LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pub (History)

A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

Q1: What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?
A1: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks
Q2: In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?
A2: 11th
Q3: Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?
A3: Nottingham
Q4: When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?
A4: 1189
Q5: When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?
A5: 1086
Nanjing (Geography and places)

A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

Q1: What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?
A1: A number of sculptural ensembles
Q2: In what district are these sculptural pieces located?
A2: Qixia and Jiangning District
Q3: Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?
A3: the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu
Q4: Who was Xiao Xiu?
A4: a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang
Q5: When did Xiao Xiu live?
A5: 475–518
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

A number of special controllers designed for use with specific games were released for the system, though very few such devices proved particularly popular. Such devices included, but were not limited to, the Zapper (a light gun), the R.O.B., and the Power Pad. The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit, which was used to connect most auxiliary devices. On the NES, these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console.

Q1: What was the light gun controller called?
A1: Zapper
Q2: What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?
A2: DA-15
Q3: How were the special controllers connected to the NES?
A3: control ports on the front
Alps (Geography and places)

A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,312 ft). Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps.

Q1: How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?
A1: 120 million years
Q2: What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?
A2: Blue moths
Q3: The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?
A3: 1,800 m (5,906 ft)
Q4: What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?
A4: Rosalia alpina
Infection (Natural sciences)

A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

Q1: What have a number of studies found a correlation between?
A1: pathogen load in an area and human behavior
Q2: What is higher pathogen load associated with?
A2: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area
Q3: What does avoidance of other groups reduce?
A3: pathogen transmission
Q4: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?
A4: Higher pathogen load
Q5: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?
A5: high pathogen load preventing economic development.
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

Q1: What does mixing bitumen with water create?
A1: emulsion
Q2: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?
A2: 70%
Q3: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?
A3: cationic and anionic
Q4: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?
A4: recycled
Q5: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?
A5: hot-mixed
Detroit (Geography and places)

A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[citation needed] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices. In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.

Q1: What Tech company is based in Detroit?
A1: Compuware
Q2: What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?
A2: Blue Cross Blue Shield
Q3: Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?
A3: Quicken Loans
Q4: What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?
A4: Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office
Avicenna (Language and literature)

A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

Q1: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?
A1: the Brethren of Purity
Q2: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?
A2: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī
Q3: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?
A3: Sunni
Q4: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?
A4: Nurullah Shushtari
Q5: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?
A5: Jules J. Janssens
London (Geography and places)

A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.

Q1: What is the student population of University of Westminster?
A1: 34,000
Q2: How many international universities operate in London?
A2: three
Q3: In what suburb is the American International University in London located?
A3: Richmond
Q4: What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?
A4: University of the Arts London
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed. The violence was usually attributed as a response to the ill treatment of the natives in response to petty theft, which was a common practice. In 1857, two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon, living among the natives through at least 1870.:3

Q1: Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?
A1: Captain DonSette
Q2: What vessel was attacked in 1845?
A2: Naiad
Q3: What ships were attacked in 1852?
A3: Glencoe and Sea Nymph
Q4: In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?
A4: 1857
Q5: On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?
A5: Ebon
Q6: Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?
A6: Captain DonSette
Q7: In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?
A7: 1845
Q8: What type of ship was the Naiad?
A8: schooner
Q9: Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?
A9: San Francisco
Q10: Where did missionaries live as of 1857?
A10: Ebon
London (Geography and places)

A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.

Q1: In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?
A1: London School of Economics
Q2: Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?
A2: 5th
Q3: The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?
A3: The London Business School
Q4: What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?
A4: Imperial College London
Somalis (Geography and places)

A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively.

Q1: What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?
A1: the Somali alphabet
Q2: Who introduced the Somali alphabet?
A2: Mohamed Siad Barre
Q3: In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?
A3: October 1972
Q4: Who created the Somali alphabet?
A4: Shire Jama Ahmed
Q5: Who invented the Osmanya script?
A5: Osman Yusuf Kenadid
Political_philosophy (History)

A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach. The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty, namely "liberty as non-domination." Unlike liberals who understand liberty as "non-interference," "non-domination" entails individuals not being subject to the arbitrary will of anyother person. To a liberal, a slave who is not interfered with may be free, yet to a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable. Prominent republicans include historian Quentin Skinner, jurist Cass Sunstein, and political philosopher Philip Pettit. The capability approach, pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen and further developed by legal scholar Martha Nussbaum, understands freedom under allied lines: the real-world ability to act. Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced. In other words, it is not enough to be legally able to do something, but to have the real option of doing it.

Q1: When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?
A1: the end of the 20th century
Q2: What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?
A2: The resurgent republican movement
Q3: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?
A3: The capability approach
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.

Q1: Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?
A1: A parasitic relationship
Q2: What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?
A2: necrotrophic
Q3: What is it called when parasites need their host to live?
A3: biotrophic
Q4: What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?
A4: as many as half
Q5: Name a biotrophic organism.
A5: a tick
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.

Q1: A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?
A1: Vedic animal sacrifice
Q2: The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?
A2: hymn of the cosmic man
Q3: The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?
A3: animal sacrifices
Q4: The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?
A4: Vedas
Treaty (Language and literature)

A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed]

Q1: What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?
A1: a fundamental change in circumstances
Q2: A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?
A2: its own breach of the treaty
Q3: The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?
A3: political boundaries
Q4: The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?
A4: the extent of obligations
Q5: In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?
A5: unforeseen
Treaty (Language and literature)

A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a "manifest violation" is required such that it would be "objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter". A strong presumption exists internationally that a head of state has acted within his proper authority. It seems that no treaty has ever actually been invalidated on this provision.[citation needed]

Q1: A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?
A1: that state's domestic law
Q2: For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?
A2: his proper authority
Q3: What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?
A3: a "manifest violation"
Q4: A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?
A4: the internal affairs and processes
Q5: What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?
A5: invalid
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

Q1: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?
A1: A party's floor leader
Q2: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?
A2: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party
Q3: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?
A3: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization