LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_science (History)

The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.

Q1: What is the group that human psychology belongs to?
A1: cognitive science
Q2: What is investigated in cognitive science?
A2: the mind
Q3: What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?
A3: PET scans and CAT scans
Q4: What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?
A4: artificial intelligence
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened, in 2007. The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales. Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester.

Q1: Where is the final played now? 
A1: The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium
Q2: When did this stadium open? 
A2: it opened, in 2007.
Q3: Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built? 
A3: between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium
Q4: Where is Millennium Stadium located? 
A4: Cardiff in Wales
Q5: Was it always held in Millennium Stadium? 
A5: Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers.

Q1: Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions? 
A1: The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division
Q2: Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions? 
A2: there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight
Q3: Who was the first outside club to win? 
A3: Notts County
Q4: What year did that take place? 
A4: 1894
Q5: How many second tier have made the finals? 
A5: only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May. The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000, when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment, and 2010–11 and 2012–13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final, as well as in 2011–12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer's European Championships.

Q1: When does the final take place? 
A1: The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May.
Q2: Was there a time this was not the case? 
A2: in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000
Q3: Why was that? 
A3: most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment
Q4: Did that ever happen again? 
A4: 2010–11 and 2012–13
Q5: What happened during those years? 
A5: the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. "Barometric self-esteem" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. When they fail to win friends' approval or couldn't find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls suffer from low self-esteem. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995).

Q1: Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?
A1: Self-esteem
Q2: Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?
A2: no
Q3: Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?
A3: Barometric self-esteem
Q4: Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?
A4: baseline self-esteem
Q5: What is the most important function of friendship?
A5: having someone who can provide social and moral support
Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic (History)

The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Q1: What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?
A1: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Q2: What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?
A2: the Russian Constitution of 1937
American_Idol (Music)

The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff Like That There", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.

Q1: What year did Kelly Clarkson win?
A1: 2002
Q2: Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?
A2: Justin Guarini
Q3: What month did Kelly Clarkson win?
A3: September
Q4: Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?
A4: Justin Guarini
Q5: Who won the first season of American Idol?
A5: Kelly Clarkson
Q6: When did Clarkson win the crown?
A6: September 4, 2002
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

Q1: Who was the father of Hisham?
A1: Abd al-Malik
Q2: When did Hisham's reign start?
A2: 724
Q3: Where did Hisham base his court?
A3: Resafa
Q4: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
A4: Battle of Akroinon
Q5: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
A5: northern
Database (Engineering and technology)

The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS.

Q1: What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?
A1: performance, scalability, recovery, security
Q2: What is an important goal in in this final stage?
A2: data independence
Q3: What factor is reflected in performance requirements?
A3: Physical design
American_Idol (Music)

The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song – DeWyze chose U2's "Beautiful Day", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's "Up to the Mountain". This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales.

Q1: Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season?
A1: Lee DeWyze
Q2: What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?
A2: Beautiful Day
Q3: When was the finale held?
A3: May 26
Q4: What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?
A4: Beautiful Day
Q5: Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?
A5: Up to the Mountain
American_Idol (Music)

The finale is the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In seasons seven through thirteen, the venue was at the Nokia Theatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000.

Q1: What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at?
A1: the Nokia Theatre
Q2: How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?
A2: 3,400
Q3: In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?
A3: The finale
Q4: Where was the season one finale broadcast from?
A4: Dolby Theatre
Q5: How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?
A5: 3,400
Q6: What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?
A6: 6,000
Q7: For seasons 7-13, the season finale was held where?
A7: Nokia Theatre
American_Idol (Music)

The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S.

Q1: Who won season seven of American Idol?
A1: David Cook
Q2: Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?
A2: David Cook
Q3: When was the winner announced?
A3: May 21, 2008
Q4: Who was the winner?
A4: David Cook
American_Idol (Music)

The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve, which lasted ten weeks, and season thirteen, which lasted for thirteen weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.

Q1: Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?
A1: CBS Television City
Q2: Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? 
A2: Jimmy Iovine
Q3: How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?
A3: thirteen
Q4: How many weeks did the finals last in the first season?
A4: eight
Q5: Where are the finals broadcast from?
A5: CBS Television City
Q6: Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?
A6: Jimmy Iovine
Q7: How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?
A7: one
Q8: When do contestants start singing two songs?
A8: top four or five
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists with predicting the crisis: Dean Baker (US), Wynne Godley (UK), Fred Harrison (UK), Michael Hudson (US), Eric Janszen (US), Steve Keen (Australia), Jakob Brøchner Madsen & Jens Kjaer Sørensen (Denmark), Kurt Richebächer (US), Nouriel Roubini (US), Peter Schiff (US), and Robert Shiller (US). Examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given. Not surprisingly, the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial, manufactured laxity in monetary supply, a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to.

Q1: Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?
A1: Raghuram Rajan
Q2: What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?
A2: Great Moderation
Q3: Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?
A3: Dirk Bezemer
Q4: How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?
A4: as a vindication
Q5: Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?
A5: Alan Greenspan
Phonology (Language and literature)

The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception.

Q1: How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?
A1: complicate
Q2: How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?
A2: unrecognizable
Q3: What does splicing words affect?
A3: speech perception
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.

Q1: What is Kathmandu's fire department called?
A1: Barun Yantra Karyalaya
Q2: What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?
A2: 1937
Q3: When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?
A3: 1944
Q4: How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?
A4: seven
Q5: What is the mission of FAN?
A5: raising public awareness about fire and improving safety
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though the drug was never approved in the USA, the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use. Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this "study," including 624 pregnant patients, and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug.[citation needed]

Q1: How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?
A1: Over 20,000
Q2: When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?
A2: November 1961
Q3: How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?
A3: about 17
Q4: How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?
A4: under the guise of investigational use
Q5: Why was this drug pulled off shelves?
A5: association with grave congenital abnormalities
Q6: In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?
A6: 1961
Q7: What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?
A7: congenital abnormalities
Q8: Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?
A8: Kevadon
Q9: About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?
A9: Over 20,000
Q10: How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?
A10: 17
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

The firm of John Russell Pope designed Broad Street Station as well as Branch House on Monument Avenue, designed as a private residence in the Tudor style, now serving as the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design. Broad Street Station (or Union Station), designed in the Beaux-Arts style, is no longer a functioning station but is now home to the Science Museum of Virginia. Main Street Station, designed by Wilson, Harris, and Richards, has been returned to use in its original purpose. The Jefferson Hotel and the Commonwealth Club were both designed by the classically trained Beaux-Arts architects Carrère and Hastings. Many buildings on the University of Richmond campus, including Jeter Hall and Ryland Hall, were designed by Ralph Adams Cram, most famous for his Princeton University Chapel and the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine.

Q1: What architectural style was used to design Branch House?
A1: Tudor
Q2: Who designed Branch House?
A2: John Russell Pope
Q3: What is another name for Broad Street Station?
A3: Union Station
Q4: What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station?
A4: Beaux-Arts
Q5: Who designed the Commonwealth Club?
A5: Carrère and Hastings
Szlachta (History)

The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

Q1: When did the first free election take place?
A1: 1492
Q2: What was different about later elections then first free election?
A2: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.
Q3: Who only voted in the election of 1492?
A3: senators
Q4: Who won the election of 1492?
A4: John I Albert
Q5: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
A5: Jagiellonian Dynasty
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those encodings to Unicode (and back) without losing any information. For example, the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) fonts, these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs, rather than at half the width. For other examples, see Duplicate characters in Unicode.

Q1: What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? 
A1: ISO-8859-1
Q2: Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?
A2: to make it trivial to convert existing western text
Q3: What does the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompass?
A3: a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet
Q4: What are the CJK languages referenced?
A4: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration (History)

The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

Q1: Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?
A1: R.D.W. Connor
Q2: When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?
A2: 1934
Q3: What branch of the US government established the National Archives?
A3: Congress
Q4: What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?
A4: Hoover Commission
Q5: The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?
A5: subordinate official
Armenians (Geography and places)

The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

Q1: When were early Armenian Christian churches built?
A1: between the 4th and 7th century
Q2: In which century did Armenia become Christian?
A2: 4th
Q3: What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?
A3: Hrip'simé
Q4: When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?
A4: fifth century
Q5: When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?
A5: seventh century