LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_science (History)

Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polymath Shen Kua (1031–1095) first formulated hypotheses for the process of land formation. Based on his observation of fossils in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he deduced that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

Q1: What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?
A1: Peri lithōn
Q2: When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?
A2: the Scientific Revolution
Q3: When did Shen Kua live?
A3: 1031–1095
Q4: What science did Shen Kua observe?
A4: land formation
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May.

Q1: Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?
A1: George Dayton
Q2: In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? 
A2: 1902
Q3: When was the Southdale Center opened? 
A3: 1956
Q4: What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?
A4: Mervyn's
Mammal (Natural sciences)

George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.

Q1: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
A1: George Gaylord Simpson
Q2: Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?
A2: 20th
Q3: Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
A3: cladistics
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

George Gipp was the school's legendary football player during 1916–20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and "win one for the Gipper." The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current head coach is Brian Kelly, hired from the University of Cincinnati on December 11, 2009. Kelly's record in midway through his sixth season at Notre Dame is 52–21. In 2012, Kelly's Fighting Irish squad went undefeated and played in the BCS National Championship Game. Kelly succeeded Charlie Weis, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons. Although Weis led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games, his overall record was 35–27, mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history. The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007.

Q1: What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?
A1: George Gipp
Q2: Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to "win one for the Gipper?"
A2: the Army team
Q3: Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie "Knute Rockne?"
A3: Pat O'Brien
Q4: Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's "Knute Rockne?"
A4: Gipp
Q5: How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium?
A5: 80,795
Avicenna (Language and literature)

George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history" and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge. Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum ("prince of physicians").

Q1: Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?
A1: George Sarton
Q2: What did George Sarton write?
A2: The History of Science
Q3: Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?
A3: Islam
Q4: Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?
A4: Abulcasis
Q5: During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?
A5: early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries
George_VI (History)

George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.

Q1: What day did George VI become coronated?
A1: 12 May 1937
Q2: Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?
A2: Queen Mary
Q3: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?
A3: Two
Q4: In which city are Durbars usually held?
A4: Delhi
George_VI (History)

George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.

Q1: What is the association of independent states in Britain called?
A1: the Commonwealth
Q2: What two dominions did British India become?
A2: India and Pakistan
Q3: What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?
A3: Burma
Q4: What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?
A4: 1949
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Q1: Georgian architecture is characterized by?
A1: its proportion and balance
Q2: What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?
A2: Regularity of housefronts
Q3: What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?
A3: ancient Rome or Greece
Q4: What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?
A4: lack of symmetry
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term "Georgian" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are "architectural in intention", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range.

Q1: Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?
A1: George I, George II, George III, and George IV
Q2: What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?
A2: Colonial Revival
Q3: Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?
A3: between 1714 and 1830
Q4: What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.
A4: Neo-Georgian
Q5: What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?
A5: House of Hanover
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.

Q1: American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?
A1: wood with clapboards
Q2: What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?
A2: brick or stone
Q3: Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?
A3: Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.

Q1: What style did Georgian succeed?
A1: English Baroque
Q2: Which architect was a transitional figure?
A2: James Gibbs
Q3: Which book did Colen Campbell write?
A3: Vitruvius Britannicus
Q4: What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?
A4: The European Grand Tour
Q5: What Venetian spent most of his career in England?
A5: Giacomo Leoni
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.

Q1: What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?
A1: 1 GW
Q2: What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?
A2: 10 GW
Q3: In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?
A3: 17 percent
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

Q1: What is a good technique to foster party harmony?
A1: appointment of task forces
Q2: What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?
A2: partisan colleagues with conflicting views
Q3: What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?
A3: way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective, so a Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, was appointed to make improvements, particularly an integrated AA defence for London. The air defences were expanded with more RNVR AA guns, 75 mm and 3-inch, the pom-poms being ineffective. The naval 3-inch was also adopted by the army, the QF 3 inch 20 cwt (76 mm), a new field mounting was introduced in 1916. Since most attacks were at night, searchlights were soon used, and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed. By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain (most with the 3-inch), 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East.

Q1: Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?
A1: the British Isles
Q2: Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?
A2: Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott
Q3: What was used because of night attacks?
A3: searchlights
Q4: How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?
A4: 183
Q5: How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?
A5: 74
The_Blitz (History)

German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju 88, or Heinkel He 111. Moreover, the Blenheim struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers. Added to the fact an interception relied on visual sighting, a kill was most elusive even in the conditions of a moonlit sky.

Q1: How was the British night fighter operations faring?
A1: were proving highly successful.
Q2: How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?
A2: was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns
Q3: How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?
A3: struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers
Q4: What did interception rely upon?
A4: visual sighting
The_Blitz (History)

German beacons operated on the medium-frequency band and the signals involved a two-letter Morse identifier followed by a lengthy time-lapse which enabled the Luftwaffe crews to determine the signal's bearing. The Meacon system involved separate locations for a receiver with a directional aerial and a transmitter. The receipt of the German signal by the receiver was duly passed to the transmitter, the signal to be repeated. The action did not guarantee automatic success. If the German bomber flew closer to its own beam than the Meacon then the former signal would come through the stronger on the direction finder. The reverse would apply only if the meacon were closer.

Q1: The German beacons used what frequency band?
A1: medium
Q2: What two letter identifier did the signal have?
A2: Morse
Q3: What system used a separate locations for a receiver and a directional aerial?
A3: Meacon
Q4: When a German bomber flew to close to its own beam what happened to the signal?
A4: stronger on the direction finder
Germans (Language and literature)

German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film. From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films, while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR.

Q1: Who was the original German cinematic?
A1: Max Skladanowsky
Q2: What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?
A2: propaganda
Q3: Who controls film production in the GDR?
A3: Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft
Q4: When did German cinema come back internationally?
A4: 1960s
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that "On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges." Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that "although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right." Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism. He argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French "lodges of adoption" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.

Q1: According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment?
A1: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges
Q2: Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right?
A2: Thomas Munck
Q3: Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking?
A3: political thought
Q4: Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background?
A4: egalitarianism
Q5: The presence of whom in the French "lodges of adoption" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society?
A5: noble women
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present).

Q1: What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?
A1: German
Q2: How many Oklahomans speak German?
A2: 13,444
Q3: What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?
A3: Vietnamese
Q4: How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?
A4: 11,330
Q5: How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?
A5: more than 25