LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Elevator (History)

In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters, commonly known as "soft-start" contactors, avoid much of this problem, and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.

Q1: How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?
A1: emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit
Q2: Once the passengers have exited, what happens?
A2: The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch
Q3: For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system?
A3: due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor
Q4: What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as?
A4: "soft-start" contactors
Infrared (Natural sciences)

In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

Q1: What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
A1: infrared filters
Q2: What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?
A2: Digital cameras
Q3: What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?
A3: 'T-ray' imaging
Q4: What is another name for terahertz radiation?
A4: far-infrared
Q5: What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?
A5: terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.

Q1: What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?
A1: inorganic chemistry
Q2: What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?
A2: link two metal centers
Q3: What group is briging ligands most common in?
A3: group 13
Mammal (Natural sciences)

In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.

Q1: Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
A1: cerebrum
Q2: Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
A2: Rats
Q3: Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
A3: prey
Treaty (Language and literature)

In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol.

Q1: What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?
A1: a protocol
Q2: A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?
A2: add additional provisions
Q3: Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?
A3: not required
Q4: What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?
A4: an "optional protocol"
Q5: A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?
A5: amend the previous treaty
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Q1: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
A1: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs
Q2: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
A2: 57 percent
Q3: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
A3: US$63.4 billion
Q4: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
A4: Zimbabwe
Q5: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
A5: 19%
Kanye_West (Music)

In its 2012 list of "500 Greatest Albums of All Time, Rolling Stone included three of West's albums—The College Dropout at number 298, Late Registration at number 118, and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353.

Q1: How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?
A1: 3
Q2: How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?
A2: 3
New_York_City (Geography and places)

In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

Q1: What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?
A1: Minneapolis
Q2: What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?
A2: New York City
Q3: The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?
A3: Minneapolis
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, "Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, "[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara." The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,

Q1: In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?
A1: Reporters Without Borders
Q2: How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?
A2: just below
Q3: What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?
A3: Independent
Q4: According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?
A4: Eritrea
Q5: According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?
A5: Asmara
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 "worst governors" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.

Q1: What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 "worst governors" in a 2010 report?
A1: Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
Israel (History)

In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.

Q1: Israel defines itself as what?
A1: Jewish and democratic state
Q2: Where is Israel's economy ranked?
A2: 35th
Q3: Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia?
A3: fourth
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.:13

Q1: What sort of films were produced by Red Feather?
A1: low-budget programmers
Q2: What type of movies came out of Bluebird?
A2: more ambitious productions
Q3: What motion pictures were made by Jewel?
A3: prestige motion pictures
Q4: What was the profession of George Marshall?
A4: Directors
Q5: Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?
A5: Lois Weber
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

In its early years of existence, the smooth jazz format was considered to be a form of AC, although it was mainly instrumental, and related a stronger resemblance to the soft AC-styled music. For many years, artists like George Benson, Kenny G and Dave Koz had crossover hits that were played on both smooth jazz and soft AC stations.

Q1: What radio station format was sometimes regarded as a type of adult contemporary?
A1: smooth jazz
Q2: What type of music was predominantly played on smooth jazz stations?
A2: instrumental
Q3: Along with Kenny G and Dave Koz, what artist was featured on smooth jazz stations?
A3: George Benson
Q4: What other format of station were smooth jazz artists sometimes featured on?
A4: soft AC
East_India_Company (History)

In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.

Q1: what is the acronym for the East india company?
A1: EIC
Q2: In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have? 
A2: 3000
Q3: in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?
A3: Indian
Q4: what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ
A4: 1763
Valencia (Geography and places)

In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.

Q1: Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?
A1: the 32nd and the 33rd
Q2: What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?
A2: Global Champions Tour
Q3: What tennis event has Valencia hosted?
A3: Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament
Q4: When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?
A4: 2009
Q5: What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?
A5: Falles
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Nyāya to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul, self and reality. The Nyāya Sūtras begin:

Q1: What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?
A1: Nyāya
Q2: What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?
A2: mistakes/defects
Q3: What state is achieved through knowledge?
A3: Moksha
Q4: What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?
A4: liberation
Q5: Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?
A5: delusion
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

In its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)
2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:

Q1: Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?
A1: anaerobic
Q2: What does this process form?
A2: magnetite and molecular hydrogen
Q3: What reaction describes this process?
A3: Schikorr reaction
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts.

Q1: What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?
A1: stare decisis
Q2: What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?
A2: civil law jurisdictions
Q3: In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?
A3: the immediate case before it
Q4: Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?
A4: a very strong precedent
Q5: What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?
A5: jurisprudence constante
John,_King_of_England (History)

In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully. John's relief operation was blocked by Philip's forces, and John turned back to Brittany in an attempt to draw Philip away from eastern Normandy. John successfully devastated much of Brittany, but did not deflect Philip's main thrust into the east of Normandy. Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive.[nb 8] John's situation began to deteriorate rapidly. The eastern border region of Normandy had been extensively cultivated by Philip and his predecessors for several years, whilst Angevin authority in the south had been undermined by Richard's giving away of various key castles some years before. His use of routier mercenaries in the central regions had rapidly eaten away his remaining support in this area too, which set the stage for a sudden collapse of Angevin power.[nb 9] John retreated back across the Channel in December, sending orders for the establishment of a fresh defensive line to the west of Chateau Gaillard. In March 1204, Gaillard fell. John's mother Eleanor died the following month. This was not just a personal blow for John, but threatened to unravel the widespread Angevin alliances across the far south of France. Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance. By August, Philip had taken Normandy and advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou as well. John's only remaining possession on the Continent was now the Duchy of Aquitaine.

Q1: What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203?
A1: Château Gaillard
Q2: Who blocked John's relief operation?
A2: Philip's forces
Q3: When did Gaillard fall?
A3: March 1204
Q4: What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent?
A4: Duchy of Aquitaine
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.

Q1: Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?
A1: Kaesong sanctuary
Q2: What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?
A2: use nuclear force
Q3: Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?
A3: National Security Council
Q4: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
A4: death of Stalin
Q5: What was SAC an abbreviation of?
A5: Strategic Air Command
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.

Q1: What was South Vietnam called in 1955?
A1: Free Vietnam
Q2: Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?
A2: J. Lawton Collins
Q3: Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?
A3: Ngo Dinh Diem
Q4: When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?
A4: February 1955
Q5: Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?
A5: Republic of Vietnam
Queen_(band) (Music)

In late 1975, Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera, taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie. At the time, it was the most expensive album ever produced. Like its predecessor, the album features diverse musical styles and experimentation with stereo sound. In "The Prophet's Song", an eight-minute epic, the middle section is a canon, with simple phrases layered to create a full-choral sound. The Mercury penned ballad, "Love of My Life", featured a harp and overdubbed vocal harmonies. The album was very successful in Britain, and went triple platinum in the United States. The British public voted it the 13th greatest album of all time in a 2004 Channel 4 poll. It has also ranked highly in international polls; in a worldwide Guinness poll, it was voted the 19th greatest of all time, while an ABC poll saw the Australian public vote it the 28th greatest of all time. A Night at the Opera has frequently appeared in "greatest albums" lists reflecting the opinions of critics. Among other accolades, it was ranked number 16 in Q Magazine's "The 50 Best British Albums Ever" in 2004, and number 11 in Rolling Stone's "The 100 Greatest Albums of All Time" as featured in their Mexican edition in 2004. It was also placed at No. 230 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2003. A Night at the Opera is the third and final Queen album to be featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Q1: Which Queen album was released in 1975?
A1: A Night at the Opera
Q2: Queen's 1975 album took it's name from a movie from which comedy act?
A2: Marx Brothers
Q3: How long was Queen's The Prophet's Song?
A3: eight-minute
Q4: Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?
A4: Love of My Life
Post-punk (Music)

In late 1977, music writers for Sounds first used the terms "New Musick" and "post punk" to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire, who began experimenting with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries. Writer Jon Savage described some of these early developments as exploring "harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise" and "massively accented drumming". In January 1978, singer John Lydon (then known as Johnny Rotten) announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols, citing his disillusionment with punk's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests, as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests.

Q1: When did writers for Sounds first mention "post punk"?
A1: late 1977
Q2: What did Wire do with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics which different a lot from their peers?
A2: experimenting
Q3: What career path did Jon Savage take in life?
A3: Writer
Q4: When did the Sex Pistols break up?
A4: January 1978
Q5: Who was Siouxsie backed by?
A5: the Banshees
Q6: What are examples of British bands termed post-punk?
A6: Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire
Q7: Who connsidered post-punk "harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise" and "massively accented drumming"?
A7: Jon Savage
Q8: Which band's lead singer was Johnny Rotten?
A8: Sex Pistols
Q9: What was Johnny Rotten's real name?
A9: John Lydon
Q10: When did the Sex Pistols break up?
A10: 1978