LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner, who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) began as local apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science of pharmacology expanded their ability to evaluate the biological effects of these structural changes.

Q1: When was Morphine and Quinine first available?
A1: mid 1800s
Q2: Who was the compound named after?
A2: Morpheus
Q3: Where were was Morphine extracted from?
A3: opium
Q4: Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?
A4: German dye manufacturers
Q5: Who came up with the name Morphine?
A5: Friedrich Sertürner
Q6: Morphine was named after what Greek god?
A6: Morpheus
Q7: Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?
A7: Glaxo Smith Kline
Q8: Who discovered morphine?
A8: Friedrich Sertürner
Q9: What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?
A9: opium
Tennessee (Geography and places)

The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's "Draught of the Cherokee Country" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created "Tennessee County", the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. (Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted "Tennessee" as the name of the state.

Q1: Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?
A1: James Glen
Q2: Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?
A2: Draught of the Cherokee Country
Q3: Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788?
A3: North Carolina
Q4: Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina's Tennessee County?
A4: Montgomery County and Robertson County
Q5: In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee?
A5: 1796
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".

Q1: What is the modern term "culture" based on?
A1: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero
Q2: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?
A2: Samuel Pufendorf
Q3: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?
A3: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection
Classical_music (Music)

The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.

Q1: What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?
A1: modernist
Q2: Musical notation is effective for what?
A2: transmitting classical music
Q3: Why is written musical notation effective? 
A3: contains the technical instructions for performing the work
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".

Q1: Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?
A1: Thomas Cromwell
Q2: Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?
A2: Godolphin
Q3: Who served as the head minister under Charles II?
A3: Clarendon
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich. The mosaics in the church of the nearby Monastery of Euthymius are of later date (discovered in 1930). They were laid down in the Umayyad era, after a devastating earthquake in 659. Two six pointed stars and a red chalice are the most important surviving features.

Q1: The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?
A1: the Judean
Q2: When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?
A2: the end of the 5th century
Q3: When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?
A3: in 1982–85
Q4: Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work?
A4: the refectory
Q5: What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?
A5: Monastery of Euthymius
United_States_dollar (History)

The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.

Q1: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?
A1: The monetary base
Q2: What was the monetary base value in 1994?
A2: 400 billion dollars
Q3: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?
A3: over 3000 billion
Q4: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?
A4: Eight
Q5: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?
A5: securities
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border. This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors. From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s.

Q1: What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?
A1: Art Deco
Q2: Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?
A2: corporate logo
Q3: Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?
A3: Highbury Stadium
Q4: What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?
A4: The Gunners
Q5: When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?
A5: 1990s
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July, with an average start date around July 3. It typically continues through August and sometimes into September. During the monsoon, the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause flash floods. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have storm sewers, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have "feet of water" scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm. Arizona traffic code Title 28-910, the so-called "Stupid Motorist Law", was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways. If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them. Despite all warnings and precautions, however, three Tucson drivers have drowned between 2004 and 2010.

Q1: What year did the "Stupid Motorist Law" come in effect?
A1: 1995
Q2: How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions? 
A2: 2000
Q3: A monsoon can last into what month?
A3: September
Q4: What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year?
A4: humidity
Q5: What could you say is the average start for a monsoon?
A5: July 3
Q6: When was the "Stupid Motorist Law" passed?
A6: 1995
Q7: What is the legal name of the "Stupid Motorist Law"?
A7: Arizona traffic code Title 28-910
Q8: How much can the "Stupid Motorist Law" charge people for being rescued?
A8: up to $2000
Q9: When does Tucson's monsoon usually start?
A9: around July 3
Q10: How long does Tucson's monsoon last?
A10: through August and sometimes into September
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.

Q1: Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?
A1: Gary Gilmore
Q2: In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
A2: Utah
Q3: On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
A3: May 25, 1979
Q4: In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
A4: Nevada
Q5: How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?
A5: lethal injection
Memory (Social sciences and society)

The more long term the exposure to stress is, the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus. Research shows that subjects placed in a stressful situation for a short amount of time still have blood glucocorticoid levels that have increased drastically when measured after the exposure is completed. When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties. Prenatal stress also hinders the ability to learn and memorize by disrupting the development of the hippocampus and can lead to unestablished long term potentiation in the offspring of severely stressed parents. Although the stress is applied prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.

Q1: Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?
A1: the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus
Q2: Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events?
A2: levels that have increased drastically
Q3: Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities?
A3: prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.
Q4: Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations?
A4: When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269–269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes.

Q1: Why was there tension the day after the election?
A1: It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner
Q2: Despite an apparent lead by Bush early on, what was thought to be a concern?
A2: provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000
Q3: How would it be determined who would win, in the event of an electoral tie?
A3: The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population
Q4: Which state became the most important to secure Bush's presidential election?
A4: the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio
Q5: Who did Bush lose the popular vote to in the 2000 election for presidency?
A5: Al Gore
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).

Q1: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
A1: 13 distinct forms
Q2: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
A2: 11
Q3: What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
A3: 9
Q4: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
A4: 65
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts – designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God’s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors’ humility and an acknowledgement of God’s omniscience.

Q1: The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?
A1: almost a generation
Q2: In what country is Butrint?
A2: Albania
Q3: What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?
A3: prayer
Q4: What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?
A4: a terrestrial paradise
Q5: The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?
A5: Butrint
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Maratta, and many others. Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the Transfiguration. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter's, including Giovanni Battista Calandra, Fabio Cristofari (died 1689), and Pietro Paolo Cristofari (died 1743). Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts.

Q1: How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?
A1: by a mosaic replica of this last painting
Q2: What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?
A2: 1743
Q3: What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for?
A3: papal gifts
Q4: What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter's?
A4: Transfiguration
Q5: The mosaics of St.Peter's are often based on what?
A5: designs or canvases
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration.

Q1: Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?
A1: Umm ar-Rasas
Q2: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?
A2: in 785
Q3: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?
A3: 1986
Q4: The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?
A4: Jordan
Q5: How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?
A5: Six
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the Circus Scene, the 64m long Great Hunting Scene, the Little Hunt, the Labours of Hercules and the famous Bikini Girls, showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis. The peristyle, the imperial apartments and the thermae were also decorated with ornamental and mythological mosaics. Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted Orpheus, Alexander the Great's Hunt and the Four Seasons.

Q1: In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?
A1: Sicily
Q2: Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?
A2: Emperor Maximian
Q3: What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? 
A3: a landslide
Q4: How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?
A4: 64m
Q5: Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered?
A5: Piazza Vittoria in Palermo
Time (Philosophy and religion)

The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is caesium, most modern atomic clocks probe caesium with microwaves to determine the frequency of these electron vibrations. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium atoms. SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom.

Q1: Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?
A1: atomic clocks
Q2: What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?
A2: the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms
Q3: Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?
A3: the International System of Measurements
Q4: How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?
A4: Since 1967
Israel (History)

The most catastrophic earthquakes we know of occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average. Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years. While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007[update] the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were "expected to collapse" if exposed to a strong quake. Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace.

Q1: When did the most catastrophic earthquakes occur?
A1: 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE
Q2: How many residential buildings did not meet construction standards?
A2: 50,000
Q3: How often do earthquakes that lead to serious loss of life occur?
A3: every 80 years