LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.

Q1: What kind of system is a solar chimney?
A1: passive solar ventilation
Q2: What is a solar chimney?
A2: a passive solar ventilation system
Q3: What is a solar chimney made of?
A3: a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
Q4: How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?
A4: by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses
Pitch_(music) (Music)

A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

Q1: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?
A1: sound generated
Q2: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?
A2: numerous
Q3: Harmonics are an important class of what?
A3: overtones
Q4: Integer multiples are collectively called? 
A4: the partials
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.

Q1: Who created El Colegio Nacional?
A1: Miguel Alemán Valdés
Q2: Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?
A2: El Colegio Nacional
Q3: What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?
A3: publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events
Q4: What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?
A4: College of France
American_Idol (Music)

A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.

Q1: Who had their final season in the show in season nine?
A1: Simon Cowell
Q2: Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?
A2: tribute to Simon Cowell
Q3: Who had a special tribute at the finale?
A3: Simon Cowell
Q4: Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?
A4: Paula Abdul
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a "distinct population segment." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.

Q1: How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?
A1: two ways
Q2: What federal program is used to list a species?
A2: candidate assessment program
Q3: How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list
A3: 90-day screening period
Q4: In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"?
A4: a "distinct population segment."
Poultry (Natural sciences)

A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

Q1: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?
A1: A squab
Q2: From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?
A2: rock pigeon (Columba livia)
Q3: Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?
A3: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop
Q4: How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?
A4: a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months
Association_football (History)

A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

Q1: How many periods are in a standard football match?
A1: two
Q2: How long are each period in a standard football match?
A2: 45
Q3: What are the periods in a football match called?
A3: halves
Q4: Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?
A4: referee
Q5: In what year did an incident help introduce added time?
A5: 1891
Dialect (Language and literature)

A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.

Q1: What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?
A1: standard language
Q2: The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?
A2: institutions
Q3: Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?
A3: textbooks
Q4: Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?
A4: English
Q5: Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?
A5: government
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.

Q1: What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?
A1: mercado
Q2: What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?
A2: aguas frescas and atole
Q3: What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets
A3: mercado
Q4: The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?
A4: omnipresent
Treaty (Language and literature)

A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.

Q1: What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?
A1: own conduct
Q2: Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?
A2: the truth
Q3: What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?
A3: A state's consent
Q4: An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?
A4: formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent
Q5: What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?
A5: an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Transfiguration is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century.

Q1: How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?
A1: 1 mm or less
Q2: What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?
A2: wax or resin
Q3: The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?
A3: in the 12th century
Q4: What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?
A4: private devotion
A_cappella (Music)

A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.

Q1: When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?
A1: 1911
Q2: What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?
A2: The St. Olaf College Choir
Q3: How many singers are typically in the choirs?
A3: 40 to 80
Q4: Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?
A4: other regional conductors
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even naïve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG. According to Warren Buckland, these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can, Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.

Q1: Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?
A1: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG
Q2: What camera style does Spielberg often use?
A2: low height camera tracking shots
Q3: What are some Spielberg films that included kids?
A3: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park
Q4: How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?
A4: from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming
Q5: Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?
A5: Frank
Heian_period (History)

A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Q1: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
A1: Fujiwara no Yorinaga
Q2: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
A2: Hōgen Rebellion
Q3: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
A3: Taira and Minamoto
Q4: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
A4: 1159
Q5: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?
A5: Taira
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.

Q1: Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?
A1: Robert Ulrich
Q2: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?
A2: no
Q3: Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?
A3: no
Greece (Geography and places)

A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.

Q1: In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?
A1: 762,191
Q2: In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?
A2: 7%
Q3: From where did most non-citizen residents come? 
A3: Eastern European countries
Q4: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?
A4: 600,000
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

Q1: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?
A1: economics
Q2: In which year did Long publish his study?
A2: 2007
Q3: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?
A3: increasing minority enrollment in high schools
Q4: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?
A4: white students
Q5: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?
A5: 14
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." "Past research found that 50–80 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East," Richards said.

Q1: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?
A1: Middle Eastern peoples
Q2: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?
A2: uncommon in the general European population
Q3: The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?
A3: the Middle East
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.

Q1: What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?
A1: dopamine
Q2: What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?
A2: 2013
Q3: What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?
A3: beer
Q4: How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?
A4: 49
Kanye_West (Music)

A substantial number of artists and other figures have been influenced by, or complimented, West's work, including hip hop artists RZA of Wu-Tang Clan, Chuck D of Public Enemy, and DJ Premier of Gang Starr. Both Drake and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West. Non-rap artists such as English singer-songwriters Adele and Lily Allen, New Zealand artist Lorde, rock band Arctic Monkeys, pop singer Halsey, Sergio Pizzorno of English rock band Kasabian and American indie rock group MGMT have cited West as an influence. Experimental and electronic artists such as James Blake Daniel Lopatin, and Tim Hecker have also cited West's work as an inspiration. Experimental rock pioneer and Velvet Underground founder Lou Reed, in a review of West's album Yeezus, wrote that "the guy really, really, really is talented. He's really trying to raise the bar. No one's near doing what he’s doing, it’s not even on the same planet." Musicians such as Paul McCartney and Prince have also commended West's work. Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine's 100 most influential people list, writing that:

Q1: A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?
A1: influential
Q2: Who complimented West in Time Magazine?
A2: inventor Elon Musk