LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth_II (History)

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.

Q1: Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?
A1: Peter Townsend
Q2: What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?
A2: wait for a year
Q3: What act would the Church of England not permit?
A3: remarriage after divorce
Q4: Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?
A4: Antony Armstrong-Jones
Q5: What title was Armstrong-Jones given?
A5: Earl of Snowdon
Nigeria (History)

Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.

Q1: How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant?
A1: 74%
Q2: How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic?
A2: 25%
Q3: How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects?
A3: 1%
Q4: Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?
A4: Hausa
Q5: Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98% Christian?
A5: Igbos
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

Q1: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
A1: Atomic Energy Commission
Q2: What was the AEC working on at this time?
A2: H-bombs
Q3: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
A3: J. Robert Oppenheimer
Q4: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
A4: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined three forms of reasoning serve as a primary conceptual foundation for the empirically based scientific method today. Peirce's approach "presupposes that (1) the objects of knowledge are real things, (2) the characters (properties) of real things do not depend on our perceptions of them, and (3) everyone who has sufficient experience of real things will agree on the truth about them. According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative. The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions, but on its self-corrective character: by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes, and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth".

Q1: How long before Peirce did Hume write?
A1: a century
Q2: How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
A2: complementary
Q3: How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
A3: competitive
Q4: What did fallibilism say?
A4: the conclusions of science are always tentative
Q5: What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?
A5: its self-corrective character
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Among Richmond's most interesting architectural features is its Cast-iron architecture. Second only to New Orleans in its concentration of cast iron work, the city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches, balconies, fences, and finials. Richmond's position as a center of iron production helped to fuel its popularity within the city. At the height of production in the 1890, 25 foundries operated in the city employing nearly 3,500 metal workers. This number is seven times the number of general construction workers being employed in Richmond at the time which illustrates the importance of its iron exports. Porches and fences in urban neighborhoods such as Jackson Ward, Church Hill, and Monroe Ward are particularly elaborate, often featuring ornate iron casts never replicated outside of Richmond. In some cases cast were made for a single residential or commercial application.

Q1: What United States city has the most cast iron architecture?
A1: New Orleans
Q2: In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?
A2: 1890
Q3: How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?
A3: seven times
Q4: Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?
A4: Church Hill
Seattle (History)

Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.

Q1: What Seattle fair lasts 24 days?
A1: Seattle International Film Festival
Q2: What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?
A2: Bite of Seattle
Q3: How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?
A3: two
Q4: When are Seafair events held in Seattle?
A4: July and August
Q5: What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?
A5: art and music
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. In 1999, On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire. Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area). Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011.

Q1: How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?
A1: 17
Q2: Which are the two most prominent railway stations?
A2: Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station
Q3: When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?
A3: 1968
Q4: In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?
A4: 2005
Q5: Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?
A5: Nanjing South Railway Station
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one of the warmest winters, in the period January – February average temperature is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) during the day and 6–8 °C (43–46 °F) at night. During March, Limassol has average temperatures of 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) during the day and 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 17–19 °C (63–66 °F) during the day and 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) at night.

Q1: Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union?
A1: Limassol
Q2: What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter?
A2: 17–18 °C (63–64 °F)
Q3: What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night?
A3: 6–8 °C (43–46 °F)
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions.

Q1: Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?
A1: induction
Q2: What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?
A2: additional conditions
Q3: Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?
A3: Popper
London (Geography and places)

Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

Q1: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?
A1: pink flamingos
Q2: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?
A2: fox
Q3: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?
A3: 10,000
Q4: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?
A4: the London-based Mammal Society
Q5: What is London's fox population density?
A5: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.

Q1: What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?
A1: electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks
Q2: Where is the Information Management Group located?
A2: CFS Leitrim in Ottawa
Q3: What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?
A3: design and build cyber warfare capabilities
Q4: When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?
A4: June 2011
Q5: Who heads the Directorate?
A5: the Director General Cyber
Predation (Natural sciences)

Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Q1: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? 
A1: opportunistic
Q2: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?
A2: equilibrium
Q3: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?
A3: scarce
Q4: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? 
A4: evolution
Q5: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?
A5: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators
Q6: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?
A6: evolutionary arms race
Q7: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?
A7: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium
Q8: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?
A8: herbivorous
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.

Q1: Who are some well-known Punjab poets?
A1: Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah
Q2: What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?
A2: folk singers
Q3: Who is the 'Queen of Music'?
A3: Malika-i-Mauseequi
Q4: When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?
A4: from 1930 until 1979
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption in the LED chip and in the LED packaging itself account typically for another 10% to 30% of efficiency loss. Currently, in the area of phosphor LED development, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. For instance, the efficiency can be raised by adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor. Conformal coating process is frequently used to address the issue of varying phosphor thickness.

Q1: What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light?
A1: more efficient phosphors
Q2: What is the most efficient yellow phosphor?
A2: YAG phosphor
Q3: What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?
A3: less than 10%
Q4: What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development?
A4: higher operation temperatures
Q5: What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?
A5: adapting better package design
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

Q1: Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?
A1: Vladimir Dal
Q2: In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?
A2: 19th
Q3: When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?
A3: 18th century
Q4: When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?
A4: turn of the 20th century
Q5: How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?
A5: four decades
Portugal (Geography and places)

Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.

Q1: What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?
A1: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation
Q2: What is the Champalimaud Foundation?
A2: neuroscience and oncology research centre
Q3: What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?
A3: one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
Q4: In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?
A4: 1779
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.

Q1: Who built the three forts on St. Barts?
A1: the Swedes
Q2: What was the former name of Fort Oscar?
A2: Gustav Adolph
Q3: When was Fort Gustav built?
A3: 1787
Q4: On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?
A4: La Pointe
Q5: Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?
A5: ruins
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.:16–17

Q1: The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture?
A1: Nizam architecture
Q2: The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture?
A2: Neoclassical
Q3: Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence?
A3: Falaknuma Palace
Q4: What century was Bella Vista Palace built?
A4: 19th century
Q5: Which family constructed the Basheer Bagh Palace?
A5: Paigah family
Animal (Natural sciences)

Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

Q1: Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?
A1: anemones, corals, and jellyfish
Q2: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?
A2: both the mouth and the anus
Q3: What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?
A3: ectoderm and endoderm
Q4: What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?
A4: diploblastic
Q5: What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?
A5: they do not have a permanent digestive chamber
Presbyterianism (History)

Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past.

Q1: Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?
A1: black Geneva gown
Q2: A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?
A2: full length Old English style surplice
Q3: Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?
A3: Liturgical Renewal Movement