LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Glass (Art and architecture)

In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.

Q1: How is "glass" defined in physics?
A1: a solid formed by rapid melt quenching
Q2: What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?
A2: glass-forming ability
Q3: What must happen quickly for glass to form?
A3: cooling
Q4: What predicts glass-forming ability?
A4: rigidity theory
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Q1: What does corruption undermine in politics?
A1: democracy
Q2: What does corruption disregard in politics?
A2: formal processes
Q3: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
A3: accountability
Q4: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
A4: judiciary
Q5: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
A5: public administration
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.

Q1: What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?
A1: protandry
Q2: What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?
A2: males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites
Q3: Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?
A3: sexual dimorphism
Computer (Engineering and technology)

In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

Q1: Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?
A1: (gigaflops)
Treaty (Language and literature)

In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.

Q1: What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?
A1: sovereignty
Q2: What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?
A2: how other states will react
Q3: What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?
A3: impose sanctions or go to war
Q4: Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?
A4: In practice
Q5: Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?
A5: at any time
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

Q1: What did culture refer to in practice?
A1: élite ideal
Q2: What was associated with culture during this German practice?
A2: art, classical music, and haute cuisine
Q3: Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?
A3: urban life
Q4: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?
A4: inequalities within European societies.
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term "ref bump". While the referee remains "unconscious", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord).

Q1: What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? 
A1: low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee
Q2: What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?
A2: must see the violation with their own eyes
Q3: In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?
A3: Dusty finishes
Q4: What is it called when a ref is knocked out?
A4: ref bump
Q5: What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? 
A5: free to violate rules
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Q1: Tamudic schools are known as what?
A1: yeshivot
Q2: what are the colleges married men study in called?
A2: Talmudical colleges
Q3: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
A3: interact
Q4: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
A4: doctrines
Montana (Geography and places)

In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.

Q1: In elections, what is Montana considered?
A1: a swing state
Q2: What year was the last Democrat for president supported?
A2: 1992
Q3: How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?
A3: 60 percent
Q4: How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?
A4: 40 percent
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?
A1: a galero.
Q2: In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?
A2: 1969
Q3: What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?
A3: scarlet biretta
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.

Q1: What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?
A1: neighbourhood
Q2: What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?
A2: Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

In principle, the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons, and this is how its value was first calculated in the early twentieth century. In practice, these are no longer the most accurate methods. The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon, but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Five other measurements by three different methods were initially considered, but not included in the final refinement as they were too imprecise to affect the result.

Q1: How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?
A1: the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons
Q2: The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?
A2: 2007
Q3: Where was this measurement made?
A3: the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Q4: What method was was used to obtain the measurement?
A4: watt-balance measurement
Q5: One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?
A5: silicon
Roman_Republic (History)

In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries, of removing property requirements for military service. The distinction between the three heavy infantry classes, which had already become blurred, had collapsed into a single class of heavy legionary infantry. The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock, while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry. The army's higher-level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy.

Q1: Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?
A1: all citizens
Q2: Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?
A2: citizen stock
Q3: Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?
A3: non-citizens
Q4: Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?
A4: Gaius Marius
Q5: What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?
A5: Marian reforms
Gene (Natural sciences)

In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode protein. Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins. This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes.:7.5

Q1: Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?
A1: in the cytoplasm
Q2: If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?
A2: at the 5' end of the RNA
Q3: Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
A3: transcription occurs in the nucleus
Q4: Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?
A4: in the nucleus
Q5: What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?
A5: the primary transcript
Memory (Social sciences and society)

In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.

Q1: Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?
A1: process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Q2: What happens to information during the encoding process?
A2: g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli.
Q3: What is the second memory stage?
A3: Storage
Q4: What is the third process that happens during the memory process?
A4: retrieval of information that has been stored
Q5: Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?
A5: the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, denoted as QCD vacuum. QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles (hence the name), and also no photons. As described above, this state is impossible to achieve experimentally. (Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume, it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons.) Nonetheless, it provides a good model for realizable vacuum, and agrees with a number of experimental observations as described next.

Q1: The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?
A1: vacuum
Q2: A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?
A2: QED
Q3: why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?
A3: impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons
Q4: What is a QCD?
A4: vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,
Energy (Natural sciences)

In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept of quanta. In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation:  (where  is Planck's constant and  the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons.

Q1: In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?
A1: energy
Q2: What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?
A2: The Schrödinger equation
Q3: What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?
A3: The Schrödinger equation
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

Q1: Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?
A1: Berlin
Q2: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?
A2: Jacob Ettlinger
Q3: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?
A3: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael
Q4: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?
A4: 177
Q5: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?
A5: Berlin
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

In recent Mercer’s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world’s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world.

Q1: What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?
A1: 154
Q2: What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?
A2: bad air quality and pollution
Q3: New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?
A3: The World Health Organization
Q4: How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?
A4: 1,600
Q5: How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?
A5: 230
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.

Q1: What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? 
A1: series of inscribed graphs and pictures
Q2: What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?
A2: Chinese characters
Q3: What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?
A3: Yellow
Rajasthan (Geography and places)

In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.

Q1: What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?
A1: 38.55%
Q2: How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?
A2: 20.44%
Q3: What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?
A3: 23%
Q4: What is the national average for literacy in India?
A4: 74.04%
Q5: What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?
A5: 60.41%
The_Blitz (History)

In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings, news bulletins and public information broadcasts. Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside, and Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.

Q1: What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?
A1: The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting
Q2: What are some of the things included in these recordings?
A2: period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings
Q3: What is one of the notable recordings included?
A3: Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside
Q4: What is a second recording that is of note?
A4: Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.