LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).

Q1: The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?
A1: before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492
Q2: When was Columbus' first voyage?
A2: 1492
Q3: In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?
A3: conquered or significantly influenced
Q4: What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?
A4: "Pre-Columbian"
Q5: What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?
A5: Andes
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.

Q1: Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?
A1: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible
Q2: What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
A2: within 200 years
Q3: What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
A3: about a millennium after their composition
Q4: How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?
A4: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

While the "footprint" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels "free-to-air" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved.

Q1: With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?
A1: Western Europe
Q2: What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?
A2: Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
Q3: On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?
A3: Sky Digital
Q4: What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?
A4: Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football
Armenians (Geography and places)

While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.

Q1: Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?
A1: Armenian Catholic Church
Q2: What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?
A2: Armenian Evangelical Church
Q3: What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?
A3: Armenian Brotherhood Church
Q4: Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?
A4: Armenian Apostolic Church
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members; the second largest was the United Methodist Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches. The third was the Roman Catholic Church, with 428,000 members in 190 congregations. The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church (USA), with 186,000 members and 710 congregations; this denomination was brought by Scots-Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era.

Q1: What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?
A1: Bible Belt
Q2: What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?
A2: Baptists
Q3: What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?
A3: Southern Baptist
Q4: What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?
A4: United Methodist Church
Q5: What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?
A5: Roman Catholic
Time (Philosophy and religion)

While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity.

Q1: The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?
A1: cosmology
Q2: How much is known about the early states of the universe?
A2: i
Q3: Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?
A3: The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
Q4: These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?
A4: general relativity
Q5: These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?
A5: before the universe reaches the Planck temperature
Napoleon (History)

While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.

Q1: The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
A1: the papacy
Q2: Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?
A2: Napoleon's
Q3: Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?
A3: the pope
Q4:  The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
A4: Napoleon
Q5: In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
A5: 1801
Detroit (Geography and places)

While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District.

Q1: What areas of Detroit contain high rises?
A1: Downtown and New Center
Q2: What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?
A2: Palmer Park
Q3: What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?
A3: historic
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.

Q1: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?
A1: 1903
Q2: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?
A2: 1928
Q3: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? 
A3: 13
Q4: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?
A4: Porfirio Díaz
Q5: Who led Mexico City?
A5: an appointed governor
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach.

Q1: Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?
A1: General MacMahon
Q2: Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?
A2: German 3rd Army
Q3: Who commanded the German 1st Army?
A3: Steinmetz
Q4: What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?
A4: decoy fires
Q5: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?
A5: Moltke's
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention.

Q1: Who did the Ming trade horses with?
A1: Tibet
Q2: Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?
A2: Altan Khan
Q3: Who did Altan Khan overthrow?
A3: the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony
Q4: Who did Altan Khan make peace with?
A4: the Ming dynasty
Q5: Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?
A5: Altan Khan
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court "form part of the law of the land", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.

Q1: What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?
A1: a civil law nation
Q2: The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?
A2: the American Supreme Court
Q3: What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?
A3: 1987 Philippine Constitution
Q4: How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?
A4: 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices
Q5: When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
A5: en banc
British_Empire (History)

While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in Oman (1957), Jordan (1958) and Kuwait (1961), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore. The British withdrew from Aden in 1967, Bahrain in 1971, and Maldives in 1976.

Q1: When did Britain withdraw from Aden?
A1: 1967
Q2: When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?
A2: 1971
Q3: When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?
A3: 1976
Q4: Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?
A4: Denis Healey
Q5: Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?
A5: Kuwait
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).

Q1: How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?
A1: three
Q2: Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?
A2: Hashimites
Q3: What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?
A3: Battle of Uhud
Q4: Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?
A4: Hind
Q5: Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?
A5: Muawiyah I
Warsaw_Pact (History)

While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.

Q1: Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?
A1: NATO
Q2: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? 
A2: Czechoslovakia
Q3: What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
A3: Solidarity
Q4: Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? 
A4: Czechoslovakia
Q5: In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? 
A5: 1989
Q6: What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?
A6: Solidarity
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.

Q1: What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
A1: its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.
Q2: What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
A2: it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation
Q3: What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
A3: Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics
Q4: Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
A4: because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay
Q5: Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?
A5: would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

Q1: Each cardinal priest has what?
A1: a titular church in Rome
Crimean_War (History)

While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.

Q1: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?
A1: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III
Q2: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?
A2: Nicholas
Q3: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?
A3: Britain
Q4: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?
A4: Ottomans
Q5: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?
A5: October
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters."

Q1: What did the decision ultimately uphold?
A1: state law
Q2: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?
A2: transportation of students to religious schools
Q3: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?
A3: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"
Q4: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?
A4: that wall
Q5: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?
A5: the present legislation