LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_India (History)

The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

Q1: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
A1: Maratha suzerainty
Q2: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?
A2: Maratha confederacy
Q3: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
A3: Chatrapati Shivaji
Q4: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
A4: great constructive genius
Q5: Who made the Marathas a strong power?
A5: Peshwa Bajirao I
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.

Q1: Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?
A1: geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans
Royal_assent (History)

The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.

Q1: Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?
A1: Charles I
Q2: What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?
A2: raising taxes
Q3: After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?
A3: English Civil War
Q4: Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?
A4: Anne
Q5: Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?
A5: Charles I
Q6: What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?
A6: restrict his arbitrary exercise of power
Q7: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?
A7: 11 March 1708
Q8: Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?
A8: Anne
Q9: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?
A9: her ministers
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.

Q1: From whom did ministers derive their power?
A1: the monarch
Q2: Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?
A2: the monarch
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.

Q1: Who can limit judicial review of a law?
A1: Congress
Q2: Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?
A2: the Supreme Court
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.

Q1: What used to be the main draw on electricity?
A1: incandescent lighting
Q2: What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?
A2: retailing
Q3: In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?
A3: farming
Q4: Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?
A4: energy
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.

Q1: What is it called to check data passed between units?
A1: component interface testing
Q2: What is it called when data is being passed?
A2: message packets
Q3: What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?
A3: keep a separate log file of data items being passed
Q4: What is a variation of black-box testing?
A4: Component interface testing
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term "piracy" in relation to copyright infringement, stating "Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection." Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale." Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as "piracy."

Q1: What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?
A1: monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter
Q2: How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?
A2: in relation to copyright infringement
Q3: What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?
A3: seized on importation
Q4: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?
A4: 1994
Q5: Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?
A5: peer-to-peer file sharing networks
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16 from 2001 to 2010, and since 2016. From 2011 to 2015, the regular season league expanded to 18 games, with each team having two bye weeks and the option of two preseason games.

Q1: A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?
A1: NBC
Q2: How many games was the regular season in 1996?
A2: 14
Q3: How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?
A3: 16
Q4: How many games long was the 2011 regular season?
A4: 18
Q5: How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?
A5: 16
Dog (Natural sciences)

The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.

Q1: Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?
A1: mental institutions
Q2: Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?
A2: social behaviors
Q3: What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?
A3: antisocial and violent behavior
Q4: When did people start using dogs as therapy?
A4: the late 18th century
Q5: Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?
A5: mental institutions
Q6: Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?
A6: dogs
Q7: People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?
A7: animal-assisted therapy
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.

Q1: Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?
A1: training rules
Q2: The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?
A2: ethical
Q3: Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?
A3: lower
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsibility, it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance.

Q1: How can associationism be defined?
A1: the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines
Q2: What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?
A2: associationism,
Q3: Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?
A3: the Renaissance
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.

Q1: What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?
A1: Christianity
Q2: When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?
A2: 380 AD
Q3: What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?
A3: Roman Catholic
Q4: Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?
A4: Greek Orthodox
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

Q1: What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?
A1: Chinese Buddhism
Q2: According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?
A2: 23.02%
Q3: According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?
A3: 2.62%
Q4: What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?
A4: 3.92%
Q5: What percent of the population may be irreligious?
A5: 74.36%
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

Q1: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?
A1: Thomistic
Q2: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?
A2: University of Paris
Q3: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?
A3: William of Ockham
Q4: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?
A4: Occam's razor
Q5: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?
A5: heretical
Classical_music (Music)

The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.

Q1: A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?
A1: neo
Q2: What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?
A2: 20th-century
Q3: Who wrote Pulcinella?
A3: Stravinsky's
Q4: What era is Pulcinella similar to?
A4: Classical
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.

Q1: What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?
A1: The Well-Tempered Clavier
Q2: Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?
A2: Kenneth Hamilton
Q3: What was described as "the beginning of studies" by Schumann?
A3: The preludes
Q4: What inspired Chopin for his preludes?
A4: J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier
Q5: Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?
A5: generic preludes to others of his pieces
Q6: Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?
A6: Ferruccio Busoni
Royal_Dutch_Shell (Natural sciences)

The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.

Q1: What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?
A1: The presence of companies like Shell
Q2: Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?
A2: old and corroded
Q3: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?
A3: new
Q4: In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?
A4: responsibility for environmental causes
Q5: Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?
A5: boycott Shell
Pain (Language and literature)

The presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, their ability to feel physical pain is at present a question beyond scientific reach, since no mechanism is known by which they could have such a feeling. In particular, there are no known nociceptors in groups such as plants, fungi, and most insects, except for instance in fruit flies.

Q1: What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?
A1: presence
Q2: An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?
A2: pain
Q3: Who do specialists believe can feel pain?
A3: vertebrates
Q4: No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?
A4: plants
Q5: What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?
A5: nociceptors
San_Diego (Geography and places)

The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

Q1: What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology?
A1: University of California
Q2: What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry?
A2: Boston
Q3: How many contract research organizations are in San Diego?
A3: 140
Q4: What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies?
A4: La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley
Q5: What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego?
A5: Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

Q1: Who was present under the cross?
A1: Virgin Mary
Q2: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?
A2: Marian Cross
Q3: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?
A3: Pope John Paul II
Q4: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.
A4: Raphael
Q5: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?
A5: Caravaggio