LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic (History)

Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding aristocracy, who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome, and the plebeians, the far more numerous citizen-commoners. Over time, the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome's highest offices were repealed or weakened, and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy. The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military and political success inextricably linked. Many of Rome's legal and legislative structures (later codified into the Justinian Code, and again into the Napoleonic Code) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations.

Q1: Who elected consuls in the Roman government?
A1: citizens
Q2: Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?
A2: leading plebeian families
Q3: What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?
A3: the Justinian Code
Q4: What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?
A4: appointed magistrates
Q5: What went hand and hand with military success?
A5: political success
Literature (Language and literature)

Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

Q1: Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?
A1: Roman
Q2: What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?
A2: the romance
Q3: What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?
A3: an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative
Q4: What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?
A4: the invention of printing
Q5: What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?
A5: the German Faust books
Roman_Republic (History)

Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome.[citation needed] Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, Juvenal and Persius. The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered[by whom?] to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity.[citation needed]

Q1: Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?
A1: Greek authors
Q2: Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?
A2: Virgil
Q3: What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?
A3: poetry
Q4: Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?
A4: Aeneid
Q5: What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?
A5: Lucretius
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestals, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

Q1: What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?
A1: faith or dogma
Q2: What was brought forth by religion in Rome?
A2: social order
Q3: What religious feature did each Roman home have?
A3: household shrine
Q4: What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?
A4: religious observances
Q5: What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?
A5: Vestals
Roman_Republic (History)

Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

Q1: When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? 
A1: around 500 BC
Q2: Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?
A2: Greek
Q3: Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?
A3: Proto-Indo-European pantheon
Q4: What religious element could be found in all Roman households?
A4: an altar
Q5: What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?
A5: each household
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

Q1: What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?
A1: limited
Q2: What religious act did women not perform?
A2: animal sacrifice
Q3: What priesthood was reserved solely for women?
A3: Vestals
Q4: What Roman rites excluded men?
A4: Bona Dea
Q5: With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? 
A5: motherhood
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the façade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without clerestory windows.

Q1: In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?
A1: modular nature
Q2: What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?
A2: the French formula
Q3: What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?
A3: follows the French form
Q4: What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?
A4: their breadth and openness
Q5: What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?
A5: Hallenkirchen
Middle_Ages (History)

Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.

Q1: Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?
A1: Nicholas of Verdun
Q2: What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?
A2: 1205
Q3: On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?
A3: west
Q4: Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?
A4: on the barrel-vaulted roof
Q5: What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?
A5: Gloucester Candlestick
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.

Q1: Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?
A1: increase
Q2: How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?
A2: 53%
Q3: At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?
A3: 17.0
Q4: At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?
A4: 17.3
Q5: Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?
A5: increases
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander, a Greek exile from Arcadia, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the Ara Maxima, "Greatest Altar," to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium, and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era.

Q1: What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?
A1: Aeneas
Q2: Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?
A2: Roman religion
Q3: Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?
A3: Vestals
Q4: What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?
A4: Lupercalia
Q5: To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?
A5: Hercules
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. In household cult, the paterfamilias functioned as priest, and members of his familia as acolytes and assistants. Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise. The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines (the singular is flamen), attributed to king Numa: the major flamines, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. Twelve lesser flamines were each dedicated to a single deity, whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some. Flamines were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity; Jupiter's flamen in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career.

Q1: What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome?
A1: separate priestly caste
Q2: What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? 
A2: highest
Q3: What type of religious participants were available for consultation?
A3: Specialists
Q4: Which member of a family functioned as priest?
A4: paterfamilias
Q5: What were the earliest priesthoods? 
A5: flamines
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between. Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them, but none were intrinsically, irredeemably foreign or alien. The political, cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad, inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults. At different times and in different places, the sphere of influence, character and functions of a divine being could expand, overlap with those of others, and be redefined as Roman. Change was embedded within existing traditions.

Q1: What type of myth did Rome not have?
A1: creation
Q2: To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth?
A2: immortal gods
Q3: What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? 
A3: Rome honoured them
Q4: What did Rome make the myriad various cults?
A4: lawful
Q5: What was basic facet of Roman religious experience?
A5: Change
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill.

Q1: Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?
A1: Diana
Q2: To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?
A2: Jupiter Latiaris
Q3: What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?
A3: Hercules
Q4: For what group was Castor a patron?
A4: cavalry
Q5: From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?
A5: Sicily
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans".

Q1: What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?
A1: aristocracy
Q2: Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?
A2: slave or free non-citizens
Q3: What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?
A3: plebeians
Q4: How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?
A4: Less than a quarter
Q5: What organization was Rome's official caretaker?
A5: the senate
Roman_Republic (History)

Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War, of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry. Rome's Italian allies would be organized in alae, or wings, roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions, though with 900 cavalry instead of 300.

Q1: Where did Rome receive half of their army from?
A1: the Socii
Q2: How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?
A2: 900 cavalry
Q3: How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?
A3: 770,000 men
Q4: What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?
A4: alae
Q5: What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?
A5: military confederation with the other peoples
Roman_Republic (History)

Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.

Q1: What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?
A1: Macedonia
Q2: Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?
A2: westward
Q3: What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?
A3: Greek peninsula
Q4: Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?
A4: Hannibal
Q5: At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?
A5: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet
History_of_India (History)

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

Q1: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?
A1: Romila Thapar
Q2: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?
A2: social-economic
Q3: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?
A3: strong continuity
Q4: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?
A4: Muslim conquests
Q5: What part of India was never completely conquered?
A5: south
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified.

Q1: What type of organization did Romulus establish?
A1: religious
Q2: What religious festival did Romulus found?
A2: Consualia
Q3: According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?
A3: Jupiter
Q4: What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?
A4: spoils taken in war
Q5: Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?
A5: deified