LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system.

Q1: The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? 
A1: more than 300
Q2: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?
A2: the Napoleonic Wars
Q3: A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?
A3: the German Confederation
Q4: How much of the population did Prussia control?
A4: 62%
Q5: How much of the land did Prussia control?
A5: 65%
Federalism (History)

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1)

Q1: What is federalism in the United States?
A1: ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States
Q2: How has the American government evolved?
A2: American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.
Q3: What happened in Federalist No.46?
A3: James Madison asserted that the states and national government
Q4: What happened in Federalist No. 28
A4: "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including "culture", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training. Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat (literally Federal Council, the upper house of the German Federal Parliament) and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".

Q1: What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?
A1: Federalism
Q2: In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? 
A2: the federation
Q3: What is an example of what states retain authority over?
A3: culture
Q4: The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?
A4: the Bundesrat
Q5: Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?
A5: the federal government
Federalism (History)

Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

Q1: What is federalism? 
A1: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government
Q2: In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? 
A2: division of powers between two levels of government of equal status
Q3: What type of governments are included in federalism? 
A3: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments
Q4: How many governments are apart of federalism?
A4: relationship of parity between the two levels of government
Federalism (History)

Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

Q1: What is federalism seen as? 
A1: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries
Q2: What does federalism allow?
A2: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level
Q3: What do scholars think of federalism?
A3: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries
Boston (Geography and places)

Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.

Q1: Boston is split between how many congressional districts?
A1: two
Q2: What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?
A2: the 7th district
Q3: Who represents the 7th district?
A3: Mike Capuano
Q4: What year was Capuano elected?
A4: 1998
Q5: What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?
A5: the 8th district
Federalism (History)

Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

Q1: What does federations often employ?
A1: union of states
Q2: What is federalist paper no. 39?
A2: that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both
Q3: What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?
A3: it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..
Q4: What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?
A4: which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.
Federalism (History)

Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.

Q1: What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? 
A1: special procedures
Q2: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?
A2: federal structure
Q3: What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?
A3: required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.

Q1: What does 'everted' mean?
A1: turned inside out to extend
Q2: What part of a polychaete can be everted?
A2: pharynx
Q3: What types of annelids have evolved jaws?
A3: Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae
Q4: What do annelids use jaws for?
A4: seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter
Q5: What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?
A5: palps covered in cilia
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order. They were compelled to obey all the rules and shared in all the applicable privileges of the order. Like the Priory of Dartford, all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars. The friars served as their confessors, priests, teachers and spiritual mentors.

Q1: How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?
A1: lack of apostolic work
Q2: What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?
A2: chanted the Divine Office
Q3: What did the sisters not have?
A3: government of their own
Q4: Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?
A4: friars
Q5: What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?
A5: teachers
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

Q1: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?
A1: Feminist
Q2: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?
A2: male bias
Q3: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?
A3: systematic bias
Q4: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?
A4: gender
Q5: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?
A5: birth anthropology
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.

Q1: Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?
A1: Ailsa McKay
Q2: Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?
A2: mainstream economics
Q3: According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?
A3: feminist economics
Q4: What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?
A4: a reshaping
Valencia (Geography and places)

Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820–1823.

Q1: Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?
A1: Valencia
Q2: How long did absolutist rule last?
A2: six years
Q3: When was the Trieno Liberal?
A3: 1820–1823
Q4: When was the Constitution abolished?
A4: 1812
Q5: Who offered troops to the King?
A5: General Elio
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.

Q1: What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?
A1: government of Tuvalu
Q2: Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?
A2: outside of Tuvalu
Q3: In what educational institution is the program found?
A3: University of the South Pacific
Q4: Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?
A4: Funafuti
Q5: Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?
A5: Sixth form
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

Q1: When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?
A1: September 1931
Q2: Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?
A2: ex-Qing emperor Puyi
Q3: What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?
A3: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,
Q4: In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify? 
A4: 1940
Q5: What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist? 
A5: neutralize the spread of Communist influence.
Middle_Ages (History)

Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept, or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building.

Q1: When were the Constantinian basilicas built?
A1: 4th century
Q2: In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?
A2: the west end
Q3: What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?
A3: the basilica
Q4: What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?
A4: transept
Q5: How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?
A5: perpendicular
British_Isles (Geography and places)

Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain.

Q1: Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland?
A1: European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake
Q2: What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland?
A2: Kerry slug
Q3: Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland?
A3: none are native to Ireland
Q4: What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain?
A4: water voles, roe deer and common toads
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

Q1: In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?
A1: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out
Q2: What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?
A2: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies
Q3: After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?
A3: depression
Q4: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?
A4: error on his part
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "merely respectable" according to biographer James Gleick. When he turned 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. In high school he was developing the mathematical intuition behind his Taylor series of mathematical operators. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.

Q1: What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?
A1: 123
Q2: What high school did Feynman go to?
A2: Far Rockaway High School
Q3: Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?
A3: 15
Q4: What did Feyman derive before he went to college?
A4: half-derivative
Q5: What burrough was Feynman's high school in?
A5: Queens