LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Predation (Natural sciences)

A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.

Q1: When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?
A1: coextinction
Q2: Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?
A2: longer period of time
Q3: The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?
A3: boom and bust cycle of economics
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.

Q1: What is the primamry reason for testing software?
A1: to detect software failures
Q2: What can testing software not fully completely establish?
A2: cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions
Q3: What does the scope of testing the software also look at?
A3: examination of code as well as execution of that code
Q4: Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?
A4: testing organization may be separate from the development team
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

Q1: What branch of government does the prime minister lead?
A1: executive
Q2: What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?
A2: cabinet
Q3: In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?
A3: civil service
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

Q1: What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?
A1: Burgundian Ducal Court
Q2: Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?
A2: Flanders and Brabant
Q3: Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?
A3: 16th
Q4: What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?
A4: 1585
Q5: What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?
A5: Statenvertaling
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

A professional wrestling match can end in a draw. A draw occurs if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified (as via countout or if the referee loses complete control of the match and both opponents attack each other with no regard to being in a match, like Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker at Unforgiven in 2002), neither opponent is able to answer a ten-count, or both opponents simultaneously win the match. The latter can occur if, for example, one opponent's shoulders touch the mat while maintaining a submission hold against another opponent. If the opponent in the hold begins to tap out at the same time a referee counts to three for pinning the opponent delivering the hold, both opponents have legally achieved scoring conditions simultaneously. Traditionally, a championship may not change hands in the event of a draw (though it may become vacant), though some promotions such as TNA have endorsed rules where the champion may lose a title by disqualification. A variant of the draw is the time-limit draw, where the match does not have a winner by a specified time period (a one-hour draw, which was once common, is known in wrestling circles as a "Broadway").

Q1: What is one way a match can end?
A1: in a draw
Q2: What is one reason a draw can result?
A2: if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified
Q3: What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?
A3: may not change hands in the event of a draw
Q4: What is another name for a one hour draw?
A4: "Broadway"
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

Q1: What will be created in the medieval triforium?
A1: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries
Q2: What has been designed to help with the gallery?
A2: Gothic access tower with lift
Q3: When will the new galleries open?
A3: 2018
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity" (Weinreich, 1986a).

Q1: Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?
A1: A psychological identity
Q2: What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?
A2: ethnic identity
Q3: What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?
A3: identity
Q4: A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?
A4: one's self-construal
Pub (History)

A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.

Q1: What is the term 'pub' short for?
A1: public house
Q2: Where in the United States are pubs located?
A2: New England
Q3: What continental European country has pubs?
A3: Denmark
Q4: Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?
A4: Canada
Q5: Who said that pubs are the heart of England?
A5: Samuel Pepys
Cotton (Natural sciences)

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

Q1: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?
A1: tetraploid cotton
Q2: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? 
A2: Tetraploid
Q3: When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?
A3: 2007
Q4: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?
A4: diploid
Q5: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?
A5: diploid counterparts
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.

Q1: What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?
A1: teen timetable
Q2: Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?
A2: White
Q3: What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?
A3: differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.

Q1: What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?
A1: maintenance
Q2: How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?
A2: can switch to different supply voltages
Q3: What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?
A3: significant capital expenditure
Q4: What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?
A4: freight and passenger traffic
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

Q1: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
A1: 13th-century Westminster Retable
Q2: What is the Westminster Retable?
A2: England's oldest altarpiece
Q3: What was the altarpiece designed for?
A3: high altar of the abbey
Q4: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
A4: altarpiece
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ..."

Q1: William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?
A1: intuitive
Q2: A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?
A2: freedom
Q3: Where were Poles scattered to?
A3: Europe and the New World
Red (Natural sciences)

A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

Q1: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?
A1: Neolithic Period
Q2: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?
A2: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees
Q3: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?
A3: Spain
Q4: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?
A4: Neolithic cave-burial
Q5: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?
A5: 8th century BC
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship.

Q1: In what case can a referee choose to end the match?
A1: when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match
Q2: What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?
A2: an injury
Q3: Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? 
A3: due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision
Q4: Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?
A4: Great American Bash
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.

Q1: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?
A1: C
Q2: Who developed the reference simulation software?
A2: the ISO MPEG Audio committee
Q3: When was the reference software approved?
A3: March 1994
Q4: When did the reference software become an international standard?
A4: 1998
Q5: What could the reference software demonstrate?
A5: real time hardware decoding
Somalis (Geography and places)

A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).

Q1: What was Djibouti called in 1958?
A1: French Somaliland
Q2: In what year did Somalia become independent?
A2: 1960
Q3: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?
A3: Vice President of the Government Council
Q4: When did Djibouti achieve independence?
A4: 1977
Q5: Who was the first president of Djibouti?
A5: Hassan Gouled Aptidon
Plymouth (History)

A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.

Q1: Who operates the ferry to Spain?
A1: Brittany Ferries
Q2: Where does the ferry to France terminate?
A2: Roscoff
Q3: Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?
A3: MV Armorique
Q4: A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?
A4: Stonehouse
Q5: When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?
A5: 1204
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another.

Q1: What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?
A1: abmigration
Q2: What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?
A2: waterfowl
Q3: Who do abmigrating birds return with?
A3: the new population
Portugal (Geography and places)

A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.

Q1: Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
A1: unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
Q2: By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
A2: Diário de Notícias