LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2×16 bit), or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2×16 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with use of the term compression ratio for lossy encoders.

Q1: What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?
A1: bit rate
Q2: Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?
A2: input
Q3: What does CD stand for?
A3: Compact Disc
Q4: What can CD parameters be used as references for?
A4: compression ratios
Q5: Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?
A5: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.

Q1: What helps reduce resource usage?
A1: Compression
Q2: What must be decompressed? 
A2: compressed data
Q3: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? 
A3: Data compression
Q4: What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?
A4: data compression
Brain (Natural sciences)

Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks. On the other hand, it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating, or mathematically analyzing, the operations of simplified "units" that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity. The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists.

Q1: Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?
A1: the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.
History_of_science (History)

Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.

Q1: What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?
A1: Computer science
Q2: How has computer science helped science as a whole?
A2: by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data
Q3: What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?
A3: emphasising mathematical 'theory'
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

Q1: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?
A1: secure procedures
Q2: What is computer security also known as?
A2: cybersecurity or IT security
Q3: What is the protection of information systems?
A3: Computer security
Q4: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?
A4: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked
Q5: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?
A5: Computer security
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.

Q1: What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?
A1: CR-LF
Q2: What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?
A2: LF
Q3: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?
A3: so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported
Q4: How were the connections supported? 
A4: by transmitting a standard text format over the network
Q5: Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?
A5: The File Transfer Protocol
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.

Q1: What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?
A1: The Internet
Q2: What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?
A2: the Stuxnet worm
Q3: When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?
A3: 2014
Q4: What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?
A4: the Department of Homeland Security
Q5: How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?
A5: via removable media
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.

Q1: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
A1: SAGE system
Q2: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
A2: the 1950s
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.

Q1: In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?
A1: a working fluid
Q2: What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?
A2: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
Q3: What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?
A3: a heat source for a conventional power plant
Q4: What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?
A4: the Stirling dish
Q5: What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?
A5: a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the "image of God" demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God (as partakers in Christ's redeeming sacrifice), and that, on some level, man is always an image of God. As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience, the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear.

Q1: What is man always seen as?
A1: an image of God
Q2: What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?
A2: moral implications of image-bearing
Q3: What amends humanity to God's life?
A3: The process of Christ's life
Q4: The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?
A4: move toward God
Szlachta (History)

Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. The election privilege was usually limited to elites.

Q1: What contributed to the long standing traditions?
A1: geography
Q2: What was governing the polish tribes?
A2: wiec
Q3: What was the wiec?
A3: an assembly of free tribesmen
Q4: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?
A4: an elected prince
Q5: What was the governing position limited to?
A5: elites
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

Q1: What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?
A1: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution
Q2: What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?
A2: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"
Q3: What does the study say in regards to boycotts?
A3: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Q1: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?
A1: three
Q2: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?
A2: ten years
Q3: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?
A3: 16
Q4: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?
A4: 17
Q5: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
A5: 2012
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.

Q1: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?
A1: New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
Q2: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?
A2: solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
Q3: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?
A3: smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
Q4: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
A4: modernist and globally uniform architecture
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. In April 1865, after losing the Battle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolina's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defense downriver.

Q1: What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?
A1: Army of Northern Virginia
Q2: How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?
A2: virtually all
Q3: What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina?
A3: Bentonville
Q4: What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville?
A4: General Joseph Johnston
Q5: What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville?
A5: General William Tecumseh Sherman
Tennessee (Geography and places)

Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, led by General James Longstreet, did attack General Burnside's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863, but were driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.

Q1: Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?
A1: Sullivan County
Q2: Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?
A2: James Longstreet
Q3: Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?
A3: Grant
Q4: Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?
A4: Braxton Bragg
Q5: Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?
A5: Battle of Bean's Station
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's." Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.

Q1: How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?
A1: minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress
Q2: What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?
A2: point man" for Republican presidents
Q3: Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?
A3: will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party
Germans (Language and literature)

Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.

Q1: What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?
A1: Julius Caesar
Q2: In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? 
A2: 12 BC
Q3: The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? 
A3: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Q4: Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? 
A4: Christianity
Q5: Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? 
A5: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried
Q6: Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?
A6: Augustus
Q7: What religion did Germans adopt?
A7: Christianity
Q8: What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?
A8: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May–August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as "Athanasius Contra Mundum" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World).

Q1: Athanasius began his leading role at what age?
A1: 27
Q2: In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?
A2: 325
Q3: Athanasius was also known as what?
A3: Athanasius Contra Mundum
Q4: How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?
A4: Three years
Q5: Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?
A5: Constantine
Q6: What conflict shaped his career?
A6: Conflict with Arius and Arianism
Q7: Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?
A7: Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father
Q8: Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?
A8: Athanasius Against the World
Q9: Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?
A9: the Arian position
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.

Q1: Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?
A1: 4°N and 5°S
Q2: Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?
A2: 11° and 19°E
Q3: What ocean connects to the Congo?
A3: Atlantic Ocean
Q4: Which country lies southwest of the Congo?
A4: Cabinda
Q5: What is another name for Cabinda?
A5: Angola