LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Q1: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
A1: 1910
Q2: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
A2: pesticide era
Q3: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
A3: 1970
Q4: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
A4: Seventy-five percent
Q5: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
A5: USA
Airport (Engineering and technology)

The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

Q1: When was the first lighting used on an airport?
A1: latter part of the 1920s
Q2: When did approach lighting come into use?
A2: 1930s
Q3: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
A3: approach lighting
Q4: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
A4: 1940s
Q5: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?
A5: slope-line approach system
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around wide central vista, Shanti Path.

Q1: In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen's Delhi?
A1: the 1950s
Q2: What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s?
A2: the Central Public Works Department
Q3: What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department?
A3: Chanakyapuri
Q4: In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi?
A4: southwest
Q5: What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri?
A5: residences of ambassadors
Communication (Language and literature)

The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

Q1: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?
A1: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
Q2: What did the first model for communication consist of?
A2: sender, channel, and receiver
Q3: What was the sender in the initial model?
A3: the part of a telephone a person spoke into
Q4: What was the channel in the initial model?
A4: the telephone itself
Q5: What was the receiver in the initial model?
A5: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person
Rajasthan (Geography and places)

The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that "Rajputana" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than "Indian princes".

Q1: When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?
A1: 1829
Q2: In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?
A2: Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India
Q3: What is another name for the Rajasthan region?
A3: Rajputana
Q4: In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?
A4: 1800
Q5: Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?
A5: John Keay
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using falconets, which were short but wide cannons, during the Siege of Constantinople. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour, using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses (progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The decline in the army's performance became clear from the mid-17th century and after the Great Turkish War. The 18th century saw some limited success against Venice, but in the north the European-style Russian armies forced the Ottomans to concede land.

Q1: In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?
A1: 13th century
Q2: From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?
A2: the hills of western Anatolia
Q3: There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?
A3: Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân
Q4: The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?
A4: muskets and cannons
Q5: In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?
A5: Siege of Constantinople
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin.

Q1: Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine?
A1: Sir William Thomson
Q2: When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created?
A2: 1872
Q3: Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876?
A3: James Thomson
Q4: James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure?
A4: Lord Kelvin
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the "South West African" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.

Q1: What was the first Namibian newspaper?
A1: Windhoeker Anzeiger
Q2: What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?
A2: German
Q3: When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?
A3: 1898
Q4: When was radio introduced in Namibia?
A4: 1969
Q5: When was TV introduced in Namibia?
A5: 1981
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.

Q1: Where was Juan Rodriguez born?
A1: Santo Domingo
Q2: What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?
A2: Jan Rodrigues
Q3: What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?
A3: trader
Q4: What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?
A4: Juan Rodriguez Way
Q5: During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?
A5: winter
Q6: Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?
A6: Juan Rodriguez
Q7: Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?
A7: Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done.

Q1: Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?
A1: the British
Q2: What year was this done?
A2: 1919
Q3: What year did the airship get destroyed?
A3: 1937
Q4: What city was the ship over when it caught fire?
A4: New Jersey
Bermuda (History)

The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Ernest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, numerous books were written and published locally, though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing). The novelist Brian Burland (1931– 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction.

Q1: What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?
A1: The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian
Q2: What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?
A2: thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire
Q3: The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?
A3: scholarly
Q4: Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?
A4: Angela Barry
Hellenistic_period (History)

The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.

Q1: Who did Diadochi plan to marry?
A1: Cleopatra
Q2: Who was Alexander's sister?
A2: Cleopatra
Q3: Who was the leader in Asia Minor?
A3: Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Q4: Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?
A4: Anatolia
Q5: Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?
A5: Perdiccas
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War.

Q1: When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?
A1: Second Boer War
Q2: Under what command did they serve?
A2: British command
Q3: When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?
A3: the First World War
Q4: What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?
A4: Second World War
Q5: What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?
A5: Korean War
John,_King_of_England (History)

The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October.

Q1: John besieged what castle?
A1: Roche-au-Moine
Q2: Who refused to advance with the king?
A2: The local Angevin nobles
Q3: Who won the battle of Bouvines?
A3: Philip
Q4: How long was the truce intended to last for?
A4: six years
Tristan_da_Cunha (Geography and places)

The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.

Q1: what was the name of the first long term settler? 
A1: Jonathan Lambert
Q2: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?
A2: December 1810
Q3: what did one of the settlers rename the islands?
A3: Islands of Refreshment
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The developer, Kite Realty out of Indianapolis, has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses, a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students.

Q1: How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost?
A1: $215 million
Q2: When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?
A2: June 3, 2008
Q3: Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons?
A3: Kite Realty
Q4: Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?
A4: the City of South Bend
Q5: There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?
A5: non-union workers
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Q1: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
A1: Louis XVI style
Q2: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?
A2: Directoire and "Empire"
Q3: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?
A3: Robert Adam
Q4: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?
A4: Sir John Soane
Q5: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?
A5: Marie Antoinette
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742; his protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754).

Q1: Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?
A1: late-17th-century England
Q2: Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?
A2: Whigs
Q3: Who was the leader if the Whigs?
A3: Robert Walpole
Q4: In what year did the jacobite rising fail?
A4: 1715
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

Q1: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?
A1: The Hong Kong Polytechnic
Q2: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?
A2: Hong Kong Technical College
Q3: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?
A3: 1984
Q4: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?
A4: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Q5: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?
A5: 1994
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.

Q1: Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?
A1: François Bernier
Q2: In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?
A2: 18th century
Q3: What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?
A3: White
Q4: How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?
A4: active, acute, and adventurous
Q5: What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?
A5: crafty, lazy, and careless
Florida (Geography and places)

The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election. In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator. In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years.

Q1: The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida 
A1: William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County
Q2: What is Cramer credited for 
A2: Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states
Q3: Who was Claude R Kirk 
A3: 966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election
Q4: Who was Edward j Gurney 
A4: 968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator
Q5: What did the Democrat party do in the 1970
A5: 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years