LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Q1: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?
A1: Mexico
Q2: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?
A2: Southeast Asia
Q3: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?
A3: 1954
Q4: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
A4: West Germany
Q5: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?
A5: Vietnam
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

Q1: Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?
A1: Novi Sad Agreement
Q2: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?
A2: equal status
Q3: Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?
A3: Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska
New_Haven,_Connecticut (Geography and places)

In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).

Q1: What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954? 
A1: Richard C. Lee
Q2: What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?
A2: Interstate 95
Q3: What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?
A3: The Oak Street Connector
Q4: What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?
A4: the city's western suburbs
Q5: What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?
A5: a boulevard
Q6: What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?
A6: Richard C. Lee
Q7: What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?
A7: construction of Interstate 95
Q8: During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?
A8: becoming a boulevard
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Q1: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?
A1: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections
Q2: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?
A2: London
Q3: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?
A3: Eisenhower
Q4: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?
A4: Austria
Q5: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
A5: Open Skies
Napoleon (History)

In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

Q1: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
A1: 1955
Q2: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
A2: Louis Marchand
Q3:  What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
A3: arsenic poisoning
Q4: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?
A4: Sten Forshufvud
Q5: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
A5: well preserved
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.

Q1: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?
A1: 1955
Q2: What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?
A2: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery
Q3: What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?
A3: relative inaccuracy of the missile
Q4: Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?
A4: Oppenheimer
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?)

Q1: In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?
A1: 1955
Q2: From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?
A2: died within two weeks
Q3: How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?
A3: eighteen months
Space_Race (History)

In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.

Q1: Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?
A1: James C. Hagerty
Q2: The starting date for the Space Race was which date?
A2: August 30, 1955
Warsaw_Pact (History)

In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

Q1: In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?
A1: 1956
Q2: Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?
A2: Imre Nagy
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.

Q1: How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?
A1: two
Q2: What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?
A2: Loughborough University of Technology
Q3: In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?
A3: 1960s
Elizabeth_II (History)

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

Q1: When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?
A1: 1956
Q2: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?
A2: Treaty of Rome
Q3: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
A3: European Economic Community
Q4: To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?
A4: European Union
Q5: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?
A5: November 1956
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications.

Q1: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
A1: 1957
Q2: Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
A2: Kroemer Braunstein
Q3: The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
A3: a GaAs diode
Q4: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
A4: a PbS diode
Q5: What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
A5: audio amplifier
Elizabeth_II (History)

In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen." Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.

Q1: When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?
A1: 1957
Q2: What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? 
A2: 23rd Canadian Parliament
Q3: On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?
A3: her safety
Q4: In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?
A4: Elizabeth's assassination
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Q1: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
A1: Arkansas
Q2: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
A2: 101st Airborne Division
Q3: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
A3: Arkansas National Guard
Q4: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
A4: Orval Faubus
Q5: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
A5: nine
Tristan_da_Cunha (Geography and places)

In 1958 as part of an experiment, Operation Argus, the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres (100 mi) high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of the main island.

Q1: What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?
A1: 1958
Q2: What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?
A2: United States
Egypt (Geography and places)

In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

Q1: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?
A1: 1958
Q2: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?
A2: United Arab Republic
Q3: How long did the union with Syria last?
A3: 1961
Space_Race (History)

In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.

Q1: How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?
A1: 4
Q2: The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?
A2: 1959
Q3: Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?
A3: Luna 3
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, "My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie camera. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western. I made it and got my merit badge. That was how it all started." At age thirteen, while living in Phoenix, Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war film he titled Escape to Nowhere, using a cast composed of other high school friends. That motivated him to make 15 more amateur 8mm films.:548 In 1963, at age sixteen, Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent film, a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight, which would later inspire Close Encounters. The film was made for $500, most of which came from his father, and was shown in a local cinema for one evening, which earned back its cost.

Q1: What was Spielberg's first indepenent film?
A1: Firelight
Q2: How long was Spielberg's film "Escape to Nowhere"?
A2: 40-minute
Q3: How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters?
A3: $500
Q4: Who did Spielberg get money from to film Close Encounters?
A4: his father
Q5: What genre was Spielberg's first film "The Last Gunfight"
A5: Western
Q6: When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts?
A6: 1958
Q7: What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge?
A7: The Last Gunfight
Q8: Why did Spielberg make a movie instead of taking still photos for the photography merit badge?
A8: dad's still-camera was broken
Q9: At what age did Spielberg make 'Escape to Nowhere'?
A9: thirteen
Q10: What film led to Close Encounters?
A10: Firelight
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

In 1958, the Soviet Union developed Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.

Q1: In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?
A1: a research project
Q2: When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?
A2: 1958
Q3: Who developed Transformator in 1958?
A3: the Soviet Union
Q4: How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?
A4: 1,125
Q5: What was the goal of the Transformator system?
A5: providing teleconferencing for military command
Rule_of_law (History)

In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.

Q1: When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?
A1: 1959
Q2: How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?
A2: 185
Q3: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?
A3: rule of law
Q4: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?
A4: social, economic and cultural