LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Slavs (History)

DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Q1: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?
A1: 1228
Q2: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?
A2: West Eurasian
Q3: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?
A3: 95%
Q4: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?
A4: 0.7%
Q5: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?
A5: European
Genome (Natural sciences)

DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

Q1: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?
A1: cut and paste
Q2: DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?
A2: RNA
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.

Q1: What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?
A1: travel
Q2: When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?
A2: Computer software
Q3: What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?
A3: policy
Q4: What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?
A4: sleep patterns
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Q1: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
A1: outdoor exercise
Q2: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
A2: vitamin D
Q3: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
A3: Gordon Gund
Q4: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
A4: skin cancer
Q5: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
A5: rise earlier
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Q1: What does DST inherit from standard time?
A1: disadvantages
Q2: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
A2: magnify
Q3: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
A3: two
Q4: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
A4: sun-exposure guidelines
Q5: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
A5: time zone
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.

Q1: Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?
A1: southern Brazil
Q2: What part of Brazil does not observe DST?
A2: equatorial Brazil
Q3: Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?
A3: Asia and Africa
Q4: The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?
A4: sunrise
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Q1: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
A1: twice
Q2: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
A2: confusion
Q3: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
A3: change their clocks
Q4: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
A4: multiple DST rules
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Q1: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
A1: 3.5%
Q2: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
A2: morning
Q3: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?
A3: incandescent
Q4: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
A4: climate
Q5: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
A5: Franklin
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

Q1: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A1: ATSC
Q2: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?
A2: MPEG-2
Q3: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?
A3: DVB
Q4: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A4: the Grand Alliance
Brigham_Young_University (Philosophy and religion)

Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman.

Q1: Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?
A1: Jeffrey R. Holland
Q2: Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?
A2: Rex E. Lee
Q3: Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?
A3: Merrill J. Bateman
Q4: Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?
A4: Dallin H. Oaks
Q5: What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?
A5: its religious nature
Q6: Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?
A6: law
Q7: In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?
A7: Jerusalem
Q8: What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?
A8: cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run
Q9: What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?
A9: its religious nature
Q10: What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?
A10: BYU Jerusalem Center
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Q1: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
A1: 1993
Q2: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
A2: one hour
Q3: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
A3: software developers
Q4: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
A4: Coordinated Universal Time
Q5: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
A5: Unix-based
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Damaged spots on a LaserDisc can be played through or skipped over, while a DVD will often become unplayable past the damage. Some newer DVD players feature a repair+skip algorithm, which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc, filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound. The success of this feature depends upon the amount of damage. LaserDisc players, when working in full analog, recover from such errors faster than DVD players. Direct comparison here is almost impossible due to the sheer size differences between the two media. A 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a DVD will probably cause more problems than a 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a LaserDisc, but a fingerprint taking up 1% of the area of a DVD would almost certainly cause fewer problems than a similar mark covering 1% of the surface of a LaserDisc.[citation needed]

Q1: What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?
A1: filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound
Q2: Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?
A2: DVD
Q3: Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?
A3: DVD
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.

Q1: What do the people of Cyprus rely on for domestic and agricultural supply of water?
A1: Dams
Q2: What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus?
A2: 107
Q3: What is the capacity of water that the dams on Cyprus can hold?
A3: 330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft).
Q4: What has the government invested in to help supply water for Cyprus?
A4: desalination plants
Q5: What percentage of domestic water do desalination plants provide on Cyprus?
A5: almost 50 per cent
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.

Q1: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
A1: Daniel Gralath
Q2: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
A2: stored on the glass
Q3: Who coined the term "battery"?
A3: Benjamin Franklin
Q4: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? 
A4: 1.11 nanofarads
Q5: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
A5: to prevent arcing between the foils
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.

Q1: What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
A1: Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.
Q2: How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
A2: an organization in which mostly its officers fought
Q3: How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
A3: primarily a rear echelon support force
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Q1: Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?
A1: Cold War mentality
Q2: How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?
A2: 10%
Q3: Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?
A3: Afghanistan and Iraq
Q4: Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?
A4: 2003 and 2018
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.

Q1: In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?
A1: in 1264 or shortly before
Q2: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
A2: Dante Alighieri
Q3: Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?
A3: Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello
Q4: In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?
A4: 17th century
Q5: What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?
A5: episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

Q1: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
A1: Dante Alighieri
Q2: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?
A2: Latin as well as Italian
Q3: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?
A3: Tuscan
Q4: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?
A4: Decameron
Q5: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?
A5: Petrarch
Virgil (Language and literature)

Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy. Dante also mentions Virgil in De vulgari eloquentia, along with Ovid, Lucan and Statius, as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7).

Q1: In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory?
A1: Divine Comedy
Q2: Who was the author of the Divine Comedy?
A2: Dante
Q3: Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy?
A3: Virgil
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη (daphnē), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.

Q1: Who was the daughter of Peneus?
A1: Daphne
Q2: Who is Daphne's father?
A2: Peneus
Q3: Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?
A3: Cupid
Poultry (Natural sciences)

Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.

Q1: Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?
A1: The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells
Q2: What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?
A2: White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying
Q3: What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?
A3: the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours
Q4: Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?
A4: birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout