LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

Q1: Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?
A1: William Sturgeon
Q2: Which inventor went bankrupt?
A2: Thomas Davenport
Q3: What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?
A3: the high cost of primary battery power
Q4: What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?
A4: electricity distribution
Q5: How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?
A5: 600 revolutions per minute
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.

Q1: In what year was the Walworth School established?
A1: 1946
Q2: Who established the Walworth School?
A2: London County Council
Q3: What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?
A3: Holyhead County School
Q4: When was Holyhead County School established?
A4: 1949
Q5: Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
A5: Woodlands Boys School
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain." 17 U.S.C. § 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.

Q1: When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?
A1: 1897
Q2: What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?
A2: misdemeanor
Q3: What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?
A3: for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain
Q4: What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?
A4: that defendant willfully infringed
Q5: What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?
A5: very low threshold
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia. Bush replied to this by saying, "Well, actually, he forgot Poland." Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign. In the days after, coverage focused on Bush's apparent annoyance with Kerry and numerous scowls and negative facial expressions.

Q1: Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?
A1: University of Miami
Q2: Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?
A2: Kerry
Q3: Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?
A3: Jim Lehrer
Q4: What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?
A4: foreign policy
Q5: How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?
A5: strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building.

Q1: In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?
A1: 1849
Q2: In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?
A2: 1865
Q3: Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?
A3: Father Lemonnier
Q4: In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?
A4: 1879
Q5: In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?
A5: 1873
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

Q1: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?
A1: Almacenes el Siglo
Q2: When was the first Spanish department store opened? 
A2: October 1881
Q3: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? 
A3: El Corte Inglés
Q4: When was El Corte Ingles established? 
A4: 1934
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.

Q1: When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?
A1: 1877
Q2: Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? 
A2: Henry Hoskyn
Q3: Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  
A3: Manila
Q4: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? 
A4: Battle of Manila in 1945
Q5: When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? 
A5: 1950s
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.

Q1: What year did Lane Crawford open? 
A1: 1850
Q2: Who established Lane Crawford? 
A2: Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford
Q3: What was the store's original target customer base?
A3: visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families
Q4: Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? 
A4: Ma Ying Piu
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).

Q1: In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?
A1: 1524
Q2: What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?
A2: Giovanni da Verrazzano
Q3: What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?
A3: La Dauphine
Q4: What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?
A4: France
Q5: What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?
A5: Nouvelle Angoulême
Q6: When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?
A6: 1524
Q7: Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?
A7: La Dauphine
Q8: Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?
A8: France
Genocide (History)

The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: “Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin’s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.” 

Q1: Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?
A1: political killings
Q2: What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?
A2: USSR
Q3: What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?
A3: its own Great Purge
Q4: What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?
A4: international intervention in domestic politics
Q5: Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?
A5: William Schabas
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

Q1: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?
A1: Marcelo Ebrard
Q2: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?
A2: to run in the 2000 presidential elections
Q3: Who was the second head of government elected?
A3: Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Q4: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?
A4: Rosario Robles
Q5: Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?
A5: Rosario Robles
Elevator (History)

The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.

Q1: Who built the first electric elevator?
A1: Werner von Siemens
Q2: The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?
A2: Germany
Q3: Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business?
A3: Anton Freissler
Q4: Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators?
A4: Frank Sprague
Q5: To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895?
A5: Otis Elevator Company
Elevator (History)

The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design. Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.

Q1: What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?
A1: 1853
Q2: Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?
A2: first elevator shaft
Q3: What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient?
A3: cylindrical
Q4: The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation?
A4: United Technologies Corporation
Q5: What title does United Technologies Corporation hold?
A5: world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems
Nanjing (Geography and places)

The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

Q1: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A1: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q2: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
A2: the Yuan dynasty
Q3: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
A3: long city wall
Q4: How long did it take to finish the wall?
A4: 21 years
Q5: How many workers worked on the wall?
A5: 200,000
Old_English (Language and literature)

The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem.

Q1: What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?
A1: Beowulf
Q2: About how many lines was Beowulf?
A2: 3,000
Q3: Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?
A3: Scyld
Q4: Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?
A4: a noble family
Philadelphia (History)

The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, on March 17, followed the same year by WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS. The highest-rated stations in Philadelphia include soft rock WBEB, KYW Newsradio, and urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM. Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations, WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music), as well as several smaller stations.

Q1: Where was the first radio license granted?
A1: St. Joseph's College
Q2: When did the first radio stations appear?
A2: 1922
Q3: Name the 3 public radio stations?
A3: WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.

Q1: What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?
A1: S. Wanradt and J. Koell
Q2: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?
A2: 1535
Q3: What type of book was it?
A3: bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism
Q4: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
A4: An Estonian grammar book
Q5: What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?
A5: 1637
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

Q1: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?
A1: a primordialist approach
Q2: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?
A2: social constructionist theory
Q3: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?
A3: political and historical contexts
Roman_Republic (History)

The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace.

Q1: What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?
A1: naval battles
Q2: What type of engine was invented by the Romans?
A2: grappling engine
Q3: Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?
A3: Xanthippus
Q4: Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?
A4: The Romans
Q5: Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?
A5: the Carthaginians
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[citation needed]

Q1: In which language was the Quran first translated?
A1: Persian
Q2: Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?
A2: Tafsir al-Tabari
Q3: Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?
A3: Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari
Q4: Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?
A4: Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi
Q5: To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?
A5: Samanid
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.

Q1: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?
A1: June 19, 1987
Q2: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?
A2: Gladiators
Q3: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?
A3: 12,117
Q4: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?
A4: June 20, 1987
Q5: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
A5: the Rosemont Horizon