LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Samoa (Geography and places)

Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Q1: Who was the first missionary in Samoa?
A1: John Williams
Q2: What English organization did John Williams belong to?
A2: London Missionary Society
Q3: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?
A3: headhunting
Q4: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?
A4: Robert Louis Stevenson
Q5: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?
A5: 1894
Middle_Ages (History)

Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland. Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907. Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León.

Q1: Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?
A1: Denmark
Q2: Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?
A2: 907
Q3: Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?
A3: Asturias
Q4: Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?
A4: Russia
Roman_Republic (History)

Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull.

Q1: Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?
A1: Mithridates the Great
Q2: With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?
A2: Gaius Marius
Q3: How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?
A3: by seeking to expand his kingdom
Q4: When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?
A4: 63 BC
Q5: How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?
A5: 80,000
Egypt (Geography and places)

Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر‎) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

Q1: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
A1: Miṣr
Q2: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
A2: מִצְרַיִם
Q3: What is the oldest term for Egypt?
A3: Akkadian
Q4: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
A4: "border" or "frontier".
Predation (Natural sciences)

Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.

Q1: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?
A1: species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack
Q2: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?
A2: Crows
Q3: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?
A3: On occasion
Q4: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
A4: hawks or larger mammalian predators
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.

Q1: Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?
A1: Mobile telecommunications
Q2: What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?
A2: Africa
Q3: Who works against corruption in India?
A3: the anti-corruption bureau
Q4: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?
A4: Jan Lokpal Bill
Botany (Natural sciences)

Model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem loading of sugar in C4 plants. The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions. Spinach, peas, soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology.

Q1: Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?
A1: small genomes
Q2: What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?
A2: photosynthesis
Q3: What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?
A3: red alga
Q4: What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?
A4: Corn
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.

Q1: What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? 
A1: altitude
Q2: Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  
A2: upper-level
Q3: What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? 
A3: ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
Q4: On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? 
A4: ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water
Q5: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? 
A5: 273 K (0 °C)
Baptists (Philosophy and religion)

Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

Q1: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?
A1: English Separatist movement
Q2: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?
A2: minimal
Q3: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?
A3: original Protestant denominations
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

Q1: What has many homophones?
A1: Modern Chinese
Q2: What may have a wide range of meanings?
A2: single character
Q3: What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?
A3: Sino-Xenic pronunciations
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

Q1: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?
A1: entomologist
Q2: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?
A2: insects
Q3: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?
A3: 1895
Q4: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?
A4: William Willett
Q5: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?
A5: Robert Pearce
Egypt (Geography and places)

Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

Q1: What leader stepped down in 2011?
A1: President Hosni Mubarak
Q2: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
A2: Muslim Brotherhood
Q3: What economic sectors does Egypt have?
A3: tourism, agriculture, industry and services
Q4: What influence does Egypt have?
A4: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world
Estonia (Geography and places)

Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.

Q1: What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?
A1: Thirteen
Q2: How many counties are in Estonia?
A2: 15
Q3: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?
A3: Hiiumaa
Q4: What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?
A4: 98.4%
Q5: What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?
A5: 25.6%
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.

Q1:  In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?
A1: Newer Orthography
Q2: Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?
A2: Eduard Ahrens
Q3: In what century was the Newer Orthography created?
A3: 19th century
Q4: Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?
A4: Older Orthography
Q5: From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?
A5: standard German orthography
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect. Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman Türkay, twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Özker Yaşın, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Yaşın and Neşe Yaşın.

Q1: Who are some famous Cypriot folk poets?
A1: Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides
Q2: Which Turkish Cypriot writer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice?
A2: Osman Türkay
Q3: Who is a modern Greek Cypriot writer and poet?
A3: Kostas Montis
Greeks (History)

Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek). Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greeks in Greece and the Diaspora are bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.

Q1: What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?
A1: Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects
Q2: What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking?
A2: wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian
Q3: What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?
A3: Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek)
Q4: What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?
A4: Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel.
Q5: Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?
A5: bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.
Dialect (Language and literature)

Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a "dialect" tends to be seen not as "a people" in its own right, but as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.[citation needed] The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict.

Q1: What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?
A1: the French Revolution
Q2: If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?
A2: its own independent state
Q3: What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?
A3: regional autonomy
Q4: Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?
A4: armed conflict
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Q1: What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
A1: Modern Orthodoxy
Q2: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
A2: halakha
Q3: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
A3: People of Israel
Q4: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
A4: Divine work
Q5: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
A5: Torah
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Q1: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
A1: Modern Orthodoxy
Q2: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
A2: "outreach (Kiruv)"
Q3: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
A3: secular studies
Q4: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
A4: support oneself
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development.

Q1: What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?
A1: change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe
Q2: The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?
A2: the Ottoman Empire itself
Q3: What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?
A3: The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty
Q4: What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?
A4: opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors
Q5: In what direction did land routes lose their importance?
A5: East
Rajasthan (Geography and places)

Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower-than-anticipated access to the Indian subcontinent. Later, the Mughals, through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably, Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire.

Q1: How many princely states of Rajputana contain?
A1: nineteen
Q2: What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?
A2: Ajmer-Merwara
Q3: Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?
A3: princely
Q4: Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?
A4: Tonk
Q5: What families rose to power in the 6th century?
A5: Rajput families