LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia. The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role – the supervision of the Vestals and their rites – fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus.

Q1: Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?
A1: rex sacrorum
Q2: What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?
A2: civil
Q3: What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?
A3: Republican pontifices
Q4: What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?
A4: pontifex maximus
Q5: By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?
A5: rex sacrorum
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

Q1: What supports 48,027 characters?
A1: the official national encoding standard
Q2: What supports 13,053 characters?
A2: BIG-5
Q3: What area uses traditional Chinese characters?
A3: Taiwan
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

Q1: What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
A1: obstinate and willful manifest heresy
Q2: What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
A2: The Codex Justinianus
Q3: What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
A3: Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism
Q4: What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
A4: Paulicians
Q5: What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
A5: Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Q1: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
A1: immutable divine and natural law
Q2: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
A2: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law
Q3: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
A3: formal authority and promulgation
Q4: What is the pope's official title?
A4: Supreme Pontiff
Q5: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
A5: legislative, executive, and judicial
Copper (History)

In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

Q1: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?
A1: Cyprus
Q2: What term does the name copper originate from?
A2: сuprum
Q3: What componds are common in copper?
A3: copper(II) salts
Q4: What is one color common in copper salts?
A4: blue
Q5: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.
A5: green verdigris
Classical_music (Music)

In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

Q1: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
A1: fortepiano
Q2: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
A2: two
Q3: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
A3: the standard orchestral palette
Q4: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
A4: sound
Q5: What is a celestes?
A5: a bell-like keyboard instrument
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).

Q1: What is the Russian term for prime minister?
A1: Chairman of the government
Q2: What is the Israeli term for prime minister?
A2: Rosh HaMemshalah
Q3: What is the term used in spain for prime minister?
A3: President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)
Q4: What is the Irish term for prime minister?
A4: Taoiseach
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment". In France, Voltaire said "we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist; James Anderson, an agronomist; Joseph Black, physicist and chemist; and James Hutton, the first modern geologist.

Q1: Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?
A1: Scotland
Q2: What was the profession of James Anderson?
A2: agronomist
Q3: Who was the first modern geologist?
A3: James Hutton
Q4: William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?
A4: physicist and chemist
Somalis (Geography and places)

In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.

Q1: Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?
A1: Toronto
Q2: What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?
A2: the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque
Q3: Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?
A3: droughts
Q4: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?
A4: schools
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

Q1: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?
A1: Southern Netherlands
Q2: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?
A2: French
Q3: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?
A3: 1980
Q4: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
A4: Language Union Treaty
Q5: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?
A5: American English
Russian_language (Language and literature)

In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye/яканье. Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and /x~xv~xw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /ɡ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum.

Q1: What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?
A1: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable
Q2: What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect?
A2: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable
Q3: What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?
A3: modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

In the Soviet Union, in the 1970s, a comparison was made between systems electrified at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz). The results showed that percentage losses in the overhead wires (catenary and contact wires) was over 3 times greater for 3 kV DC than for 25 kV AC. But when the conversion losses were all taken into account and added to overhead wire losses (including cooling blower energy) the 25 kV AC lost a somewhat higher percent of energy than for 3 kV DC. Thus in spite of the much higher losses in the catenary, the 3 kV DC was a little more energy efficient than AC in providing energy from the USSR power grid to the terminals of the traction motors (all DC at that time). While both systems use energy in converting higher voltage AC from the USSR's power grid to lower voltage DC, the conversions for the DC system all took place (at higher efficiency) in the railway substation, while most of the conversion for the AC system took place inside the locomotive (at lower efficiency). Consider also that it takes energy to constantly move this mobile conversion hardware over the rails while the stationary hardware in the railway substation doesn't incur this energy cost. For more details see: Wiki: Soviet Union DC vs. AC.

Q1: What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?
A1: 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz
Q2: Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?
A2: 3 kV DC
Q3: Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?
A3: 3 kV DC
Q4: What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?
A4: stationary hardware
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation "for being aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos." Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips. Others in State describe Kerry as having "a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder" as he shifts from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling too much, he responded, "Hell no. I'm not slowing down." Despite Kerry's early achievements, morale at State is lower than under Hillary Clinton according to department employees. However, after Kerry's first six months in the State Department, a Gallup poll found he had high approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State. After a year, another poll showed Kerry's favorability continued to rise. Less than two years into Kerry's term, the Foreign Policy Magazine's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked, "Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years?"; John Kerry and Lawrence Eagleburger tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period.

Q1: Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept?
A1: Career State Department officials
Q2: What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept?
A2: power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips
Q3: How had some State employees described Kerry?
A3: having "a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder"
Q4: Who published the Ivory Tower Survey?
A4: Foreign Policy Magazine
Q5: What was Kerry's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS?
A5: tied for 11th place out of the 15
Napoleon (History)

In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

Q1: In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?
A1: the Treaty of Fontainebleau
Q2: What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?
A2: Elba
Q3: In what sea is Elba located?
A3: the Mediterranean
Q4: The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?
A4: Emperor
Q5: When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?
A5: Austria
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

Q1: What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?
A1: Treaty of Paris
Q2: What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?
A2: Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw
Q3: When was the Battle of Wabash fought?
A3: 1791
Q4: What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?
A4: the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Q5: When was this deciding battle fought?
A5: 1794
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

In the U.S. News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2016 issue, KU’s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities.

Q1: Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?
A1: U.S. News & World Report
Q2: In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?
A2: 90th
Q3: Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?
A3: national universities
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate, a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws.

Q1: Who led the congressional hearings?
A1: Senator Estes Kefauver
Q2: What act needed provisions?
A2: FD&C
Q3: What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?
A3: advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry
Q4: What caused a need for more regulation?
A4: a new tragedy emerged
Q5: When did this push occur?
A5: 1959
Q6: Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?
A6: FD&C
Q7: Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?
A7: Senator Estes Kefauver
Q8: Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?
A8: greater
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.

Q1: In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?
A1: civil court
Q2: Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?
A2: Grokster and Streamcast
Q3: In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
A3: MGM
Q4: What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?
A4: venues for acquiring copyrighted movies
Q5: What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?
A5: Sony
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Q1: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
A1: U.S.
Q2: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
A2: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test
Q3: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
A3: doesn't affect copyright protection
House_music (Music)

In the U.S., the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound,[citation needed] moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from "intensity"). New York–based performers such as Mateo & Matos and Blaze had slickly produced disco house tracks. In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson.

Q1: what group did Marshall Jefferson form?
A1: Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from "intensity")
Q2: what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?
A2: proto-techno music sound
Q3: where were mateo & matos based?
A3: New York
Q4: where was marshall jefferson based?
A4: Chicago
Q5: what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s?
A5: drum loops and short samples