LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

Q1: Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
A1: Gregorio Marañón
Q2: What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?
A2: epinephrine
Q3: What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
A3: Spanish
Q4: Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?
A4: Jerome Singer
Q5: In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?
A5: 2004
London (Geography and places)

Stansted Airport, north east of London in Essex, is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights. London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic. London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.

Q1: What is the smallest airport in the London area?
A1: London City Airport
Q2: London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?
A2: business travellers
Q3: Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?
A3: Stansted Airport
Q4: London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?
A4: cheap short-haul flights
Q5: Where is London City Airport located?
A5: Newham, East London
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

Q1: `Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?
A1: due to space weather
Q2: What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?
A2: the Kármán line
Q3: What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?
A3: number density
Q4: What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?
A4: radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.

Q1: What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?
A1: 1996
Q2: European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?
A2: October
Q3: What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?
A3: the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Q4: What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?
A4: Congress
Q5: Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?
A5: Halloween
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew in width and height. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period.

Q1: What are wharves in St. John's constructed out of?
A1: wood
Q2: In what year was the Great Fire?
A2: 1892
Q3: What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892?
A3: downtown core
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools, like fishing nets and hooks and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.

Q1: During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?
A1: Middle to Upper Paleolithic
Q2: How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?
A2: 80,000 to 70,000 years ago
Q3: What was the change in gathering?
A3: a smaller selection
Q4: When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?
A4: 12,000 years ago
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet, which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies.

Q1: How many states were ruled by myriarchies?
A1: thirteen
Q2: What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?
A2: Khagan
Q3: Who was the superior of prince Kublai?
A3: Ögedei Khan
Q4: Who became the second Karmapa Lama?
A4: Karma Pakshi
Q5: With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? 
A5: the Phagpa lama
United_States_Army (History)

Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.

Q1: In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?
A1: 1910
Q2: Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?
A2: Pancho Villa
Q3: What year did the U.S. join World War I?
A3: 1917
Q4: What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?
A4: 7 February 1917
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii.

Q1: What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?
A1: air power
Q2: When did the US officially enter World War II?
A2: 8 December 1941
Q3: What event led to America entering the war?
A3: the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Q4: At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?
A4: seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia
Q5: What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?
A5: Australia
Alaska (Geography and places)

Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.

Q1: How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?
A1: minimum of 12 months
Q2: What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?
A2: 5%
Q3: When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?
A3: 1982
Q4: How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?
A4: $1,000
House_music (Music)

Starting in 1984, some of these DJs, inspired by Jesse Saunders' success with "On and On", tried their hand at producing and releasing original compositions. These compositions used newly affordable electronic instruments to emulate not just Saunders' song, but the edited, enhanced styles of disco and other dance music they already favored. These homegrown productions were played on Chicago-area radio and in local discothèques catering mainly to African-American and gay audiences. By 1985, although the exact origins of the term are debated, "house music" encompassed these locally produced recordings. Subgenres of house, including deep house and acid house, quickly emerged and gained traction.

Q1: when was jesse saunders' "on and on" a hit?
A1: 1984
Q2: what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to?
A2: African-American and gay audiences
Q3: what year was house music first used as a genre?
A3: 1985
Q4: what were two big subgenres of house music?
A4: deep house and acid house
Q5: what area radio was house music generally played on?
A5: Chicago-area radio
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Starting in 2002, Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4. However, the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3, largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time. In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3, Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor; however the eMac's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated, while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors. The iMac G4's relatively high prices were approaching that of laptops which were portable and had higher resolution LCD screens. Meanwhile, Windows PC manufacturers could offer desktop configurations with LCD flat panel monitors at prices comparable to the eMac and at much lower cost than the iMac G4. The flop of the Power Mac G4 Cube, along with the more expensive iMac G4 and heavy eMac, meant that Macintosh desktop sales never reached the market share attained by the previous iMac G3. For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady, it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple's sales growth.

Q1: What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?
A1: CRT displays
Q2: Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?
A2: higher cost of the LCD technology
Q3: Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?
A3: the education market
Q4: What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?
A4: relatively bulky and somewhat outdated
Q5: After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?
A5: the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro. These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. The iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini lines currently all use aluminum enclosures, and are now made of a single unibody. Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks. Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad for desktops.

Q1: When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?
A1: 2006
Q2: Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?
A2: MacBook Pro
Q3: Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?
A3: Glass
Q4: Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?
A4: environmentally friendly
Q5: What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?
A5: replaceable batteries
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).

Q1: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?
A1: Stadtteilschule
Q2: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?
A2: Sekundarschule
Q3: In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?
A3: 2010/2011
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games locally and all games are available on local radio.

Q1: Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?
A1: ESPN
Q2: What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?
A2: WatchESPN
Q3: Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?
A3: CBS Sports Network
Q4: On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?
A4: ESPN
Pacific_War (History)

Starting in mid-June 1944, Iwo Jima came under sustained aerial bombardment and naval artillery fire. However, Kuribayashi's hidden guns and defenses survived the constant bombardment virtually unscathed. On 19 February 1945, some 30,000 men of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo, just under Mount Suribachi; where most of the island's defenses were concentrated. For some time, they did not come under fire. This was part of Kuribayashi's plan to hold fire until the landing beaches were full. As soon as the Marines pushed inland to a line of enemy bunkers, they came under devastating machine gun and artillery fire which cut down many of the men. By the end of the day, the Marines reached the west coast of the island, but their losses were appalling; almost 2,000 men killed or wounded.

Q1: When did Iwo Jima come under bombardment?
A1: mid-June 1944
Q2: How many men landed on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945?
A2: some 30,000
Q3: What was the name of the mountain on Iwo Jima?
A3: Mount Suribachi
Q4: How many U.S. Marines were killed by the time thhey reached the west coast of the island?
A4: almost 2,000
Alaska (Geography and places)

Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.

Q1: What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?
A1: gold rushes
Q2: What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?
A2: 1912
Q3: In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?
A3: 1906
Q4: Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?
A4: fishing and logging
Q5: From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?
A5: Norway and Sweden
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline. A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.

Q1: Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?
A1: the South Bronx
Q2: When was the phrase "The Bronx is burning" first widespread?
A2: 1974
Q3: Who made a documentary called "The Bronx is burning"?
A3: BBC
Q4: Who published an editorial called "The Bronx is burning"?
A4: New York Times
Q5: Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'?
A5: Edwin Pagan
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. However, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war several of the guards told her they had been pressured into joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family's health, and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska. Kolotnytska's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.

Q1: What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?
A1: Amazonian Guard
Q2: In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?
A2: 1980s
Q3: What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?
A3: Ukrainian
Q4: What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?
A4: nurse
Q5: What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?
A5: professional
Elevator (History)

Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the "ascending room". It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown.

Q1: For which industry were elevators first used?
A1: coal mines
Q2: In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by?
A2: steam power
Q3: What were elevators originally built for?
A3: moving goods in bulk in mines and factories
Q4: Who built the "ascending room", in 1823?
A4: Burton and Hormer
Q5: The "ascending room" gave customers a view of what city's downtown?
A5: London