LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic (History)

The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners. During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes. As a result, the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, which it had not had to do in the past.

Q1: During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?
A1: 2nd century BC
Q2: What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?
A2: greater collapse of the middle classes
Q3: What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?
A3: property
Q4: What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?
A4: huge losses incurred during various wars
Alps (Geography and places)

The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.

Q1: What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes?
A1: extreme and stressful climatic conditions
Q2: Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties?
A2: medicinal
Q3: Where are Urtica dioica found?
A3: the Alps
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.

Q1: What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?
A1: indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most important works in the field of social science—The Poverty of Historicism (1944) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)—were inspired by his reflection on the events of his time and represented, in a sense, a reaction to the prevalent totalitarian ideologies that then dominated Central European politics. His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy. They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of totalitarianism.

Q1: What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?
A1: fascism
Q2: What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?
A2: the Anschluss
Q3: What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?
A3: democratic liberalism
Q4: What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?
A4: totalitarianism
Q5: What was the Anschluss?
A5: the annexation of Austria by the German Reich
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.

Q1: What are urs?
A1: fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints
Q2: When are urs held?
A2: the death anniversary of the saint
Q3: What genre of music is played at urs?
A3: folk
Q4: Where is Buksh's shrine?
A4: Lahore
Q5: Where is Zakria's shrine?
A5: Multan
Classical_music (Music)

The family of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400.

Q1: To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to?
A1: 100
Q2: What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?
A2: over 400
Q3: What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?
A3: over 150
Q4: What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?
A4: rotary valves
Q5: What array of instrument grew wider?
A5: percussion
Han_dynasty (History)

The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants. State-registered merchants, who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes, were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status. These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials. Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle. Unlike slaves, retainers could come and go from their master's home as they pleased. Medical physicians, pig breeders, and butchers had a fairly high social status, while occultist diviners, runners, and messengers had low status.

Q1: Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?
A1: The farmer
Q2: What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?
A2: white-colored
Q3: Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?
A3: bandits
Q4: Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?
A4: State-registered merchants
Q5: How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?
A5: working between a network of cities
Florida (Geography and places)

The fast-growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.

Q1: What is the make up politically of florida's fastest growing area 
A1: Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters
Q2: The area is viewed as what politically
A2: The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion
Q3: The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what 
A3: the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

Q1: Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?
A1: Edward VII
Q2: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?
A2: Napier Shaw
Q3: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?
A3: 1909
Q4: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?
A4: Andrew Peters
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.

Q1: Canis latrans is what animal?
A1: coyote
Q2: Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?
A2: American black bear
Q3: The main cause of degradation has been what?
A3: grazing
Q4: What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?
A4: rattlesnake
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census (Social sciences and society)

The federal government of the United States has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: 'Hispanic or Latino' and 'Not Hispanic or Latino'." The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles.

Q1: How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?
A1: a minimum of two
Q2: How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?
A2: Hispanic or Latino
Q3: Aside from Hispanic or Latino, what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use?
A3: Not Hispanic or Latino
Q4: In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?
A4: Hispanic or Latino
Q5: In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census?
A5: Hispanic or Latino
Beyoncé (Music)

The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing "Déjà Vu" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyoncé's third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose "boldness" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie with additional influences by The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince.

Q1: What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?
A1: feminism and female empowerment
Q2: Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song "Deja Vu"?
A2: Josephine Baker
Q3: Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?
A3: Etta James
Q4: What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? 
A4: Dreamgirls
Q5: How did Etta James influence her?
A5: boldness
Q6: Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?
A6: 2006 Fashion Rocks concert
Q7: What singer inspired Beyoncé's B'Day album?
A7: Josephine Baker.
Q8: What song did Beyoncé sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?
A8: Déjà Vu
Cotton (Natural sciences)

The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India). Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.

Q1: What is the most frequent use of cotton?
A1: fabric
Q2: To what date has cotton been dated?
A2: 5000 BC
Q3: Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times?
A3: Indus Valley
Q4: In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times?
A4: Mexico
Q5: What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton?
A5: cotton gin
Brain (Natural sciences)

The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry, the branch of medicine that works to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders. Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain, such as computer science (artificial intelligence and similar fields) and philosophy.

Q1: What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?
A1: neuroscience
Q2: What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?
A2: Psychology
Q3: What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?
A3: neurology
Q4: Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?
A4: study, prevent, and treat mental disorders
Q5: Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?
A5: neuroscience and psychology
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.

Q1: What does each state posess?
A1: state constitutions, state governments, and state courts
Q2: What are the 50 states in the Union known as?
A2: separate sovereigns
Q3: Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?
A3: executive branch
Q4: What branch of government enacts state statutes?
A4: legislative branch
Q5: Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?
A5: judicial branch
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term "fighter" is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft. Other missions include interception of bombers and other fighters, reconnaissance, and patrol. The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT) or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program. These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration. The USAF has 2,025 fighters in service as of September 2012.

Q1: What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?
A1: air-to-air combat
Q2: What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?
A2: F-16 Fighting Falcon
Q3: What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?
A3: F-16
Q4: What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?
A4: F-4 Phantom II
Q5: What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? 
A5: early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward, leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition. The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost c. 1,000 casualties. The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them. The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers, a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle-fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks, until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery.

Q1: Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?
A1: Wissembourg
Q2: In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?
A2: westward
Q3: How many dead troops leave behind?
A3: 1,000 dead
Q4: How many prisoners did the French leave behind?
A4: 1,000 prisoners
Q5: What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?
A5: French Chassepot
Multiracial_American (History)

The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.

Q1: What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
A1: "tragic octoroon"
Q2: Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
A2: Lydia Maria Child
Q3: What story was written by Child in 1842?
A3: "The Quadroons"
Q4: What does the tragic octoroon point out?
A4: sexual exploitation in slavery
Q5: Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
A5: abolitionists
Turner_Classic_Movies (History)

The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT – along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment).

Q1: On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?
A1: TNT
Q2: What was a notable film that Turner colorized?
A2: The Maltese Falcon
Q3: Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?
A3: MGM/UA
Q4: The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?
A4: May 1986
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man". Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted:

Q1: What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?
A1: that his theory might produce revolutionary changes
Q2: Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?
A2: so as not to prejudice readers against his theory
Q3: What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?
A3: that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man"