LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

Q1: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?
A1: Durango
Q2: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?
A2: Desert
Q3: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?
A3: Grand Canyon
Q4: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?
A4: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley
Q5: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?
A5: Rocky Mountains
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.

Q1: What is now limited to ceremonial uses?
A1: Chinese characters in Vietnam
Q2: What were once in widespread use?
A2: Chinese characters in Vietnam
Q3: What was used in schooling?
A3: Literary Chinese
Classical_music (Music)

Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.

Q1: Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?
A1: improvisation
Q2: In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?
A2: organ performers
Q3: Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?
A3: instrumental performers
Q4: Who was noted for his complex improvisations?
A4: J.S. Bach
Q5: What was Mozart noted for?
A5: his ability to improvise melodies in different styles
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.

Q1: Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?
A1: female Dominican houses
Q2: Where was one female Dominican house located?
A2: Prouille
Q3: How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?
A3: seventy-four
Q4: Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?
A4: Beguines
Q5: How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?
A5: one hundred and fifty-seven
Egypt (Geography and places)

Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century, after Islam arrived, the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world. Under Anwar Sadat, Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law. It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders, with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.

Q1: Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt?
A1: Christian
Q2: What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?
A2: Sharia
Q3: Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt?
A3: Anwar Sadat
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.

Q1: What color were England's first away kits?
A1: blue
Q2: What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?
A2: red
Q3: Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?
A3: grey
Q4: In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?
A4: navy blue
Q5: When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?
A5: home matches
Hard_rock (Music)

Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like In Your Honor (2005) reaching number two in the US and UK, many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like Creed, Staind, Puddle of Mudd and Nickelback took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including Shinedown and Seether. Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K., Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry, whose breakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum and spawned the single "Sorry" (2007), which made the Top 10 of the Billboard 100. These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock or post punk revival, including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon, and Queens of the Stone Age from the US, Three Days Grace from Canada, Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand. In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that reached the top 20 in the US and UK and the top ten in several other countries.

Q1: When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out?
A1: 2005
Q2: Three Days Grace is from what country?
A2: Canada
Q3: The band Jet is from what country?
A3: Australia
Q4: What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin?
A4: Them Crooked Vultures
Q5: What was the title of Buckcherry's 2007 hit single?
A5: "Sorry"
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.

Q1: How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? 
A1: 380,000
Q2: How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?
A2: 43,000
Q3: Which group of people were considered inferior?
A3: Poles and other Slavs
Q4: How many Polish people were used in labor camps?
A4: Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens
Q5: How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?
A5: 1.1 million people
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand." The "exactly balanced" variants are said to be indifferent.

Q1: Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?
A1: the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced
Q2: What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?
A2: if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.
Q3: What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?
A3: indifferent
John,_King_of_England (History)

Although John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the Duke of Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy, but as the Count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur – with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself – and began a fresh war against John.

Q1: When did Philip summon John to attend court?
A1: 1202
Q2: What was John summoned as?
A2: Count of Poitou
Heian_period (History)

Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the title Sei-i Taishōgun (Barbarian-subduing generalissimo). By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more.

Q1: What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon?
A1: Emishi
Q2: What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?
A2: Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
Q3: What was Tamuramaro's military title?
A3: Sei-i Taishōgun
Q4: The Emishi were defeated in what year?
A4: 801
Q5: The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?
A5: Honshū
Korean_War (Warfare)

Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible U.S. deployment, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait.

Q1: Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?
A1: To counter a possible U.S. deployment
Q2: Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?
A2: Incheon
Q3: Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?
A3: Chai Chengwen
Q4: Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?
A4: the Korean border
Q5: Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?
A5: Chinese leaders
Mali (Geography and places)

Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.

Q1: Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?
A1: Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs
Q2: Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?
A2: Malian government
Q3: What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?
A3: radical Islamists
Q4: What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?
A4: servitude and bondage
Q5: Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?
A5: discrimination
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst Gábor Szegő. On their first meeting, Szegő was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szegő, sketched out on his father's stationery, are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics.

Q1: At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?
A1: 15
Q2: Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?
A2: Gábor Szegő
Q3: By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?
A3: two major mathematical papers
Q4: Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?
A4: Georg Cantor
Q5: What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?
A5: Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

Q1: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
A1: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans
Q2: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
A2: controlling members or a board of directors
Q3: How do NPOs handle staffing?
A3: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation
Q4: What are token fees used for?
A4: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization
Madrasa (Language and literature)

Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madaris – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

Q1: What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?
A1: spiritual learning
Q2: Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?
A2: confirm the doctrines of Islam
Q3: What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?
A3: pluralistic
Q4: What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?
A4: Islam
Q5: What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?
A5: wide range of studies
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

Q1: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
A1: using the ramp and a running start
Q2: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
A2: STOVL
Q3: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
A3: vertical
Q4: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
A4: a ski-jump ramp
Q5: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
A5: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft
Israel (History)

Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991, Turkey has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel. Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008–09 Gaza War and Israel's raid of the Gaza flotilla. IHH, which organized the flotilla, is a Turkish charity that has been challenged on ties to Hamas and Al-Qaeda. Relations between Israel and Greece have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli-Turkish relations. The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece’s Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base. Israel is the second largest importer of Greek products in the Middle East. The joint Cyprus-Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus. Cooperation in the world's longest sub-sea electric power cable, the EuroAsia Interconnector, has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel.

Q1: When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations?
A1: 1991
Q2: Who organized the flotilla?
A2: IHH
Q3: When did Israel and Turkey's relations take a downturn?
A3: after the 2008–09 Gaza War