LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John,_King_of_England (History)

At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the king to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency.

Q1: What happened at the start of John's reign?
A1: sudden change in prices
Q2: How long did the inflationary pressure continue?
A2: 13th century
Q3: When did John address problems with the English currency?
A3: 1204 and 1205
Q4: How did he address the problems with the English currency?
A4: carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage
Glacier (Natural sciences)

At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.

Q1: On which side is a cirque opened?
A1: the side that descends into the valley
Q2: Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?
A2: Cirques
Q3: What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?
A3: arête
Q4: What are extremely steep cirques called?
A4: horns
Q5: How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?
A5: three sides
Queen_Victoria (History)

At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".

Q1: What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?
A1: 1839
Q2: What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?
A2: one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting
Q3: What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?
A3: an abdominal growth
Q4: What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?
A4: an out-of-wedlock pregnancy
Q5: Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings "pregnancy"?
A5: Sir John Conroy
Q6: What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?
A6: Lady Flora Hastings
Q7: What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July? 
A7: large tumour on her liver
Q8: With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria? 
A8: Conroy and the Duchess of Kent
Q9: What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?
A9: Mrs. Melbourne
Q10: Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?
A10: one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings
Q11: Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's "baby"?
A11: Sir John Conroy
Q12: What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?
A12: despised
Q13: Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?
A13: the Kensington System
Q14: What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's "pregnancy"?
A14: large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen
Melbourne (Geography and places)

At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the seat of government of the federation. The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927, when it was moved to Canberra. The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.

Q1: On what date was the first federal parliament convened?
A1: 9 May 1901
Q2: Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901?
A2: Royal Exhibition Building
Q3: The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year?
A3: 1930
Q4: Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927?
A4: Canberra
The_Times (History)

At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph. By November 2005 The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales. By March 2014, average daily circulation of The Times had fallen to 394,448 copies, compared to The Daily Telegraph's 523,048, with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British "quality" newspapers. In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling "tabloid" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014, and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling "middle market" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.

Q1: What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times?
A1: 1981
Q2: The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?
A2: The Daily Telegraph
Q3: What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom?
A3: The Sun
Q4: What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper?
A4: Daily Mail
Queen_Victoria (History)

At the time of her accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, who relied on him for advice. Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure. Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations. She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts.

Q1: Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession?
A1: Lord Melbourne
Q2: What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias ascession?
A2: Lord Melbourne
Q3: When was Queen Victorias coronation held?
A3: 28 June 1838
Q4: Where was Victorias coronation held?
A4: Westminster Abbey
Q5: How many visitors came to London for Victorias coronation?
A5: Over 400,000
Q6: What Whig was prime minister during Victoria's accession? 
A6: Lord Melbourne
Q7: Who thought that Melbourne saw Victoria as if she was his daughter? 
A7: Charles Greville
Q8: When did Victoria's coronation take place at Westminster Abbey?
A8: 28 June 1838
Q9: How many people visited London for the Coronation of Queen Victoria? 
A9: 400,000
Q10: What was Victoria's allowance upon becoming Queen? 
A10: £385,000 per year
Q11: Who was leading the government at the time of Victoria's accension?
A11: Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne
Q12: What kind of influence was Melbourne to Victoria?
A12: powerful
Q13: When was Victoria's coronation?
A13: 28 June 1838
Q14: What major accomplishment did Victoria achieve with her civil list allowance?
A14: she paid off her father's debts
Q15: Where did Queen Victoria reside?
A15: Buckingham Palace
Turner_Classic_Movies (History)

At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC – which at the time was known as "American Movie Classics" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format. AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption.

Q1: How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?
A1: one million
Q2: When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?
A2: American Movie Classics
Q3: What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?
A3: released prior to 1970
Q4: By what year was AMC showing commercials?
A4: 2002
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

At the time of its release, Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics, including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN, and The Washington Post. It received several Game of the Year awards, and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition port for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, will be released in March 2016.

Q1: What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release?
A1: Game of the Year
Q2: Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?
A2: Nintendo Selects
Q3: When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?
A3: March 2016
Q4: At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?
A4: Twilight Princess
Q5: How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?
A5: several
Q6: What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?
A6: 2006
Q7: What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?
A7: 2016
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.

Q1: What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?
A1: one-fifth
Q2: What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?
A2: they were dividing an unknown continent.
Q3: When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?
A3: the mid-nineteenth century,
Q4: Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?
A4: 1880s
Q5: How did maps show Africa Before 1880?
A5: generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.
British_Isles (Geography and places)

At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons.

Q1: The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language?
A1: Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group
Q2: What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD?
A2: Hadrian's Wall
Q3: During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?
A3: Hiberni
Q4: The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation?
A4: Picts
Q5: What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation?
A5: Britons
Egypt (Geography and places)

At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Q1: How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?
A1: less than half a million
Q2: How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s
A2: four million
Q3: How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s
A3: 17 million
Q4: What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?
A4: Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists
Q5: What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?
A5: went from sluggish to the verge of collapse
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

At the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

Q1: In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?
A1: U.S.
Q2: What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?
A2: National Assessment of Adult Literacy
Q3: How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?
A3: 44%
Q4: What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?
A4: 14
Q5: People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?
A5: level of poverty
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.

Q1: What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?
A1: violate copyright laws
Q2: Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?
A2: unauthorized
Q3: How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?
A3: Three
Q4: Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?
A4: view
Q5: What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?
A5: DMCA
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Q1: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?
A1: expand algebraic structures
Q2: What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? 
A2: unity of design
Q3: Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?
A3: several structures
Q4: What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?
A4: the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
Q5: How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?
A5: comparative study of their several structures
Q6: What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?
A6: "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
IPod (Engineering and technology)

At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.

Q1: When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?
A1: AAC
Q2: How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?
A2: five
Q3: In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?
A3: iTunes Plus
Q4: When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?
A4: January 6, 2009
Q5: By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?
A5: April 2009
Q6: What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?
A6: AAC
Q7: What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?
A7: FairPlay
Q8: What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?
A8: iTunes Plus
Q9: In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?
A9: 2009
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that abrahamic religious groups (still a majority in times of the Umayyad Caliphate), should be allowed to practice their own religion, provided that they paid the jizya taxation. The welfare state of both the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor started by Umar ibn al Khattab had also continued. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Christian. The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were stable in this time. The Umayyads were involved in frequent battles with the Christian Byzantines without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious assimilation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.

Q1: What form of tax were Christians required to pay?
A1: jizya
Q2: Who was the mother of Yazid?
A2: Maysum
Q3: What was Maysum's religion?
A3: Christian
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.

Q1: What group did Constantine call to a meeting?
A1: First Council of Nicaea
Q2: How many bishops attended the First Council?
A2: 318
Q3: From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?
A3: Western Empire
Q4: What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?
A4: Christian orthodoxy
Q5: What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?
A5: Nicene Creed