LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John,_King_of_England (History)

The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords. John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. John worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself. John continued to try relatively minor cases, even during military crises. Viewed positively, Lewis Warren considers that John discharged "his royal duty of providing justice ... with a zeal and a tirelessness to which the English common law is greatly endebted". Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to deliver simple justice; John's legal system also only applied to free men, rather than to all of the population. Nonetheless, these changes were popular with many free tenants, who acquired a more reliable legal system that could bypass the barons, against whom such cases were often brought. John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice.

Q1: What was of particular importance to John?
A1: administration of justice
Q2: When was the system of coroners first introduced?
A2: 1194
Q3: Why was John motivated?
A3: potential of the royal legal process to raise fees
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.

Q1: Do males or females experience growth spurts first?
A1: females
Q2: How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?
A2: two years later
Q3: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?
A3: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year
Q4: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?
A4: 3.5 inches (9 cm)
Q5: Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?
A5: toddler
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis." 

Q1: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?
A1: Isis
Q2: What type of goddess is Isis?
A2: Egyptian
Q3: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?
A3: iconographic
Cotton (Natural sciences)

The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname "Cottonopolis" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.

Q1: What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?
A1: Industrial Revolution
Q2: When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?
A2: 1738
Q3: What device did James Hargreaves invent?
A3: spinning jenny
Q4: What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?
A4: spinning mule
Q5: Whic British city was nicknamed "Cottonopolis" because of its cotton production?
A5: Manchester
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.

Q1: How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?
A1: 14 hours
Q2: Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?
A2: MP3.com
Q3: In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?
A3: 2003
Q4: Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?
A4: battery life
Q5: How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?
A5: 8 hours
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.

Q1: When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?
A1: 1943
Q2: What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?
A2: Streptomycin
Q3: Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?
A3: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham
Q4: Where was Tetracyclines discovered?
A4: Lederle Laboratories
Q5: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?
A5: cities in developed countries
Q6: What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?
A6: Streptomycin
Q7: What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?
A7: 50%
Q8: In what year was streptomycin discovered?
A8: 1943
Q9: Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?
A9: World War II
Q10: What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?
A10: Merck
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

Q1: What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?
A1: 12 to 20 years
Q2: Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?
A2: No
Q3: What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?
A3: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."

Q1: What is the estimate age of the Earth?
A1: about 4.54 billion years old
Q2: What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?
A2: the Eoarchean Era
Q3: What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?
A3: Hadean Eon
Q4: Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?
A4: Western Australia
Q5: Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?
A5: Western Greenland
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

Q1: How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?
A1: three
Q2: What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?
A2: municipalities
Q3: How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?
A3: 1
Q4: About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?
A4: 20,000
Q5: What is another term for VDCs?
A5: villages
East_India_Company (History)

The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

Q1: What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?
A1: Lord Wellesley
Q2: While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?
A2: Sindh
Q3: in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances
A3: the expense of wars
Q4: what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?
A4: Sugauli Treaty
Q5: EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?
A5: Charter Act of 1813
Cyprus (Geography and places)

The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 ΜΑΕ) – operating Aérospatiale SA-342L and Bell 206 and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating Mi-35P helicopters and the Britten-Norman BN-2B and Pilatus PC-9 fixed-wing aircraft. Current senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis, and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. General Michalis Flerianos.[citation needed] The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion, which occurred on 11 July 2011, was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus.

Q1: What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus?
A1: Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion
Q2: What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur?
A2: 11 July 2011
Q3: What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force?
A3: Supreme Commander
The_Blitz (History)

The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil, but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable. The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy (which changed frequently), and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy. Though militarily ineffective, the Blitz caused enormous damage to Britain's infrastructure and housing stock. It cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000.

Q1: How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?
A1: had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot
Q2: What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?
A2: about tactics rather than strategy
Q3: What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?
A3: an economic-industrial analysis
Q4: How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?
A4: cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

Q1: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?
A1: The aircraft carrier
Q2: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
A2: the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness
Q3: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
A3: They had higher range and precision
Q4: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
A4: the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes
Q5: What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
A5: the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships
Queen_(band) (Music)

The album also featured the hit single "Bohemian Rhapsody", which was number one in the UK for nine weeks. Mercury's close friend and advisor, Capital London radio DJ Kenny Everett, played a pivotal role in giving the single exposure. It is the third-best-selling single of all time in the UK, surpassed only by Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997", and is the best-selling commercial single in the UK. It also reached number nine in the United States (a 1992 re-release reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks). It is the only single ever to sell a million copies on two separate occasions, and became the Christmas number one twice in the UK, the only single ever to do so. "Bohemian Rhapsody" has been voted numerous times the greatest song of all time. The band decided to make a video to help go with the single and hired Trilion, a subsidiary of the former management company Trident Studios, using new technology to create the video; the result is generally considered to have been the first "true" music video ever produced, and popularised the medium. The album's first track "Death on Two Legs" is said to be written by Mercury about Norman Sheffield and the former management at Trident who helped make the video so popular. Although other bands, including the Beatles, had made short promotional films or videos of songs prior to this, generally, those were specifically made to be aired on specific television shows. On the impact of "Bohemian Rhapsody", Rolling Stone states: "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air." The second single from the album, "You're My Best Friend", the second song composed by John Deacon, and his first single, peaked at number sixteen in the United States and went on to become a worldwide Top Ten hit. The band's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975, and covered Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia.

Q1: Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?
A1: Bohemian Rhapsody
Q2: What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?
A2: Bohemian Rhapsody
Q3: What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?
A3: Bohemian Rhapsody
Q4: In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?
A4: 1975
Q5: Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?
A5: United States, Japan, and Australia
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

The album garnered critical acclaim. Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards. In 2003, Slant Magazine called it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s" and Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Commercially, the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album's first single, "Frozen", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits. The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.

Q1: How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?
A1: four
Q2: Who listed Ray of Light as "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?"
A2: Rolling Stone
Q3: How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?
A3: 16 million copies
Q4: Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?
A4: Frozen
Q5: The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?
A5: five
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.

Q1: What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?
A1: sugars
Q2: What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?
A2: fermentation
Q3: At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?
A3: above 12%
Q4: What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?
A4: Low temperatures
Q5: Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?
A5: to increase alcohol content
Botany (Natural sciences)

The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.

Q1: Are all algae different from land plants?
A1: some more closely related
Q2: What algae is the ancestor of true plants?
A2: Charophyta
Q3: Are all species of algae similar?
A3: many differences
Q4: To what species of algae is Charophyta related?
A4: Chlorophyta
Glass (Art and architecture)

The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two positive charges and requirement for two non-bridging oxygen ions to compensate for their charge, are much less mobile themselves and also hinder diffusion of other ions, especially the alkalis. The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds. Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass, and to its electrical resistance; glasses for electronics (sealing, vacuum tubes, lamps...) have to take this in account.

Q1: What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?
A1: alkali metal ions
Q2: How can glass be prevented from corroding?
A2: dealkalization
Q3: What types of ions does typical glass have?
A3: alkali and alkaline earth ions
Q4: Reaction with what causes dealkalization?
A4: sulfur or fluorine compounds
Q5: What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?
A5: loss tangent