LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.

Q1: What type of description did the term "Gothic architecture" originate as?
A1: a pejorative description
Q2: Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?
A2: Giorgio Vasari
Q3: Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?
A3: "the Goths"
Q4: How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?
A4: a century
Q5: In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived? 
A5: the Renaissance
Great_Plains (History)

The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term "High Plains" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.

Q1: what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?
A1: "Great Plains
Q2: who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?
A2: Nevin Fenneman's
Q3: what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?
A3: 1916
Q4: what was theregion called before "the great plans"? 
A4: the High Plains
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races (Black, White, Amerindian, Asian, and mixed groups). However, there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican, Cuban, Colombian, Salvadoran, etc. are races. In contrast to "Latino" or "Hispanic", "Anglo" refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent.

Q1: When did the term "Hispanic" begin being used?
A1: the 20th century
Q2: What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for?
A2: Hispanic
Q3: How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?
A3: non-race specific
Q4: What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?
A4: races
Q5: Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?
A5: of English descent
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps", "Windows 8-style apps" and "Windows Store apps" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.

Q1: What does immersive app stand for?
A1: the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8
Q2: What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?
A2: Metro-style apps
Q3: Who is Soma Somasegar?
A3: vice president of Microsoft's development software division
Q4: When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?
A4: September 12, 2012
Madrasa (Language and literature)

The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read "A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy" written Tareq M Zayed  and "Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education" authored by Tareq M Zayed

Q1: What is the meaning of Islamic education?
A1: education in the light of Islam itself
Q2: What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?
A2: Quran
Q3: What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?
A3: Muslim education
Q4: What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?
A4: monotheism
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

Q1: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
A1: 19th century
Q2: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
A2: 1913
Q3: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
A3: Vasily Klyuchevsky
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

Q1: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?
A1: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages
Q2: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?
A2: 1442
Q3: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
A3: tripartite periodization
Q4: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
A4: Flavio Biondo
Q5: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
A5: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period
Black_people (Language and literature)

The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

Q1: What does the term "Moors" refer to?
A1: Muslims
Q2: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
A2: Arab or Berber descent
Q3: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
A3: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans
Q4: Where did "Moors" migrate from?
A4: North Africa or Iberia
Q5: What kind of term is "Moors"?
A5: derogatory
Near_East (Geography and places)

The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of "Near East." Instead, the entire region is considered "the Middle East." The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now "Turkish" and not Ottoman.

Q1: When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage?
A1: a few years before World War I
Q2: What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?
A2: The term "Near and Middle East,"
Q3: When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?
A3: 1916
Q4: Who were the 40th Pathans?
A4: (troops of British India
Q5: In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?
A5: "the Middle East.
Sumer (History)

The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the Semitic Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ giga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning "place of the noble lords". The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term šumerû is uncertain. Hebrew Shinar, Egyptian Sngr, and Hittite Šanhar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of Shumer.

Q1: What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians?
A1: Sumerian
Q2: What did the Sumerians refer to themselves as in their language?
A2: "the black-headed people"
Q3: How did the Sumerians refer to their land?
A3: "place of the noble lords"
Q4: Shumer, an Akkadian word, could reference what type of name?
A4: geographical
Q5: What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?
A5: southern
Alloy (Mathematics)

The term "alloy" is sometimes used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of an aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply "alloy wheels", although in point of fact steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys. Steel is such a common alloy that many items made from it, like wheels, barrels, or girders, are simply referred to by the name of the item, assuming it is made of steel. When made from other materials, they are typically specified as such, (i.e.: "bronze wheel," "plastic barrel," or "wood girder").

Q1: What is the name of a common alloy?
A1: Steel
Q2: What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?
A2: automobile wheels
Q3: Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?
A3: alloys
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

The term "bacteria" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. The archaea and eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than either is to the bacteria. These two domains, along with Eukarya, are the basis of the three-domain system, which is currently the most widely used classification system in microbiolology. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of molecular systematics and a rapid increase in the number of genome sequences that are available, bacterial classification remains a changing and expanding field. For example, a few biologists argue that the Archaea and Eukaryotes evolved from Gram-positive bacteria.

Q1: What would original term "bacteria" determine?
A1: all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes
Q2: What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?
A2: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Q3: What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?
A3: archaea and eukaryotes
Q4: What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?
A4: three-domain system
Classical_music (Music)

The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.

Q1: When did the term "classical music" appear? 
A1: the early 19th century
Q2: What period is referred to as a "golden age"?
A2: the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven
Q3: What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
A3: 1836
Q4: What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
A4: Oxford English Dictionary
Q5: What term did not appear until the early 19th century?
A5: classical music
Q6: What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?
A6: golden age
Q7: What year was the earliest reference to classical music?
A7: 1836
Q8: In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?
A8: Oxford English Dictionary
Classical_music (Music)

The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.

Q1: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?
A1: Haydn
Q2: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?
A2: the early 1830s
Q3: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?
A3: the Medieval era
Dog (Natural sciences)

The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.

Q1: What is the Proto-Germanic word that "dog" may have come from?
A1: dukkōn
Q2: What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word "dog" came from?
A2: Proto-Indo-European
Q3: Where does the word dog originate?
A3: Old English docga
Q4: Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?
A4: Proto-Indo-European
Great_power (History)

The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.

Q1: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?
A1: Treaty of Chaumont
Q2: During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?
A2: Europe
Q3: During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?
A3: World War I and World War II
Q4: What is another term for Great Power?
A4: superpower
Gramophone_record (Music)

The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction. The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies, especially stereo recordings, which became widely available in 1958, gave a boost to the "hi-fi" classification of products, leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers, loudspeakers, phonographs, and tape players. High Fidelity and Audio were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings.

Q1: What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?
A1: high fidelity
Q2: What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?
A2: High Fidelity and Audio
Q3: What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?
A3: variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies
Q4: During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?
A4: 1930s and 1940s
Q5: What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?
A5: high fidelity
House_music (Music)

The term "house music" is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse, which existed from 1977 to 1983. Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay, who came to dance to music played by the club's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles, whom fans refer to as the "godfather of house". After the Warehouse closed in 1983, the crowds went to Knuckles' new club, The Power Plant. In the Channel 4 documentary Pump Up The Volume, Knuckles remarks that the first time he heard the term "house music" was upon seeing "we play house music" on a sign in the window of a bar on Chicago's South Side. One of the people in the car with him joked, "you know, that's the kind of music you play down at the Warehouse!", and then everybody laughed. South-Side Chicago DJ Leonard "Remix" Roy, in self-published statements, claims he put such a sign in a tavern window because it was where he played music that one might find in one's home; in his case, it referred to his mother's soul & disco records, which he worked into his sets. Farley Jackmaster Funk was quoted as saying "In 1982, I was DJing at a club called The Playground and there was this kid named Leonard 'Remix' Roy who was a DJ at a rival club called The Rink. He came over to my club one night, and into the DJ booth and said to me, 'I've got the gimmick that's gonna take all the people out of your club and into mine – it's called House music.' Now, where he got that name from or what made him think of it I don't know, so the answer lies with him."

Q1: what club did the term 'house music' originate from?
A1: The Warehouse
Q2: what city was the club The Warehouse located in?
A2: Chicago
Q3: what years was the club The warehouse open?
A3: 1977 to 1983
Q4: what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract?
A4: primarily black and gay
Q5: who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago?
A5: Frankie Knuckles
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.

Q1: What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
A1: modern
Q2: The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?
A2: modo
Q3: What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
A3: The European Renaissance
Q4: In what country did The European Renaissance start?
A4: Italy
Q5: What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
A5: telescope and microscope
Q6: What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
A6: modern
Q7: The phrase modern originated form what?
A7: Latin adverb modo
Q8: What did The European renaissance mark?
A8: transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times
Q9: Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
A9: 1420–1630)
Q10: In what country did The European renaissance begin?
A10: Italy
Post-punk (Music)

The term "post-punk" was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas. Many of these artists, initially inspired by punk's DIY ethic and energy, ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement, feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody. They repudiated its populist claims to accessibility and raw simplicity, instead seeing an opportunity to break with musical tradition, subvert commonplaces and challenge audiences. Artists moved beyonds punk's focus on the concerns of a largely white, male, working class population and abandoned its continued reliance on established rock and roll tropes, such as three-chord progressions and Chuck Berry-based guitar riffs. These artists instead defined punk as "an imperative to constant change", believing that "radical content demands radical form".

Q1: Who coined the term post-punk?
A1: journalists in the late 1970s
Q2: What dis the new term, post-punk, cover?
A2: groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas
Q3: What inspired early post-punk artists?
A3: punk's DIY ethic and energy
Q4: Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk?
A4: commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody
Q5: What did the new post-punk artists believe?
A5: "radical content demands radical form"
Q6: Who were the first to use the term "post-punk"?
A6: journalists
Q7: When was "post-punk" first used to start describing artists?
A7: late 1970s
Q8: What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?
A8: punk's DIY ethic and energy
Q9: How many chords did standard punk songs typically use?
A9: three
Q10: What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do?
A10: change
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

The term "push-pull" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. "Push" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. "Pull" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.

Q1: What does IPM stand for?
A1: integrated pest management
Q2: How can the location and amount of insects be changed?
A2: behavior-modifying stimuli
Q3: What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?
A3: food additives
Q4: What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. 
A4: Push-Pull