LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Sahara (Geography and places)

During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the "agricultural revolution", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Q1: During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?
A1: Neolithic Era
Q2: What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?
A2: cattle and herdsmen
Q3: What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?
A3: Megaliths
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.

Q1: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?
A1: Ernest Shackleton
Q2: Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?
A2: Edgeworth David
Q3: Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?
A3: Douglas Mawson
Q4: When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?
A4: 1931
Q5: When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?
A5: 14 December 1911
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.

Q1: For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War? 
A1: a base
Q2: What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?
A2: Japanese forces
Q3: What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?
A3: Battle of the Coral Sea
Q4: From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?
A4: 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944
Q5: On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?
A5: Fongafale
Szlachta (History)

During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.

Q1: When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. 
A1: 1772 to 1795
Q2: What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.
A2: Russian Empire
Q3: When was the March constitution implemented.
A3: 1921
Q4: What did the Mach constitution do?
A4: legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished
Q5: In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. 
A5: Second Polish Republic
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.

Q1: What historical event once again freed Estonia?
A1: collapse of the Soviet Union
Q2: Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?
A2: Estonian
Q3: What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?
A3: Russian
Q4: What came into being in January 1989?
A4: The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea.

Q1: What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?
A1: Pangaea
Q2: What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?
A2: Panthalassa
Q3: There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?
A3: Paleo-Tethys Ocean
Q4: The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?
A4: Cimmeria
Q5: During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?
A5: the Mesozoic Era
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

Q1: When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?
A1: During the Protestant Reformation
Q2: Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
A2: the Church of England
Q3: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?
A3: the Roman Catholic Church
Q4: Puritans are described by Gourley as what?
A4: cousins of the English Separatists
Q5: Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?
A5: Separatists
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

Q1: From what language does the term evangelical originate?
A1: German
Q2: What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?
A2: evangelisch
Q3: What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?
A3: evangelical
Q4: Name two contributors to Reformed churches.
A4: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli
Q5: Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?
A5: the Puritans
Dutch_Republic (History)

During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

Q1: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
A1: the Reformed Church
Q2: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
A2: the time period and regional or city leaders
Q3: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
A3: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city
Q4: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
A4: personal freedom of religion
Dialect (Language and literature)

During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian.

Q1: What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?
A1: Alessandro Manzoni
Q2: During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?
A2: the Risorgimento
Q3: In what decade was Italy unified?
A3: 1860s
Q4: What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?
A4: 2.5%
Q5: When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?
A5: standard Italian
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based addon, Mega-CD. Ultimately, deals with both Sony and Philips fell through, (although a prototype console was produced by Sony) with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo (the PlayStation).

Q1: Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES?
A1: Sony and Philips
Q2: What was Philips' multimedia system?
A2: CD-i
Q3: What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?
A3: PlayStation
Q4: What was Sega's CD add-on?
A4: Mega-CD
History_of_India (History)

During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.

Q1: During what period did Tamil literature thrive?
A1: Sangam period
Q2: How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?
A2: 3
Q3: What was the extent of the Sangam period?
A3: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE
Q4: In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?
A4: southern India
Q5: How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?
A5: non-Brahmins
Alps (Geography and places)

During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing. The Romans, however, had built roads along the mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes.

Q1: When was the Second Punic War?
A1: 218 BC
Q2: Who was the Carthaginian general?
A2: Hannibal
Q3: What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?
A3: roads
Q4: What can still be found on the mountain passes?
A4: Roman road markers
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

Q1: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?
A1: World War II
Q2: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
A2: Japan
Q3: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
A3: 250,000
Q4: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?
A4: B-25
Q5: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?
A5: the Reorganized National Government of China
Space_Race (History)

During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.

Q1: During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?
A1: General Dornberger
Q2: What was the first object to enter space?
A2: Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket
Q3: When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?
A3: 1942 and 1943
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.

Q1: What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?
A1: Leonard W. Hatton Jr
Q2: What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?
A2: South Tower
Q3: What did the FBI's new director want?
A3: re-engineering
Q4: What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?
A4: countering every federal crime
Q5: What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?
A5: structure and operations
Russian_language (Language and literature)

During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.

Q1: When did the USSR dissolve?
A1: 1991
Q2: When did the USSR make Russian the official language?
A2: 1990
Q3: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?
A3: the unifying role and superior status
Hokkien (Language and literature)

During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese — spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century — into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.

Q1: The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?
A1: China
Q2: Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?
A2: the Central Plain of China
Q3: What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?
A3: the Disaster of Yongjia
Q4: What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?
A4: old Chinese
Q5: What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?
A5: north to the south
Samurai (Language and literature)

During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their daisho, the paired long and short swords of the samurai (cf. katana and wakizashi) becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not show proper respect kiri-sute gomen (斬り捨て御免?), but to what extent this right was used is unknown. When the central government forced daimyos to cut the size of their armies, unemployed rōnin became a social problem.

Q1: When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?
A1: During the Tokugawa shogunate
Q2: When had samurai last been used in battle?
A2: the early 17th century
Q3: What was another name for the Tokugawa era?
A3: the Edo period
Q4: What was the samurai's long sword called?
A4: katana
Q5: What was the samurai's short sword called?
A5: wakizashi
London (Geography and places)

During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.

Q1: In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?
A1: the Tudor period
Q2: What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?
A2: the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping
Q3: What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?
A3: a gradual shift to Protestantism
Q4: Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?
A4: Italian or Ragusan
Q5: When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?
A5: January 1565
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.

Q1: Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?
A1: Pope Martin V