LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose transistor, etc.). A 3-digit sequence number (or one letter then 2 digits, for industrial types) follows. With early devices this indicated the case type. Suffixes may be used, with a letter (e.g. "C" often means high hFE, such as in: BC549C) or other codes may follow to show gain (e.g. BC327-25) or voltage rating (e.g. BUK854-800A). The more common prefixes are:

Q1: What is the Pro Electron standard?
A1: European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme
Q2: How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?
A2: two letters
Q3: What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme?
A3: the semiconductor type
Q4: What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme?
A4: the intended use
Q5: What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme?
A5: A 3-digit sequence number
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

The Procession, held at sundown, consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats, sculptures, and memorials, in which the community is encouraged to participate. The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage, culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators. The event is organized and funded by the non-profit arts organization Many Mouths One Stomach, with the assistance of many volunteers and donations from the public and local businesses.

Q1: What time of day is The Procession?
A1: sundown
Q2: What is burned at The Procession?
A2: an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators
Q3: What group runs The Procession?
A3: Many Mouths One Stomach
Q4: What kind of group runs The Procession?
A4: non-profit arts organization
Q5: What kind of parade is The Procession?
A5: non-motorized
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.

Q1: What does PLASA stand for? 
A1: The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
Q2: Where is PLASA based?
A2: UK
Q3: How many individuals does PLASA represent?
A3: 500+
Q4: What does RoHS stand for?
A4: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world.

Q1: What does PLDA stand for?
A1: The Professional Lighting Designers Association
Q2: What was the PLDA formerly known as?
A2: ELDA
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.

Q1: Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?
A1: the Royal Society
Q2: Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?
A2: John Ray
Q3: Who created a biological classification in 1735?
A3: Carl Linnaeus
Q4: When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?
A4: 4004 BC
Q5: Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?
A5: James Hutton
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis."

Q1: What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?
A1: Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility
Q2: What did Calvin particular reject?
A2: luxury
Q3: What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?
A3: economic success
Q4: What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?
A4: Protestant
Q5: What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?
A5: Protestant ethic thesis
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

Q1: When did Protestantism begin to split?
A1: the mid-to-late 16th century
Q2: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?
A2: controversy over the Eucharist
Q3: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?
A3: transubstantiation
Q4: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?
A4: bread and wine
Q5: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?
A5: Christ
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region.

Q1: When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?
A1: 1998
Q2: What is the main concern of the Protocol?
A2: conservation
Q3: What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?
A3: non-native species
Q4: What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?
A4: Committee for Environmental Protection
Q5: Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?
A5: biodiversity
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: "The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

Q1: What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?
A1: The Protoevangelium of James
Q2: At what age was Mary consecrated?
A2: three
Q3: Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?
A3: Zachariah
Q4: While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?
A4: an angel
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy.

Q1: What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?
A1: conscripts
Q2: Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?
A2: of military age
Q3: Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?
A3: 1,000,000
Q4: German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?
A4: encirclement battles
Q5: What is an example of a German encirclement battle?
A5: Cannae
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.

Q1: What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?
A1: a brief victory parade
Q2: Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?
A2: the terms of the armistice
Q3: To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?
A3: food
Q4: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?
A4: five billion franc
Q5: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?
A5: 200,000
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances. The Chief of the General Staff, effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army, was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch. The French General Staff—along with those of every other European military—was little better than a collection of assistants for the line commanders. This disorganization hampered the French commanders' ability to exercise control of their forces.

Q1: The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?
A1: extremely effective
Q2: What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?
A2: previous Prussian operations
Q3: What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?
A3: learn to avoid mistakes
Q4: The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?
A4: significant distances
Q5: Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?
A5: The Chief of the General Staff
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications. The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy). Moltke embraced new technology, particularly the railroad and telegraph, to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces.

Q1: What entity controlled the Prussian army?
A1: the General Staff
Q2: Who commanded the General Staff?
A2: Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke
Q3: What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?
A3: to prepare the overall war strategy
Q4: The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?
A4: Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)
Q5: What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?
A5: the railroad and telegraph
Egypt (Geography and places)

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Q1: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A1: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia
Q2: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
A2: Alexandria
Q3: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A3: Pharaohs
Q4: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A4: Egyptian
Seattle (History)

The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest.

Q1: What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?
A1: Puget Sound Convergence Zone
Q2: Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?
A2: streams of air
Q3: From where do the two streams of air come?
A3: Pacific Ocean
Q4: What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?
A4: Olympic Mountains
Q5: What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?
A5: Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm
History_of_India (History)

The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.

Q1: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?
A1: Sikh religion
Q2: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?
A2: 1799 to 1849
Q3: Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 
A3: Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Q4: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 
A4: Sikh army
Q5: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?
A5: British
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

Q1: What religion did Punjab become?
A1: Muslim
Q2: What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?
A2: dargahs
Q3: Who led the Umayyad army?
A3: Muhammad bin Qasim
Q4: Where did the Umayyads conquer?
A4: Sindh and Southern Punjab
Q5: Who did the Umayyads defeat?
A5: Raja Dahir
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

Q1: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
A1: The Pyx Chamber
Q2: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
A2: the late 11th century
Q3: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
A3: the Trial of the Pyx
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.

Q1: What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?
A1: Pāli Tipitaka
Q2: Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?
A2: five or seven
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.

Q1: What means "three baskets"?
A1: Pāli Tipitaka
Q2: What does the "three baskets" refer to?
A2: the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
Q3: What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?
A3: Vinaya Pitaka
Q4: What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?
A4: the Sutta Pitaka
Q5: What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?
A5: Abhidhamma Pitaka