LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."

Q1: Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?
A1: prajna
Q2: What is prajna called in english?
A2: liberating insight
Q3: Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?
A3: person
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.

Q1: What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?
A1: many accomplishments
Q2: What had the Aztec civilization constructed?
A2: one of the largest cities in the world
Q3: How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?
A3: 200,000
Q4: Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?
A4: American
Q5: How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?
A5: thousands
Energy (Natural sciences)

According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.

Q1: According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?
A1: conservation of energy
Q2: The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?
A2: total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system
Q3: What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?
A3: energy
Slavs (History)

According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Q1: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?
A1: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia
Q2: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?
A2: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires
Q3: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?
A3: Germans
Q4: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?
A4: Iberia and north Africa
Q5: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?
A5: the Huns and their allies
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.

Q1: How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?
A1: 18,999
Russian_language (Language and literature)

According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

Q1: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?
A1: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)
Q2: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?
A2: A. L. Arefyev
Q3: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?
A3: 2012
Q4: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?
A4: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.
CBC_Television (History)

According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),[citation needed] the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it is not expected that the CBC will open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed may pare back its existing transmitter network. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Whether the stations will remain CBC affiliates or become owned-and-operated stations of CTV or CTV Two following the completion of the merger is undetermined.

Q1: What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?
A1: August 31, 2011
Q2: What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?
A2: it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates
Q3: In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?
A3: five
Q4: Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?
A4: Bell Media
Alps (Geography and places)

According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later.

Q1: What is Stefan Schmid's profession?
A1: geologist
Q2: What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era
A2: a metamorphic event
Q3: When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?
A3: the Cretaceous Period
Q4: The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?
A4: nappe formations
Q5: When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?
A5: Cretaceous
Szlachta (History)

According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century).

Q1: What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth
A1: 1,600
Q2: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
A2: 14th century onward
Q3: When were most ennoblements implemented?
A3: final years of the late 18th century
Szlachta (History)

According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland.

Q1: Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?
A1: between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,
Q2: What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.
A2: two ennoblements per year
Q3: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
A3: heraldic sources
Avicenna (Language and literature)

According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.

Q1: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?
A1: Quran
Q2: Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?
A2: ءMahmoud Massahi
Q3: What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?
A3: Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
Q4: What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?
A4: Euclid's Elements
Q5: What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?
A5: Abu Abdullah Nateli
Jews (History)

According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother.

Q1: Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?
A1: Shaye J. D. Cohen
Q2: What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?
A2: Roman law
Q3: What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?
A3: the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.

Q1: The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?
A1: the Second
Q2: According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?
A2: the Second Council
Q3: The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?
A3: 100 BCE
Somalis (Geography and places)

According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period.

Q1: What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?
A1: Land of Punt
Q2: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?
A2: Pharaonic Egypt
Q3: Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?
A3: Hatshepsut
Q4: Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?
A4: pyramidal structures
Somalis (Geography and places)

According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

Q1: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?
A1: 2006
Q2: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?
A2: Ethiopians
Q3: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?
A3: Asia
Q4: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?
A4: Holden
Q5: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
A5: Afro-Asiatic
Queen_Victoria (History)

According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

Q1: How many words a day did Victoria write?
A1: average of 2,500
Q2: What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?
A2: 1832
Q3: How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?
A3: 122
Q4: Who was Victorias youngest daughter?
A4: Princess Beatrice
Q5: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?
A5: transcribed and edited
Q6: How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?
A6: 122
Q7: Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? 
A7: Princess Beatrice
Q8: What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? 
A8: burned the originals
Q9: Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? 
A9: Lord Esher
Q10: What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?
A10: Giles St Aubyn
Q11: How avid of a writer was the Queen?
A11: Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day
Q12: How many volumes did her journal span?
A12: 122 volumes
Q13: Who was Victoria's literary executer?
A13: her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice
Q14: What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?
A14: transcribed and edited
Q15: What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?
A15: burned
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

Q1: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?
A1: 50%
Q2: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?
A2: 48%
Q3: What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?
A3: a registration process
Q4: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?
A4: personal information
Q5: When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?
A5: May 2002
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

According to reciprocity, the efficiency of an antenna used as a receiving antenna is identical to the efficiency as defined above. The power that an antenna will deliver to a receiver (with a proper impedance match) is reduced by the same amount. In some receiving applications, the very inefficient antennas may have little impact on performance. At low frequencies, for example, atmospheric or man-made noise can mask antenna inefficiency. For example, CCIR Rep. 258-3 indicates man-made noise in a residential setting at 40 MHz is about 28 dB above the thermal noise floor. Consequently, an antenna with a 20 dB loss (due to inefficiency) would have little impact on system noise performance. The loss within the antenna will affect the intended signal and the noise/interference identically, leading to no reduction in signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Q1: In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness?
A1: receiving
Q2: At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency?
A2: man-made noise
Q3: What is the median level for measuring atmospheric noise?
A3: thermal noise floor
Q4: What is SNR?
A4: signal to noise ratio
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to "donate" listed species through supposed "breeding loans" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false "donations" and other mislabeled transactions.

Q1: What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?
A1: exotic pet trade
Q2: What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?
A2: no provisions are made for in-state commerce
Q3: What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?
A3: the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold
Q4: How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?
A4: in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party.
Q5: Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?
A5: the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations
USB (Engineering and technology)

According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.

Q1: Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?
A1: sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,
Q2:  For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?
A2: 70–90 MB/s
Q3: What is the read speed for USB 3.0?
A3: 90–110 MB/s
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.

Q1: What is the average amount lived on per day?
A1: US$1.25 per day
Q2: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?
A2: estimated $2.1 billion US dollars
Q3: How did Tajikistan change their economy?
A3: by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor
Q4: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?
A4: remittances
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. Napoleon and his Prime Minister, Émile Ollivier, for their parts sought war to solve their problems with political disunity in France. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery.

Q1: What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? 
A1: succession to the Spanish throne
Q2: A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?
A2: King William
Q3: What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?
A3: to make it appear that the French had been insulted
Q4: On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?
A4: 16 July 1870
Q5: Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?
A5: northeastern France