LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism, later referred to as "subjective idealism", contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly, not abstractions such as "matter", and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi; "to be is to be perceived".

Q1: Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?
A1: immaterialism
Q2: Of what see was Berkeley bishop?
A2: Cloyne
Q3: What was Berkeley's ethnicity?
A3: Anglo-Irish
Q4: What does esse est percipi mean?
A4: to be is to be perceived
Q5: What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?
A5: abstractions
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining". He claimed that, according to idealism, "the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness."  However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness—a rejection of epistemological idealism—but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads.

Q1: Who is a notable subjective idealist?
A1: George Berkeley
Q2: What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?
A2: Immanuel Kant
Q3: Who are subjective idealists opposed to?
A3: realists
Q4: Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?
A4: Gottfried Leibniz
Q5: Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?
A5: Leibniz
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling, but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling, the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts. Despite this, some wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, and Tazz, became famous for winning matches via submission. A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold, making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it, or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold (such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the "Tazzmission").

Q1: Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?
A1: submission
Q2: What move did Tazz make popular?
A2: Tazzmission
Q3: What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?
A3: mixed martial arts
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name "Nintendo Advanced Video System" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that "the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared" and that "this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part."

Q1: How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?
A1: 2.5 million units
Q2: What was this system to be called in North America?
A2: Advanced Video Entertainment System
Q3: What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?
A3: Electronic Games magazine
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.

Q1: Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?
A1: Randall Collins
Q2: From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?
A2: totemic rituals
Q3: In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?
A3: Goffman
Q4: What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?
A4: Emotional energy
Q5: What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?
A5: collective effervescence
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an "excessive entanglement" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an "excessive entanglement" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.

Q1: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?
A1: three
Q2: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?
A2: "Lemon Test"
Q3: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?
A3: non-religious
Q4: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?
A4: religion
Q5: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?
A5: government with religion
Near_East (Geography and places)

Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.

Q1: What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"?
A1: "Middle East"
Q2: What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?
A2: Near East
Q3: What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?
A3: Near East
History_of_science (History)

Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.

Q1: Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
A1: natural philosophy
Q2: What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
A2: deductive reasoning
Q3: What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
A3: 387 BC
Q4: Aristotle introduced what theory?
A4: empiricism
Q5: How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
A5: 540
War_on_Terror (History)

Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.

Q1: When did the US invade Afghanistan?
A1: October 2001
Q2: Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?
A2: UK and coalition allies
Q3: What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?
A3: oust the Taliban regime
Q4: When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?
A4: 7 October 2001
Q5: Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?
A5: Pakistan
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Q1: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
A1: Admiral Robert Blake
Q2: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
A2: Isaac Newton
Q3: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
A3: Charles Darwin
Q4: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
A4: William Wilberforce
Q5: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
A5: William Pitt
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact "a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.

Q1: On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?
A1: November 1
Q2: What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?
A2: Imperial German Protectorate
Q3: What nation had control of the Carolines?
A3: Spain
Q4: What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?
A4: copra
Q5: In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?
A5: 1884
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged (exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film). The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath, usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions. The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas. When the mask is stripped, the PCB is finished.

Q1: Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?
A1: additive
Q2: What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?
A2: palladium
Q3: What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?
A3: mask
Q4: In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?
A4: copper
Q5: In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?
A5: sensitized areas
Cotton (Natural sciences)

Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.

Q1: What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?
A1: 600 to 1,200 mm
Q2: In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?
A2: heavy
Q3: Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?
A3: control pests
Q4: Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?
A4: South Plains
Q5: What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?
A5: salt and drought
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.

Q1: Which type of theory is most falsifiable?
A1: simplest
Q2: What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?
A2: positivism
Q3: For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?
A3: impossible
Q4: What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?
A4: its falsity
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.

Q1: What is optimal strategy?
A1: minimize the maximum loss for each player
Q2: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?
A2: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
Q3: Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?
A3: Oskar Morgenstern
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Suffering (Pāli: दुक्ख dukkha; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from Pāli, "dukkha" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]

Q1: The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?
A1: suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
Q2: Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?
A2: disquietude
Q3: Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?
A3: realistic
Q4: Suffering is a central concept in what?
A4: Buddhism
Q5: The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?
A5: disquietude
Q6: The condition of being disturbed is what?
A6: disquietude
Q7: In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?
A7: dukkha
Botany (Natural sciences)

Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder. Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock. Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton. Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.

Q1: How is charcoal made?
A1: pyrolysis of wood
Q2: Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?
A2: one of the three ingredients of gunpowder
Q3: Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?
A3: biodiesel
Q4: Rayon comes from what plant product?
A4: cellulose
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The façade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.

Q1: Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?
A1: Suger
Q2: Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?
A2: the West Front
Q3: The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?
A3: the Roman Arch of Constantine
Q4: Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?
A4: to ease the problem of congestion
Q5: The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?
A5: pointed arches of the Gothic style