LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a department store with 20% run by Magasin, but has individual shop owners making it a shopping centre. But in people's mind it remains a department store. Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition.

Q1: What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? 
A1: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906).
Q2: Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? 
A2: Magasin
Q3: Where is Magasin's "flagship" store located? 
A3: Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen
Q4: How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? 
A4: two
Pub (History)

In Denmark—a country, like Britain, with a long tradition of brewing—a number of pubs have opened which eschew "theming", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.

Q1: What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?
A1: Denmark
Q2: How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?
A2: 56
Q3: In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?
A3: Copenhagen
Q4: About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?
A4: 20,000
Cubism (Art and architecture)

In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of ‘duration’ proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future. The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness, blurring the distinctions between past, present and future. One of the major theoretical innovations made by the Salon Cubists, independently of Picasso and Braque, was that of simultaneity, drawing to greater or lesser extent on theories of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, and Henri Bergson. With simultaneity, the concept of separate spatial and temporal dimensions was comprehensively challenged. Linear perspective developed during the Renaissance was vacated. The subject matter was no longer considered from a specific point of view at a moment in time, but built following a selection of successive viewpoints, i.e., as if viewed simultaneously from numerous angles (and in multiple dimensions) with the eye free to roam from one to the other.

Q1: In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes  relate the sense of time to? 
A1: Henri Bergson
Q2: The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?
A2: The Salon Cubists
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, "Low Dutch", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, "High Dutch", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.

Q1: Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the "Dutch" language until what century?
A1: 19th
Q2: What word meaning "Low Dutch" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?
A2: Nederduits
Q3: Instead of "German," what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?
A3: Hoogduits
Q4: What does "Hoogduits" translate to in English?
A4: High Dutch
Q5: Now that "Nederlands" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?
A5: Duits
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), pronouns (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), verbal particles (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even prepositions (toetje, "dessert"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("just") → adverb: eventjes ("just a minute").

Q1: What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a "shotgun marriage"?
A1: moetje
Q2: In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?
A2: noun
Q3: When the diminutive ending "-tjes" is added to the adverb "even," as what part of speech does it function?
A3: adverb
Q4: What's the Dutch word for "green"?
A4: groen
Q5: With the diminutive ending "-tje" added to the Dutch word for "green," what does the new formation translate to in English?
A5: rookie
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.

Q1: Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?
A1: Mahayana Brahmajala
Q2: Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?
A2: meat
Q3: Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?
A3: Japan
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Q1: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
A1: Eastern Catalan
Q2: What is the exception to this reduction?
A2: Majorcan
Q3: Which vowel remains distinct?
A3: /i/
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.

Q1: What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?
A1: Eastern Christianity
Q2: After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?
A2: Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation
Q3: What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?
A3: Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm
Middle_Ages (History)

In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reorganised, which allowed the emperors John I (r. 969–976) and Basil II (r. 976–1025) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts. The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning, a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance. Writers such as John Geometres (fl. early 10th century) composed new hymns, poems, and other works. Missionary efforts by both eastern and western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians, Bulgars, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars, and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus'. These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples—the states of Moravia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kievan Rus'. Bulgaria, which was founded around 680, at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea. By 1018, the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire.

Q1: Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member?
A1: Macedonian
Q2: During what period did Constantine VII reign?
A2: 913–959
Q3: When did Basil I's rule begin?
A3: 867
Q4: During what century did John Geometres flourish?
A4: 10th
Q5: In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded?
A5: 680
Presbyterianism (History)

In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views. Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity.". By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine.

Q1: In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?
A1: 1592
Q2: Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?
A2: Thomas Cartwright
Q3: Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?
A3: 1645 and 1648
Q4: In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?
A4: 1719
Q5: When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?
A5: 18th century
House_music (Music)

In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with "repetitive beats". There were a number of abortive "Kill the Bill" demonstrations. The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves, and forced through the bill, which became law, in November 1994. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by Leftfield with "Release the Pressure", which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound, although Leftfield had prior releases, such as "Not Forgotten" released in 1990 on Sheffield's Outer Rhythm records.

Q1: what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?
A1: Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
Q2: what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?
A2: The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten
Q3: when did the bill become a law? 
A3: November 1994
Q4: what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?
A4: "Release the Pressure"
Q5: who recorded the hit single "release the pressure"?
A5: Leftfield
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture. The appeal of this Gothic revival (which after 1837, in Britain, is sometimes termed Victorian Gothic), gradually widened to encompass "low church" as well as "high church" clients. This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855–1885, is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.

Q1: When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures?
A1: during the second quarter of the 19th century
Q2: In Britain after 1837, what was the Gothic revival known as?
A2: Victorian Gothic
Q3: During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain?
A3: 1855–1885
Q4: What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas? 
A4: the Oxford Movement
Q5: Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture, what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for?
A5: institutional architecture
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

Q1: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
A1: European Reformation
Q2: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
A2: Henry VIII
Q3: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
A3: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher
Q4: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
A4: Edward VI
Q5: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
A5: 1612
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was "a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate," and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a "collective act", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; "Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants." Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.

Q1: Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?
A1: Royal Society of London
Q2: In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?
A2: 1662
Q3: Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?
A3: Robert Boyle
Q4: Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?
A4: Oxford professors
Q5: What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?
A5: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution"
Myanmar (Geography and places)

In English, the country is popularly known as either "Burma" or "Myanmar" i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mjəmà]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.

Q1: Where did the name Burma originate from ?
A1: names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group
Q2: What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?
A2: Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name
Q3: How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?
A3: Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà])
Q4: When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?
A4: The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

Q1: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?
A1: mid 14th century
Q2: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
A2: Catellain
Q3: What language is the source of the term Catellain?
A3: French
Q4: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
A4: English
Q5: Since what year has this term been used?
A5: 1652
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated "the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group." The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that "[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them." 

Q1: When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?
A1: 1968
Q2: What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?
A2: that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals
Q3: Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?
A3: Justice Abe Fortas
Q4: What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?
A4: an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof
Q5: What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
A5: views distasteful to them
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja – majahan.

Q1: What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?
A1: Estonian
Q2: In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?
A2: adjectives
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mattel handled distribution for the other region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Australia and New Zealand, starting the following year. Not until the 1990s did Nintendo's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe.

Q1: Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?
A1: Europe and Australia
Q2: One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?
A2: Italy
Q3: Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?
A3: Nintendo
Q4: Who handled distribution in the other region?
A4: Mattel
Q5: When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?
A5: 1990s
Architecture (Art and architecture)

In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.

Q1: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
A1: guilds
Q2: What records of the guilds are still in existence?
A2: written contracts
Q3: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
A3: ecclesiastical buildings
Q4: What is another term for master mason?
A4: Magister lathomorum