LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.

Q1: What is another term meaning Iranian languages?
A1: Iranic languages
Q2: What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?
A2: Indo-Iranian languages
Q3: What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?
A3: Indo-European language family
Q4: When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?
A4: 400 BCE
Q5: What is an example of a Sassanid language?
A5: Middle Persian
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.

Q1: When did the Islamic Golden age start?
A1: 622
Q2: What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?
A2: the Middle Ages
Q3: There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?
A3: 1492
Q4: What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?
A4: 786 to 809
Q5: Where was the House of Wisdom held?
A5: Baghdad
Treaty (Language and literature)

The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624  Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.

Q1: The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?
A1: the Banu Qaynuqa tribe
Q2: Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?
A2: the Constitution of Medina
Q3: Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?
A3: Abdullah ibn Ubayy
Q4: Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?
A4: stripped naked
Q5: What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?
A5: revenge killings
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.

Q1: What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?
A1: Arabic script
Q2: When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?
A2: second half of the 8th century
Q3: What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?
A3: Tajik script
Q4: When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?
A4: the 1930s
Q5: Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?
A5: the Soviet government
Middle_Ages (History)

The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman patterns of trade. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.

Q1: In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?
A1: 732
Q2: What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?
A2: Abbasid
Q3: What was the capital of the Abbasid state?
A3: Baghdad
Q4: What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?
A4: Tulunids
Q5: What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?
A5: the Franks
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):

Q1: How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?
A1: living imams
Q2: Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?
A2: Isma'il ibn Jafar
Q3: Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?
A3: Ja'far al-Sadiq
Q4: What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?
A4: mantle of the imamate
Israel (History)

The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly the Haganah—that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.

Q1: What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?
A1: Israel Defense Forces
Q2: Who is the head of the IDF?
A2: Ramatkal
Q3: When was the IDF founded?
A3: 1948
Israel (History)

The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art. Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information. Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world. Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim. Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country.

Q1: What is one of Israel's most important culturural institutions?
A1: The Israel Museum in Jerusalem
Q2: What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University?
A2: Beth Hatefutsoth
Q3: What is the largest art museum in the north of the country?
A3: Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad
Israel (History)

The Israeli Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's Space Competitiveness Index. Israel is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low earth orbit. It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability. Shavit rockets are launched from the spaceport at the Palmachim Airbase by the Israeli Space Agency. Since 1988 Israel Aerospace Industries have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.

Q1: What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs?
A1: Israeli Space Agency
Q2: Futron's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012?
A2: ninth in the world
Q3: When did Israel launch it's first satellite?
A3: 1988
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium). For example, 2N3055 is a silicon n–p–n power transistor, 2N1301 is a p–n–p germanium switching transistor. A letter suffix (such as "A") is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant, but rarely gain groupings.

Q1: What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?
A1: 2N
Q2: what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?
A2: a three-terminal device
Q3: What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?
A3: a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties
Q4: What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?
A4: a newer variant
Q5: What does the number 2N1301 indicate?
A5: a p–n–p germanium switching transistor
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."

Q1: What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?
A1: Qaddadfa
Q2: What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?
A2: head of military intelligence
Q3: In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?
A3: National Front for the Salvation of Libya
Q4: Who founded the NFSL?
A4: Mohammed Magariaf
Q5: What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?
A5: al-Borkan,
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year, most frequently in March and least in July. Hurricanes and tropical storms have been responsible for most of the flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes brought record rainfall to Richmond within a six-week period. The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart. And in 2004, the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 inches (300 mm) of rainfall.

Q1: What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?
A1: March
Q2: What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?
A2: July
Q3: In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?
A3: six
Q4: In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?
A4: Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane
Q5: What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?
A5: Gaston
Philadelphia (History)

The January daily average is 33.0 °F (0.6 °C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws and dips to 10 °F (−12 °C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 °F (25.6 °C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 °F (15 °C) to 64.5 °F (18 °C).

Q1: What is the average January temp?
A1: 33.0 °F
Q2: What is the July average temp?
A2: 78.1 °F
Q3: What is the average time for freezing temps?
A3: November 6 thru April 2
Q4: How long does the grow season last on average?
A4: 217
Q5: Which month is the driest?
A5: February
Samurai (Language and literature)

The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

Q1: What was built around Hakata Bay?
A1: a great stone barrier
Q2: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?
A2: 1276
Q3: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?
A3: 1277
Q4: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?
A4: 20 kilometers
Q5: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?
A5: executed
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up to the high water level was declared the property of the Japanese government. On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed. Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools, and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture. This policy was the government strategy not only in the Marshall Islands, but on all the other mandated territories in Micronesia. On March 27, 1933, Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations, but continued to manage the islands, and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls. The Marshall Islands were in an important geographical position, being the easternmost point in Japan's defensive ring at the beginning of World War II.

Q1: What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?
A1: Matrilineality
Q2: What system of social organization was used in Japan?
A2: the Japanese Patriarchal system
Q3: On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?
A3: March 27, 1933
Q4: What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?
A4: Japanese
Q5: Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?
A5: Catholic
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

Q1: Who first sold a million copies on CD?
A1: Dire Straits
Q2: Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
A2: David Bowie
Q3: What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
A3: 1985
Q4: How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
A4: 400 million
Q5: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
A5: 15
Pacific_War (History)

The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

Q1: What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?
A1: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.
Q2: What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?
A2: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest
Q3: Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?
A3: impossible
Q4: What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?
A4: impossible
Q5: What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?
A5: Japanese hegemony in Asia
Q6: If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?
A6: canceled
Q7: What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?
A7: historical experiences
Pacific_War (History)

The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March, across the mountainous and densely forested frontier. This attack, codenamed Operation U-Go, was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed, despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters. Although several units of the British Fourteenth Army had to fight their way out of encirclement, by early April they had concentrated around Imphal in Manipur state. A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal, but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima. During April, the Japanese attacks against Imphal failed, while fresh Allied formations drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured at Kohima.

Q1: What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India?
A1: March
Q2: Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go?
A2: Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi
Q3: Where had the Japanese advanced to?
A3: Kohima in Nagaland
Q4: What did the Japanese cut?
A4: main road to Imphal
Q5: What had the Japanese failed to capture?
A5: defences at Kohima
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

Q1: Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?
A1: Jawa Dwipa
Q2: Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?
A2: Indian traders
Q3: The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?
A3: abundant forest and maritime products
Q4: Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?
A4: Hinduism and Buddhism
Q5: Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?
A5: merchants from China
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.

Q1: What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?
A1: 1891
Q2: What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?
A2: Daniel J. Jenkins
Q3: What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?
A3: donations of musical instruments
Q4: Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?
A4: Avery Institute Graduates
Q5: What city was Louis Armstrong from?
A5: New Orleans