LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Northwestern_University (History)

Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

Q1: What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?
A1: integrated
Q2: What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?
A2: Dyche Stadium
Q3: What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?
A3: Northwestern with the University of Chicago
Q4: What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?
A4: a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)
Q5: What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?
A5: NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship
Pub (History)

Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

Q1: What law allowed the existence of beer houses?
A1: Beer Act of 1830
Q2: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?
A2: low alcohol content
Q3: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
A3: gin
Q4: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?
A4: reducing public drunkenness
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) (History)

Under a front page headline "The Truth", the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims, that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable "whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient." Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said – a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.

Q1: What did the paper report that some fans did?
A1: picked the pockets of crushed victims
Q2: Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?
A2: a police constable
Q3: Who wrote the headline "The Truth"?
A3: Kelvin MacKenzie
Q4: Who wrote the actual story?
A4: Harry Arnold
Q5: What was the story based on?
A5: allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H
2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:

Q1: What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?
A1: anaerobic
Q2: What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?
A2: formation of ferrous hydroxide
Q3: What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?
A3: green rust
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.

Q1: A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?
A1: the U.S. Military
Q2: How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?
A2: 43 lb (20 kg)
Q3: How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?
A3: removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player
Alps (Geography and places)

Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

Q1: What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure? 
A1: marine sedimentary rocks
Q2: When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?
A2: As the rising peaks underwent erosion
Q3: What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?
A3: Coarse sediments
Q4: Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?
A4: flysch
Royal_assent (History)

Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.

Q1: Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?
A1: ministers
Q2: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?
A2: reserve powers
Q3: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?
A3: his or her ministers
Q4: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?
A4: ministers
Q5: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?
A5: improbable
John,_King_of_England (History)

Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to £666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.

Q1: When were the papal terms for submission accepted?
A1: May 1213
Q2: How many marks did John surrender?
A2: 1,000
Q3: Where was the agreement formalised?
A3: Bulla Aurea
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance.

Q1: How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?
A1: third most abundant
Q2: what produces hydrogen gas?
A2: bacteria and algae
Pub (History)

Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

Q1: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?
A1: £168
Q2: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?
A2: beer or cider
Q3: On what day were beer houses closed?
A3: Sundays
Q4: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?
A4: jugs
Q5: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?
A5: spirits and fortified wines
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

Q1: Who became president of the Congo in 1963?
A1: Massamba-Débat
Q2: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?
A2: scientific socialism
Q3: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?
A3: Cuban
Q4: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?
A4: September 1968
Exhibition_game (Sports and recreation)

Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.

Q1: When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?
A1: 1995–2004
Q2: What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?
A2: Soviet Union
Q3: In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?
A3: 1978
Q4: Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?
A4: Charlotte
Q5: What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?
A5: Citizens Business Bank Arena
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

Q1: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
A1: 1996
Q2: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
A2: one
Q3: What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
A3: 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Q4: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
A4: to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights
United_States_dollar (History)

Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Q1: When was the Bretton Woods system established?
A1: after World War II
Q2: What was the fixed value of gold?
A2: $35 per ounce
Q3: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?
A3: the value of gold
Q4: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?
A4: convert dollars to gold
Q5: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
A5: 1971
CBC_Television (History)

Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.

Q1: Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?
A1: Rogers Communications
Q2: Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?
A2: a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers
Q3: Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?
A3: on CBC-owned stations
Middle_Ages (History)

Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035–1087), conquered England (r. 1066–87) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154–89) and his son Richard I (r. 1189–99), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199–1216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216–72), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226–70), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]

Q1: Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?
A1: William the Conqueror
Q2: During what period did William reign over England?
A2: 1066–87
Q3: When did Robert Guiscard die?
A3: 1085
Q4: What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?
A4: Kingdom of Sicily
Q5: To what dynasty did Henry II belong?
A5: Angevin
Philadelphia (History)

Under the Köppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare. Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches (1,050 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011. The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.

Q1: What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?
A1: humid subtropical climate zone
Q2: What is the summer weather like?
A2: hot and muggy
Q3: What is the normal snowfall?
A3: 22.4 in
Q4: How much rain does Philly get on average?
A4: 41.5 inches
Q5: What is the most rain in one day?
A5: 8.02 in
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa). The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. The city falls under USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone.

Q1: What is the name of New York City's climate using the Köppen climate classification?
A1: humid subtropical
Q2: How many sunny days does New York average each year?
A2: 234
Q3: How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?
A3: 2,535
Q4: The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?
A4: humid continental
Q5: What month in New York City is the coldest?
A5: January
Q6: What type of climate does NYC possess?
A6: humid subtropical
Q7: How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?
A7: 234
Q8: What planting zone does the city land in?
A8: USDA 7b
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

Q1: When was the Qing dynasty in power?
A1: 1644–1911
Q2: What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?
A2: Jiangning
Q3: What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?
A3: the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors
Q4: What year did the First Opium War end?
A4: 1842
Royal_assent (History)

Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act ("... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...").

Q1: What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?
A1: does not require both houses to meet jointly
Q2: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?
A2: by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament
Q3: Which document formats the letters patent?
A3: The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992
Q4: In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?
A4: 2000