LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."

Q1: What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
A1: Wayman v. Southard
Q2: In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
A2: 1825
Q3: Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
A3: John Marshall
Q4: In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?
A4: the judiciary
Q5: What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
A5: Wayman v. Southard
Q6: Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
A6: John Marshall
Federalism (History)

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

Q1: What does every component state of federation possess?
A1: the same powers
Q2: Asymmetric federalism exist when?
A2: where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do
Q3: What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?
A3: Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians
Q4: Is Spain apart of federalism?
A4: Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.
Gramophone_record (Music)

Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, Nimbus Records uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s. Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.

Q1: Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?
A1: Anyone can do this
Q2: What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?
A2: professional archivists
Q3: What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?
A3: standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer
Q4: Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?
A4: without any further damage to the source recording
Q5: What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?
A5: manipulated to remove analog flaws
Christian (Language and literature)

Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. "blond people."

Q1: Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?
A1: Nasrani
Q2: Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?
A2: Masihi
Q3: What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?
A3: Nasrani
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fielding, Nathaniel Hawthorne, or Stephen Crane. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period." For works where an author's manuscript survived – a case Greg had not considered – Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:

Q1: Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?
A1: The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.
Q2: What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?
A2: the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text
Q3: What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?
A3: English Renaissance drama
Q4: What is the main criticism of Greg's work?
A4: works where an author's manuscript survived
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Whereas SCIMs cannot turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency, universal motors can run at much higher speeds. This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable. They are also commonly used in portable power tools, such as drills, sanders, circular and jig saws, where the motor's characteristics work well. Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm, while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm.

Q1: At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?
A1: 10,000
Q2: At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?
A2: 30,000
Q3: What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?
A3: SCIMs
Q4: What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?
A4: high speed and light weight
Genome (Natural sciences)

Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

Q1: What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?
A1: genome map
Q2: Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?
A2: The Human Genome Project
Q3: Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?
A3: Jean Weissenbach
Q4: Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
A4: Genoscope
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.

Q1: What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?
A1: traditional two-beamed cross
Q2: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?
A2: single upright stake
Q3: What causes the different accounts of the cross used?
A3: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous
Q4: What latin word was used to describe the cross used?
A4: crux
Q5: Why was there doubt about the Latin word?
A5: crux was also applied to objects other than a cross
Gene (Natural sciences)

Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.

Q1: What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?
A1: prokaryotes
Q2: Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?
A2: eukaryotes
Q3: What is referred to as "junk DNA"?
A3: DNA without an identified function
Q4: What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA?
A4: barely 2%
Q5: What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA
A5: about 80%
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.

Q1: The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?
A1: Conciliar
Q2: Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?
A2: the ruling authorities
Q3: What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?
A3: the five solas
Q4: What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?
A4: the Council of Trent
Q5: What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?
A5: invisible
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."

Q1: What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?
A1: sea level
Q2: What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?
A2: 5 mm
Q3: What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?
A3: satellite
Q4: Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?
A4: pre-1993
Q5: What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?
A5: degree of uncertainty
Detroit (Geography and places)

While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.

Q1: How much of Michigan's population is Black?
A1: 13 percent
Q2: How much of Detroit's population is Black?
A2: 82 percent
Q3: What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?
A3: four
Q4: Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?
A4: suburbs
Q5: What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?
A5: 13.3%
Cotton (Natural sciences)

While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.

Q1: What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?
A1: heavily subsidized
Q2: What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?
A2: Cotton-4
Q3: What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?
A3: leading protagonist
Q4: What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?
A4: reduction
Q5: What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?
A5: WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants "Brabantian". The use of the word Vlaams ("Flemish") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Q1: What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?
A1: Flemish
Q2: What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?
A2: Nederlands
Q3: What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?
A3: Vlaams
Q4: What is the Dutch name for the "Hollandish" dialect of the language?
A4: Hollands
Q5: If "Vlaams" is "Flemish," what would English speakers call "West-Vlaams"?
A5: Western Flemish
The_Blitz (History)

While Göring was optimistic the Luftwaffe could prevail, Hitler was not. On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion (as it turned out, indefinitely) rather than gamble Germany's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation, particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. In the last days of the battle, the bombers became lures in an attempt to draw the RAF into combat with German fighters. But their operations were to no avail; the worsening weather and unsustainable attrition in daylight gave the OKL an excuse to switch to night attacks on 7 October.

Q1: Who thought the Luftwaffe could win?
A1: Göring
Q2: What day did Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion?
A2: 17 September
Q3: What was the name of the man from the Soviet Union who was doubtful of Operation Sea Lion?
A3: Joseph Stalin
Q4: Who did the Luftwaffe try to lure into battle using its bombers?
A4: RAF
Q5: When did the OKL switch to night raids?
A5: 7 October
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with other similar molecules between their hydrogens called hydrogen bonding, which is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as the metals and metalloids, in which it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as hydrides.

Q1: What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?
A1: positive charge
Q2: What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?
A2: negative
Q3: When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?
A3: hydrides
Q4: Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?
A4: not
Yale_University (History)

While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

Q1: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
A1: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic
Q2: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
A2: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges
Q3: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
A3: a courtyard
Q4: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
A4: important alumni or significant places in university history
Q5: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
A5: 2017
Pacific_War (History)

While Japan had a large number of submarines, they did not make a significant impact on the war. In 1942, the Japanese fleet subs performed well, knocking out or damaging many Allied warships. However, Imperial Japanese Navy (and pre-war U.S.) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles, not guerre de course (commerce raiding) could win naval campaigns. So, while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, Japan used its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked U.S. supply lines. The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little.

Q1: What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?
A1: Imperial Japanese Navy
Q2: What was commerce raiding refered to as?
A2: guerre de course
Q3: What was the primary use of Japanese submarines?
A3: long-range reconnaissance
Q4: When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia?
A4: 1942 and 1943
Q5: What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve?
A5: little
The_Blitz (History)

While Knickebein was used by German crews en masse, X-Gerät use was limited to specially trained pathfinder crews. Special receivers were mounted in He 111s, with a radio mast on the bomber's fuselage. The system worked on a higher frequency (66–77 MHz, compared to Knickebein's 30–33 MHz). Transmitters on the ground sent pulses at a rate of 180 per minute. X-Gerät received and analysed the pulses, giving the pilot both visual and aural "on course" signals. Three beams intersected the beam along the He 111's flight path. The first cross-beam acted as a warning for the bomb-aimer to start the bombing-clock which he would activate only when the second cross-beam was reached. When the third cross-beam was reached the bomb aimer activated a third trigger, which stopped the first hand of the equipment's clock, with the second hand continuing. When the second hand re-aligned with the first, the bombs were released. The clock's timing mechanism was co-ordinated with the distances of the intersecting beams from the target so the target was directly below when the bomb release occurred.

Q1: While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system?
A1: specially trained pathfinder crews
Q2: What frequency did the X-Gerat system use?
A2: 66–77 MHz
Q3: What rate per minute did ground transmitters send?
A3: 180
Q4: When the bomber crossed the first beam the bomber-aimer did what?
A4: start the bombing-clock
Q5: What mechanism cause the bombs to be released?
A5: clock's timing
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic. Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste, a study published in 2011 stated: "According to federal standards, LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensity red LEDs, which leached Pb [lead] at levels exceeding regulatory limits (186 mg/L; regulatory limit: 5). However, according to California regulations, excessive levels of copper (up to 3892 mg/kg; limit: 2500), lead (up to 8103 mg/kg; limit: 1000), nickel (up to 4797 mg/kg; limit: 2000), or silver (up to 721 mg/kg; limit: 500) render all except low-intensity yellow LEDs hazardous."

Q1: What substance does fluorescent lamps contain?
A1: mercury
Q2: What dangerous metal can LEDs contain?
A2: arsenic
Q3: Which LEDs are considered dangerous by a 2011 study?
A3: low-intensity red
Q4: According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most LEDs?
A4: lead
Q5: What LEDs are considered safer than any other?
A5: low-intensity yellow LEDs
Alps (Geography and places)

While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911.

Q1: When was Mont Blanc first climbed?
A1: 1786
Q2: When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?
A2: first half of the 19th century
Q3: When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?
A3: 1865
Q4: What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?
A4: the end of the golden age of alpinism
Q5: Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?
A5: Karl Blodig