LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.

Q1: What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?
A1: coastal plain
Q2: Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?
A2: Kouilou-Niari River
Q3: The middle of the country features what kind of geography?
A3: plateau
Q4: What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?
A4: Forests
Israel (History)

The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley.

Q1: Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?
A1: East of the central highlands
Q2: What's home to 57% of the nation's population?
A2: Israeli Coastal Plain
Q3: How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?
A3: 20,770 square kilometers
Szlachta (History)

The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.

Q1: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
A1: 1795
Q2: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?
A2: Partitions of Poland
Q3: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
A3: szlachta
Avicenna (Language and literature)

The soviet film "Youth of Genius" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna – a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.

Q1: What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?
A1: Youth of Genius
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes (CAV) or 60 minutes (CLV) per side because of the hardware manufacturer's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime. After one side was finished playing, a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a movie, and some titles fill two or more discs. Many players, especially units built after the mid-1980s, can "flip" discs automatically by rotating the optical pickup to the other side of the disc, but this is accompanied by a pause in the movie during the side change. If the movie is longer than what could be stored on two sides of a single disc, manually swapping to a second disc is necessary at some point during the film. One exception to this rule is the Pioneer LD-W1, which features two disc platters. In addition, perfect still frames and random access to individual still frames is limited only to the more expensive CAV discs, which only had a playing time of approximately 30 minutes per side. In later years, Pioneer and other manufacturers overcame this limitation by incorporating a digital memory buffer, which "grabbed" a single frame from a CLV disc.

Q1: What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?
A1: a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching
Q2: Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?
A2: Pioneer LD-W1
Q3: What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?
A3: line count
Q4: Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?
A4: CLV
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.

Q1: How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?
A1: ongoing
Q2: When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?
A2: last
Q3: What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?
A3: falling sea levels
Q4: A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?
A4: snowfall
Q5: What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?
A5: Laurentide Ice Sheet
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid – below 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C (6,600 K; 11,400 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt." No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.

Q1: At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?
A1: 6,300 °C
Q2: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?
A2: 52 lumens per watt
Q3: What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?
A3: infrared radiation
Q4: What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?
A4: the light emitted does not appear white,
Q5: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?
A5: 52 lumens per watt
Guam (Geography and places)

The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).

Q1: What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?
A1: on size and time of year
Q2: Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?
A2: first-class
Q3: What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?
A3: post office boxes or private mail boxes
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.

Q1: The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?
A1: charity
Q2: What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?
A2: learning
Q3: What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?
A3: charity
Q4: In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?
A4: England
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was "... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach, to teach, and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ. It is that spirit which [Dominic] bequeathed to his followers".

Q1: What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?
A1: to assist those searching for the truth
Q2: Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?
A2: gospel of Christ
Q3: What type of man was Dominic?
A3: a man of prayer
Hellenistic_period (History)

The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states.

Q1: Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?
A1: Attic Greek
Q2: Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?
A2: Koine
Q3: Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?
A3: trade
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In the last century of the Republic, Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably, Scaevola and the polymath Varro. For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult.

Q1: The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?
A1: model
Q2: What writer defined the development of the gods?
A2: Euhemerus
Q3: At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?
A3: literate elite
Q4: What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?
A4: devotion and cult.
Q5: What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?
A5: Euhemerus' theory
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, "a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566." Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to "degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends." The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult.

Q1: Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?
A1: Stephen Lee
Q2: In what year did Suleiman die?
A2: 1566
Q3: By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely "a shadow" of what it was in 1566?
A3: 1699
Q4: Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?
A4: 1566 to 1703
Q5: What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?
A5: war
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar (pronounced Cross Media Bar, or abbreviated XMB) includes nine categories of options. These are: Users, Settings, Photo, Music, Video, TV/Video Services, Game, Network, PlayStation Network and Friends (similar to the PlayStation Portable media bar). TheTV/Video Services category is for services like Netflix and/or if PlayTV or torne is installed; the first category in this section is "My Channels", which lets users download various streaming services, including Sony's own streaming services Crackle and PlayStation Vue. By default, the What's New section of PlayStation Network is displayed when the system starts up. PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with or without a musical slide show, play music and copy audio CD tracks to an attached data storage device, play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video) or an optional USB mass storage or Flash card, compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse and a web browser supporting compatible-file download function. Additionally, UPnP media will appear in the respective audio/video/photo categories if a compatible media server or DLNA server is detected on the local network. The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam. The Network menu allows online shopping through the PlayStation Store and connectivity to PlayStation Portable via Remote Play.

Q1: How is "XrossMediaBar" abbreviated?
A1: XMB
Q2: How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar?
A2: nine
Q3: One of Sony's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue; what's the other one called?
A3: Crackle
Q4: When you start up your PS3, what's the first section of the PS Network you see?
A4: What's New
Q5: What menu would you use to set up a video chat?
A5: Friends
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

The standard SNES controller adds two additional face buttons (X and Y) to the design of the NES iteration, arranging the four in a diamond shape, and introduces two shoulder buttons. It also features an ergonomic design by Lance Barr, later used for the NES-102 model controllers, also designed by Barr. The Japanese and PAL region versions incorporate the colors of the four action buttons into system's logo. The North American version's buttons are colored to match the redesigned console; the X and Y buttons are lavender with concave faces, and the A and B buttons are purple with convex faces. Several later consoles derive elements of their controller design from the SNES, including the PlayStation, Dreamcast, Xbox, and Wii Classic Controller.

Q1: What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers didn't?
A1: X and Y
Q2: How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have?
A2: two
Q3: Who designed the SNES controllers?
A3: Lance Barr
Q4: What color are the US SNES controllers' X and Y buttons?
A4: lavender
Q5: What color are the US SNES controllers' A and B buttons?
A5: purple
USB (Engineering and technology)

The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to short circuits and dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire. USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible.

Q1: What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?
A1: supply power
Q2: What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?
A2: draw power
Q3: What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?
A3: from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other
Q4: What networks do USB not support?
A4: cyclic networks
USB (Engineering and technology)

The standard connectors were designed to be robust. Because USB is hot-pluggable, the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than other connectors. Many previous connector designs were fragile, specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts that were vulnerable to bending or breaking. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath.

Q1: Standard connectors were designed to be what?
A1: robust
Q2: Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?
A2: the connectors would be used more frequently
Q3: What as a drawback of previous connectors?
A3: Many previous connector designs were fragile
Q4: How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected?
A4: by an adjacent plastic tongue
Q5: How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected?
A5: by an enclosing metal sheath
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-Type VTR format) with analog FM stereo sound and PCM digital audio. The LaserDisc at its most fundamental level was still recorded as a series of pits and lands much like CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-ray Discs are today. However, while the encoding is of a binary nature, the information is encoded as analog pulse width modulation with a 50% duty cycle, where the information is contained in the lengths and spacing of the pits. In true digital media the pits, or their edges, directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream. Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format (sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC), and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS.

Q1: How large was a standard LaserDisc?
A1: 30 cm (12 in) in diameter
Q2: What numbers are used in Binary information coding?
A2: 1s and 0s
Q3: Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?
A3: analog
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.

Q1: When should the noise-based speed be used?
A1: the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed
Q2: What is the range for exposure latitude?
A2: from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed
Q3: What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?
A3: SOS-based speed
Q4: Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?
A4: exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image
Q5: What does the standard specify?
A5: how speed ratings should be reported by the camera
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The standing wave forms with this desired pattern at the design frequency, f0, and antennas are normally designed to be this size. However, feeding that element with 3f0 (whose wavelength is 1⁄3 that of f0) will also lead to a standing wave pattern. Thus, an antenna element is also resonant when its length is 3⁄4 of a wavelength. This is true for all odd multiples of 1⁄4 wavelength. This allows some flexibility of design in terms of antenna lengths and feed points. Antennas used in such a fashion are known to be harmonically operated.

Q1: What frequency are antennas normally designed to be?
A1: f0
Q2: What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?
A2: 3f0
Q3: What multiple is essential for wavelengths?
A3: 1⁄4
Q4: How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled?
A4: harmonically