1: What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?
A1: distributed along geographic gradations or clines
Q2: Why are variations distributed along clines?
A2: isolation by distance
Q3: What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?
A3: they ignore a host of other similarities and differences
Q4: What is Frank Livingstone's profession?
A4: anthropologist
Q5: What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?
A5: there are no races, only clines
Roman_Republic (History)

One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC; it is more likely, however, that they were copied from Rome's Samnite enemies to the south, possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War (326 to 304 BC).

Q1: What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?
A1: only effective when fighting in large, open spaces
Q2: In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?
A2: 4th century BC
Q3: What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle?
A3: manipular formation
Q4: Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?
A4: copied from Rome's Samnite enemies
Q5: What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula?
A5: hilly terrain
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

Q1: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
A1: linguists
Q2: What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
A2: short, long, and "overlong"
Q3: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
A3: the underlying phonological mechanism
Gramophone_record (Music)

One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the rotational speed of the records increased as reproduction progressed. This action is similar (although in reverse) to that on the modern compact disc and the CLV version of its predecessor, the Philips Laser Disc.

Q1: Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?
A1: World Records
Q2: What caused the constant linear velocity?
A2: Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device
Q3: What was a unique feature of World Records records?
A3: played from the outside to the inside
Q4: What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?
A4: Philips Laser Disc
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards"  [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules).

Q1: Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College, despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot?
A1: John Edwards
Q2: Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president?
A2: This was the first time in U.S. history
Q3: Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency?
A3: All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president
Q4: What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?
A4: under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president
Q5: In the 1800 election, why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote?
A5: it violated Electoral College rules
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long). A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions, with a total length that is often, but not always, a half of a wavelength long. Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.

Q1: What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?
A1: metal rod
Q2: What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?
A2: dipole
Q3: In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?
A3: horizontally
Q4: What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?
A4: null
Korean_War (Warfare)

One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan."

Q1: What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?
A1: Japan
Q2: Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?
A2: President Truman
Q3: Why was South Korea important to the US?
A3: US policy toward Japan
Q4: What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?
A4: US policy toward Japan
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

Q1: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
A1: Pierre Belon
Q2: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
A2: 1553
Q3: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
A3: 1838
Q4: After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
A4: revolution of 1830
Q5: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? 
A5: Place de la Concorde
Rule_of_law (History)

One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law’s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.

Q1: The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?
A1: economic development
Q2: What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?
A2: Constitutional economics
Q3: In what branch of government is corruption examined?
A3: executive branch
Q4: In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?
A4: the executive
Q5: What is the term for corruption by individuals?
A5: corruption by private actors
Dialect (Language and literature)

One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the Western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the Western language families.

Q1: What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?
A1: Interlingua
Q2: Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?
A2: International Auxiliary Language Association
Q3: What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?
A3: Swedish
Q4: Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?
A4: Portuguese
Q5: Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?
A5: the international scientific vocabulary
Classical_music (Music)

One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

Q1: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?
A1: the types of instruments used in ensembles
Q2: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?
A2: a classical era string quartet
Q3: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?
A3: clavichord
Q4: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
A4: a lute
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.

Q1: Who is a Taiwanese politician?
A1: Yu Shyi-kun
Q2: What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?
A2: movie posters
Q3: What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?
A3: Japanese newspapers
Computer (Engineering and technology)

One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

Q1: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?
A1: "time-sharing"
Q2: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
A2: an interrupt,