LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.

Q1: What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?
A1: two 3-inch AA guns
Q2: When were improvements developed for these guns?
A2: throughout the inter-war period
Q3: When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?
A3: 1924
Q4: Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?
A4: 90 mm AA gun
Q5: What year was the M1 version approved?
A5: 1940
Black_people (Language and literature)

The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

Q1: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
A1: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors
Q2: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
A2: socially based racial classification related to being African American,
Q3: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
A3: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.
Q4: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
A4: they fulfill the social criteria
Space_Race (History)

The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964.

Q1: The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?
A1: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Q2: The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?
A2: Ranger 4
Q3: The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?
A3: Block III Ranger 7
Q4: The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?
A4: July 31, 1964
Q5: What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?
A5: Luna
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memory. Like the Colossus, a "program" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches.

Q1: The US-buils ENIAC stands for what?
A1: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Q2: What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States?
A2: ENIAC
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s).

Q1: What increased the powers of the FBI?
A1: USA PATRIOT Act
Q2: What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act?
A2: sneak and peek provision
Q3: What new residential powers did the FBI now have?
A3: search a house while the residents are away
Q4: Could the FBI inquire into library records?
A4: FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records
Q5: Who's library records did the FBI look into?
A5: those who are suspected of terrorism
War_on_Terror (History)

The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism, is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.

Q1: When was the Patriot Act passed?
A1: October 2001
Q2: What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?
A2: telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records
Q3: What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants?
A3: detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts
Q4: How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act?
A4: to include domestic terrorism
Q5: Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program?
A5: The New York Times
Korean_War (Warfare)

The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the F-86 Sabre. These arrived in December 1950. The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor. It had a very high service ceiling—50,000 feet (15,000 m) and carried very heavy weaponry: one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons. They were fast enough to dive past the fighter escort of P-80 Shooting Stars and F9F Panthers and could reach and destroy the U.S. heavy bombers. B-29 losses could not be avoided, and the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing of targets. The MiGs were countered by the F-86 Sabres. They had a ceiling of 42,000 feet (13,000 m) and were armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, which were range adjusted by radar gunsights. If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG. Once in a level flight dogfight, both swept-wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 660 mph (1,100 km/h). The MiG climbed faster, but the Sabre turned and dived better.

Q1: What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?
A1: F-86 Sabre
Q2: To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?
A2: switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing
Q3: What was the MiG designed to be?
A3: bomber interceptor
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5. In all other branches, NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 (e.g., a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps, Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard). The Air Force mirrored the Army from 1976 to 1991 with an E-4 being either a Senior Airman wearing three stripes without a star or a Sergeant (referred to as "Buck Sergeant"), which was noted by the presence of the central star and considered an NCO. Despite not being an NCO, a Senior Airman who has completed Airman Leadership School can be a supervisor according to the AFI 36-2618.

Q1: When does NCO status occur in the USAF?
A1: when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5
Q2: When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?
A2: pay grade of E-4
Q3: What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?
A3: completed Airman Leadership School
Q4: What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?
A4: Corporal
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with "probe and drogue" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations; fighters, bombers, and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known "tanker" aircraft. This makes these aircraft an essential part of the Air Force's global mobility and the U.S. force projection. The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017.

Q1: What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?
A1: aerial refueling aircraft
Q2: How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?
A2: tail-mounted refueling boom
Q3: When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?
A3: large-scale operations
Q4: What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?
A4: KC-46A Pegasus
USB (Engineering and technology)

The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 (released in 2007) defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port. Contrary to the standard downstream port, for which current draw by a connected portable device can exceed 100 mA only after digital negotiation with the host or hub, a charging port can supply currents between 500 mA and 1.5 A without the digital negotiation. A charging port supplies up to 500 mA at 5 V, up to the rated current at 3.6 V or more, and drops its output voltage if the portable device attempts to draw more than the rated current. The charger port may shut down if the load is too high.

Q1: What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?
A1: The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1
Q2: When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?
A2: in 2007
Q3: What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called?
A3: the charging port
Q4: What does a charging port supply?
A4: up to 500 mA at 5 V
USB (Engineering and technology)

The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 (released in 2010) makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0. On the other hand, several changes are made and limits are increasing including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices, allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A, and allowing a maximum current of 5 A. Also, revision 1.2 removes support for USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms.

Q1: What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?
A1: there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0
Q2: What does revision 1.2 remove?
A2: USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms
Q3: When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released?
A3: in 2010
USB (Engineering and technology)

The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite. It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference. Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased VBUS currents, and VCONN-powered accessories.

Q1: The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?
A1: USB 3.1
Q2: What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?
A2: Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel
Q3: Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what?
A3: Type-C features
USB (Engineering and technology)

The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors. To address a weakness present in some other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to the size of the cable strain relief mechanism (usually molding integral with the cable outer insulation) at the connector. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does.

Q1: What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?
A1: loose tolerances
Q2: Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?
A2: to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors
Q3: How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards?
A3: the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device
Q4: Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what?
A4: fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does
Sumer (History)

The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. During this time, the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu (Cuneiform: NUN.KI), c. 5300 BC, by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture, which first pioneered irrigation agriculture. It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. Eridu remained an important religious center when it was gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk. The story of the passing of the me (gifts of civilization) to Inanna, goddess of Uruk and of love and war, by Enki, god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu, may reflect this shift in hegemony.

Q1: Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history?
A1: Ubaid
Q2: Where could the pottery be found spread throughout?
A2: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf
Q3: During the Ubaid, where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established?
A3: Eridu
Q4: What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them?
A4: irrigation
Q5: Who was the chief god of Eridu?
A5: Enki
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية‎, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون‎, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles), making it the largest empire (in terms of area - not in terms of population) the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.

Q1: How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?
A1: four
Q2: Who was the third caliph?
A2: Uthman ibn Affan
Q3: Who founded the Umayyad regime?
A3: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan
Q4: How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?
A4: 5.79
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."

Q1: What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
A1: mawali
Q2: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
A2: G.R. Hawting
Q3: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
A3: old Arab
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.

Q1: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
A1: khalifat Allah
Q2: Where was the Abbasid court based?
A2: Baghdad
Q3: What is the Arabic term for kingship?
A3: mulk
Q4: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
A4: khalifat rasul Allah
Q5: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
A5: deputy of God
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen, Nü Shu, and Tangut, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For others scripts, such as Mayan and Rongorongo, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved.

Q1: Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?
A1: Unicode Roadmap Committee
Q2: What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? 
A2: maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding
Q3: What proposal has been made for the Mayan script? 
A3: no proposal has yet been made
Q4: Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?
A4: Unicode Consortium Web site
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.

Q1: What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?
A1: The Uniform Crime Reports
Q2: What does UCR focus on?
A2: violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes
Q3: Where was the UCR created?
A3: 1920s
Alps (Geography and places)

The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-thousanders" with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) of prominence.

Q1: What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?
A1: Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)
Q2: What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?
A2: subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives
Q3: The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?
A3: 500 m (1,640 ft)
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a lifestyle survey of three populations, Sardinians, Okinawans, and Adventists, who generally display longevity and "suffer a fraction of the diseases that commonly kill people in other parts of the developed world, and enjoy more healthy years of life." In sum, they offer three sets of 'best practices' to emulate. The rest is up to you. In common with all three groups is to "Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains."

Q1: Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?
A1: United Healthcare/Pacificare
Q2: Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?
A2: National Geographic
Q3: In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?
A3: 2005
Q4: How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?
A4: three
Q5: Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?
A5: whole grains