LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km2) of land mass. Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls. The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands.

Q1: What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?
A1: the Federated States of Micronesia
Q2: What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?
A2: Wake Island
Q3: How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?
A3: 1,900,000
Q4: How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?
A4: 180
Q5: How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?
A5: 29
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European continent. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less. All native flora and fauna in Ireland is made up of species that migrated from elsewhere in Europe, and Great Britain in particular. The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 years ago) and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea (about 8,000 years ago).

Q1: Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?
A1: European continent
Q2: In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?
A2: Europe, and Great Britain
Q3: When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?
A3: about 8,000 years ago
Q4: When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?
A4: about 12,000 years ago
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed] As this ended, the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed, though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea.

Q1: What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?
A1: Devensian
Q2: What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?
A2: the English Channel flooded
Q3: When did sea levels reach their current highth?
A3: 4,000 to 5,000 years ago
Q4: What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?
A4: a single ice sheet
Tristan_da_Cunha (Geography and places)

The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.

Q1: in what year were the islands first sighted?
A1: 1506
Q2: what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?
A2: Tristão da Cunha
Q3: who was the main island named after?
A3: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha
Q4: what year was it said the first island landing was made?
A4: 1520
Tristan_da_Cunha (Geography and places)

The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.

Q1: what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?
A1: the opening of the Suez Canal
Infection (Natural sciences)

The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function.

Q1: What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?
A1: enzymes
Q2: What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?
A2: RNA replicases
Q3: What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?
A3: red blood cells
Q4: Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?
A4: humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.

Q1: Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?
A1: the Toledot Yeshu
Q2: According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?
A2: warding off conversions to Christianity
Q3: What is the meaning of the term "parthenos?"
A3: virgin
Q4: During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?
A4: medieval
Q5: What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?
A5: the birth of Jesus
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to"). For verbs that had -ěti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -ěl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neoštokavian.

Q1: To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?
A1: -io
Q2: What is the western equivalent of the prefix "pre"?
A2: prije
Q3: Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled "pre"?
A3: due to potential ambiguity with pri
Q4: What is the meaning of "pri"?
A4: approach, come close to
Space_Race (History)

The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.

Q1: Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?
A1: July 15, 1975
Genocide (History)

The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute]."

Q1: Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  
A1: when the targeted part is substantial enough
Q2: What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? 
A2: The numeric size
Q3: The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
A3: absolute terms
Q4: In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?
A4: prominence within the group
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to "drive" the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is −2.1 mV/°C. In some circuits special compensating elements (sensistors) must be used to compensate for such changes.

Q1: What is the junction forward voltage?
A1: the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT
Q2: What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?
A2: to make the base conduct a specified current
Q3: What is the ideal junction forward voltage?
A3: lower
Q4: Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?
A4: less power is required to "drive" the transistor
Q5: When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?
A5: decreases
John_Kerry (Warfare)

The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry ran, and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon, a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he "won broad establishment support and led in early polling." Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary.

Q1: What was Paul Tsongas's job in 1984?
A1: junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
Q2: When did Kerry run for Senate?
A2: 1984
Q3: When did Kerry run for Lt Governor?
A3: 1982
Q4: What was James Shannon's job?
A4: Congressman
Q5: What was Tip O'Neill's job?
A5: House Speaker
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).

Q1: Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area?
A1: Hyderabad Police
Q2: What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?
A2: urban planning
Q3: What does the acronym HMDA stand for?
A3: Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
Q4: What does the acronym HMWSSB represent?
A4: Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board
Q5: Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned, what?
A5: GHMC area
Pitch_(music) (Music)

The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

Q1: The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?
A1: the tone's frequency content
Q2: The jnd is typically tested by?
A2: playing two tones in quick succession
Q3: What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?
A3: 1,400
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails.

Q1: What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?
A1: running rail carries any current
Q2: What danger can return currents cause?
A2: electrolytic damage
Q3: How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?
A3: water and gas mains
Q4: How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels? 
A4: by using resistors
Q5: What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?
A5: ceramic chairs
Classical_music (Music)

The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.

Q1: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?
A1: live improvisation
Q2: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?
A2: rhythm
Q3: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?
A3: written notation
Q4: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?
A4: J.S. Bach's
Swaziland (Geography and places)

The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament) with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to appoint some members to parliament for special interests. These special interests are citizens who might have been left out by the electorate during the course of elections or did not enter as candidates. This is done to balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of gender, race, disability, the business community, civic society, scholars, chiefs and so on.

Q1: Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?
A1: The king
Q2: What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?
A2: the Libandla
Q3: What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?
A3: a minority
Q4: Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?
A4: to balance views in parliament
John,_King_of_England (History)

The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat".

Q1: What did the king lose on his way to the west?
A1: significant part of his baggage
Q2: When did John face a stalemate?
A2: October 1216
Q3: When were the Crown Jewels lost?
A3: as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries
Hellenistic_period (History)

The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.

Q1: Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?
A1: Mithridates VI
Q2: Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?
A2: Mithridates VI
Q3: What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
A3: anastole
Q4: Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?
A4: Herakles
Q5: Pontus was defeated in what wars?
A5: Mithridatic
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Q1: Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?
A1: Zoskales
Q2: How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?
A2: by minting their own Aksumite currency
Q3: Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?
A3: on the Arabian peninsula
Q4: Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?
A4: Himyarite Kingdom
Q5: Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?
A5: throughout the ancient world
Portugal (Geography and places)

The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

Q1: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?
A1: The Celts and the Romans
Q2: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?
A2: Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
Q3: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?
A3: 1139
Q4: What age did Portugal pioneer?
A4: Age of Discovery
Q5: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
A5: 15th and 16th centuries
Crimean_War (History)

The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

Q1: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?
A1: 6000 men
Q2: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?
A2: Alma river
Q3: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?
A3: three hours
Q4: How many allies were lost during the battle?
A4: 3,300
Q5: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? 
A5: south