LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.

Q1: What is the criteria for copyright?
A1: if enough creativity/originality is provided
Q2: What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?
A2: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct
Q3: Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?
A3: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable
Q4: What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?
A4: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works
Portugal (Geography and places)

Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.

Q1: In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?
A1: R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions
Q2: What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?
A2: INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação
Q3: By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?
A3: Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.

Q1: What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?
A1: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour
Q2: What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?
A2: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.
Q3: Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?
A3: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences
Q4: Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?
A4: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862
Q5: Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?
A5: Henry Walter Bates
Clothing (Natural sciences)

Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]

Q1: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?
A1: Scientists
Q2: What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?
A2: genetic
Q3: What do lice require human clothing to do?
A3: survive
Q4: What may have the invention of clothing happened with?
A4: northward migration
Q5: What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?
A5: the date
Brigham_Young_University (Philosophy and religion)

Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Oréal National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars.

Q1: Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?
A1: College of Engineering
Q2: What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?
A2: the electronic television
Q3: Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?
A3: Tracy Hall
Q4: What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?
A4: a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press
Q5: Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?
A5: Magnetic Lasso
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Q1: What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?
A1: biologically-based
Q2: IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?
A2: no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role
Q3: What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?
A3: exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
Q4: Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?
A4: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation
Q5: What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?
A5: genetic, hormonal, and environmental
Q6: Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?
A6: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation
Q7: What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?
A7: exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
Q8: Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?
A8: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation
Q9: What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?
A9: biologically-based theories
Q10: Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?
A10: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation
Q11: What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?
A11: they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.
Q12: What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?
A12: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.
Q13: What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?
A13: has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
Q14: Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?
A14: They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors
Alps (Geography and places)

Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.

Q1: Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?
A1: Scientists
Q2: Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?
A2: snowmaking in the ski resorts
Q3: What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?
A3: unknown
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.

Q1: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
A1: comprehensive
Q2: What has Scotland refused to adopt?
A2: specialist schools
Q3: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
A3: 2005
Pub (History)

Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.

Q1: When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?
A1: 1976
Q2: What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?
A2: Scotland's and Northern Ireland's
British_Isles (Geography and places)

Scotland, meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in Ulster. Religious division heightened and the King in England came into conflict with parliament. A prime issue was, inter alia, over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England. Ireland, largely Catholic was mainly loyal to the king. Following defeat to the parliaments army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created the beginnings a new Ascendancy class which over the next hundred years would obliterate the English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and British, whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore all the lands of former land-owners in Ireland. The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne and at the militarily crucial Battle of Aughrim in Ireland. Resistance held out, and a guarantee of religious tolerance was a cornerstone of the Treaty of Limerick. However, in the evolving political climate, the terms of Limerick were superseded, a new monarchy was installed, and the new Irish parliament was packed with the new elite which legislated increasing intolerant Penal Laws, which discommoded both Dissenters and Catholics.

Q1: Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?
A1: Crown of England
Q2: What happened to Britain during the 17th century?
A2: political upheaval, religious division and war
Q3: Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?
A3: his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism
Q4: The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?
A4: revolutionary republic in England
Q5: Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?
A5: Protestant and British
Mesozoic (History)

Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

Q1: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
A1: increase in seafloor
Q2: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?
A2: flooded coastal areas
Q3: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
A3: Tethys Sea
Q4: What weather condition increased?
A4: Temperatures
Q5: As humidity increased what land area decreased?
A5: deserts
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas. One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.

Q1: Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?
A1: The Arctic tern
Q2: Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?
A2: The Arctic tern
Q3: How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?
A3: three months
Q4: How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?
A4: 22,000 km
Q5: Where do tubenosed birds breed?
A5: the southern hemisphere
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.

Q1: What are some famous seafood and fish dishes?
A1: squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass
Q2: What fruits are commonly used in foods?
A2: Cucumber and tomato
Q3: What is lountza?
A3: smoked pork loin
Q4: What is souvlaki?
A4: pork and chicken cooked over charcoal
Q5: What is sheftalia?
A5: minced meat wrapped in mesentery
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts – small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script – runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script.

Q1: What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?
A1: Seal script
Q2: What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?
A2: clerical
Q3: What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?
A3: clerical script
American_Idol (Music)

Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests.

Q1: In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season?
A1: 2012
Q2: How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol?
A2: 25
Q3: What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?
A3: Jermaine Jones
Q4: When did season 11 premiere?
A4: January 18, 2012
Q5: Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?
A5: Jermaine Jones
Q6: When was Jones removed from the show?
A6: March 14
Q7: Why was Jones disqualified?
A7: concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
American_Idol (Music)

Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ.

Q1: What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?
A1: 2013
Q2: What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?
A2: Judges
Q3: What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?
A3: TMZ
Q4: When did season 12 premiere?
A4: January 16, 2013
Q5: How many judges did this season have?
A5: four
American_Idol (Music)

Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]

Q1: What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?
A1: 2009
Q2: Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse?
A2: Danny Gokey
Q3: What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?
A3: president of alternative programming
Q4: What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?
A4: January
Q5: When did season eight premiere?
A5: January 13, 2009
Q6: Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?
A6: Mike Darnell
Q7: Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood?
A7: Danny Gokey
American_Idol (Music)

Season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor. The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16–21% in overall viewer numbers and 24–27% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18-49 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years, American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012.

Q1: For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? 
A1: eight
Q2: What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?
A2: Sunday Night Football
Q3: How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?
A3: eight years