LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Comics (Language and literature)

Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.

Q1: What type of ink is often used in making comics?
A1: India ink
Q2: What method is mostly used in making comics?
A2: Cartooning
Q3: Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?
A3: digital technology
Q4: Motion lines and what are often used in comics?
A4: abstract symbols
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F), before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition—this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being "gravity-fed" directly into the glass.

Q1: What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?
A1: Cask-conditioned ales
Q2: What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?
A2: stillage
Q3: What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?
A3: 52–55 °F
Q4: How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?
A4: from several hours to several days
Q5: What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?
A5: a hand pump
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

Q1: What place is Catalan named for?
A1: Catalonia
Q2: What type of language is Catalan?
A2: Romance language
Q3: What is Catalan called in Valencia?
A3: Valencian
Q4: Where is Catalan the only official language?
A4: Andorra
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Q1: What is Catalan a variety of?
A1: Occitan language
Q2: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
A2: varying degrees
Q3: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
A3: differences
Q4: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
A4: many traits
Q5: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
A5: closely related
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

Q1: What is the division of Catalan dialects?
A1: Eastern and Western
Q2: What is the basic difference between the dialects?
A2: pronunciation
Q3: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?
A3: different varieties
Q4: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?
A4: the same language
Q5: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
A5: two standard varieties
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Q1: From what language did Catalan come?
A1: Vulgar Latin
Q2: In what area did Catalan develop?
A2: eastern Pyrenees
Q3: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
A3: 9th century
Q4: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?
A4: Low Middle Ages
Q5: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
A5: 1479
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

Q1: How many genders does Catalan have?
A1: two
Q2: What numbers does Catalan have?
A2: singular, plural
Q3: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
A3: inflectional
Q4: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
A4: consonants
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Q1: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
A1: suppletive couplets
Q2: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
A2: French
Q3: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
A3: Italian and Spanish
Q4: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
A4: French
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Q1: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
A1: Vulgar Latin
Q2: How many stressed phenoms are there?
A2: seven
Q3: Where is this a common feature?
A3: Western Romance
Q4: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
A4: Spanish
Q5: What differs in vowel reduction?
A5: Dialects
Q6: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
A6: Vulgar Latin
Q7: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
A7: seven
Q8: Where is this system common?
A8: Western Romance
Q9: What language is the exception?
A9: Spanish
Q10: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
A10: Dialects
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Q1: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
A1: treatment of unstressed a and e
Q2: How are a and e in western dialects?
A2: distinct
Q3: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
A3: merged
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

Q1: What is this distinction similar to?
A1: all other Romance languages
Q2: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
A2: English
Q3: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
A3: formality
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

Q1: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?
A1: many traits
Q2: Where is Catalonia located?
A2: Iberian Peninsula
Q3: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?
A3: Spanish and Portuguese
Q4: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?
A4: pronunciation
Q5: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
A5: Gallo-Romance
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Q1: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
A1: many traits
Q2: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
A2: Iberian Peninsula
Q3: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
A3: Ibero-Romance group
Q4: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
A4: Spanish and Portuguese
Q5: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
A5: Occitan
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Q1: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
A1: Catalan sociolinguistics
Q2: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
A2: Catalan sociolinguistics
Q3: What is this a subdiscipline of?
A3: Catalan philology
Q4: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
A4: analyse the relation
Q5: What outside affects does this study include?
A5: other languages in contact
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

Q1: How are Catalan verbs grouped?
A1: into three conjugations
Q2: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
A2: first conjugation
Q3: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
A3: 700
Q4: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
A4: second
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson's most popular vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails. Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant.

Q1: What area has a ski lift?
A1: Ski Valley
Q2: How many miles is Catalina Highway?
A2: 25
Q3: What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?
A3: Summerhaven
Q4: What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?
A4: snowboarding and skiing
Q5: How long is Catalina Highway?
A5: 25 miles (40 km)
Q6: What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?
A6: cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing
Q7: Where is Summerhaven?
A7: Near the top of Mt. Lemmon
Q8: What is in Ski Valley?
A8: a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant
Q9: What is in Summerhaven?
A9: log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland, from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup, Germany, lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914. He was very interested in the islands and conducted considerable research on the Marshallese culture and language. He published a 376-page monograph on the islands in 1914. Father H. Linckens, another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks. He published a small work in 1912 about the Catholic mission activities and the people of the Marshall Islands.

Q1: What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?
A1: the Sacred Heart Jesu Society
Q2: In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?
A2: 1914
Q3: In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?
A3: 1911
Q4: When was Father Linckens' book published?
A4: 1912
Q5: In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?
A5: 1904
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage but higher than the national average.

Q1: How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?
A1: 400
Q2: How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?
A2: 150
Q3: Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?
A3: Wenzhou
Q4: What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?
A4: 2.8%
Q5: Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?
A5: Catholicism
Alps (Geography and places)

Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.

Q1: When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? 
A1: between 1000 to 1500 BC
Q2: The Raetians lived in what region?
A2: the eastern regions
Q3: The Helvetii occupied which region?
A3: the west
Q4: What did the Celtic tribes mine?
A4: salt
Q5: Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?
A5: The Celts
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

Q1: Where did the state place on population chart?
A1: 21st
Q2: Who was 22nd of chart?
A2: Tripura
Q3: Who was top ranked in population strength?
A3: Kangra district
Q4: Who was last in population strength?
A4: Lahaul Spiti
Houston (History)

Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s decade, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall. Since 2000 more than 30 high-rise buildings have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units. In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of Class A office space.

Q1: What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?
A1: Uptown District
Q2: When did the Uptown district expand?
A2: 1970s and early 1980s
Q3: What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?
A3: Williams Tower
Q4: How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?
A4: 23 million
Q5: Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?
A5: Transco Tower
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

Q1: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
A1: unstressed possessives
Q2: What other language shares this type of construction?
A2: Italian
Q3: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
A3: el meu
Q4: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
A4: mon
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Q1: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
A1: Central Catalan
Q2: Where are the most speakers found?
A2: Central Catalan
Q3: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
A3: Barcelona province
Q4: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
A4: eastern half
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Q1: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
A1: Central Catalan
Q2: What is Central Catalan?
A2: standard pronunciation
Q3: What are the descriptions for?
A3: standard pronunciation
Q4: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
A4: section pronunciation
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area.

Q1: How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?
A1: more than $48.6 million
Q2: How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?
A2: 10 million yuan
Q3: How much have Central state enterprises donated?
A3: 48.6 million
Q4: How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?
A4: 10 million yuan each
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.

Q1: Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?
A1: Fourth Avenue Shopping District
Q2: What neighborhood has historic homes?
A2: Sam Hughes neighborhood
Q3: What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?
A3: bicycle
Q4: Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?
A4: half
Q5: Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?
A5: Third Street
Q6: How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?
A6: half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park
Q7: Which park has a multi-use path?
A7: Rillito River Park
Q8: Which bike path does Highland lead to?
A8: Barraza-Aviation Parkway
Q9: Which shopping area is on East University?
A9: Fourth Avenue Shopping District
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator. While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime, diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power  while if an electric power plant needs to generate less power it will shut down its least efficient generators, thereby increasing efficiency. The electric train can save energy (as compared to diesel) by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting. However, electric rolling stock may run cooling blowers when stopped or coasting, thus consuming energy.

Q1: Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?
A1: Central station
Q2: How can electric power plant become more power efficient?
A2: it will shut down its least efficient generators
Q3: How can electric train be more energy efficient?
A3: by regenerative braking
Q4: Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?
A4: diesel
Q5: What causes electric trains to waste energy?
A5: cooling blowers