LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer (Engineering and technology)

There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

Q1: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?
A1: quantum computers
Q2: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
A2: quantum factoring
Somerset (Geography and places)

There is also a range of independent or public schools. Many of these are for pupils between 11 and 18 years, such as King's College, Taunton and Taunton School. King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later in the reign of Edward VI. Millfield is the largest co-educational boarding school. There are also preparatory schools for younger children, such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School. Chilton Cantelo School offers places both to day pupils and boarders aged 7 to 16. Other schools provide education for children from the age of 3 or 4 years through to 18, such as King Edward's School, Bath, Queen's College, Taunton and Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. Some of these schools have religious affiliations, such as Monkton Combe School, Prior Park College, Sidcot School which is associated with the Religious Society of Friends, Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse, situated next to the Benedictine Downside Abbey, and Kingswood School, which was founded by John Wesley in 1748 in Kingswood near Bristol, originally for the education of the sons of the itinerant ministers (clergy) of the Methodist Church.

Q1: What school in Bruton was given royal  foundation status 
A1: King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later
Q2: What are some prepatory schools for younger students 
A2: such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School
Q3: What is one of the Musical schools 
A3: Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain
Q4: What is a roman catholic school 
A4: Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse
Jews (History)

There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the Baal Teshuva movement) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to Jews by Choice of gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.

Q1: What is one method used to prevent intermarriage?
A1: pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity
Q2: What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?
A2: the Baal Teshuva movement
Q3: Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity?
A3: Orthodox
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]

Q1: Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.
A1: financially stable eurozone states like Germany
Q2: What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?
A2: discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness
Q3: What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?
A3: giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.

Q1: How do people know which days to not drive their car?
A1: ending digit of their license plates
Q2: How many cars were still restricted in 2003?
A2: 40%
Q3: When were new emisson standards enacted?
A3: 2006
Q4: How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?
A4: pass regular emissions tests
Somerset (Geography and places)

There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.

Q1: What's the name of the cave system 
A1: an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole
Q2: Name 2 of the county gorges 
A2: and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge
Q3: Name some of the county rivers 
A3: the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo
Q4: What did King charles levy on river boats 
A4: King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.
Pub (History)

There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.

Q1: Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?
A1: Holywell
Q2: How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?
A2: 460
Q3: When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?
A3: 560
Mandolin (Music)

There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1759, which resides at the University of Edinburgh. Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia, built in 1893, is also at the University of Edinburgh. The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Antonio's son, Gaetano Vinaccia. It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.

Q1: What is there currently confusion over? 
A1: eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop
Q2: Who is said to have ran the first shop? 
A2: Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic
Q3: Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?
A3: University of Edinburgh
Q4: Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?
A4: University of Edinburgh
Q5: Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?
A5: Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.
Myanmar (Geography and places)

There is consensus that the military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes. In November 2012, Samantha Power, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president's visit that "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children." Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese Military Junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution "strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" and calling on the Burmese Military Regime "to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law."

Q1: What is the general view of Burma ?
A1: military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes
Q2: Who is Samantha Power?
A2: Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights
Q3: What did Ms Powers write concerning Burma ?
A3: "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children
Alsace (History)

There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two déprtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Frenchizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of Gérard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.

Q1: What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?
A1: Rot-un-Wiss
Q2: What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?
A2: Union jack-like" flag
Q3: What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent?
A3: the union of the two déprtements
Q4: Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?
A4: Paris
Asthma (Natural sciences)

There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.

Q1: Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?
A1: There is currently no precise test
Q2: What is diagnosis based on typically?
A2: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time
Q3: When should you suspect asthma?
A3: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing
Q4: What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?
A4: Spirometry
Q5: What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?
A5: children under the age of six
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

Q1: Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? 
A1: the deacons of the seven regions of the city
Q2: When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?
A2: 8th century
Q3: What year did the ruling "only a cardinal was eligible to become pope" come in effect?
A3: 769
Q4: Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?
A4: Nicholas II
Q5: What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?
A5: the Papal Bull In nomine Domini
Q6: In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?
A6: 1244
Q7: Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?
A7: Pope Innocent IV
Madrasa (Language and literature)

There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madaris and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

Q1: When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?
A1: 10th century
Q2: What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris
A2: princely patrons
Q3: What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?
A3: further the rulers' agenda
Q4: Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?
A4: George Makdisi
Zinc (Unknown)

There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

Q1: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?
A1: copper
Q2: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?
A2: urinary
Q3: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?
A3: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals
Q4: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?
A4: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"
Q5: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?
A5: denture cream
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Q1: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
A1: rest of Roman Hispania
Q2: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
A2: Occitan
Q3: What is Occitan a branch of?
A3: Western Romance
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' Discourse on Method, published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.

Q1: Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?
A1: French Revolution
Q2: French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?
A2: Louis XV
Q3: What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?
A3: Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments)
Q4: In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?
A4: 1637
Q5: In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?
A5: 1687
God (Philosophy and religion)

There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]

Q1: What type of view do Christians take on God?
A1: trinitarian
Q2: How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?
A2: region, sect, and caste
Q3: Does hinduism only believe in a single god?
A3: ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic
Q4: What view does the Jewish community take on God?
A4: monotheistic
Q5: What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?
A5: dharmic
Q6: What type of religion is Judaism?
A6: monotheistic
Q7: What type of religion is Christianity?
A7: trinitarian
Q8: How many gods do the Hindu's have?
A8: monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic.
Freemasonry (Unknown)

There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.

Q1: From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?
A1: 17th–18th
Q2: What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?
A2: Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland
Q3: What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?
A3: accepted or speculative Masons
Q4: When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?
A4: show continuity
Q5: What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?
A5: the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1
Q6: When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?
A6: 1598
Q7: When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?
A7: in the later 18th century
Asthma (Natural sciences)

There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required.

Q1: Is there a cure for asthma?
A1: There is no cure for asthma
Q2: How can symptoms be prevented?
A2: by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids
Q3: What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms?
A3: an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids
Q4: What happens in very severe cases of asthma?
A4: intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required
Clothing (Natural sciences)

There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000–72,000 BP.

Q1: What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?
A1: when clothing was first developed
Q2: What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?
A2: lice
Q3: What habitat is the body louse specific to?
A3: clothing
Q4: What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?
A4: primates
Q5: How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?
A5: 650