LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

Q1: When was reinvent the toilet launched 
A1: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge
Q2: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 
A2: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation
Q3: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 
A3: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)
Q4: What was excluded by the funding schemes 
A4: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts
Paris (Geography and places)

In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters, called Centres d'hébergement et de réinsertion sociale or CHRS, which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations.

Q1: What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?
A1: 28,800
Q2: What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?
A2: 43
Q3: What percentage of homeless people are women?
A3: 43
Q4: How many homeless shelters are in Paris?
A4: sixty
Q5: Who funds these homeless shelters?
A5: the city
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a "race-conscious policy" that "violated their civil and constitutional rights". The University of Texas employs the "Top Ten Percent Law", under which admission to any public college or university in Texas is guaranteed to high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. Fisher has brought the admissions policy to court because she believes that she was denied acceptance to the University of Texas based on her race, and thus, her right to equal protection according to the 14th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher on October 10, 2012, and rendered an ambiguous ruling in 2013 that sent the case back to the lower court, stipulating only that the University must demonstrate that it could not achieve diversity through other, non-race sensitive means. In July 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a "holistic" approach in its application of affirmative action, and could continue the practice. On February 10, 2015, lawyers for Fisher filed a new case in the Supreme Court. It is a renewed complaint that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit got the issue wrong — on the second try as well as on the first. The Supreme Court agreed in June 2015 to hear the case a second time. It will likely be decided by June 2016.

Q1: Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?
A1: University of Texas
Q2: What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?
A2: race-conscious policy
Q3: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?
A3: their civil and constitutional rights
Q4: Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?
A4: US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Q5: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?
A5: June 2016
IBM (History)

In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include №1 company for leaders (Fortune), №1 green company in the United States (Newsweek), №2 best global brand (Interbrand), №2 most respected company (Barron's), №5 most admired company (Fortune), and №18 most innovative company (Fast Company).

Q1: How many employees did IBM have in 2012?
A1: 435,000 worldwide
Q2: What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?
A2: fourth largest
Q3: In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?
A3: 31st largest
Q4: At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?
A4: №2
Q5: In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?
A5: second largest
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

In 2012, Madonna performed at Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green. It became the then most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers, higher than the game itself. It was also revealed that the singer had signed a three-album deal with Interscope Records, who would act as the distributor in partnership with her 360 deal with Live Nation. Her twelfth studio album, MDNA, was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers, most notably with William Orbit again and Martin Solveig. The album was well received by music critics, with Priya Elan from NME calling it "a ridiculously enjoyable romp", citing its "psychotic, soul-bearing stuff" as "some of the most visceral stuff she's ever done." MDNA debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and many other countries worldwide. Madonna surpassed Elvis Presley's record for the most number-one album by a solo artist in the UK. The lead single "Give Me All Your Luvin'", featuring guest vocals from Minaj and M.I.A., became Madonna's record-extending 38th top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

Q1: Which year did Madonna performed at the Super Bowl?
A1: 2012
Q2: How many viewers did the half-time show attract?
A2: 114 million viewers
Q3: Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company?
A3: Interscope Records
Q4: What was the name of Madonna's twelfth album?
A4: MDNA
Q5: When was MDNA released?
A5: March 2012
New_York_City (Geography and places)

In 2012, New York City had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In the first six months of 2010, 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City were black or Hispanic; additionally, 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or Hispanic. New York experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major American cities.

Q1: What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC?
A1: 328
Q2: What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?
A2: 75%
Q3: As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?
A3: Provo, Utah
Q4: In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?
A4: 2007
Q5: How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014?
A5: 328
Q6: In the first half of 2010, what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic?
A6: 95.9%
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

In 2012, President Rachide Sambu-balde Malam Bacai Sanhá died. He belonged to PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde), one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau, along with the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor parties.

Q1: When did President Sanha die?
A1: 2012
Q2: What party did Sanha belong to?
A2: PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde)
Q3: Besides the PAIGC, what is the other major political party?
A3: PRS (Party for Social Renewal)
Q4: How many minor political parties are there?
A4: more than 20
Q5: What office did Sanha hold in 2012?
A5: President
Kanye_West (Music)

In 2012, Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote, "Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye’s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant."

Q1: What journalist gave "808s and Hearbreak" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?
A1: Matthew Trammell
Q2: What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?
A2: Matthew Trammell
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to "[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve," and to "seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face." Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute.

Q1: What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?
A1: the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy
Q2: In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?
A2: 2012
Q3: What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?
A3: chairman
Neolithic (History)

In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the Korean Peninsula". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. "In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric earthenware, jade earrings, among other items in the area". The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site.

Q1: When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?
A1: 2012
Q2: What time period was the Korean farm site dated?
A2: between 3600 and 3000 B.C.
Q3: What items were found on the Korean farm site?
A3: Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses
Q4: What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?
A4: accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
Switzerland (Geography and places)

In 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population. Most of these (64%) were from European Union or EFTA countries. Italians were the largest single group of foreigners with 15.6% of total foreign population. They were closely followed by Germans (15.2%), immigrants from Portugal (12.7%), France (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turkey (3.8%), Spain (3.7%), and Austria (2%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka, most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group among people of Asian origin (6.3%). Additionally, the figures from 2012 show that 34.7% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland, i.e. 2,335,000 persons, had an immigrant background. A third of this population (853,000) held Swiss citizenship. Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants (first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens), whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland (second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens). In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what they perceived as an increase in xenophobia, particularly in some political campaigns. In reply to one critical report the Federal Council noted that "racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners", underlined Switzerland's openness.

Q1: In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?
A1: 23.3%
Q2: Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?
A2: Italians
Q3: What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?
A3: 34.7%
Q4: What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?
A4: one fifth
Q5: In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?
A5: increase in xenophobia
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

In 2012, the AFL celebrated its silver anniversary for its 25th season of operations. The season kicked off on March 9, 2012. The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio, Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm. The Dallas Vigilantes were left off the schedule for the 2012 season with no announcement from the management, raising speculations that either the team had suspended operations for the season or was ceasing operations altogether. (Apparently the latter was the case as the organization did not field a team for the 2013 season or any subsequent one either.) Like the National Football League, the AFL postponed the free agency period to October 31 due to Hurricane Sandy.

Q1: What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?
A1: 25th
Q2: What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?
A2: March 9, 2012
Q3: To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?
A3: San Antonio
Q4: Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?
A4: Jeffrey Vinik
Q5: What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period?
A5: Hurricane Sandy
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Q1: When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?
A1: 2012,
Q2: Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?
A2: they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,
Q3: What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?
A3: pathological condition
Q4: What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?
A4: that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,
Q5: What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?
A5: violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.
Melbourne (Geography and places)

In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which — the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight — still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014.

Q1: Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? 
A1: William Pitt
Q2: Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?
A2: Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight
Q3: Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?
A3: Eureka Tower
Q4: In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?
A4: 2006
Q5: How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?
A5: second largest
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

In 2012, the government of St. Helena funded the creation of the St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015. Work is being done under this action plan, including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers, providing support for members of the public with human rights queries, and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena.

Q1: What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?
A1: St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015
Q2: What kind of articles were published to help this plan?
A2: awareness-raising articles
Q3: How was support for members of the public given?
A3: with human rights queries
Education (Philosophy and religion)

In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.

Q1: In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?
A1: 2012
Q2: Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?
A2: Open education
Q3: What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?
A3: Cost of education
Q4: Which type of schooling can be most expensive?
A4: Online courses
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control, with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats' four. In the 2014 mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state's Seventh Congressional District seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP.

Q1: Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012?
A1: Pat McCrory
Q2: What political party does Pat McCrory belong to?
A2: Republican
Q3: Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2012?
A3: Dan Forest
Q4: What political party does Dan Forest belong to?
A4: Republican
Q5: Who won North Carolinas 7th congressional district seat in 2014?
A5: David Rouzer
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native, and had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that "a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole" assumed Tito's identity was included. The report also notes Draža Mihailović's impressions of Tito's Russian origins.

Q1: In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out?
A1: 2013
Q2: What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum?
A2: NSA
Q3: What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spectrum conclude Tito spoke?
A3: Russian and Polish
Q4: The Cryptologic Spectrum also notes whose impressions of Tito's Russian origins?
A4: Draža Mihailović's
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as "Rescator" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.

Q1: Who are Rescator?
A1: a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring
Q2: What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?
A2: 40 million credit cards
Q3: How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?
A3: between 53 and 56 million
Q4: What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?
A4: self checkout machines
Q5: Who is Jim Walter?
A5: director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee