LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.

Q1: Who supported the reaction against the government?
A1: Durango
Q2: Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?
A2: José Urrea
Q3: Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?
A3: Chihuahua
Q4: Who threatened to retaliate?
A4: J.J.Calvo
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.

Q1: Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?
A1: palm leaf
Q2: What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?
A2: abugidas
Q3: What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?
A3: copperplate scrolls
Q4: In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?
A4: longitudinally
Q5: The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?
A5: twine
Black_people (Language and literature)

The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

Q1: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
A1: the Population Registration Act of 1945
Q2: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
A2: pencil test
Q3: How did the pencil test work?
A3: A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil
Q4: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
A4: Minor officials
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps. Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, in particular seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants, but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. Some older fossils, such as the upper Triassic Sanmiguelia, have been suggested. Based on current evidence, some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms in the Triassic period (245–202 million years ago). Fossil angiosperm-like pollen from the Middle Triassic (247.2–242.0 Ma) suggests an older date for their origin. A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes, proposed on the basis of morphological evidence, has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms.[citation needed]

Q1: What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?
A1: abominable mystery
Q2: What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus?
A2: angiosperm
Q3: What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers?
A3: evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved
Q4: From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin?
A4: Middle Triassic
Q5: What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed?
A5: relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and sarcasm. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.) This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty.

Q1: Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?
A1: adolescents
Q2: Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?
A2: nine
Q3: Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?
A3: higher-order
Q4: The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?
A4: cognitive
Federal_Aviation_Administration (History)

The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower.

Q1: When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?
A1: 1956
Q2: when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?
A2: 1958
Q3: What agency would now act like the CAA?
A3: Federal Aviation Agency
Q4: Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?
A4: CAB
Q5: Who was the FAA's first administrator?
A5: Elwood R. Quesada
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text.

Q1: In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?
A1: Georgia
Q2: Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?
A2: king David IV
Q3: Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?
A3: Demetrius I of Georgia
Q4: Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?
A4: Christ
Bermuda (History)

The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.

Q1: What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?
A1: marine organisms
Q2: During the ice age, what area of land was above water?
A2: approximately two hundred square miles
Q3: Has the seamount always been above sealevel?
A3: The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence
Q4: What type of volcano forms the archipelago?
A4: a submarine volcano
Q5: Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?
A5: periods of complete submergence,
Q6: What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?
A6: an island
Q7: The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?
A7: the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Estonia (Geography and places)

The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.

Q1: Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
A1: Tallinn
Q2: When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?
A2: pre-Christian times
Q3: What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?
A3: castles and churches
Architecture (Art and architecture)

The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.

Q1: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
A1: civic ideals
Q2: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
A2: new building types
Q3: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
A3: religious or empirical ones
Q4: What owes its development to the Classical orders?
A4: Architectural "style"
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the country. The Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building façades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace, the City Hall, Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower. The most notable sports stadium is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rodó and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks.

Q1: What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral? 
A1: Neoclassical
Q2: What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo? 
A2: Postmodern
Q3: What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?
A3: ANTEL Telecommunication Tower
Architecture (Art and architecture)

The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

Q1: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
A1: pantheistic religion
Q2: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
A2: Buddhist architecture
Q3: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
A3: 3rd century BCE
Q4: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
A4: the macrocosm and the microcosm
Q5: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
A5: the Shastras
Q6: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
A6: Buddhist
Q7: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
A7: pantheistic religion
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

The area between Belvidere Street, Interstate 195, Interstate 95, and the river, which includes Virginia Commonwealth University, is socioeconomically and architecturally diverse. North of Broad Street, the Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward, with Carver experiencing some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU. The affluent area between the Boulevard, Main Street, Broad Street, and VCU, known as the Fan, is home to Monument Avenue, an outstanding collection of Victorian architecture, and many students. West of the Boulevard is the Museum District, the location of the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. South of the Downtown Expressway are Byrd Park, Maymont, Hollywood Cemetery, the predominantly black working class Randolph neighborhood, and white working class Oregon Hill. Cary Street between Interstate 195 and the Boulevard is a popular commercial area called Carytown.

Q1: The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street?
A1: Broad
Q2: Along with Newtowne West, to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics?
A2: Jackson Ward
Q3: What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings?
A3: Monument Avenue
Q4: In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found?
A4: Museum District
Q5: What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood?
A5: black
Nigeria (History)

The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests).

Q1: What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?
A1: butterflies
Q2: Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?
A2: grassland
Q3: What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?
A3: the drill monkey
Q4: What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?
A4: Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests
Q5: Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?
A5: development and harvesting by increased population
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

Q1: When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?
A1: 1880
Q2: Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?
A2: Pierre de Brazza
Q3: What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?
A3: Middle Congo
Q4: What group of French colonies was created in 1908?
A4: French Equatorial Africa
Q5: How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?
A5: 14,000
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and it takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC, in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, being turned into a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga (Portugal) which was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula, taking the Visigoth kingdom, but soon in 740 Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias. During the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings, but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile, while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and personality. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an Adiantado-mór, whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century. The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia, a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia, an institution which was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the personality of Galicia, a demand which led to the frustrated Statute of Autonomy of 1936, and to the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, currently in force.

Q1: During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia?
A1: Middle Paleolithic
Q2: Where does its name come from?
A2: Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples
Q3: Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD?
A3: Roman Empire
Q4: What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century?
A4: the Cortes or Junta
Q5: Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted?
A5: 1981
Tennessee (Geography and places)

The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000–1000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC–1000 AD), and Mississippian (1000–1600 AD), whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters.

Q1: How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?
A1: 12,000
Q2: What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?
A2: 1000–1600 AD
Q3: Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name?
A3: Muscogee
Q4: What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD?
A4: Woodland
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Q1: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
A1: Hundred Yue
Q2: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
A2: Spring and Autumn Period
Q3: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
A3: northern Zhejiang
Q4: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
A4: Yu the Great
Q5: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
A5: bird-worm seal script
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.

Q1: How much rain falls on Mexico City?
A1: 820 millimetres (32.3 in)
Q2: When is it warm, yet does not rain?
A2: March to May
Q3: When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?
A3: June to October
Q4: When is it coldest in Mexico City?
A4: November to February
Q5: What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?
A5: tropical winds