LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration (History)

In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is

Q1: In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?
A1: 2006
Q2: What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?
A2: Google
Q3: What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?
A3: Allen Weinstein
Q4: What is Google helping NARA with?
A4: digitize and offer NARA video online
Q5: What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?
A5: to make its holdings more widely available
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of XVI century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks, cites a Tunisian Hebrew, made captive when arriving to Gaeta, who aided others with money, named: 'Simon Escanasi', in the mid-17th century, "Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two", but by the end of the 18th century, "Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two, the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world." By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews accounted for nearly 92% of world Jewry. These factors are sheer demography showing the migration patterns of Jews from Southern and Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe.

Q1: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?
A1: 97%
Q2: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?
A2: 3%
Q3: By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?
A3: 92%
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.

Q1: For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?
A1: For roughly a thousand years
Q2: In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?
A2: Central Europe
Q3: In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?
A3: many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths
Q4: Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?
A4: high frequencies
Q5: A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?
A5: University of Huddersfield in England
Mammal (Natural sciences)

In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.

Q1: Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?
A1: Timothy Rowe
Q2: By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?
A2: Triassic
Q3: Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?
A3: therian mammals
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?"
In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: "Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?""
In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: "Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?""
A subordinate clause does not change its word order: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?""

Q1: In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?
A1: interrogative main clause
Q2: What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?
A2: a wh-question
Q3: What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?
A3: declarative clause
Q4: What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?
A4: word order
Q5: What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"
A5: "Can you your pen not find?"
Beyoncé (Music)

In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013, Beyoncé was asked if she considers herself a feminist, to which she said, "that word can be very extreme... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist. I do believe in equality". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling "We should all be feminists", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013, in her song "Flawless", released later that year. She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls.

Q1: Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?
A1: Vogue
Q2: Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?
A2: Ban Bossy campaign
Q3: Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?
A3: Vogue
Q4: When did she say the she is a feminist?
A4: April 2013
Q5: What campaign did she contribute to?
A5: Ban Bossy
Q6: What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?
A6: Flawless
Q7: What does Ban Bossy encourage?
A7: leadership in girls
Q8: Beyoncé used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?
A8: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Q9: Which campaign does Beyoncé contribute to that encourages leadership in females?
A9: Ban Bossy
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know and to search—is all right. ... When I look at what I call the gift of life, I feel a gratitude which is in tune with some religious ideas of God. However, the moment I even speak of it, I am embarrassed that I may do something wrong to God in talking about God." He objected to organised religion, saying "it tends to use the name of God in vain", noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts: "The whole thing goes back to myths which, though they may have a kernel of truth, are untrue. Why then should the Jewish myth be true and the Indian and Egyptian myths not be true?" In a letter unrelated to the interview, he stressed his tolerant attitude: "Although I am not for religion, I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly."

Q1: In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?
A1: 1969
Q2: Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?
A2: agnosticism
Q3: What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?
A3: myths
Q4: Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:
A4: tolerant
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what "would now be called child abuse" at the hands of his father: "My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'"

Q1: What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?
A1: Fortune
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, "I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside." The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, "I'm in show business – I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?"

Q1: What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?
A1: 1999
Q2: Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?
A2: The Hollywood Reporter
The_Blitz (History)

In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

Q1: Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?
A1: limitations in weapons technology
Q2: What was an important fuel in the Second World War?
A2: coal
Q3: What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?
A3: delayed-action bombs
Q4: What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective? 
A4: dispersed its production facilities
Q5: Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?
A5: Regional commissioners
Literature (Language and literature)

In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

Q1: Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?
A1: philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry
Q2: What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?
A2: modern paper making and woodblock printing
Q3: What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?
A3: the Hundred Schools of Thought period
Q4: What classic work of war science originated during this period?
A4: The Art of War
Q5: Who wrote The Art Of War?
A5: Sun Tzu
Literature (Language and literature)

In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.

Q1: What two epic narratives were written by Homer?
A1: the Iliad and the Odyssey
Q2: Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?
A2: Hesiod
Q3: Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?
A3: philosophical texts
Q4: Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?
A4: Sappho and Pindar
Q5: The two great ancient Greek historians were?
A5: Herodotus and Thucydides
Literature (Language and literature)

In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.

Q1: What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?
A1: drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry
Q2: An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?
A2: Sanskrit
Q3: What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?
A3: The Vedas
Q4: The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?
A4: the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE
Q5: The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?
A5: the Iron Age
Somalis (Geography and places)

In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall.

Q1: What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?
A1: taalo
Q2: What were taalo used for?
A2: burial
Q3: What were ancient Somali houses made out of?
A3: dressed stone
Q4: Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?
A4: Egypt
Q5: What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?
A5: the Wargaade Wall
Greece (Geography and places)

In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.

Q1: Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?
A1: Western culture
Q2: What did Greece's political philosophy affect?
A2: Modern democracies
Q3: Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?
A3: systematic thought
Greeks (History)

In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts. Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The modern-day Griko community of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000, may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.

Q1: What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?
A1: the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language
Q2: What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?
A2: Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts.
Q3: How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?
A3: Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt.
Q4: What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?
A4: The Hellenistic period
Somalis (Geography and places)

In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians.

Q1: What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?
A1: commerce
Q2: Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?
A2: frankincense
Q3: Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?
A3: Mycenaeans
Greeks (History)

In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Q1: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
A1: Alexander
Q2: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
A2: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way
Q3: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
A3: Hellenistic cities
Q4: Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?
A4: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.
Q5: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
A5: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.
Red (Natural sciences)

In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlético Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.

Q1: What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?
A1: red
Q2: What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?
A2: i rossoneri
Q3: What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?
A3: a serious infraction
Q4: What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?
A4: the player is immediately disqualified from further play
Q5: How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?
A5: his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration
History_of_science (History)

In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories may have also been discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī.

Q1: Whose work did Al-Battani improve?
A1: Hipparchus
Q2: What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?
A2: The great treatise
Q3: Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?
A3: the Earth's axis
Q4: The geocentric model is similar to what other model?
A4: Copernican heliocentric model