LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Clothing (Natural sciences)

In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

Q1: What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?
A1: Trousers
Q2: What gender's clothing is often more practical?
A2: Male
Q3: What can males typically bare in more places?
A3: their chests
Q4: What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?
A4: male clothing
Q5: What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?
A5: unusual
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").

Q1: Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?
A1: change
Q2: What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?
A2: quality", "matter", and "form"
Q3: What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?
A3: "classical" concepts
Q4: Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?
A4: continuum of overlapping events
Q5: What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?
A5: society
Q6: What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?
A6: "quality", "matter", and "form"
Q7: Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?
A7: These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.
Q8: How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?
A8: a continuum of overlapping events
Q9: How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?
A9: a "society" of events
Q10: How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness"?
A10: By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share.

Q1: Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?
A1: Madsen Pirie
Q2: According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?
A2: people in authority who think they know how to run things better
Q3: Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?
A3: mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook
Q4: What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?
A4: to function smoothly
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit.

Q1: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?
A1: World War II
Q2: What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?
A2: the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
Q3: In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?
A3: 1944
Q4: How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?
A4: one
Q5: Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?
A5: Wotje
War_on_Terror (History)

In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.

Q1: Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?
A1: Osama bin Laden
Q2: Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?
A2: Donald Rumsfeld
Q3: Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?
A3: Al-Qaeda
Q4: What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?
A4: Special Air Service and Delta Force
Q5: Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?
A5: Fazlur Rehman Khalil
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was "to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama." Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, "in Austenian fashion", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: "affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status".

Q1: Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?
A1: Calpurnia
Q2: Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?
A2: Aunt Alexandra
Q3: Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?
A3: Walter Cunningham
Q4: Which author did Lee aspire to be like?
A4: Jane Austen
Q5: Both authors valued what over social standing?
A5: individual worth
House_music (Music)

In a 1986 interview, Rocky Jones, the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label, doesn't mention Importes Etc., Frankie Knuckles, or the Warehouse by name, but agrees that "house" was a regional catch-all term for dance music, and that it was once synonymous with older disco music.

Q1: who ran the D.J. International record label?
A1: Rocky Jones
Q2: House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?
A2: dance music,
Q3: what was 'house music' once synonymous with?
A3: older disco music
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

Q1: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?
A1: New York Times
Q2: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?
A2: James Gleick
Q3: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?
A3: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm
Q4: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?
A4: write down the answer
The_Times (History)

In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

Q1: In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?
A1: 2007
Q2: In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?
A2: exercising editorial control
Q3: What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?
A3: House of Lords Select Committee on Communications
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.

Q1: What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?
A1: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
Q2: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?
A2: Chordiant
Q3: What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?
A3: the robots.txt file
The_Times (History)

In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.

Q1: In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?
A1: The Times
Q2: What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers?
A2: The Times
Q3: The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?
A3: 25–44
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate–source voltage (VGS) is increased, the drain–source current (IDS) increases exponentially for VGS below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (IGS ∝ (VGS − VT)2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the "space-charge-limited" region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node.

Q1: What determines the conductivity in a FET?
A1: electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals
Q2: What controls the current between the drain and source?
A2: the voltage applied between the gate and source
Q3: At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?
A3: a roughly quadratic rate
Q4: Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?
A4: in modern devices
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:

Q1: Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?
A1: Timothy Geithner
Q2: What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?
A2: 2009
Q3: In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?
A3: "parallel" banking system
Q4: What is the "parallel" banking system also called?
A4: shadow banking system
Q5: What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?
A5: maturity mismatch
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies.

Q1: What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?
A1: collateralized debt obligation
Q2: How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?
A2: $70 trillion
Q3: How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?
A3: roughly doubled in size
Q4: What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?
A4: mortgage-backed security
Q5: In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?
A5: U.S. Treasury bonds
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is "high risk" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months.

Q1: How large was the displacement?
A1: up to 9 meters
Q2: Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?
A2: Tom Parsons
Q3: What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?
A3: 9 meters
Q4: How long was the fault where the quake occurred?
A4: 240 km long
Q5: How deep is the fault?
A5: 20 km deep
Q6: Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?
A6: northeastern and southwestern ends
Q7: What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?
A7: high risk
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

In a WRIM, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the motor speed, although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance. A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator.

Q1: Where might a resistor be attached?
A1: rotor circuit
Q2: What can a resistor control?
A2: motor speed
Q3: How might wasted power be salvaged?
A3: inverter or separate motor-generator
Q4: From where may a converter be fed?
A4: rotor circuit
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will always be a higher temperature than tested at which the metal may in fact melt, yet it seems to be a valid scientific hypothesis. These examples were pointed out by Carl Gustav Hempel. Hempel came to acknowledge that Logical Positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone. The simplest response to this is that, because Popper describes how theories attain, maintain and lose scientific status, individual consequences of currently accepted scientific theories are scientific in the sense of being part of tentative scientific knowledge, and both of Hempel's examples fall under this category. For instance, atomic theory implies that all metals melt at some temperature.

Q1: Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?
A1: Science Versus Crime
Q2: Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?
A2: Carl Gustav Hempel
Q3: Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?
A3: Houck
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust (in Schindler's List), the transatlantic slave trade (in Amistad), war (in Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies) and terrorism (in Munich). His other films include Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the Indiana Jones film series, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.

Q1: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler's List?
A1: the Holocaust
Q2: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad?
A2: the transatlantic slave trade
Q3: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich?
A3: terrorism
Q4: How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far?
A4: more than four decades
Q5: In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues?
A5: Schindler's List
Q6: In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade?
A6: Amistad
Q7: In what films did Spielberg address war?
A7: Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies
Q8: In what film did Spielberg address terrorism?
A8: Munich
Q9: What type of films did Spielberg find early success with?
A9: y science-fiction and adventure
Digestion (Natural sciences)

In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.

Q1: What happens in a chennel transupport system? 
A1: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria
Q2: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?
A2: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]
Q3: What does this secretion system transport?
A3: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

In a chapter of The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something "outside the calculation" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter (although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists).

Q1: What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?
A1: physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function
Q2: What "outside of calculation" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?
A2: consciousness of the experimenter
Q3: Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?
A3: Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas, depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope. An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory, when tested according to IEC Publication 60064. Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening. Study of the problem of bulb blackening led to the discovery of the Edison effect, thermionic emission and invention of the vacuum tube.

Q1: What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?
A1: the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope
Q2: What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?
A2: An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory
Q3: What are the primary causes of light loss?
A3: Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening
Q4: Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?
A4: on the uppermost part of the envelope
Q5: Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?
A5: across the entire surface of the envelope