LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

Q1: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
A1: U.S. GAO
Q2: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
A2: three
Q3: What did the FBI use as a source?
A3: estimate
Q4: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
A4: GAO report
Pacific_War (History)

The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions. As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas, reducing their effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases. Furthermore, the standard-issue Mark 14 torpedo and its Mark VI exploder both proved defective, problems which were not corrected until September 1943. Worst of all, before the war, an uninformed US Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant marine code (called the "maru code" in the USN), not knowing that the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had broken it. The Japanese promptly changed it, and the new code was not broken again by OP-20G until 1943.

Q1: What did the US Navy rely on?
A1: commerce raiding
Q2: What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?
A2: Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines
Q3: What did Admiral Nimitze rely on submarines for?
A3: close surveillance of enemy bases
Q4: When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected?
A4: September 1943
Q5: What was the "maru code"?
A5: Japanese merchant marine code
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.

Q1: When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?
A1: May 2010
Q2: When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?
A2: December 2009
Q3: What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?
A3: Volcker Rule
Q4: Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?
A4: Senate
Videoconferencing (History)

The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.

Q1: Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?
A1: U.S.
Q2: What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?
A2: Social Security Administration (SSA)
Q3: In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?
A3: 2009
Q4: When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?
A4: August 2010
Q5: Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?
A5: St. Louis, Missouri
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed.

Q1: Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?
A1: U.S. War Department
Q2: When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? 
A2: 40 years later
Q3: How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII? 
A3: 68,000
Q4: What does the USAAF stand for? 
A4: U.S. Army Air Forces
Q5: Who signed the National Security Act of 1947? 
A5: President Harry S Truman
Black_people (Language and literature)

The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

Q1: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
A1: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa
Q2: What classification are given?
A2: socio-political constructs
Q3: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
A3: 17–18%
Q4: What is the Census definition not based on?
A4: scientific or anthropological
United_States_dollar (History)

The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Q1: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?
A1: fiat money
Q2: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?
A2: de facto currency
Q3: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?
A3: Turks and Caicos islands
Q4: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?
A4: mints its own coins
Q5: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
A5: Susan B. Anthony dollar
United_States_dollar (History)

The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.

Q1: What defined the US dollar?
A1: Coinage Act of 1792
Q2: What was the dollar based on?
A2: the Spanish milled dollar
Q3: How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?
A3: 17
Q4: Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?
A4: Alexander Hamilton
Q5: What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?
A5: 377
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified.

Q1: The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?
A1: Communism
Q2: What was the psychological turning point of the war?
A2: The Tet Offensive
Q3: When did this offensive take place? 
A3: 1968
Q4: When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?
A4: 1973
Q5: The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?
A5: "Vietnamization,"
Guam (Geography and places)

The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by 45%. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs. By 2012, these plans had been cut to only have a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island, two thirds of which would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents.

Q1: What has the U.S military proposed?
A1: building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam
Q2: How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?
A2: 8,600 Marines
Q3: Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?
A3: 4,800 Marines
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."

Q1: When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?
A1: June 2009
Q2: When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?
A2: June 2009
Q3: What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?
A3: More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."
Q4: On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?
A4: January 27, 2010
Q5: When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?
A5: 2008
Estonia (Geography and places)

The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on the outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987–1989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, Estonia began a course towards self-determination.

Q1: What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?
A1: the annexation of Estonia
Q2: What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?
A2: diplomatic relations
Q3: What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?
A3: the Estonian SSR
Q4: What decade started the push for Estonian independence?
A4: 1980s
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election.

Q1: What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?
A1: the Great Depression
Q2: How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?
A2: three
Q3: What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?
A3: Lyons' death in 1939
Q4: What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?
A4: 1939 to 1941
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and U+FEFF in other places, other than the beginning of text, conveys the zero-width non-break space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures).

Q1: What does BOM stand for? 
A1: Unicode Byte Order Mark
Q2: What specifies the BOM?
A2: UCS-2 and UTF-16
Q3: what is the code point of the BOM?
A3: U+FEFF
Q4: What is U+UFFE the result of? 
A4: byte-swapping U+FEFF
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The UK government has spent £250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually. As of August, 2015 ticketing was postponed until an airline could be firmly designated.

Q1: How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?
A1: 250 million
Q2: Which government built the island's airport?
A2: UK government
Q3: When was the airport expected to be fully functional?
A3: early 2016
Q4: Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?
A4: tourism
Q5: How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?
A5: up to 30,000
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:

Q1: What curriculum does the island adapt?
A1: The UK national curriculum
Q2: What are the qualifications offered?
A2: GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.

Q1: What has the UK political system functioned as?
A1: a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system
Q2: What are the two largest political parties in the UK?
A2: Conservative Party and the Labour Party
Q3: What was the other major party before the Labour party?
A3: Liberal Party
Q4: What is Duveger's Law?
A4: A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system
Space_Race (History)

The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10.

Q1: The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?
A1: January 27, 1967
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.

Q1: In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?
A1: four
Q2: About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?
A2: three quarters
Q3: UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?
A3: United Nations Development Group
Q4: UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?
A4: Europe
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The US Air Force Fitness Test (AFFT) is designed to test the abdominal circumference, muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the USAF. As part of the Fit to Fight program, the USAF adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment; the new fitness program was put into effect on 1 June 2010. The annual ergo-cycle test which the USAF had used for several years had been replaced in 2004. In the AFFT, Airmen are given a score based on performance consisting of four components: waist circumference, the sit-up, the push-up, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Airmen can potentially earn a score of 100, with the run counting as 60%, waist circumference as 20%, and both strength test counting as 10% each. A passing score is 75 points. Effective 1 July 2010, the AFFT is administered by the base Fitness Assessment Cell (FAC), and is required twice a year. Personnel may test once a year if he or she earns a score above a 90%. Additionally, only meeting the minimum standards on each one of these tests will not get you a passing score of 75%, and failing any one component will result in a failure for the entire test.

Q1: What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? 
A1: US Air Force Fitness Test
Q2: What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?
A2: Fit to Fight program
Q3: How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? 
A3: 1.5-mile
Q4: What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? 
A4: 75 points
Q5: What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? 
A5: 90%
Space_Race (History)

The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for "star sailor") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men.

Q1: Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?
A1: US Air Force
Q2: Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?
A2: Project Mercury
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for future conservation plans developed under the incidental take exemption provision and that "the adequacy of similar conservation plans should be measured against the San Bruno plan". Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on "an independent exhaustive biological study" and protected at least 87% of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP.

Q1: What location held the first HCP?
A1: San Bruno Mountain, California
Q2: What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP?
A2: 87%
Q3: What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP?
A3: butterflies
Space_Race (History)

The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959.

Q1: The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?
A1: 1959
Q2: The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?
A2: United Nations