LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Han_dynasty (History)

From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC, followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC. In China's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD, the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.

Q1: Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?
A1: the Xiongnu
Q2: When was the first national census taken in China?
A2: 2 AD
Q3: What was the population of China in 2 AD?
A3: 57,671,400
Q4: What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?
A4: 60 BC
Q5: Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?
A5: Dian
American_Idol (Music)

From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.

Q1: How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?
A1: twenty-four
Q2: How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?
A2: by gender
Q3: How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?
A3: six
Q4: How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?
A4: six
Q5: How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?
A5: twelve
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of the Spanish Empire, found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against the French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whose privateers attacked the coastal areas, but major assaults were not common as the coastline was difficult and the harbors easily defended. The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589, and the siege of A Coruña in 1589 by the English Armada. Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids by Barbary pirates, but not as frequently as the Mediterranean coastal areas. The most famous Barbary attack was the bloody sack of the town of Cangas in 1617. At the time, the king's petitions for money and troops became more frequent, due to the human and economic exhaustion of Castile; the Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia (the local Cortes or representative assembly) was initially receptive to these petitions, raising large sums, accepting the conscription of the men of the kingdom, and even commissioning a new naval squadron which was sustained with the incomes of the Kingdom.

Q1: Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?
A1: Vigo
Q2: Who attacked Cangas in 1617?
A2: Barbary pirates
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.

Q1: During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?
A1: 10th to the 13th century
Q2: What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?
A2: Croatia
Q3: Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?
A3: proximity of some regions
Q4: During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?
A4: the Gothic
Q5: England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?
A5: Spain
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups. Subsequent influential classifications by Georges Buffon, Petrus Camper and Christoph Meiners all classified "Negros" as inferior to Europeans. In the United States the racial theories of Thomas Jefferson were influential. He saw Africans as inferior to Whites especially in regards to their intellect, and imbued with unnatural sexual appetites, but described Native Americans as equals to whites.

Q1: What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?
A1: an "ideology of race"
Q2: What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?
A2: primordial, natural, enduring and distinct
Q3: How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?
A3: mixture between formerly distinct populations
Q4: What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?
A4: Negros
Q5: Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?
A5: Thomas Jefferson
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

Q1: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
A1: 1880s to 1914
Q2: What was Europe competing for? 
A2: Africa’s land and resources.
Q3: What did Great Britain control?
A3: various colonial holdings in East Africa
Q4: Where in Africa did the French have control? 
A4: West Africa
Q5: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
A5: southern Africa
History_of_science (History)

From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.

Q1: What replaced false beliefs?
A1: true theories
Q2: Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?
A2: Thomas Kuhn
Q3: What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?
A3: the 18th century
Q4: Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?
A4: competing paradigms
Florida (Geography and places)

From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They gained federal money from national programs; like other southern states, Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary. Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South. They have had "the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government while knowing that their congressional delegations will continue to protect federal spending."

Q1: What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960 
A1: 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats
Q2: Does Florida benefit from taxes
A2: Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary
Q3: What party political party dominates Florida now 
A3: Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party
Q4: How does Florida vote in presidential elections 
A4: continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South
Q5: What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge  
A5: the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government
Great_Plains (History)

From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.

Q1: around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing
A1: 1950s
Q2: what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?
A2: Ogallala Aquifer
Q3: what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?
A3: Center pivot irrigation
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.

Q1: When were students used as workers?
A1: 1950s
Q2: For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?
A2: 21 days
Q3: Did they need parental consent?
A3: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission
Q4: What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?
A4: 2012
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

Q1: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
A1: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie
Q2: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
A2: international intellectual movement.
Q3: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?
A3: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender
Q4: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
A4: a process called globalization
Comics (Language and literature)

From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

Q1: Serialization of comics became less popular when?
A1: 1980s
Q2: How were comics published when serialization became less common?
A2: as albums
Q3: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?
A3: L'Association
Q4: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?
A4: print market
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.

Q1: In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?
A1: ESPN
Q2: In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?
A2: midnight
Q3: What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?
A3: Arena Bowl XII
Q4: In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?
A4: 1998
Q5: On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?
A5: Wide World of Sports
Botany (Natural sciences)

From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics, which uses molecular characters, particularly DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to. Clive Stace describes this as having "direct access to the genetic basis of evolution." As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

Q1: What is used now to group plants?
A1: DNA sequences
Q2: What was previously used to group plants?
A2: morphological characters
Q3: How is DNA grouping superior?
A3: genetic code itself is used
Q4: Are fungi more like plants or animals?
A4: closely related to animals
Q5: When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?
A5: 1990s
Glass (Art and architecture)

From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass, and also using luster techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in stained glass, both secular and religious, and his famous lamps. The early 20th-century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as Waterford and Lalique. From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks, and glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and their works as part fine arts.

Q1: What famous lampmaker used glass?
A1: Louis Comfort Tiffany
Q2: When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?
A2: 1960
Q3: What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?
A3: cameo glass
Q4: When did mass production of glass art begin?
A4: early 20th-century
Q5: What early civilization made cameo glass?
A5: Roman Empire
Bern (Geography and places)

From the 2000 census[update], 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another church. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question. On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.

Q1: What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?
A1: 24.5%
Q2: How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?
A2: .25%
Q3: How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?
A3: 4,907
Q4: How much of the population had no religion?
A4: 12.72%
Plymouth (History)

From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.

Q1: What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?
A1: 256,384
Q2: What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?
A2: 240,720
Q3: How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?
A3: 15,664
Q4: What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?
A4: 2.3
Q5: What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?
A5: 0.5
Greece (Geography and places)

From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

Q1: When did the Slavs invade Greece?
A1: 7th century
Q2: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.
A2: Barbarian
Q3: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?
A3: islands and coastal areas