LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled, via Rome, from Alexandria, North Africa, to Gaul; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas, where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two, together, set out for Sardica. A full Council of the Church was convened / summoned there in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. The travel was a mammoth task in itself. At this great gathering of prelates, leaders of the Church, the case of Athanasius was taken up once more, that is, Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder, (a man called Arsenius and using his body for magic, – an absurd charge.). [The Council was convoked for the purpose of inquiring into the charges against Athanasius and other bishops, on account of which they were deposed from their sees by the Semi-Arian Synod of Antioch (341), and went into exile. It was called according to Socrates, (E. H. ii. 20) by the two Emperors, Constans and Constantius; but, according to Baronius by Pope Julius (337–352), (Ad an. 343). One hundred and seventy six attended. Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the Council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them. Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops, about a hundred were orthodox, who were the majority. The Eusebians, seeing they had no chance of having their views carried, retired to Philoppopolis in Thrace, Philippopolis (Thracia), where they held an opposition council, under the presidency of the Patriarch of Antioch, and confirmed the decrees of the Synod of Antioch. ]. Once more, at the Council of Sardica, was his innocence reaffirmed. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known. Meanwhile, the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if the Saint attempt to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. It was Hosius who presided over the Council of Sardica, as he did for the First Council of Nicaea, which like the 341 synod, found Athanasius innocent. &. He celebrated his last Easter in exile in Aquileia in April 345, received by bishop Fortunatianus.

Q1: Where is Gaul currently located?
A1: Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas
Q2: With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?
A2: Hosius of Cordoba
Q3: About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?
A3: misdemeanours and even murder
Q4: Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?
A4: objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops
Q5: What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?
A5: his innocence reaffirmed
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."

Q1: early on American courts cited what cases?
A1: contemporary English
Q2: What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?
A2: 19th century
Q3: When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?
A3: 19th century
Q4: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?
A4: eighteen
Q5: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?
A5: over 8,000
Q6: When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
A6: mid-19th century
Q7: How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?
A7: eighteen
Q8: By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?
A8: 8,000
Q9: What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?
A9: By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining
Q10: What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?
A10: judicial literature
Brain (Natural sciences)

Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion in the heart, and lust near the liver. Hippocrates, the "father of medicine", came down unequivocally in favor of the brain. In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote:

Q1: The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?
A1: brain or heart.
Q2: Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?
A2: the heart
Q3: Who invented the atomic theory of matter?
A3: Democritus,
Q4: The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history?
A4: Hippocrates
Q5: What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?
A5: Democritus
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin (produced from the serum of an inoculated animal), but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used. The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths. In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (later part of GlaxoSmithKline) led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis. Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.

Q1: Who created the first rabies vaccine?
A1: Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux
Q2: How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?
A2: 206,000
Q3: In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?
A3: formaldehyde
Q4: Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?
A4: Maurice Hilleman
Q5: How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?
A5: 15,520
Q6: The rabies vaccine was created in what year?
A6: 1885
Q7: In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?
A7: 1914
Q8: What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?
A8: formaldehyde
Q9: Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? 
A9: Maurice Hilleman
Q10: What company did Hilleman later work for?
A10: Merck
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source. The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods." More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good health. Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI). These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with “desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed.” For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food. Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example. These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Other guidelines for nutrition also have implications for the beverages we consume for healthy hydration- for example, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that added sugars should represent no more than 10% of total energy intake.

Q1: What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?
A1: 6–8 glasses of water daily
Q2: Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?
A2: Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council
Q3: How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?
A3: 1 milliliter
Q4: What does ADI stand for?
A4: adequate daily intakes
Q5: Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?
A5: food
Gramophone_record (Music)

Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn. Lower-pitched orchestral instruments such as cellos and double basses were often doubled (or replaced) by louder wind instruments, such as tubas. Standard violins in orchestral ensembles were commonly replaced by Stroh violins, which became popular with recording studios.

Q1: What were two drawback of early recordings?
A1: Sensitivity and frequency range were poor
Q2: How would one make to early recordings?
A2: face in the recording horn
Q3: What types of violins worked best with early recordings?
A3: Stroh violins
Q4: What instruments did not record well?
A4: Lower-pitched orchestral instruments
Q5: How was the frequency response in early recordings?
A5: very irregular
United_States_dollar (History)

Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

Q1: Where did error coins originate?
A1: Philadelphia mint
Q2: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?
A2: Tennessee
Q3: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?
A3: profit
Q4: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?
A4: "upside down lettering error" coins
Q5: What do vending machines commonly only accept?
A5: $1 bills
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.

Q1: When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?
A1: 1455
Q2: When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?
A2: 1479–1480
Q3: What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?
A3: Diogo Cão
Q4: What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?
A4: Congo River
Q5: What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?
A5: Angola
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

Q1: What did early research show people preferred as a day length?
A1: 25 hours
Q2: What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?
A2: artificial light
Q3: What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?
A3: delayed
Q4: When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? 
A4: 1999
Q5: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?
A5: solar day
American_Idol (Music)

Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that "As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential". Others, however, thought that "the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed". It was also described as a "sadistic musical bake-off", and "a romp in humiliation". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is "a conniving multimedia monster" that has "absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil". The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that "The terrorists have won" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who "gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the 'Great American Idol Marketing Mandala' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome)."

Q1: What publication does Ken Tucker work for? 
A1: Entertainment Weekly
Q2: What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? 
A2: the national anthem
Q3: Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?
A3: Ken Tucker
Q4: Which publication did Tucker work for?
A4: Entertainment Weekly
Q5: Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?
A5: Karla Peterson
Q6: Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?
A6: Lincoln Memorial
Web_browser (Engineering and technology)

Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

Q1: Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
A1: proprietary web browsers
Q2: Non-standard dialects led to what?
A2: problems with interoperability
Q3: Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
A3: HTML and XHTML
Q4: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?
A4: rendered in the same way
Gene (Natural sciences)

Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing.

Q1: What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?
A1: the model that one gene makes one protein.
Q2: What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?
A2: the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins
Q3: How do genes encode multiple proteins?
A3: by alternative splicing and coding sequences
Q4: How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?
A4: split in short section across the genome
Q5: In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?
A5: concatenated by trans-splicing.
Great_power (History)

Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of five criteria to determine great power: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength. These expanded criteria can be divided into three heads: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status.

Q1: Who wrote, "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war."?
A1: A. J. P. Taylor
Q2: Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
A2: Kenneth Waltz
Q3: What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?
A3: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength
Q4: What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?
A4: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status
Thuringia (History)

Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Q1: How long is Thuringian primary school?
A1: four years
Q2: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
A2: Since the 1950s
Q3: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
A3: At the age of ten
Q4: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
A4: Friedrich Fröbel
Q5: How many years of school do students attend after primary?
A5: eight years
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

Q1: The initial state of earth was what?
A1: molten
Q2: What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?
A2: a solid crust
Q3: How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?
A3: about 10% of the Earth's mass
Q4: What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?
A4: Outgassing and volcanic activity
Q5: Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?
A5: comets
Q6: Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?
A6: molten
Q7: What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?
A7: water began accumulating
Q8: What size of object may have created the moon?
A8: Mars
Q9: When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?
A9: Condensing
Infrared (Natural sciences)

Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.

Q1: Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?
A1: clouds
Q2: After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?
A2: infrared
Q3: Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?
A3: cloud droplets
Q4: What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?
A4: greenhouse