LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Infection (Natural sciences)

Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body. Some viruses once acquired never leave the body. A typical example is the herpes virus, which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise.

Q1: Why do persistent infections occur?
A1: body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection
Q2: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?
A2: the infectious organism
Q3: How can some viruses main a persistent infection?
A3: by infecting different cells of the body
Q4: What never leave the body when acquired?
A4: Some viruses
Q5: Where does the herpes virus hide?
A5: in nerves
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty. PR also enhances the development of an effective, global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk; deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda; and develop joint, interagency, and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability.

Q1: What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?
A1: Personnel Recovery
Q2: What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission? 
A2: military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel
Q3: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis? 
A3: deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda
Q4: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission? 
A4: crisis response and regional stability
Germans (Language and literature)

Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered "most German", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.

Q1: Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?
A1: most German
Q2: What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?
A2: Aussiedler
Q3: What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?
A3: Restdeutsche
Q4: What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?
A4: Auswanderer
Q5: People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?
A5: most German
Q6: Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?
A6: Aussiedler
Q7: What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?
A7: Restdeutsche
Q8: What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?
A8: Auswanderer
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.

Q1: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?
A1: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Q2: Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?
A2: communication
Q3: Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?
A3: natural selection
Q4: In what century did Darwin write?
A4: 19th
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).

Q1: What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?
A1: violence
Q2: Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?
A2: because it is the rainy season
Q3: When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?
A3: second half of the 20th century
Q4: What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?
A4: sexual assaults on women
Q5: How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?
A5: eight
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.

Q1: What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?
A1: Over 98%
Q2: What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?
A2: non-target species, air, water and soil
Q3: What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?
A3: Pesticide drift
Q4: Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?
A4: water pollution
Q5: What is the effect of pesticide drift?
A5: potentially contaminating
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: it was the persistence of DDT, for example, which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain. Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or are derived from a common source or production method.

Q1: What is one type of pesticide?
A1: biodegradable
Q2: How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?
A2: months or years
Q3: What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?
A3: persistence
Q4: What is one way to classify pesticides?
A4: type of pest they control
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.

Q1: What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?
A1: pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes
Q2: What is the purpose of a pesticide?
A2: Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest
Q3: What are pesticides most commonly used for?
A3: The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products
Q4: What can pesticides protect plants from?
A4: protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects
Q5: What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?
A5: sanitizer
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.

Q1: Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?
A1: West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria
Q2: What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?
A2: Herbicides
Q3: Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?
A3: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Q4: Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?
A4: Pest Management Regulatory Agency
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].

Q1: What is one way you could group pesticides?
A1: application method
Q2: What is the main way that peticides perform their function?
A2: by poisoning pests
Q3: In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?
A3: movement is usually upward
Q4: Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?
A4: pollen and nectar in the flowers
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15

Q1: What is one way to group pesticides?
A1: chemical structure
Q2: Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.
A2: herbicides, insecticides, fungicides
Q3: What are the two types of biopesticides?
A3: microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides
Q4: Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?
A4: Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations.  Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,

Q1: Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?
A1: cause acute and delayed health effects
Q2: What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?
A2: cancer
Q3: What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?
A3: organophosphate insecticide exposures
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

Q1: What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?
A1: pesticide applicator regulation
Q2: What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?
A2: choosing less toxic pesticides
Q3: What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?
A3: Australia
Q4: Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?
A4: reduce health and environmental risks
Q5: Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?
A5: applicators
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.

Q1: Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?
A1: Pfizer
Q2: Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?
A2: National Sanitation Foundation International
Q3: How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?
A3: 2,000
Antibiotics (History)

Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Q1: What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?
A1: Phage therapy
Q2: How have researchers been doing this?
A2: infecting pathogenic bacteria
Q3: What is a worry of using phages?
A3: phages will infect "good" bacteria
Association_football (History)

Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.

Q1: What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?
A1: National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Q2: What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?
A2: harpastum
Q3: What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?
A3: kemari
Q4: What country is the game chuck-guk from?
A4: Korea
Q5: What country is the game wogabaliri from?
A5: Australia
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

Q1: How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
A1: three
Q2: What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
A2: sodium thiopental
Q3: When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
A3: 2011
Q4: In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
A4: Italy
Q5: What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
A5: Torture Regulation
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company. It affects individuals and public and private insurers. There are several different schemes used to defraud the health care system which are particular to the pharmaceutical industry. These include: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs. Of this amount $2.5 billion was recovered through False Claims Act cases in FY 2010. Examples of fraud cases include the GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion settlement, Pfizer $2.3 billion settlement and Merck & Co. $650 million settlement. Damages from fraud can be recovered by use of the False Claims Act, most commonly under the qui tam provisions which rewards an individual for being a "whistleblower", or relator (law).

Q1: How much money was recovered through the False Claims?
A1: $2.5 billion
Q2: What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system?
A2: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs.
Q3: What is pharmaceutical fraud?
A3: deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company
Q4: Who had the biggest fraud case settlement?
A4: GlaxoSmithKline
Q5: What provision rewards "whistle-blowers"?
A5: qui tam
Q6: What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company?
A6: Pharmaceutical fraud
Q7: Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud?
A7: individuals and public and private insurers
Q8: How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010?
A8: $2.5 billion
Q9: Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud?
A9: False Claims Act