LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic (History)

Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The Roman concrete has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently. The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence. Roman cities were well planned, efficiently managed and neatly maintained.[citation needed]

Q1: What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?
A1: urban requirements changed
Q2: What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?
A2: Roman concrete
Q3: Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?
A3: even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently
Q4: What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?
A4: The architectural style
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.

Q1: Street lights help reduce?
A1: urban crime.
Gramophone_record (Music)

Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems. The Capehart radio/phonographs of the era with large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers, though not ideal, demonstrated this quite well with "home recordings" readily available in the music stores for the public to buy.

Q1: What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?
A1: high quality cuts
Q2: In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?
A2: 1940s
Q3: What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?
A3: large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers
Q4: How similar were live and recorded versions?
A4: harder to tell the difference
Great_power (History)

Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century.

Q1: Was the power of the 5 countries constant?
A1: relative power of these five nations fluctuated
Q2: What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?
A2: United Kingdom and Prussia
Q3: Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?
A3: Russia and Austria-Hungary
Q4: What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?
A4: Eight-Nation Alliance
Q5: What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?
A5: Boxer Rebellion in China.
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.

Q1: When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
A1: 1644
Q2: What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
A2: Zhu Yousong
Q3: When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
A3: in June 1644
Q4: What was Zhu Yousong's title?
A4: the Hongguang Emperor
Q5: The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
A5: the so-called Southern Ming dynasty
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home (68.1%). Chinese (mainly Cantonese and Mandarin) is the second-most-common language spoken at home (3.6%), with Greek third, Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth, each with more than 100,000 speakers. Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.

Q1: What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?
A1: 68.1%
Q2: What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?
A2: Chinese
Q3: The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?
A3: 70,000
Q4: What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?
A4: more affordable housing and cost of living
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

Q1: Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?
A1: Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
Q2: Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?
A2: through the work of his students and admirers rather
Q3: Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?
A3: Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine
Q4: What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?
A4: "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."
Q5: What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century"?
A5: Bruno Latour
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena’s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.

Q1: Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?
A1: coffee
Q2: Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?
A2: Paris
Q3: What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?
A3: coffee
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5–2 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land. The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively ending their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.

Q1: When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?
A1: November 11, 2006
Q2: What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?
A2: demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion
Q3: What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?
A3: $1.5–2 billion casino resort
Q4: Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?
A4: economic conditions and the late 2000s recession
Q5: Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?
A5: Pinnacle Entertainment
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.

Q1: When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?
A1: electrons
Q2: When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?
A2: H+
Q3: What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?
A3: Bronsted-Lowry
Pacific_War (History)

Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.

Q1: How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's "Northern Force"?
A1: four
Q2: When did the allies spot Ozawa's "Northern Force"?
A2: 16:40 on 24 October
Q3: How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?
A3: 1,000
Q4: How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
A4: 63
Q5: How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
A5: 17
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively. He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."

Q1: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?
A1: the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
Q2: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?
A2: the Republic of China and its Communist successors
Q3: Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?
A3: the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco
Q4: Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?
A4: the Mongols
Q5: The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?
A5: patron and priest relationship
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an "AC-3 RF" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.

Q1: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?
A1: PAL LaserDiscs
Q2: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?
A2: two
Q3: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?
A3: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.

Q1: What video frequency does NTSC use?
A1: 60 Hz
Q2: What video frequency does PAL use?
A2: 50 Hz
Q3: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?
A3: 16.7% slower
Q4: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?
A4: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

Q1: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?
A1: analogue standard
Q2: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?
A2: digital or high definition
Q3: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A3: 25/50 Hz
Q4: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A4: 30/60 Hz
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Another technique for applying a conformal coating is for plastic to be sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber. The chief disadvantage of conformal coatings is that servicing of the board is rendered extremely difficult.

Q1: If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?
A1: conformal coating
Q2: A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it?
A2: dipping
Q3: The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?
A3: corrosion
Q4: What material was first used for conformal coating?
A4: wax
Q5: What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating?
A5: servicing
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine's list of "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006", where it was criticized for being "Late, Expensive and Incompatible". GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters, asking how Sony managed to "take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and — within the space of a year — turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet", but added that despite its problems the system has "untapped potential". Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was "more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does".

Q1: What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?
A1: "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006"
Q2: What gaming website called PS3 "a hate object reviled by the entire internet"?
A2: GamesRadar
Q3: What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?
A3: "Late, Expensive and Incompatible"
Q4: How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?
A4: a year
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing. Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3, but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1. As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes. Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.

Q1: What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?
A1: Yellow Dog Linux
Q2: What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?
A2: Terra Soft Solutions
Q3: What company bought RapidMind in 2009?
A3: Intel
Q4: How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?
A4: 8
Q5: Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?
A5: the U.S. military
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.

Q1: How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?
A1: 250 years
Q2: Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?
A2: Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind
Q3: Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?
A3: Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Q4: What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? 
A4: Kingdom of Mrauk U
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":

Q1: What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?
A1: a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos
Q2: Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?
A2: Joseph Butler
Q3: Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?
A3: John Herschel
Q4: In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?
A4: the second edition
Pain (Language and literature)

Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

Q1: What type of stimuli causes pain?
A1: intense or damaging
Q2: What type of feeling is pain?
A2: distressing
Q3: Why has defining pain been a challenge?
A3: complex, subjective phenomenon
Q4: What organization's definition is widely used?
A4: The International Association for the Study of Pain
Q5: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?
A5: a symptom
Pain (Language and literature)

Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found benefit. Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine. There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain, but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship, other than in osteomalacia, is unconvincing.

Q1: What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?
A1: Pain
Q2: What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?
A2: little difference in the effect
Q3: Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?
A3: benefit
Q4: What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?
A4: herbal
Q5: Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?
A5: vitamin D