LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.

Q1: What law enables parents full control over their child's education?
A1: Education Reform Act
Q2: In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?
A2: 1988
Q3: What concept does the government currently support for education?
A3: specialisation
Q4: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?
A4: league tables of school performance
Pub (History)

Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.

Q1: During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?
A1: the 1990s
Q2: Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?
A2: lunches
Q3: What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?
A3: gastropubs
Q4: Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?
A4: dining room
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)

Q1: What school did Massey University combine with?
A1: Wellington Polytechnic
Q2: In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?
A2: 1990s
Q3: What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?
A3: Central Institute of Technology
Q4: What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?
A4: North Island
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

Q1: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
A1: United States Army
Q2: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?
A2: Lyndon Johnson
Q3: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?
A3: Jimmy Carter
Q4: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?
A4: President's Private Secretary
Paris (Geography and places)

Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.

Q1: What is the aggregate population of Paris?
A1: 10,550,350
Q2: From what census is this information from?
A2: 2012 census
Q3: What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?
A3: 12,341,418
Q4: How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?
A4: 12,012 km²
Q5: As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?
A5: 12 million
Germans (Language and literature)

Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.

Q1: What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?
A1: 2006
Q2: What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?
A2: 2010
Q3: what percentage have a negative view of Germany?
A3: 14%
Q4: What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?
A4: 59
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy, and reconciliation, although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.

Q1: In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go?
A1: reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy
Q2: What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach?
A2: a mixed economy
Q3: Where was  Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?
A3: house arrest
Q4: What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?
A4: granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners
Q5: Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma?
A5: new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes
Royal_assent (History)

Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

Q1: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?
A1: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931
Q2: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?
A2: John C. Bowen
Q3: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?
A3: force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected
Q4: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?
A4: Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Portugal (Geography and places)

Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.

Q1: In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?
A1: 1974
Q2: What period followed the Carnation Revolution?
A2: PREC period
Q3: Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?
A3: changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
Q4: What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?
A4: textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
Q5: What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?
A5: cork
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.

Q1: When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?
A1: two hundred years ago
Q2: Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?
A2: keep foods fresh longer
Q3: Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?
A3: Cooling
Q4: Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?
A4: last longer without becoming spoiled
Q5: Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?
A5: heating
Greece (Geography and places)

Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.

Q1: How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?
A1: thirteen
Q2: How many municipalities exist in Greece? 
A2: 325
Q3: What went into effect on January 1, 2011?
A3: Kallikratis programme reform
Q4: What is the one autonomous area in Greece?
A4: Mount Athos
Q5: Where is Mount Athos located?
A5: borders the region of Central Macedonia
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated.

Q1: When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?
A1: 2007
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

Since the Middle Ages, the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondoñedo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo). While these may have coincided with contemporary 15th-century civil provinces, they no longer have the same boundaries as the modern civil provincial divisions. The church is led by one archbishop and four bishops. Moreover, of five dioceses, Galicia is divided between 163 districts and 3,792 parishes, a few of which are governed by administrators, the remainder by parish priests.

Q1: Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?
A1: Catholic Church
Q2: Which five positions are held by church leaders?
A2: one archbishop and four bishops
Thuringia (History)

Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rhön Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.

Q1: What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia? 
A1: Lutheranism
Q2: How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?
A2: Today over two thirds of the population
Q3: Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?
A3: The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany
Q4: How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?
A4: 7.8% of the population
Q5: How many Jews live in Thuringia?
A5: 750 Jews
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Q1: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
A1: Catalan
Q2: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
A2: in all schools
Q3: Since the transition, what is the official language?
A3: Catalan
Q4: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
A4: mass media
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

Q1: What happened in 1975-1982?
A1: Spanish transition to democracy
Q2: What has this official language state done for Catalan?
A2: increased prestige
Q3: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
A3: Europe
Q4: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
A4: mass media
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.

Q1: In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?
A1: minting
Q2: Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?
A2: its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation
Q3: During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?
A3: Ming
Q4: In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?
A4: Qing
Q5: During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?
A5: around 200 thousand jobs
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Since the armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field, they have a voltage induced in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called "back electromotive force (emf)". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes, must equal the voltage at the brushes. This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; a lower back emf results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load.

Q1: Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?
A1: back electromotive force
Q2: EMP is proportional to what?
A2: the running speed of the motor
Q3: Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?
A3: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance
Q4: If load increases, what happens to current drawn?
A4: more current is drawn from the supply
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).

Q1: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? 
A1: glass
Q2: For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
A2: as the dielectric
Q3: What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?
A3: strip of impregnated paper
Q4: When were paper capacitors first manufactured?
A4: in 1876
Q5: What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
A5: as decoupling capacitors
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-text editing (a complete rejection of eclecticism) became one extreme. Stemmatics and copy-text editing – while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources – sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by "objective" criteria.[citation needed] The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work.

Q1: Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?
A1: justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda
Q2: When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?
A2: 19th century
Q3: What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?
A3: The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images
Q4: What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?
A4: the depth of research of the critic