LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_science (History)

The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese technology and science was galvanized by the work of Joseph Needham and the Needham Research Institute. Among the technological accomplishments of China were, according to the British scholar Needham, early seismological detectors (Zhang Heng in the 2nd century), the water-powered celestial globe (Zhang Heng), matches, the independent invention of the decimal system, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the blast furnace, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the winnowing machine, the rotary fan, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and a solid fuel rocket, the multistage rocket, the horse collar, along with contributions in logic, astronomy, medicine, and other fields.

Q1: Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?
A1: Joseph Needham
Q2: What type of bridge originated in China?
A2: suspension
Q3: What type of map originated in China?
A3: raised-relief
Q4: What type of fan originated in China?
A4: rotary
Q5: What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?
A5: water-powered celestial
Israel (History)

The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population.

Q1: What is the Jewish Legion?
A1: a group primarily of Zionist volunteers
Q2: When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?
A2: 1922
Q3: What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?
A3: The Defense
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. The institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.

Q1: What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?
A1: Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
Q2: In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?
A2: 1986
Q3: To whom was John B. Kroc married?
A3: Ray Kroc
Q4: What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?
A4: President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame
Q5: What company did Ray Kroc own?
A5: McDonald's
Israel (History)

The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.

Q1: What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform?
A1: Jordan Rift Valley
Q2: What does the tectonic disposition lead to?
A2: high seismic activity in the region
Q3: The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur?
A3: Mw~7.4.
Israel (History)

The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi). A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin.

Q1: What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?
A1: Jordan River
Q2: What is the largest makhtesh in the world?
A2: Ramon Crater
Q3: Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin?
A3: plant species
Roman_Republic (History)

The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.

Q1: What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?
A1: The Jugurthine War
Q2: What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?
A2: treachery
Q3: When did the Jugurthine War end?
A3: 104 BC
Q4: Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?
A4: Jugurtha
Q5: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?
A5: the Romans
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

Q1: During what years was the Jurassic period?
A1: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.
Q2: Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?
A2: Pangaea
Q3: The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?
A3: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula
Q4: At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?
A4: Cretaceous Period
Q5: Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?
A5: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal for this project at the 2003 International Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to "...outstanding achievement demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation".

Q1: What is the JK Bridge a nickname for?
A1: The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge
Q2: What does the JK Bridge cross?
A2: Lake Paranoá
Q3: Who was the JK Bridge named for?
A3: Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira
Q4: Who was de Oliveira?
A4: former president of Brazil
Q5: Who designed the JK Bridge?
A5: architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Q1: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
A1: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences
Q2: What are several of the gates backed policies 
A2: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes
Q3: Have the policies been criticized 
A3: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm
Q4: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 
A4: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.

Q1: What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?
A1: ABET
Q2: On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?
A2: main campus
Q3: When was KU's engineering school established?
A3: 1891
Q4: When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?
A4: 1873
Q5: What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?
A5: public
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self. The team has won five national titles, including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008. The basketball program is currently the second winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,070–806 through the 2011–12 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s. Kansas has counted among its coaches Dr. James Naismith (the inventor of basketball and only coach in Kansas history to have a losing record), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching"), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.

Q1: What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?
A1: 1898
Q2: Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?
A2: Bill Self
Q3: How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?
A3: five
Q4: Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?
A4: Wilt Chamberlain
Q5: In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?
A5: 1939
History_of_India (History)

The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.

Q1: Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?
A1: 9th century
Q2: The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?
A2: Kushan
Q3: How many eras are the Shahis divided into?
A3: two
Q4: When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?
A4: 870
Q5: What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?
A5: Kabul Shahan
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Allaudin Khilji's general. During this period, Alauddin Khilji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.

Q1: Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310?
A1: Sultan Alauddin Khilji
Q2: Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty?
A2: Khilji dynasty
Q3: What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321?
A3: the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed
Q4: In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate?
A4: 1325
Q5: When was the Behmani Sultanate established?
A5: 1347
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; Approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo. The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.

Q1: What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?
A1: Kalahari Desert
Q2: How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?
A2: 5,000
Q3: How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?
A3: half
Q4: How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?
A4: 10 percent
Q5: What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?
A5: stable nature of precipitation
Armenia (History)

The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.

Q1: When did the Karabakh War end?
A1: 1994
Q2: What does OSCE stand for?
A2: Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Q3: Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?
A3: Turkey and Azerbaijan
Q4: How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?
A4: 30,000
Q5: Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?
A5: Karabakh Armenian forces
John_Kerry (Warfare)

The Kerry Committee report found that "the Contra drug links included..... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies." The U.S. State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras. Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington.

Q1: Who was the State Department giving money to?
A1: drug traffickers
Q2: Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from?
A2: funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras
Q3: How much money did the State Department give the traffickers?
A3: over $806,000
Q4: What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?
A4: little reaction in the media and official Washington
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.

Q1: Which district has the farmers market in the city?
A1: Kerrytown district
Q2: Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?
A2: commercial districts
Q3: Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?
A3: Downtown
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.

Q1: When may conventional social rules be broken?
A1: a period of misrule
Q2: Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?
A2: The King
Q3: What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?
A3: cercavila
Q4: Fat Thursday is also known as what day?
A4: omelette day
Q5: Who is typically burned on a pyre?
A5: King Carnival
Nigeria (History)

The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri. In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.

Q1: Which tribe ran the city of Nri?
A1: Igbo
Q2: When was Nri taken over by the British?
A2: 1911
Q3: Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?
A3: lost-wax
Q4: Who ruled Nri?
A4: the Eze Nri
Q5: Which clan is Nri in the territory of?
A5: Umeuri
Hellenistic_period (History)

The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.

Q1: What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?
A1: Pontus
Q2: Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?
A2: Mithridates I
Q3: When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?
A3: 291 BC
Q4: When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?
A4: 63 BC
Q5: What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?
A5: Greek