LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bermuda (History)

In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture. This interference led to the islanders demanding, and receiving, the revocation of the Company's charter in 1684, and the Company was dissolved.

Q1: Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?
A1: needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land
Q2: Why wasn't agriculture successful?
A2: colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced
Q3: What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?
A3: turn to maritime trades
Q4: Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?
A4: islanders demanding
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

In the 18 years under the presidency of Edward Malloy, C.S.C., (1987–2005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent[when?] capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.

Q1: During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?
A1: 1987–2005
Q2: The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?
A2: 500
Q3: What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?
A3: 1240
Q4: When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?
A4: $350 million
Q5: When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?
A5: more than $70 million
Boston (Geography and places)

In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

Q1: How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?
A1: Boston's population grew rapidly
Q2: The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?
A2: the city's ethnic composition
Q3: What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?
A3: about 35,000
Q4: What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?
A4: Roman Catholicism
Q5: What is Bostons largest religious group today?
A5: Catholics
Szlachta (History)

In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were déclassé, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.

Q1: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?
A1: Nicholas I
Q2: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
A2: 62.8%
Q3: When and who abolished the serfdom?
A3: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864
Q4: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
A4: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta
Q5: How much land was held by the peasants? 
A5: 48.9%
Queen_Victoria (History)

In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.

Q1: In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?
A1: 1874
Q2: What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?
A2: 1874
Q3: What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?
A3: presbyterian Church of Scotland
Q4: What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?
A4: Royal Titles Act 1876
Q5: In 1876 Victoria held what title?
A5: Empress of India
Q6: What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? 
A6: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874
Q7: Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? 
A7: presbyterian Church of Scotland
Q8: Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?
A8: Disraeli
Q9: When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? 
A9: 1 May 1876
Q10: Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? 
A10: Delhi Durbar
Q11: When was Disraeli returned to office?
A11: 1874
Q12: What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?
A12: removed Catholic rituals
Q13: Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?
A13: presbyterian Church of Scotland
Q14: What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?
A14: Royal Titles Act 1876
Q15: Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?
A15: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874
Gramophone_record (Music)

In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other entertainment on a side. From 1903 onwards, 12-inch records (30.5 cm) were also sold commercially, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with four to five minutes of music per side. Victor, Brunswick and Columbia also issued 12-inch popular medleys, usually spotlighting a Broadway show score. However, other sizes did appear. Eight-inch discs with a 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) label became popular for about a decade in Britain, but they cannot be played in full on most modern record players because the tone arm cannot play far enough in toward the center without modification of the equipment.

Q1: What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?
A1: 10-inch
Q2: How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?
A2: four to five minutes of music per side
Q3: How small were the earliest discs released?
A3: 12.5 cm
Q4: What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?
A4: modification of the equipment
Q5: Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?
A5: 10-inch
Green (Language and literature)

In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.

Q1: When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?
A1: 18th and 19th century
Q2: Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?
A2: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q3: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?
A3: Goethe
Black_people (Language and literature)

In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

Q1: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?
A1: (1672–1727)
Q2: How many black slaves did he own?
A2: 150,000
Q3: What did he call his slave army?
A3: Black Guard
Q4: What did the Black Guard do?
A4: coerced the country into submission.
Q5: When did the Black Guard exist?
A5: In the 18th century
The_Blitz (History)

In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.

Q1: In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?
A1: Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell
Q2: Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?
A2: collapse of civilian will
Q3: What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?
A3: Democracies
Q4: What does USAAC stand for?
A4: United States Army Air Corps
Q5: What kind of bombing raids were most favored?
A5: night
History_of_science (History)

In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.

Q1: What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?
A1: microeconomics and macroeconomics
Q2: What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?
A2: monetarism
Q3: How did monaterism aim to control the economy?
A3: using the supply and demand of money
Q4: In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?
A4: supply-side economics
Q5: How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?
A5: reducing taxes
Gramophone_record (Music)

In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight tunes per album. When the 12-inch vinyl LP era began in 1949, the single record often had the same or similar number of tunes as a typical album of 78s, and was still often referred to as an "album".

Q1: When were albums as we currently know them widely released?
A1: 1930s
Q2: What is typically found on the front cover of an album?
A2: artwork
Q3: How may records were commonly found in an album?
A3: three or four
Q4: When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?
A4: 1949
Q5: How many songs did most albums contain?
A5: six or eight
Philadelphia (History)

In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia; it became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (CBS). WCAU-TV, WPVI-TV, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, and WTXF-TV had all been founded by the 1970s. In 1952, WFIL (now WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark. Today, as in many large metropolitan areas, each of the commercial networks has an affiliate, and call letters have been replaced by corporate IDs: CBS3, 6ABC, NBC10, Fox29, Telefutura28, Telemundo62, Univision65, plus My PHL 17 and CW Philly 57. The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WYBE-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey). In September 2007, Philadelphia approved a Public-access television cable TV channel.

Q1: Who owned W3XE?
A1: Philco
Q2: When did it become NBC's first affiliate?
A2: 1939
Q3: What show started out in the city?
A3: Bandstand
Detroit (Geography and places)

In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood. Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.

Q1: Which artist resided in Delray?
A1: John Lee Hooker
Q2: Which musician attended Cass Tech?
A2: Donald Byrd
Q3: Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?
A3: Pepper Adams
Q4: What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?
A4: Graystone International Jazz Museum
Q5: What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?
A5: blues
John,_King_of_England (History)

In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a "new approach" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded evidence was combined with an increased scepticism about two of the most colourful chroniclers of John's reign, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris. In many cases the detail provided by these chroniclers, both writing after John's death, was challenged by modern historians. Interpretations of Magna Carta and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been significantly revised: although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, in the context of John's reign most historians now consider it a failed peace agreement between "partisan" factions. There has been increasing debate about the nature of John's Irish policies. Specialists in Irish medieval history, such as Sean Duffy, have challenged the conventional narrative established by Lewis Warren, suggesting that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than was previously supposed.

Q1: When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?
A1: 1940s
Q2: Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a "new approach?"
A2: Vivian Galbraith
Q3: Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed?
A3: Lewis Warren
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.

Q1: What group boycotted the 1950 elections?
A1: Muslim Brotherhood
Q2: What party advanced in the 1950 elections?
A2: Wafd
Q3: What were Wafd members accused of?
A3: corruption
Q4: What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?
A4: Free Officers
Q5: How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?
A5: nearly two years
Nanjing (Geography and places)

In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned heavy industries, as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization, converting it into a heavy industry production centre of East China. Overenthusiastic in building a “world-class” industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s. From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries, namely, electronics, cars, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state-owned firms. After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy, the state-owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms, hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless.

Q1: What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950's?
A1: a series of state-owned heavy industries
Q2: The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth?
A2: negative economic growth
Q3: How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s?
A3: Five
Q4: The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers?
A4: large numbers of layoff
Q5: The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?
A5: “world-class”
Paris (Geography and places)

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

Q1: How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?
A1: 11
Q2: What was the result of the police officer killing?
A2: curfew on Muslims of Algeria
Q3: How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?
A3: at least 40
Q4: Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?
A4: Organisation de l'armée secrète
Pub (History)

In the 1950s some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.

Q1: During what decade did some British pubs provide "a pie and a pint"?
A1: 1950s
Q2: In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?
A2: 1960s
Q3: What decade saw the popularity of "chicken in a basket"?
A3: 1960s
Q4: What was "chicken in a basket" served in?
A4: a wicker basket
Q5: Along with chicken, what food was included in "chicken in a basket"?
A5: chips
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.

Q1: How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?
A1: scavenging
Q2: In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?
A2: natural causes
Q3: Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?
A3: sparsely wooded areas
Q4: What type of area did early humans avoid?
A4: dense forest
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

In the 1950s, Universal-International resumed their series of Arabian Nights films, many starring Tony Curtis. The studio also had a success with monster and science fiction films produced by William Alland, with many directed by Jack Arnold. Other successes were the melodramas directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter, although for film critics they were not so well thought of on first release as they have since become. Among Universal-International's stable of stars were Rock Hudson, Tony Curtis, Jeff Chandler, Audie Murphy, and John Gavin.

Q1: Who did many of Universal-International's Arabian Nights films feature?
A1: Tony Curtis
Q2: Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal?
A2: William Alland
Q3: What Universal director was known for his melodramas?
A3: Douglas Sirk
Q4: Who directed monster movies for Universal?
A4: Jack Arnold
Q5: Who produced melodramas for Universal?
A5: Ross Hunter