LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).

Q1: When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?
A1: 1563
Q2: To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?
A2: 325
Q3: What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?
A3: motions of the sun and moon
Q4: What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?
A4: tabular method
Q5: Whose modified proposal was adopted?
A5: Aloysius Lilius
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey.[page needed] Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers, totaling 1–1.5 million deported or killed.

Q1: During what years did the Crimean War take place?
A1: 1853–1856
Q2: On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?
A2: 4 August 1854
Q3: Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?
A3: Crimean Tatars
Q4: Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?
A4: Circassians
Q5: Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?
A5: Turkey
Crimean_War (History)

The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.

Q1: The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?
A1: The Crimean War
Q2: Who gave the first live war report?
A2: William Howard Russell
Q3: Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?
A3: prompting the resignation of the sitting British government
Q4: What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?
A4: the telegraph
Q5: What was the first European war to be photographed?
A5: The Crimean War
Crimean_War (History)

The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness." The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.

Q1: France rose to power after what war?
A1: The Crimean War
Q2: What empire declined after the Crimean War?
A2: the Ottoman Empire
Q3: The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?
A3: Concert of Europe
Crimean_War (History)

The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose", yet led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery."

Q1: What year did the Crimean War begin?
A1: 1853
Q2: What year did the Crimean War end?
A2: 1856
Q3: Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?
A3: Ottoman Empire
Q4: Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?
A4: The French
Q5: Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?
A5: Russia
Crimean_War (History)

The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.

Q1: What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?
A1: explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs
Q2: Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?
A2: Florence Nightingale
Q3: The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?
A3: written reports and photographs
Crimean_War (History)

The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

Q1: In what year did the Crimean campaign open?
A1: 1854
Q2: 360 ships landed in what bay?
A2: bay of Eupatoria
Q3: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? 
A3: 500 Marines
Q4: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?
A4: Calamita Bay
Q5: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?
A5: Katcha
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.

Q1: Where is the CJIS located?
A1: Clarksburg, West Virginia
Q2: When was the CJIS created?
A2: 1991
Q3: What purpose does the CJIS serve?
A3: main repository for information
Q4: Where is the data for the NCIC located?
A4: Under the roof of the CJIS
Q5: Do states have access to CJIS?
A5: Many state and local agencies use these data
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž". These digraphs are represented as "ļ, ń and ǵ" respectively in the "Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.

Q1: Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?
A1: Latin and Cyrillic
Q2: Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?
A2: Latin
Q3: How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?
A3: five
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the "Ascension of Christ" in the Latin Chapel (now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics). More substantial fragments were preserved from the 12th-century mosaic decoration of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The mosaics in the nave are arranged in five horizontal bands with the figures of the ancestors of Christ, Councils of the Church and angels. In the apses the Annunciation, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi and Dormition of the Blessed Virgin can be seen. The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church.

Q1: What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles?
A1: Byzantine
Q2: Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located?
A2: Jerusalem
Q3: What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period?
A3: "Ascension of Christ"
Q4: Where is the mosaic "Ascension of Christ" located?
A4: in the Latin Chapel
Q5: The Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
A5: 1169
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople, making the Dnieper trade route marginal. At the same time the Teutonic Knights (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod. Concurrently with it the Ruthenian Federation of Kievan Rus' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as the Rurik dynasty grew. The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople was on the brink of extinction. Some of the main regional centres that developed later were Novgorod, Chernigov, Galich, Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, Vladimir of Volyn and Polotsk.

Q1: What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus?
A1: The Crusades
Q2: In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople?
A2: 1204
Q3: What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?
A3: Teutonic Knights
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The Cubism of Picasso, Braque and Gris had more than a technical or formal significance, and the distinct attitudes and intentions of the Salon Cubists produced different kinds of Cubism, rather than a derivative of their work. "It is by no means clear, in any case," wrote Christopher Green, "to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting, 'passage' and multiple perspective; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of 'true' Cubism in its early stages, guided above all by their own understanding of Cézanne." The works exhibited by these Cubists at the 1911 and 1912 Salons extended beyond the conventional Cézanne-like subjects—the posed model, still-life and landscape—favored by Picasso and Braque to include large-scale modern-life subjects. Aimed at a large public, these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations.

Q1: What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?
A1: It is by no means clear, in any case
Q2: Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at? 
A2: large public
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

Q1: Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation? 
A1: Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué
Q2: Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?
A2: Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.
Q3: Towards which social topic did the Cubists  at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards? 
A3: the use of government owned buildings,
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The Cubs began play as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League (NL) as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, and Adrian "Cap" Anson, to join the team prior to the N.L.'s first season. The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds,against the bloods and quickly established themselves as one of the new league's top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at .429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the game's top prize.

Q1: Who did the Cubs began play as?
A1: the Chicago White Stockings
Q2: When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?
A2: William Hulbert
Q3: Where did the White Stockings play their home games?
A3: West Side Grounds
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The Cubs enjoyed one more pennant at the close of World War II, finishing 98–56. Due to the wartime travel restrictions, the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit, where the Cubs won two games, including a one-hitter by Claude Passeau, and the final four were played at Wrigley. In Game 4 of the Series, the Curse of the Billy Goat was allegedly laid upon the Cubs when P.K. Wrigley ejected Billy Sianis, who had come to Game 4 with two box seat tickets, one for him and one for his goat. They paraded around for a few innings, but Wrigley demanded the goat leave the park due to its unpleasant odor. Upon his ejection, Mr. Sianis uttered, "The Cubs, they ain't gonna win no more." The Cubs lost Game 4, lost the Series, and have not been back since. It has also been said by many that Sianis put a "curse" on the Cubs, apparently preventing the team from playing in the World Series. After losing the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers, the Cubs finished with winning seasons the next two years, but those teams did not enter post-season play.

Q1: Why were the first three games of the 1945 World Series played in Detroit?
A1: wartime travel restrictions
Q2: Where were the final four games of the 1945 World Series played?
A2: Wrigley
Q3: In what game was the Curse of the Billy Goat allegedly laid upon the Cubs?
A3: Game 4 of the Series
Q4: What was ejected from Wrigley park because of it's bad odor?
A4: goat
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The Cubs had high expectations in 2002, but the squad played poorly. On July 5, 2002 the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position. The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in '03. Most notably, they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ramírez, and rode dominant pitching, led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior, as the Cubs led the division down the stretch.

Q1: When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry?
A1: July 5, 2002
Q2: What was Jim Hendry promoted to?
A2: the General Manager position
Q3: Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry's promotion?
A3: Dusty Baker
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark, though a man in a 'polar bear' looking outfit, called "The Bear-man" (or Beeman), which was mildly popular with the fans, paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s. There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club. Through the 2013 season, there were "Cubbie-bear" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day, but none are employed by the team. They pose for pictures with fans for tips. The most notable of these was "Billy Cub" who worked outside of the stadium until for over 6 years until July 2013, when the club asked him to stop. Billy Cub, who is played by fan John Paul Weier, had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot.

Q1: What did "The Bear-man" wear as an outfit?
A1: 'polar bear' looking outfit
Q2: During what season were "cubbie-bear" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day?
A2: 2013 season
Q3: Who played Billy Cub?
A3: John Paul Weier
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The Cubs successfully defended their National League Central title in 2008, going to the postseason in consecutive years for the first time since 1906–08. The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts, as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome. The team recorded their 10,000th win in April, while establishing an early division lead. Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July. The Cubs headed into the All-Star break with the N.L.'s best record, and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All-Star game, including catcher Geovany Soto, who was named Rookie of the Year. The Cubs took control of the division by sweeping a four-game series in Milwaukee. On September 14, in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike, Zambrano pitched a no-hitter against the Astros, and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley. The club ended the season with a 97–64 record and met Los Angeles in the NLDS. The heavily favored Cubs took an early lead in Game 1, but James Loney's grand slam off Ryan Dempster changed the series' momentum. Chicago committed numerous critical errors and were outscored 20–6 in a Dodger sweep, which provided yet another sudden ending.

Q1: What  Chunichi Dragons  start was signed to the Cubs in 2008?
A1: Kosuke Fukudome
Q2: Who was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July?
A2: Rich Harden
Q3: Who was named Rookie of the Year in 2008?
A3: Geovany Soto
Q4: Who pitched a no-hitter against the Astros on Spetember 14th?
A4: Zambrano
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The Cubs' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in |Mesa, Arizona, where they play in the Cactus League. The park seats 15,000, making it Major League baseball's largest spring training facility by capacity. The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road. Before Sloan Park opened in 2014, the team played games at HoHoKam Park - Dwight Patterson Field from 1979. "HoHoKam" is literally translated from Native American as "those who vanished." The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952.

Q1: Where is the Cubs' current spring  training facility located?
A1: Sloan Park
Q2: How many seats are in the Cubs' Sloan Park training facility?
A2: 15,000
Q3: When did Sloan Park open?
A3: 2014
Czech_language (Language and literature)

The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (moravština). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).

Q1: What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?
A1: Moravian
Q2: Where could citizens register "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?
A2: the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Q3: Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?
A3: Moravian
Q4: How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?
A4: 62,908
Q5: How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?
A5: 45,561
Czech_language (Language and literature)

The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).

Q1: What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?
A1: widespread national pride
Q2: What inspired the Czech's national pride?
A2: Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier
Q3: What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?
A3: accomplishments
Q4: What did Czech philologists advocate?
A4: the return of the language to high culture
Q5: What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?
A5: Czech National Revival