LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.

Q1: Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?
A1: personality
Q2: What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?
A2: cognition
Q3: Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?
A3: rapid heartbeat and breathing
Q4: Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?
A4: nervous
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components

Q1: What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?
A1: nervous
Q2: What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?
A2: Extroverted
Q3: What type of people hide their emotions?
A3: introverted
Q4: What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?
A4: motivation
Q5: Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?
A5: psychological
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

Q1: When did Broca publish his pioneering work?
A1: 1878
Q2: Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?
A2: Papez
Q3: Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?
A3: hypothalamus
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems (Kurt Kortschal 2013). These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of genes and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In voles (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a vasopressin receptor gene that corresponds to major species differences in social organization and the mating system (Hammock & Young 2005). Another potential example with behavioral differences is the FOCP2 gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling speech and language (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005). Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans (Enard et al. 2002). Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.

Q1: Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?
A1: Kurt Kortschal
Q2: From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?
A2: their parental germ cells
Q3: What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?
A3: 1.2%
Q4: How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?
A4: five
Q5: About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?
A5: 200,000 years
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.

Q1: Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?
A1: Michael C. Graham
Q2: What is Michael Graham's profession?
A2: Psychotherapist
Q3: What is an example of an extreme form of fear?
A3: terror
Q4: What would be an example of mild shame?
A4: embarrassment
Q5: What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?
A5: Moods
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.

Q1: Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?
A1: instrumental behavior
Q2: With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?
A2: subjective experience
Q3: What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?
A3: instrumental behavior
Q4: What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?
A4: psychophysiologists
Q5: Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?
A5: Peggy Thoits
Samurai (Language and literature)

Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.

Q1: Who established a western-style army in Japan?
A1: Emperor Meiji
Q2: When was a western-style army established in Japan?
A2: 1873
Q3: What did samurai become in 1873?
A3: Shizoku
Q4: Who had samurai been allowed to kill?
A4: commoners who paid them disrespect
Q5: In what century were the Meiji reforms?
A5: 19th
Han_dynasty (History)

Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

Q1: Who was prevented from leaving their house?
A1: Empress Dowager Dou
Q2: When did Emperor He's reign end?
A2: 105 AD
Q3: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
A3: Empress Deng Sui
Q4: When did the Qiang rebellion end?
A4: 118 AD
Q5: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
A5: Empress Dowager Dou
Alaska (Geography and places)

Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

Q1: In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?
A1: Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak
Q2: What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?
A2: Federal subsidies
Q3: What are some of Alaska's industrial products?
A3: crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products
Q4: How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?
A4: supporting local lodging
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units, such as Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad, Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings, as well as PDAs. While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation, though SNES9x GX, a port of SNES9x, has been made for the Wii.

Q1: What smartphones have SNES emulators?
A1: Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad
Q2: What portable game systems have SNES emulators?
A2: Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings
Q3: What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?
A3: Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback.

Q1: What is there no official provision for?
A1: gapless playback
Q2: What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?
A2: LAME
Q3: Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?
A3: seamless playback
Q4: For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?
A4: overall delay
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Q1: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?
A1: the mosque
Q2: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?
A2: decorative calligraphy
Q3: What is the definition of haram?
A3: forbidden
Q4: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?
A4: mosque architecture
Q5: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
A5: secular architecture
Classical_music (Music)

Encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 2000, 20th century classical music includes late romantic, modern, high-modern, and postmodern styles of composition. Modernism (1890–1930) marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure. The high-modern era saw the emergence of neo-classical and serial music. A few authorities have claimed high-modernism as the beginning of postmodern music from about 1930. Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.

Q1: What style does 20th century classical music encompass?
A1: post-Romantic
Q2: When did modernism take place?
A2: 1890–1930
Q3: Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?
A3: Modernism
Q4: Neo-classical music emerged during what era?
A4: high-modern era
Q5: Postmodern music is also know as what?
A5: contemporary music
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari’s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[›]

Q1: Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?
A1: Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System
Q2: When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?
A2: June 1983
Q3: Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?
A3: Coleco
Q4: What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?
A4: Ray Kassar
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence.

Q1: What can threaten endemic species with extinction?
A1: genetic pollution
Q2: What are another names for genetic pollution?
A2: uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping
Q3: What causes genetic pollution?
A3: either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species
Q4: What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?
A4: Hybridization and introgression
Q5: What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?
A5: The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and endospores even allow bacteria to survive exposure to the vacuum and radiation in space. According to scientist Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, "There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth — and we know they're very hardened to radiation." Endospore-forming bacteria can also cause disease: for example, anthrax can be contracted by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis endospores, and contamination of deep puncture wounds with Clostridium tetani endospores causes tetanus.

Q1: Is there a metabolism in endospores?
A1: show no detectable metabolism
Q2: What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?
A2: UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure
Q3: How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?
A3: for millions of years
Q4: What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?
A4: Clostridium tetani
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.

Q1: What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?
A1: insects
Q2: What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
A2: Frankia
Q3: What endosymbionts live in coral? 
A3: algae
Energy (Natural sciences)

Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalence. The formula E = mc², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information).

Q1: When does energy give rise to weight?
A1: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum
Q2: Mass is also equivalent to what?
A2: certain amount of energy
Q3: Who created the formula E = mc2?
A3: Albert Einstein
Q4: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?
A4: 1905
Q5: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?
A5: E = mc²
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. Another 12% comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%, from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.

Q1: Who dominates energy production in Greece?
A1: Public Power Corporation
Q2: How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?
A2: 85.6%
Q3: What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?
A3: lignite
Q4: How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?
A4: 20%
Q5: What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?
A5: 56%