LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Insect (Natural sciences)

Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309–311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.

Q1: Termites are considered what type of insect?
A1: Social
Q2: Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?
A2: ants
Q3: What is another term for social insect?
A3: eusocial animal
Q4: Social insects live in well organized what?
A4: colonies
Q5: The method that a bee dances is called what?
A5: dance language
Predation (Natural sciences)

Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.

Q1: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?
A1: Social predation
Q2: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?
A2: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants
Q3: What is a species that does not perform social predation?
A3: domestic cats)
Q4: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
A4: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

Q1: What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?
A1: sociology
Q2: What discipline makes use of ethnography?
A2: anthropology
Q3: What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?
A3: communication sciences
Q4: Who developed the concept of emotional labor?
A4: Arlie Russell Hochschild
Q5: Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?
A5: 700
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.

Q1: What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? 
A1: State Department Stores (GUM)
Q2: When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? 
A2: late 1920s
Q3: Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? 
A3: Lenin
Q4: When did they first establish the organization?
A4: 1921
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.

Q1: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
A1: Ken Wyatt
Q2: In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
A2: 2010
Q3: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
A3: 1971
Eton_College (History)

Societies tend to come and go, of course, depending on the special enthusiasms of the masters and boys in the school at the time, but some have been in existence many years. Those in existence at present include: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesty, Archeological, Architectural, Astronomy, Banks (conservation), Caledonian, Cheese, Classical, Comedy, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Design, Entrepreneurship, Geographical, Henry Fielding, Hispanic, History, Keynes (economics), Law, Literary, Mathematical, Medical, Middle Eastern, Model United Nations, Modern Languages, Oriental, Orwell (left-wing), Simeon (Christian), Parry (music), Photographic, Political, Praed (poetry), Rock (music), Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatic), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Theatre, Wellington (military), Wine and Wotton’s (philosophy).

Q1: Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?
A1: Wine and Wotton’s
Q2: Which Eton society is centered around horses?
A2: Rous
Q3: What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?
A3: Rock
Q4: What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?
A4: Rare Books and Manuscripts
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

Q1: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
A1: strict class hierarchy
Q2: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
A2: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Q3: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
A3: The daimyo, or lords
Q4: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
A4: set at fixed amounts
Q5: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
A5: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Q6: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
A6: Edo society
Q7: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
A7: strict class hierarchy
Q8: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
A8: The daimyo, or lords,
Q9: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
A9: set at fixed amounts
Q10: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
A10: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Middle_Ages (History)

Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free. Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders, and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments. Partly at the urging of landlords, governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death. Non-clergy became increasingly literate, and urban populations began to imitate the nobility's interest in chivalry.

Q1: By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?
A1: 50
Q2: At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?
A2: 90
Q3: In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?
A3: Eastern
Q4: Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?
A4: cash rents
Q5: What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?
A5: chivalry
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.

Q1: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?
A1: Sociocultural anthropology
Q2: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?
A2: Cultural anthropology
Q3: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?
A3: social
Q4: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?
A4: social structures,
Q5: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?
A5: hard-and-fast
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.

Q1: What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?
A1: structuralist and postmodern theories
Q2: When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?
A2: During the 1970s and 1990s
Q3: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?
A3: nature and production of knowledge
Q4: What two fields remained largely positivist? 
A4: archaeology and biological anthropology
Q5: What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?
A5: cohesion
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.

Q1: Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
A1: considerable suffering
Q2: What is discrimination often paired with?
A2: racist mindsets
Q3: What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
A3: inferior
Q4: What do groups with less power often find themselves?
A4: excluded or oppressed
Q5: What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?
A5: Racism
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.

Q1: Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?
A1: Emilé Durkheim
Q2: What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?
A2: Australian aborigine society
Q3: Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?
A3: totemic rituals
Q4: What is another term for collective effervescence?
A4: emotional energy
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).

Q1: What is the profession of James A. Beckford?
A1: Sociologist
Q2: When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?
A2: 1975
Q3: What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?
A3: Totalizing
Q4: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?
A4: absolutism
Q5: What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?
A5: world indifference
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.

Q1: What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?
A1: Sociologist
Q2: What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
A2: "not always very democratic"
Q3: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?
A3: "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."
Q4: Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?
A4: informed choice
Q5: Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?
A5: dignified exit
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city.

Q1: Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?
A1: lead
Q2: The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?
A2: crack
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day

Q1: During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?
A1: the mid-to-late 1970s
Q2: What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?
A2: Fleetwood Mac
Q3: In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?
A3: 1977
Q4: What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?
A4: WYNY
Q5: Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?
A5: Walter Sabo
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that "coverage", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.

Q1: Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? 
A1: use combinatorial test design
Q2: What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?
A2: get greater test coverage with fewer tests
Q3: What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?
A3: speed or test depth
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform, alterations in source data, or interacting with different software. A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.

Q1: What is the first step that leads to a software failure?
A1: programmer makes an error
Q2: What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?
A2: defect (fault, bug)
Q3: When can software defects in dead code cause problems?
A3: run on a new computer hardware platform