LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Brain (Natural sciences)

One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. In other animals additional senses may be present, such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes, the magnetic field sense of some birds, or the electric field sense of some types of fish. Moreover, other animals may develop existing sensory systems in new ways, such as the adaptation by bats of the auditory sense into a form of sonar. One way or another, all of these sensory modalities are initially detected by specialized sensors that project signals into the brain.

Q1: What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?
A1: bats
Q2: What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?
A2: snakes
Q3: The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?
A3: birds
Q4: The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?
A4: fish
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point—this creates a positive feedback that ends in the familiar tiny gap in an otherwise healthy-looking filament. Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas, instead of vacuum, would retard evaporation. General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton. Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect.

Q1: What is the negative effect of "hot spots" forming on the filament?
A1: a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life
Q2: Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?
A2: Irving Langmuir
Q3: Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?
A3: argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton
Q4: Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments?
A4: alloys of tungsten and rhenium
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

Q1: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?
A1: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population
Q2: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?
A2: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed
Q3: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?
A3: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population
Infection (Natural sciences)

One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic.

Q1: Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?
A1: prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases
Q2: What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?
A2: virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness
Q3: What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?
A3: Ebola
Q4: Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?
A4: victims experience only internal hemorrhaging
Q5: What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?
A5: travel long distances
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.

Q1: What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?
A1: perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people
Q2: What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?
A2: gaydar
Q3: What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses "gaydar"?
A3: that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance
Q4: What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?
A4: using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation
Q5: What did this research also show about face-shape?
A5: not an accurate indication of orientation.
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.

Q1: What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?
A1: American pragmatism
Q2: What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to "Process and Reality"?
A2: William James and John Dewey
Q3: What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?
A3: Charles Sanders Peirce
Q4: What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?
A4: Richard Rorty
Q5: Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?
A5: Nicholas Rescher
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

Q1: What is a problem with racial assignments? 
A1: admixture
Q2: How many people have a varied ancestry?
A2: Many
Q3: When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?
A3: colonial and early federal history
Q4: Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?
A4: African
Q5: What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?
A5: 10%
Memory (Social sciences and society)

One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007). Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

Q1: Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?
A1: that is crucial
Q2: Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?
A2: have gained much knowledge
Q3: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?
A3: might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.
Q4: What has most of the research on memories revolved around?
A4: simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

Q1: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
A1: Tim Maudlin
Q2: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
A2: intrinsic
Q3: What grounds the distinction between sequences?
A3: asymmetry
Q4: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
A4: Maudlin
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei (traditional Chinese: 朱紹維; simplified Chinese: 朱绍维; pinyin: Zhū Shàowéi) was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing.

Q1: How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?
A1: 2,300
Q2: Where is Yingxiu located?
A2: in Wenchuan
Q3: How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?
A3: 9,000
Q4: How many people were killed in Beichuan County?
A4: 3,000 to 5,000
Q5: How many people were injured in Beichuan County?
A5: 10,000
Q6: How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?
A6: 2,300
Q7: What was the previous population of Yingxiu?
A7: about 9,000
Q8: How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?
A8: 3,000 to 5,000
Q9: How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?
A9: 10,000
Q10: What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?
A10: Eight schools
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.

Q1: What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?
A1: consensus
Q2: What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?
A2: taxonomic
Q3: What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?
A3: race
Q4: What do some eschew altogether? 
A4: the concept of race
Q5: What is a less problematic unit of analysis?
A5: concept of population
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).

Q1: How many senators represent St. Barts in France?
A1: One
Q2: What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?
A2: 2008
Q3: When was the last senate election in St. Barts?
A3: September 2014
Q4: What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?
A4: the European Union
Q5: How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?
A5: thirteen
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his. Not every person accused of a political crime was convicted and nobody was sentenced to death for his or her pro-Soviet feelings. However this repression, which lasted until 1956, was marked by significant violations of human rights.

Q1: Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?
A1: Stalin
Q2: Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?
A2: Ranković
Q3: Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?
A3: 1956
Q4: The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?
A4: Soviet Union
Q5: What is another name for the UBDA?
A5: State Security Service
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003–04 to 2008–09 inclusive, with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that "Big Four" dominance threatened the division, "This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world." Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: "There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting."

Q1: What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?
A1: the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United
Q2: Which team had no losses in 2003-2004 and ended up winning the league?
A2: Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04
Q3: Why was Kevin Keegan concerned about the league in May of 2008?
A3: Kevin Keegan stated that "Big Four" dominance threatened the division,
Q4: Since 2003-04, has any club won all of its games like Arsenal did?
A4: Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League.
Q5: In how many season from 2003 to 2009 did the "Big Four" take all four top places in the UEFA Champions League?
A5: 5
Q6: Which of the "Big Four" teams did not lose a single game in the 2003-04 season?
A6: Arsenal
Q7: Who stated that "Big Four" dominance was a threat to the division?
A7: Kevin Keegan
Q8: Who said that all of the tussles in the Premier League made it interesting, even if only four teams dominated?
A8: Richard Scudamore
Q9: What was Richard Scudamore's job?
A9: Premier League chief executive
Treaty (Language and literature)

One significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding.

Q1: What are agreements between states within the United States called?
A1: compacts
Q2: What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?
A2: memoranda of understanding
Q3: In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?
A3: memoranda of understanding
Q4: Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?
A4: a sovereign state
Q5: Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?
A5: international law
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.

Q1: What was the historical range of the whooping crane?
A1: central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast
Q2: What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?
A2: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss
Q3: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?
A3: 16 birds
Q4: How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
A4: eight years
Czech_language (Language and literature)

One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.

Q1: How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?
A1: by 80 percent
Q2: What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?
A2: differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation
Q3: When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?
A3: when changing from the nominative to the locative case
Q4: The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?
A4: some scientific terminology
Q5: What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?
A5: borrowed words
Near_East (Geography and places)

One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).

Q1: What does CSAD stand for?
A1: Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents
Q2: Who founded the CSAD?
A2: Oxford University
Q3: Where is Oxford University?
A3: Great Britain
Architecture (Art and architecture)

One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.

Q1: What school was a response to Brutalism?
A1: the school of metaphoric architecture
Q2: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
A2: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
Q3: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
A3: nature
Q4: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
A4: expressionist architecture
Dialect (Language and literature)

One usage—the more common among linguists—refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes "a dialect", including any standard varieties.

Q1: What is the common definition of dialect?
A1: a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers
Q2: What is the term dialect most often applied to?
A2: regional speech patterns
Q3: Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?
A3: social class
Q4: What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?
A4: sociolect
Q5: What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?
A5: ethnolect