LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States (Language and literature)

In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

Q1: What is Texas official language?
A1: In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language
Q2: Are there exceptions to Texas official language?
A2: , the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.
Q3: How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?
A3: . The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish
Q4: How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?
A4: websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.
Rule_of_law (History)

In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

Q1: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
A1: Thailand
Q2: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
A2: royalist
Q3: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?
A3: executive branch
Q4: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
A4: 1932
Q5: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
A5: Ancient prejudices and political bias
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning "queen of video" is Madonna. He further asserted that "the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory." The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves. Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."

Q1: Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?
A1: Allen Metz and Carol Benson
Q2: Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?
A2: MTV
Q3: The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?
A3: Madonna
Beyoncé (Music)

In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as "the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop." When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, "Why Beyoncé? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles – particularly R&B singles – regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years." In 2013, Beyoncé made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing "no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyoncé does an album, when Beyoncé sings a song, when Beyoncé does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA — the reigning national voice." In 2014, Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue.

Q1: Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?
A1: The Guardian
Q2: Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?
A2: 2013
Q3: Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year?
A3: 2014
Q4: What did the Guardian name her?
A4: Artist of the Decade
Q5: When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List?
A5: 2013
Q6: When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?
A6: 2014
Q7: Who said that she is the reigning national voice?
A7: Baz Luhrmann
Q8: Who stated that Beyoncé is the most important musician of the 21st century?
A8: Jody Rosen
Q9: Which publication named Beyoncé the Artist of the Decade?
A9: The Guardian
Q10: What list did Beyoncé make in 2013?
A10: Time 100 list
Q11: Who said Beyoncé is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?
A11: Baz Luhrmann
Q12: What year was Beyoncé featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?
A12: 2014
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.

Q1: Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?
A1: The Poverty of Historicism
Q2: What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?
A2: historicism
Q3: What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?
A3: authoritarianism and totalitarianism
Q4: What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?
A4: the growth of human knowledge
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.

Q1: In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?
A1: 1952
Q2: Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?
A2: Hebbian learning
Q3: What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?
A3: "Hebbian synapse"
Q4: What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?
A4: The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place. Thus, he set the stage for Oliver Williamson's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions. He used the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.

Q1: Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?
A1: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Q2: Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?
A2: central planning
Q3: The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?
A3: Oliver Williamson
Q4: The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?
A4: the Nobel prize
The_Times (History)

In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).

Q1: In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?
A1: The Wombles
Q2: What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?
A2: Very Behind the Times
Q3: In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?
A3: Uncle Bulgaria
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra.

Q1: In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?
A1: Theravada Buddhism
Q2: In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?
A2: the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
Q3: The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?
A3: Vajrayana
Q4: According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?
A4: Amitābha
Q5: What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?
A5: Theravada Buddhism
Q6: Who has the power to destroy bad karma?
A6: Amitābha
Q7: What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?
A7: Mahayana
Q8: Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?
A8: negative
Q9: Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?
A9: Genshin
Q10: According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?
A10: Amitābha
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Theravada Buddhism, the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening. Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body.

Q1: What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?
A1: the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana
Q2: How is Nirvana achieved?
A2: practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)
Q3: What is the bodhisattva path?
A3: a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening
Q4: What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?
A4: Buddhahood or rainbow body
Q5: How is Nirvana attained?
A5: by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path
Q6: In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?
A6: Theravada
Q7: What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?
A7: Tibetan
Q8: The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?
A8: the Middle Way
Q9: Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?
A9: bodhisattva
Q10: Theravada escapes what cycle?
A10: suffering and rebirth
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:

Q1: A person can awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by acknowledging the true nature of what?
A1: reality
Q2: At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?
A2: arahants
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.

Q1: In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?
A1: craving
Q2: What does craving carry with it?
A2: defilements
Q3: Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?
A3: suffering and stress
Q4: What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?
A4: Nibbāna
Dialect (Language and literature)

In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names.

Q1: Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?
A1: Algeria
Q2: What is the liturgical language of Islam?
A2: Literary Arabic
Q3: In what language is the Qur'an written?
A3: Literary Arabic
Q4: What does the term Dariajs refer to?
A4: spoken North African languages
Q5: What is the dominant religion of North Africa?
A5: Islam
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.

Q1: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?
A1: Bursa Technical University
Q2: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?
A2: six
Q3: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?
A3: Ankara and Trabzon
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.

Q1: How is UTF-32 widely used? 
A1: internal representation of text in programs
Q2: What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? 
A2: Seed7
Q3: what version of python can be used with UTF-32? 
A3: 2.2
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

In Ukraine, Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22, 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben (religious service) in front of St. George's Cathedral. In Kiev, 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918. On February 11–12, 1989, the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress. On February 15, 1989, the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was announced. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Association of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literaturna Ukraina on February 16, 1989. The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as Vyacheslav Chornovil.

Q1: What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?
A1: Ukrainian Independence Day
Q2: What is a moleben?
A2: religious service
Q3: Where was the moleben held?
A3: in front of St. George's Cathedral.
Russian_language (Language and literature)

In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication, and a minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook. 20% of school students receive their education primarily in Russian.

Q1: How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?
A1: 14,400,000
Q2: How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?
A2: 29 million
Q3: What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?
A3: 65%
Q4: What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?
A4: 38%
Q5: What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?
A5: minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine
Multiracial_American (History)

In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

Q1: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
A1: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry
Q2: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
A2: 1920
Q3: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
A3: Southern-dominated Congress
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Q1: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
A1: five
Q2: Which letters remain distinct?
A2: /a u i/
Q3: Where did this pattern come from?
A3: Proto-Romance
Q4: In what other languages is this pattern found?
A4: Italian and Portuguese
Q5: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
A5: further reduction
Middle_Ages (History)

In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand. By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age.

Q1: What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?
A1: Cicero
Q2: In what year did Jerome die?
A2: 420
Q3: In what century did Gregory of Tours live?
A3: 6th
Q4: Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?
A4: music
Q5: When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?
A5: 489
History_of_science (History)

In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and history- oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis.

Q1: Where did studying politics originate?
A1: Ancient Greece
Q2: What did Plato study?
A2: political systems
Q3: What method did Plato use to understand political systems?
A3: philosophy
Q4: What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?
A4: historical empirical evidence