LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Von Neumann's mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he stated "The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in Göttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927–1929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935–1939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931–1932."

Q1: Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?
A1: mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication
Q2: What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?
A2: quantum mechanics
Q3: Where was quantum mechanics developed?
A3: Göttingen
Q4: What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?
A4: operator theory
Q5: What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?
A5: ergodic theorem
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly".

Q1: What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?
A1: concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core
Q2: Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?
A2: he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development
Q3: What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?
A3: more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly"
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.

Q1: What were von Neumann's model an example of?
A1: viewed as a special case of linear programming
Q2: What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?
A2: unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.
Q3: What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?
A3: fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo). thereby inducing global warming. Noting that the Earth was only 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder during the last glacial period, he noted that the burning of coal and oil "a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit."

Q1: On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?
A1: ENIAC
Q2: In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation
A2: 1950
Q3: How much colder was world in last glacial age?
A3: 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder
American_Idol (Music)

Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, Vote for the Worst (closed in 2013), and Vote for the Girls (started 2010).

Q1: Who won season two of American Idol? 
A1: Ruben Studdard
Q2: Who came in second on season two of American Idol? 
A2: Clay Aiken
Q3: What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? 
A3: 2013
Q4: How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? 
A4: 100 million
Q5: Which season had the biggest voting controversy?
A5: season two
Q6: Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?
A6: season eight
Q7: Which voting concern has been present since the first season?
A7: power voting
Q8: When did Vote for the Girls start?
A8: 2010
Q9: When did Vote for the Worst close?
A9: 2013
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

Q1: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?
A1: length
Q2: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?
A2: true
Q3: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?
A3: zonen
Q4: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?
A4: length
Q5: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?
A5: mug
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.

Q1: What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?
A1: Voyager 2
Q2: When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?
A2: 25 August 1989
Q3: What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?
A3: Triton
Q4: What program aired on PBS about Neptune?
A4: Neptune All Night
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.

Q1: What is another name for Tenth Avenue?
A1: Amsterdam Avenue
Q2: At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?
A2: Riverside Drive
Q3: What is another name for Ninth Avenue?
A3: Morningside Drive
Q4: Which district surrounds Columbia University?
A4: Morningside Heights
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Avenue), Seventh Avenue, Frederick Douglass Boulevard (Eighth Avenue), and Manhattan Avenue.

Q1: At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate?
A1: Morningside Avenue
Q2: At which park does W 122nd Street end?
A2: Morningside Park
Q3: How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?
A3: six
Q4: Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?
A4: Mount Morris
Q5: What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?
A5: Lenox Avenue
Diarrhea (Natural sciences)

WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued." And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.

Q1: What does WHO recommend?
A1: a child with diarrhea continue to be fed
Q2: What does continuing to eat do for your illness?
A2: Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function
Q3: What happens when a childs food is restricted?
A3: children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

Q1: WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?
A1: ION
Q2: What is the abbreviation of CTN?
A2: Community Television Network
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".

Q1: How did Waitz define anthropology?
A1: the science of the nature of man
Q2: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?
A2: an animist
Q3: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?
A3: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
Q4: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?
A4: empirical
Q5: What history was to be brought into the comparison?
A5: civilization
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.

Q1: Who was Waitz influential among?
A1: British ethnologists
Q2: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?
A2: 1863
Q3: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?
A3: anthropology
Q4: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?
A4: French Société
Q5: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?
A5: Waitz
London (Geography and places)

Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.

Q1: What river is a tributary of the River Thames?
A1: the River Wandle
Q2: What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?
A2: "Loop"
Q3: What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?
A3: the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk
Q4: Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?
A4: the Thames Path
Q5: What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?
A5: Access to canals and rivers
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake.

Q1: Which lake is the cities largest lake?
A1: Lake Stanley Draper
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

Q1: Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?
A1: parliamentarians and legal scholars
Q2: Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?
A2: George II and George III
Q3: During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?
A3: Benjamin Disraeli
Q4: When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?
A4: 1905
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks. However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their "families" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters. This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.

Q1: What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?
A1: Hong Kong Disneyland
Q2: Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?
A2: Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney
Q3: The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?
A3: Universal Studios
Q4: What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?
A4: Guardians of the Galaxy
Q5: What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?
A5: Big Hero 6
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

Q1: Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?
A1: Walter Bradford Cannon
Q2: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?
A2: a conscious experience of an emotion
Q3: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?
A3: too slow and often imperceptible
Han_dynasty (History)

Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.

Q1: Who tried to outlaw slavery?
A1: Wang Mang
Q2: What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?
A2: Gradual silt buildup
Q3: Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?
A3: Han engineers
Q4: What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?
A4: The Yellow River
Q5: What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?
A5: massive floods
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of "prince" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had "full sovereignty over Tibet." They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.

Q1: Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?
A1: Wang and Nyima
Q2: What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?
A2: 1371
Q3: What did the lamas called themselves?
A3: princes
Q4: What edicts did the Ming issue?
A4: imperial edicts
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that "even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation." The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: "In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received."

Q1: What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?
A1: Education Minister
Q2: What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?
A2: Degsi
Q3: What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?
A3: Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Q4: What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?
A4: Wang and Nyima
Q5: Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?
A5: The Tai Situpa