LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the "beginning of the end" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms "the worst is still to come". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland’s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.

Q1: In 2008, what type collapse was feared?
A1: global economic collapse
Q2: What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?
A2: UBS
Q3: On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?
A3: three quarters
Q4: Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?
A4: Iceland
Q5: What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?
A5: capital injection
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Several companies, refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo, found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed game, in order to use the licensed game's 10NES chip for authentication. In order to combat unlicensed games, Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed titles. In addition, multiple revisions were made to the NES PCBs to prevent these games from working.

Q1: Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?
A1: voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip
Q2: Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?
A2: refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo
Q3: Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?
A3: Europe and Australia
Q4: What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?
A4: threatened retailers
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

Q1: What do national churches bring together?
A1: the ecclesiastical structure with the state
Q2: How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?
A2: since 2007
Q3: Who has the only Reformed church?
A3: Tuvalu
Q4: Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?
A4: The Church of England
Q5: What type of church does Tonga have?
A5: Methodist
51st_state (Language and literature)

Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, "Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future."

Q1: What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?
A1: Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño
Q2: What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?
A2: Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla
Q3: How did these politicians voice their concerns?
A3: wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama
Q4: What was the White House stance?
A4: the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved
Zinc (Unknown)

Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.

Q1: How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?
A1: Several dozen
Q2: What is the longest half life of the isotopes?
A2: 243.66
Q3: What does the superscript m represent?
A3: metastable isotope
Q4: How many excited states does 61Zn have? 
A4: three
Q5: How many excited states does 73Zn have?
A5: two
Q6: What is the most long lived radio isotope?
A6: 65Zn
Q7: What is the half life of 72Zn?
A7: 46.5 hours
Q8: How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?
A8: 10
Q9: What does the superscript "m" indicate?
A9: metastable isotope
Q10: What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?
A10: emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray
Yale_University (History)

Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

Q1: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
A1: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"
Q2: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
A2: very strong tradition of volunteerism
Q3: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?
A3: an ethos of organized activity
Q4: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?
A4: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."
Q5: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?
A5: the culture of community and cooperation
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of the surname would have some Ashkenazi ancestors since the surname was adopted by families who were initially of Ashkenazic origins who moved to Sephardi countries and joined those communities. Ashkenazi would be formally adopted as the family surname having started off as a nickname imposed by their adopted communities. Some have shortened the name to Ash.

Q1: Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?
A1: Syrian Jewish community
Q2: Some people with the surname shorten it to what?
A2: Ash
Q3: What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?
A3: Vladimir Ashkenazy
Queen_(band) (Music)

Several films have featured their songs performed by other artists. A version of "Somebody to Love" by Anne Hathaway was in the 2004 film Ella Enchanted. In 2006, Brittany Murphy also recorded a cover of the same song for the 2006 film Happy Feet. In 2001, a version of "The Show Must Go On" was performed by Jim Broadbent and Nicole Kidman in the film musical Moulin Rouge!. The 2001 film A Knight's Tale has a version of "We Are the Champions" performed by Robbie Williams and Queen; the film also features "We Will Rock You" played by the medieval audience.

Q1: ho sang a version of Queen's Somebody to Love in 2004's Ella Enchanted?
A1: Anne Hathaway
Q2: Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006's Happy Feet?
A2: Brittany Murphy
Q3: Which movie featured a cover of Queen's The Show Must Go On?
A3: Moulin Rouge!
Q4: Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen's We Are the Champions?
A4: A Knight's Tale
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church—Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station—is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.

Q1: Who has research stations in Antarctica?
A1: Several governments
Q2: What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?
A2: between 70 and 350
Q3: About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?
A3: one-year
Q4: What station has an Orthodox church representative?
A4: Bellingshausen Station
Q5: When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?
A5: 2004
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the "lack of freedom of speech" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to "remain calm, non-violent, peaceful".

Q1: Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?
A1: the Trocadéro
Q2: Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?
A2: Jane Birkin
Q3: Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?
A3: Thupten Gyatso
Q4: Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?
A4: Trocadéro
Q5: The Trocadéro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?
A5: peaceful
Q6: Who, of the Trocadéro protest, spoke to the media?
A6: Jane Birkin
Q7: What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocadéro say China lacked?
A7: freedom of speech
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing—the only language they knew—in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.

Q1: Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?
A1: sign language
Q2: What would happen so some children's hands in schools?
A2: tied behind their backs
Q3: In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?
A3: negative
Q4: What was the only language many deaf people had?
A4: signing
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), "to destroy". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with ἀπόλυσις (apolysis), "redemption", with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), "purification", and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), "simple", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), "ever-shooting". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means "assembly", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), "fold", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means "stone," and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella, the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη (Pellēnē/Pallene).

Q1: What Doric word means assembly?
A1: apella
Q2: What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone?
A2: pella
Q3: What is the Greek word for "to destroy?"
A3: apollymi
Miami (Geography and places)

Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, Espírito Santo Financial Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telefónica USA, UniMÁS, Telemundo, Univision, U.S. Century Bank, Vector Group and World Fuel Services. Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, and Wal-Mart.

Q1: Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?
A1: 1400
Q2: Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami?
A2: proximity to Latin America
Q3: Along with Celebrity, Carnival, Norwegian, Oceania and Royal Caribbean, what cruise line is based in Miami?
A3: Seabourn
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e., heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e., cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.

Q1: Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?
A1: insulin resistance
Q2: Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?
A2: lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia
Q3: Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?
A3: chronic inflammation
Q4: The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?
A4: insulin resistance
Q5: Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?
A5: prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.

Q1: What does UGR stand for?
A1: Unified Glare Rating
Antibiotics (History)

Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.

Q1: What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?
A1: Intrinsic antibacterial resistance
Q2: What can be absent from the bacterial genome?
A2: antibiotic target
Q3: When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/
A3: vertical transmission
Q4: What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?
A4: antibacterial resistance genes
Q5: What does some resistance come from?
A5: mutation
Q6: What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?
A6: vertical transmission of mutations
Q7: What do plasmids do in resistance?
A7: carry several different resistance genes
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8, beginning with the traditional Start menu. Support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the "Pro Pack" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or "Media Center Pack" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party DVD player software can still be used to enable DVD playback.

Q1: Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?
A1: the cost of licensing the necessary decoders
Q2: What does the Pro Pack do?
A2: upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro
Q3: Which main feature was removed in Windows 8?
A3: the traditional Start menu
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft), Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam), and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store. However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."

Q1: Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?
A1: video game developers
Q2: Who created Minecraft?
A2: Markus "Notch" Persson
Q3: Who developed Steam?
A3: Gabe Newell
Q4: What company is Rob Pardo associated with?
A4: Activision Blizzard
Q5: What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?
A5: responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Several of the city's large general museums are located near the Boulevard. On Boulevard proper are the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, lending their name to what is sometimes called the Museum District. Nearby on Broad Street is the Science Museum of Virginia, housed in the neoclassical former 1919 Broad Street Union Station. Immediately adjacent is the Children's Museum of Richmond, and two blocks away, the Virginia Center for Architecture. Within the downtown are the Library of Virginia and the Valentine Richmond History Center. Elsewhere are the Virginia Holocaust Museum and the Old Dominion Railway Museum.

Q1: What architectural style was the 1919 Broad Street Union Station constructed in?
A1: neoclassical
Q2: How far away from the Virginia Center for Architecture is the Children's Museum of Richmond?
A2: two blocks
Q3: What district of Richmond is the Virginia Historical Society located in?
A3: Museum District
Q4: What museum is next to the Science Museum of Virginia?
A4: Children's Museum of Richmond