LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions. Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use, particularly for solving time–distance problems in light aircraft. To save space and for ease of reading, these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape. A popular example is the E6B.

Q1: When was the slide rule first invented?
A1: 1620–1630
Q2: What is the slide rule used for?
A2: doing multiplication and division.
Q3: What industry are slide rules still used today?
A3: Aviation
Dell (History)

The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded.

Q1: What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?
A1: PC
Q2: What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?
A2: price
Q3: What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?
A3: manufacturing
Q4: Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?
A4: big box stores
Q5: What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?
A5: CNET
Han_dynasty (History)

The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords. The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms. These reforms included reducing taxes, temporary remissions of taxes, granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts.

Q1: Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?
A1: landowner-cultivators
Q2: Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?
A2: The Han government
Q3: During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?
A3: Eastern Han
Q4: What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?
A4: temporary
Q5: What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?
A5: enacted reforms
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example.

Q1: Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?
A1: L. Junius Brutus
Q2: What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?
A2: woolen dolls
Q3: Who was Mania in Roman religion?
A3: Mother of the Lares
Q4: What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?
A4: L. Junius Brutus
Q5: What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?
A5: executions
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.

Q1: How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?
A1: 30
Q2: What type of light stimulates the circadian system?
A2: short-wavelength light
Palermo (Unknown)

The so-called "Sack of Palermo" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.

Q1: To what does the term "Sack of Palermo" refer?
A1: speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings
Q2: Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?
A2: reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities
Q3: What did Palermo expansion lack?
A3: t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city
Multiracial_American (History)

The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

Q1: What determined a child's social identity?
A1: the tribe's kinship system
Q2: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
A2: matrilineal
Q3: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
A3: Indian
Q4: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
A4: white
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.

Q1: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?
A1: Georg Simmel
Q2: What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?
A2: ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects
Q3: What does non-material culture refer to?
A3: non physical ideas
Q4: The term material culture is only relevant to what?
A4: archeological and anthropological studies
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.

Q1: Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?
A1: Marx, Durkheim, and Weber
Q2: What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?
A2: popular culture, political control, and social class
Q3: What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
A3: qualitative
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

The soft AC format may soon be facing the demographic pressures that the jazz and big band formats faced in the 1960s and 1970s and that the oldies format is starting to face today, with the result that one may hear soft AC less on over-the-air radio and more on satellite radio systems in coming years. Much of the music and artists that were traditionally played on soft AC stations have been relegated to the adult standards format, which is itself disappearing because of aging demographics. Some soft AC stations have found a niche by incorporating more oldies into their playlists and are more open to playing softer songs that fit the "traditional" definition of AC.

Q1: What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s?
A1: jazz and big band
Q2: What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day?
A2: oldies
Q3: What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to?
A3: adult standards
Q4: Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what?
A4: incorporating more oldies
Q5: Why are adult standards format radio stations declining?
A5: aging demographics
Copper (History)

The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.

Q1: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?
A1: The softness
Q2: What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?
A2: silver
Q3: What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?
A3: 3.1×106 A/m2
Q4: What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?
A4: corrosion
Q5: What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?
A5: it begins to heat excessively
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.

Q1: What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?
A1: the Kerrison Predictor
Q2: What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?
A2: the proper aim point automatically
Q3: How did the Predictor display the information needed?
A3: as a pointer mounted on the gun
Q4: What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?
A4: followed the pointer and loaded the shells
Q5: What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?
A5: Germany
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

Q1: Who was the son of Murad II?
A1: Mehmed the Conqueror
Q2: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?
A2: Constantinople
Q3: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?
A3: its autonomy and land
Q4: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?
A4: Venetian rule
Q5: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??
A5: Albanian resistance
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Q1: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
A1: The Green Book
Q2: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
A2: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council
Q3: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
A3: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic
Q4: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
A4: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system
Q5: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
A5: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.
Q6: Describe the Popular Revolution.
A6: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions
Q7: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
A7: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic
Q8: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
A8: Islamic socialism
Q9: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
A9: goat herder
Q10: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
A10: Bedouin
Q11: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
A11: Benghazi
Q12: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
A12: Idris
Q13: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
A13: Revolutionary Command Council
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice.

Q1: What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?
A1: Tom's Diner
Q2: Who was the artist of the first song used?
A2: Suzanne Vega
Q3: Who adjusted the song?
A3: Karlheinz Brandenburg
Q4: The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?
A4: scheme
Q5: What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?
A5: subtlety
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's "Skyfall". The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film, which went unused.

Q1: When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?
A1: 25 September 2015
Q2: What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?
A2: Skyfall
Q3: What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?
A3: Shirley Bassey
Q4: What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?
A4: Radiohead
Q5: What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?
A5: Adele
Q6: The release of Writing's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter?
A6: Shirley Bassey
Q7: Which English band also composed a song for the film?
A7: Radiohead
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Periférico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural.

Q1: What type of population lives in Tiahuac?
A1: rural
Q2: How is Milpa Alta constructed? 
A2: entirely rural
Q3: Where is the World Trade Center?
A3: Along Avenida Insurgentes
Q4: What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?
A4: Colonia del Valle
Paris (Geography and places)

The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers. In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself, its metropolitan area employed 246,639, in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378) and Hauts-de-Seine (37,303) departments and the new business-park centres appearing there.

Q1: What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?
A1: science and technology
Q2: What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?
A2: food processing and beverages
Q3: How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?
A3: 56,927
Q4: How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?
A4: 246,639
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.

Q1: What dialects comprise the southern group?
A1: the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects
Q2: More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?
A2: their culture
Q3: Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?
A3: separate languages altogether
Q4: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?
A4: Christian
San_Diego (Geography and places)

The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans. Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar). The city was also an early center for aviation: as early as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself "The Air Capital of the West". The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines (later Ryan Aeronautical), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft (later Convair), founded in 1923. Charles A. Lindbergh's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines.

Q1: What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?
A1: Fort Rosecrans
Q2: What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?
A2: Spirit of St. Louis
Q3: What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?
A3: Camp Kearny
Q4: What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?
A4: U.S. Navy
Q5: What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?
A5: Consolidated Aircraft
Miami (Geography and places)

The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates.

Q1: Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?
A1: The Roads
Q2: When was Coral Way constructed?
A2: 1922
Q3: What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?
A3: Downtown
Q4: In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?
A4: 1825
Q5: What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?
A5: Dinner Key