LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Strasbourg (Geography and places)

This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.

Q1: What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? 
A1: annexation
Q2: When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?
A2: 1697
Q3: What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?
A3: Strasbourg Cathedral
Q4: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?
A4: Goethe and Herder
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions.

Q1: What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?
A1: hemp or a synthetic material
Q2: How long is the rope?
A2: Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast
Q3: What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?
A3: One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine.
Q4: What other requirement is there for the rope?
A4: The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center
Q5: When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?
A5: 2011
Brain (Natural sciences)

This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.

Q1: Animals with a spine are called what?
A1: vertebrates
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

This article covers numbered east-west streets in Manhattan, New York City. Major streets have their own linked articles; minor streets are discussed here. The streets do not run exactly east–west, because the grid plan is aligned with the Hudson River rather than with the cardinal directions. "West" is approximately 29 degrees north of true west.

Q1: What is the grid plan aligned with rather than the cardinal directions?
A1: Hudson River
Q2: In this article, how many degrees north of true west is "West?"
A2: 29
Q3: Does this article cover east-west or north-south streets?
A3: east-west
Q4: Which streets have their own linked articles?
A4: Major streets
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts, misjudgments and finally market collapse. In 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006–2008.[citation needed]

Q1: Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?
A1: innovative financial products
Q2: What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?
A2: multiplied the number of actors connected
Q3: What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?
A3: indirect information
Q4: What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?
A4: computer models of rating agencies
Q5: In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?
A5: 2005
Valencia (Geography and places)

This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

Q1: When were the Serranos Towers constructed?
A1: 1392
Q2: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?
A2: Tirant lo Blanch
Q3: Who was an early poet to use Valencian?
A3: Ausiàs March
Q4: When was the University of Valencia founded?
A4: between 1499 and 1502
Q5: What was the University of Valencia's original name?
A5: Estudio General
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

Q1: Give two examples of spiritual gifts.
A1: speaking in tongues and divine healing
Q2: What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?
A2: Apostolic or Full Gospel
Q3: Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?
A3: Apostolic
Q4: Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?
A4: the Holy Spirit
Q5: What three things are Pentecostals committed to?
A5: biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous
Dialect (Language and literature)

This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish.

Q1: Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?
A1: Spanish
Q2: With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?
A2: French
Q3: What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?
A3: French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.

Q1: What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?
A1: English Great Vowel Shift
Q2: In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?
A2: 1970s
Q3: The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?
A3: women
Q4: What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is "natural"?
A4: Stroop
Q5: Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs "should" have lowered?
A5: English
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.

Q1: What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?
A1: Spanish and Italian
Q2: What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?
A2: a deteriorating balance sheet
Q3: Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?
A3: intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank
Q4: What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?
A4: Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

Q1: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
A1: clash of opinions
Q2: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
A2: 2004
Q3: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
A3: Spanish government
51st_state (Language and literature)

This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

Q1: How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?
A1: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution
Q2: When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?
A2: 1951
Q3: When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?
A3: 1952
Q4: What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?
A4: Privileges and Immunities Clause
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.

Q1: What is the term for the head of China's government?
A1: Premier of the State Council
Q2: What is another name for the Republic of China?
A2: Taiwan
Q3: Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?
A3: legislature
Pitch_(music) (Music)

This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

Q1: Octaves in linear pitch are what size?
A1: 12
Q2: Semitones in linear pitch are what size?
A2: 1
Q3: A440 in linear pitch are what size?
A3: 69
Q4: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?
A4: 100
Q5: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?
A5: 60.5
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy —creating currency— as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting[clarification needed] this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets. Banks were also investing in foreign currencies, which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States.

Q1: What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?
A1: credit freeze
Q2: How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?
A2: US$2.5 trillion
Q3: How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?
A3: $1.5 trillion
Q4: In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?
A4: Joseph Stiglitz
Q5: What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?
A5: investing internationally in emerging markets
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

Q1: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
A1: mutual understanding
Q2: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
A2: accepting
Q3: Bribes can be direct or what?
A3: indirect
Samurai (Language and literature)

This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.

Q1: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
A1: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate
Q2: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
A2: Hino Tomiko
Q3: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
A3: lost interest in politics
Q4: Who was Nene?
A4: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Q5: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
A5: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters. The seventy-five percent rule still has defenders but other scholars argue that it should be replaced with ninety or ninety-five percent rule.

Q1: What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?
A1: difference
Q2: Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?
A2: Dean Amadon
Q3: What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?
A3: 1949
Q4: The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?
A4: 99%
Q5: Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?
A5: The seventy-five percent rule
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74

Q1: Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?
A1: Civil Rights Act
Q2: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?
A2: integrate public facilities
Q3: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?
A3: 11114
Q4: What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
A4: to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees
Q5: What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?
A5: ending discrimination in the nation's workplace