LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.

Q1: Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?
A1: Hinduism
Q2: How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?
A2: 22
Q3: Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?
A3: Uttarakhand
Q4: Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?
A4: Sikhism
Q5: Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?
A5: Old Indo-Aryan
Q6: What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?
A6: Sanskrit
Q7: Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?
A7: lingua franca
Q8: Where is Sanskrit usually found?
A8: India
Q9: From what is Sanskrit an adaption?
A9: Old Indo-Aryan
Q10: From what language did Sanskrit originate?
A10: Vedic Sanskrit
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka, mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese words like 剎那 chànà (Devanagari: क्षण kṣaṇa 'instantaneous period') were borrowed from Sanskrit. Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, the Tengyur.

Q1: What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?
A1: Buddhist texts
Q2: Who sent missionaries to China?
A2: Ashoka
Q3: What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?
A3: Buddhism
Q4: What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?
A4: Many terms
Q5: Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?
A5: Tibetan collections
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more.

Q1: What language has influenced the languages of India?
A1: Sanskrit
Q2: Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?
A2: Sanskritised register
Q3: From what dialect is Hindi descended?
A3: Khariboli
Q4: What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?
A4: fifty percent
Q5: What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?
A5: Telugu
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility.

Q1: In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?
A1: Prakrits
Q2: The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?
A2: Pāṇini and Patanjali
Q3: The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?
A3: social class and educational attainment
Q4: What type of language were Prakrits?
A4: Middle Indo-Aryan
Q5: Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a "particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?"
A5: Madhav Deshpande
Q6: What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?
A6: perfected manner
Q7: Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?
A7: social class
Q8: How was Sanskrit originally used?
A8: ritual
Q9: Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?
A9: Ancient India
Q10: With what did Sanskrit exist beside?
A10: vernacular Prakrits
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts.

Q1: Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?
A1: oral tradition
Q2: After what language evolved was writing introduced?
A2: Prakrits
Q3: What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?
A3: regional scripts
Q4: What does Sanskrit not have of its own?
A4: native script
Q5: Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?
A5: all
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content.

Q1: According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?
A1: earlier Vedic
Q2: To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?
A2: second millennium BCE
Q3: As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?
A3: separate dialects
Q4: What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?
A4: the Vedas
Q5: What hymns are thought to be the earliest?
A5: Rigveda Samhita
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

Q1: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?
A1: Santa Bárbara
Q2: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?
A2: 1598
Q3: The path was important for the expansion of which road?
A3: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Q4: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?
A4: New Mexico
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Santa Monica College is a junior college originally founded in 1929. Many SMC graduates transfer to the University of California system. It occupies 35 acres (14 hectares) and enrolls 30,000 students annually. The Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, associated with the RAND Corporation, is the U.S.'s largest producer of public policy PhDs. The Art Institute of California – Los Angeles is also located in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport. Universities and colleges within a 22-mile (35 km) radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College, Antioch University Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Mount St. Mary's College, Pepperdine University, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, West Los Angeles College, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Occidental College (Oxy), Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Valley College, and Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine.

Q1: What year was the Santa Monica junior college founded?
A1: 1929
Q2: How many acres of land is the Santa Monica Junior College?
A2: 35
Q3: By what area is the Art institute in Santa Monica?
A3: Airport
Q4: There are a plethora of colleges and universities within what radius of Santa Monica?
A4: 22-mile
Q5: How many students enroll to the SMC annually?  
A5: 30,000
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015. The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail. Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award (Bronze in 2009, Silver in 2013) by the League of American Bicyclists. Local bicycle advocacy organizations include Santa Monica Spoke, a local chapter of the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition. Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County.[citation needed]

Q1: What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system?
A1: bike action
Q2: When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?
A2: November 2015
Q3: What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?
A3: Marvin Braude
Q4: When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica? 
A4: 2013
Q5: What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award?
A5: 2009
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is bordered on three sides by the city of Los Angeles – Pacific Palisades to the north, Brentwood on the northeast, Sawtelle on the east, Mar Vista on the southeast, and Venice on the south. Santa Monica is well known for its affluent single-family neighborhoods but also has many neighborhoods consisting primarily of condominiums and apartments. Over two-thirds of Santa Monica's residents are renters. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736.

Q1: What type of city is Santa Monica?
A1: beachfront
Q2: What part of Los Angeles County is it located in?
A2: western
Q3: What is Santa Monica named after?
A3: Christian saint, Monica
Q4: Approximately how many residents of Santa Monica rent their property?
A4: two-thirds
Q5: What was the population in 2010 according to the Census Bureau?
A5: 89,736
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Santa Monica is featured in the video games True Crime: Streets of LA (2003), Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines (2004), Grand Theft Auto San Andreas (2004) as a fictional district - Santa Maria Beach, Destroy All Humans! (2004), Tony Hawk's American Wasteland (2005), L.A. Rush (2005), Midnight Club: Los Angeles (2008), Cars Race-O-Rama (2009), Grand Theft Auto V (2013) as a fictional district – Del Perro, Call of Duty: Ghosts (2013) as a fictional U.S. military base – Fort Santa Monica, The Crew (2014), Need for Speed (2015)

Q1: What type of games is Santa Monica featured in?
A1: video
Q2: In what year did Tony hawk's American Wasteland release?
A2: 2005
Q3: What video game features Santa Monica in 2003?
A3: True Crime: Streets of LA
Q4: Grand theft Auto V was released in what year?
A4: 2013
Q5: What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015?
A5: Need for Speed
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Santa Monica is one of the most environmentally activist municipalities in the nation. The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment. Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles now run on alternative fuels, including nearly 100% of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country. Santa Monica fleet vehicles and Buses now source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.

Q1: In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan's introduced?
A1: 1992 and in 1994
Q2: Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors?
A2: public and private
Q3: What percent of the city's public work's vehicles use alternate fuels?
A3: Eighty-two
Q4: What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels?
A4: 100%
Q5: What company provides the city with natural gas?
A5: Redeem
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.

Q1: What did indigenous people that lived in Santa Monica call it previously?
A1: Kecheek
Q2: What was the local population called indigenous to the Santa Monica Area?
A2: Tongva
Q3: What was the first explorers name that came in contact with the natives?
A3: Gaspar de Portolà
Q4: What day is the Santa Monica Feast held on?
A4: May 4
Q5: What date did the explorer reach Santa Monica?
A5: August 3, 1769
Wood (Natural sciences)

Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines.

Q1: What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"?
A1: alburnum
Q2: Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?
A2: younger
Q3: What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?
A3: water
Q4: How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?
A4: All
Q5: Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?
A5: thicker
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Sarvastivada teachings—which were criticized by Nāgārjuna—were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.

Q1: What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?
A1: Sarvastivada teachings
Q2: What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?
A2: Vasubandhu and Asanga
Q3: What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?
A3: cittamatra
Q4: What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?
A4: Vasubandhu and Asanga
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.

Q1: Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?
A1: Eastern Bloc
Q2: Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?
A2: the Soviet Union
Q3: What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?
A3: dictatorship
Q4: What was an important tool of the Sassou government?
A4: political repression
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".

Q1: Who won the presidential election in 2009?
A1: Sassou
Q2: Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?
A2: Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
Q3: What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?
A3: very low
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[citation needed]

Q1: Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?
A1: animal sources
Q2: Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?
A2: Unsaturated fats
Q3: Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?
A3: trans fats
Q4: What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?
A4: liquids
Q5: Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?
A5: rancidity resistance
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song "Cyber-raga" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of "The Child In Us" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed].

Q1: Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?
A1: Philip Glass
Q2: On what was the Philip Glass opera based?
A2: Bhagavad Gita
Q3: Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?
A3: Madonna
Q4: Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?
A4: John Williams
Q5: What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?
A5: Rigveda
Classical_music (Music)

Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

Q1: When do saxophones first appear in scores?
A1: the late 19th century
Q2: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?
A2: Symphonic Dances
Q3: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?
A3: as a member of the orchestral ensemble
Q4: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?
A4: "tenor tuba"
Q5: Who wrote The Planets?
A5: Gustav Holst
Insect (Natural sciences)

Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Amongst the Aborigines of Australia of the Arrernte language groups, honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems. In the case of the 'San' bush-men of the Kalahari, it is the praying mantis which holds much cultural significance including creation and zen-like patience in waiting.:9

Q1: What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?
A1: Scarab beetles
Q2: Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?
A2: Chinese
Q3: What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?
A3: honey ants
Q4: The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?
A4: creation
Q5: Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?
A5: Australia
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although "the Mahāyāna ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinayāna, the Inferior Way," "the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts." She notes that the term Śrāvakayāna was "the more politically correct and much more usual" term used by Mahāyānists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term "Hinayana" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists.

Q1: The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?
A1: Hinayana
Q2: What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?
A2: Śrāvakayāna