LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow", though it is often a useful way of speaking.

Q1: The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?
A1: defining essence
Q2: In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?
A2: occasions of experience
Q3: Where do occasions of experience overlap?
A3: time and space
Q4: In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?
A4: people define identities
Q5: Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?
A5: all things flow"
Q6: Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?
A6: "defining essence" or a "core identity"
Q7: In that line of thinking, how are changes described?
A7: qualitative and secondary to their core identity
Q8: What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?
A8: discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union, especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state's gross domestic product, are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are, at least in theory, all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation.

Q1: How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?
A1: must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities
Q2: What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?
A2: public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted
Q3: What should all assets offered up as collateral be?
A3: all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation
Q4: What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?
A4: sovereign debt
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

To raise money, Seagram head Edgar Bronfman Jr. sold Universal's television holdings, including cable network USA, to Barry Diller (these same properties would be bought back later at greatly inflated prices). In June 2000, Seagram was sold to French water utility and media company Vivendi, which owned StudioCanal; the conglomerate then became known as Vivendi Universal. Afterward, Universal Pictures acquired the United States distribution rights of several of StudioCanal's films, such as Mulholland Drive (which received an Oscar nomination) and Brotherhood of the Wolf (which became the second-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980). Universal Pictures and StudioCanal also co-produced several films, such as Love Actually (an $40 million-budgeted film that eventually grossed $246 million worldwide). In late 2000, the New York Film Academy was permitted to use the Universal Studios backlot for student film projects in an unofficial partnership.

Q1: Who was the head of Seagram?
A1: Edgar Bronfman Jr.
Q2: Who bought the USA cable network from Seagram?
A2: Barry Diller
Q3: Who bought Seagram in June 2000?
A3: Vivendi
Q4: What was the budget of the film Love Actually?
A4: $40 million
Q5: What StudioCanal film received an Academy Award nomination?
A5: Mulholland Drive
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible.

Q1: What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?
A1: invasion of northern Germany
Q2: What country were the French hoping to be allied with?
A2: Denmark
Q3: What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?
A3: the Royal Danish Navy
Q4: What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?
A4: defences
Q5: What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?
A5: heavy guns
Architecture (Art and architecture)

To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".

Q1: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
A1: art for art's sake
Q2: What sort of quest lacks purpose?
A2: quest for perfection or originality
Q3: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
A3: form
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]

Q1: What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?
A1: a gold ring
Q2: Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?
A2: the pope
Lancashire (Geography and places)

To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.

Q1: What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?
A1: dairy farming and cheesemaking
Q2: What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?
A2: sheep
Q3: What is in the highest ground?
A3: uncultivated moorland
Q4: Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?
A4: modern-day Greater Manchester
Q5: where is Beacon Fell County Park located?
A5: North of the Ribble
Somalis (Geography and places)

To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.

Q1: Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?
A1: the Ogaden
Q2: In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?
A2: 1948
Q3: The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?
A3: Emperor Menelik
Q4: In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?
A4: 1956
Q5: What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?
A5: Somali
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

Q1: During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?
A1: one-third
Q2: What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?
A2: Phanerozoic
Q3: The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?
A3: Phanerozoic
Q4: Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?
A4: North America
Q5: Where are the Deccan Traps?
A5: India
Han_dynasty (History)

To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders, and he established a trade embargo against the group. Although the embargo was in place, the Xiongnu found traders willing to supply their needs. Chinese forces also mounted surprise attacks against Xiongnu who traded at the border markets. In retaliation, the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC. After negotiations, the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance, but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes, food, and wine to the Xiongnu.

Q1: Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?
A1: Modu Chanyu
Q2: What group had a trade embargo created against them?
A2: the Xiongnu
Q3: In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?
A3: 200 BC
Q4: What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?
A4: heqin
Q5: What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?
A5: silk clothes
Sahara (Geography and places)

To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation.

Q1: What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?
A1: Mediterranean Sea
Somerset (Geography and places)

To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.

Q1: What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels 
A1: the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills
Q2: What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty 
A2: Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956
Q3: What is the name of the coal field 
A3: The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire
Q4: What area support dairy farming 
A4: on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

To the pope as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae vitae that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator. This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships. The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology. The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:

Q1: According to Paul VI  to whom are a  man and woman in union with besides each other?
A1: God
Q2: What does God contribute to a married couple's child?
A2: soul
Q3: Who is considered to be love?
A3: God
Q4: From whom is married love generated?
A4: God
Q5: What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?
A5: marital
Sahara (Geography and places)

To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).

Q1: What is to the south of the Sahara?
A1: Sahel
Q2: What kind of climate does the Sahel have?
A2: dry tropical
Q3: What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?
A3: 150 mm
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

To the southwest, the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavich united the two previously separate principalities. In 1202 he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of Grand Duke of Kievan Rus', which was held by the rulers of Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169. His son, Prince Daniil (r. 1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Russia") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Russian subjects. Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the Russian countries was reunited for some time. In 1439, Kiev became the seat of a separate "Metropolitan of Kiev, Galich and all Rus'" for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule.

Q1: Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?
A1: Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian
Q2: Who united the two previously separated principalities?
A2: Prince Roman Mstislavich
Q3: In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?
A3: 1202
Q4: Who became metropolitan in 1370?
A4: Cyprian
Plymouth (History)

To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.

Q1: In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?
A1: west
Q2: How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?
A2: over 70
Iran (Geography and places)

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).

Q1: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?
A1: below zero
Q2: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?  
A2: 38 °C (100.4 °F)
Q3: The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?
A3: less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain
Q4: What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?
A4: 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in)
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.

Q1: How is labor often divided in these groups?
A1: sexual division
Q2: What percentage of Aeta women hunt?
A2: 85%
Q3: What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?
A3: 31%
Q4: What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?
A4: 17%
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

Q1: What does duel dating use to show the date?
A1: two consecutive years
Q2: What is the Old Style date mean?
A2: Julian calendar
Q3: What is N.S. stand for?
A3: New Style
Q4: What are New Style dates?
A4: Gregorian
Q5: Why use two consecutive year dates?
A5: starting date of the year
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above, more structural concepts have to be employed.c[›] There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions: to take advantage of the structure offered by groups (which sets, being "structureless", do not have), constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation. This compatibility manifests itself in the following notions in various ways. For example, groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms. By the mentioned principle, they are required to respect the group structures in a precise sense. The structure of groups can also be understood by breaking them into pieces called subgroups and quotient groups. The principle of "preserving structures"—a recurring topic in mathematics throughout—is an instance of working in a category, in this case the category of groups.

Q1: What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?
A1: structural concepts
Q2: What has to be compatible with the group operation?
A2: constructions related to groups
Q3: What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?
A3: group homomorphisms