LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.

Q1: The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?
A1: the diffusionist theory
Q2: At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?
A2: Durham Cathedral
Q3: In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?
A3: Romanesque
Q4: When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?
A4: points
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive".

Q1: Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?
A1: there were in fact multiple scripts in use
Q2: What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?
A2: bāfēn
Q3: What name stood for "orderly"?
A3: zhāng
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.

Q1: Who contributes to UNFPA?
A1: governments and the private sector
Q2: Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?
A2: $1 billion
Q3: How much of its funding was earmarked?
A3: $529 million
Q4: What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?
A4: $477 million
Neolithic (History)

Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.

Q1: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
A1: Control of labour
Q2: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?
A2: Marxist concept of primitive communism
Q3: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
A3: inter-group conflict
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

Controversy erupted when Madonna decided to adopt from Malawi again. Chifundo "Mercy" James was finally adopted in June 2009. Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David. Mercy's grandmother had initially protested the adoption, but later gave in, saying "At first I didn't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go. The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I won't resist anymore. I still love Mercy. She is my dearest." Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive.

Q1: When was Mercy adopted?
A1: June 2009
Q2: Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?
A2: David
Q3: Who initially protested the adoption?
A3: Mercy's grandmother
Q4: Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?
A4: The men
Q5: Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??
A5: Mercy's father
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Q1: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
A1: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs
Q2: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
A2: Scandinavians
Q3: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
A3: Slavs
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

Q1: What does LSO stand for?
A1: landing signal officer
Q2: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
A2: a landing signal officer
Q3: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
A3: colored paddles
Q4: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
A4: Optical Landing System
Q5: What are LSO's still being used to do?
A5: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio
Paper (Natural sciences)

Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

Q1: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
A1: bleaching
Q2: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
A2: through food
Q3: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
A3: fatty tissue
Q4: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
A4: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).

Q1: What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?
A1: western and eastern
Q2: Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?
A2: Old Persian
Q3: Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?
A3: Avestan
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

Q1: In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?
A1: central processing unit
Q2: What are the devices called that are from an external source?
A2: Peripheral devices
Q3: What are two things that a computer always has?
A3: (CPU), and some form of memory
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Q1: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
A1: after
Q2: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
A2: cows
Q3: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
A3: disrupts their systems
Q4: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
A4: earlier
Q5: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
A5: parents of young children
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.

Q1: How has youtube helped the government?
A1: to more easily engage with citizens
Q2: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?
A2: seventh
Q3: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?
A3: creators' new media savvy
Q4: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?
A4: Iman Crosson
Q5: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?
A5: encourage young Americans to enroll
Alloy (Mathematics)

Conversely, most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, which produce the opposite effects that steel does. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which are difficult to discern from the base metal. Unlike steel, in which the solid solution separates to form different crystal phases, precipitation hardening alloys separate to form different phases within the same crystal. These intermetallic alloys appear homogeneous in crystal structure, but tend to behave heterogeneous, becoming hard and somewhat brittle.

Q1: Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?
A1: steel
Q2: Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?
A2: heat-treatable alloys
Q3: What makes alloys more softer than normal?
A3: When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly
Slavs (History)

Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]

Q1: Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?
A1: the Magyar or Romanian population
Q2: There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?
A2: Romania
Q3: Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?
A3: Bulgaria
Q4: Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?
A4: Carpathian basin
Roman_Republic (History)

Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.

Q1: How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?
A1: four client republics
Q2: In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?
A2: 148 BC
Q3: Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?
A3: a Macedonian pretender to the throne
Q4: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?
A4: destabilizing
Q5: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?
A5: The Romans
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

Q1: What's another term for influential intermediary?
A1: wasta
Q2: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?
A2: Khairy Pasha
Q3: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?
A3: Sadat and Amer
Q4: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?
A4: widespread corruption
Q5: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?
A5: monarchy
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

Q1: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
A1: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
Q2: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
A2: north coast of Spain
Q3: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
A3: Atlantic climate
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3). The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps, west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps, respectively."

Q1: What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?
A1: a selected allele
Q2: When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?
A2: 2009
Q3: Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?
A3: absent
Q4: How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?
A4: three
Q5: What are sweeps?
A5: major geographic patterns
Bird (Natural sciences)

Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.

Q1: What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?
A1: Cooperative breeding
Q2: What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?
A2: Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals
Q3: Why is inbreeding avoided?
A3: because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

Q1: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?
A1: Eastern European Time
Q2: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?
A2: two hours
Q3: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?
A3: October 26
Q4: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?
A4: one hour
Q5: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?
A5: Hawaii
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

Q1: Coordinative definition has how many major features?
A1: two
Q2: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
A2: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects
Q3: What is the first feature motivated by?
A3: we can never directly apprehend length
Q4: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
A4: separated objects
Q5: Sameness of length must be set how?
A5: by definition
Copper (History)

Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.

Q1: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?
A1: wood preservative
Q2: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?
A2: moss
Q3: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?
A3: antimicrobial protective fabrics
Q4: How is copper used with nickel?
A4: as a base
Q5: What is used to treat structures for dry rot?
A5: Copper compounds