LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.

Q1: What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?
A1: through-hole
Q2: In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?
A2: 1949
Q3: Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?
A3: U.S. Army
Q4: What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?
A4: 1956
Q5: Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
A5: drilling holes
Treaty (Language and literature)

Originally, international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations, rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations. However, in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties, a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged. While some treaties still expressly forbid any reservations, they are now generally permitted to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty.

Q1: A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?
A1: reservations
Q2: Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?
A2: inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty
Q3: How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?
A3: rejecting them
Q4: Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?
A4: all parties
Q5: Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?
A5: expressly
Royal_assent (History)

Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause "Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.

Q1: What is another name for "Curia Regis"?
A1: Royal Council
Q2: Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?
A2: Earl of Leicester
Q3: As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?
A3: House of Lords
Q4: Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?
A4: House of Commons
Q5: From what did parliament evolve?
A5: Curia Regis, or Royal Council
Q6: What positions were contained within the House of Lords?
A6: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons
Q7: Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?
A7: House of Commons
Q8: A bill could not become a law without whose assent?
A8: the sovereign
Q9: Who is considered the enactor of laws?
A9: the sovereign
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs.

Q1: Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?
A1: boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application
Q2: What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?
A2: Open Firmware-based PCI Macs
Q3: What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?
A3: bugs in the firmware implementation
Q4: Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?
A4: EFI
Q5: Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?
A5: Open Firmware
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.

Q1: What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?
A1: it has greatly declined in Europe
Q2: Where did wrestling originally come from?
A2: Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe
Q3: Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?
A3: later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls
Q4: What is wrestling now thought to be?
A4: is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry
Q5: What did television do for wrestling?
A5: The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet
Paris (Geography and places)

Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. Today it is the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic, and is the hub for the nation's flag carrier Air France.  Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris' city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers such as Ryanair.

Q1: What airport does Ryanair use?
A1: Beauvais-Tillé Airport
Q2: Where is the hub for Air France?
A2: Charles de Gaulle Airport
Q3: What is the busiest airport in Paris?
A3: Charles de Gaulle Airport
Q4: Where is Orly airport located?
A4: southern suburbs of Paris
Hellenistic_period (History)

Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.

Q1: Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?
A1: Persia
Q2: Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?
A2: Mithranes
Q3: Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?
A3: Seleucid
Q4: What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?
A4: 212 BC
Q5: Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?
A5: Antiochus III the Great
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".

Q1: In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?
A1: Angels
Q2: What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?
A2: The Theotokia
Q3: In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?
A3: the Theotokos
Q4: What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?
A4: "Lady of the Angels"
Q5: What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?
A5: a virgin
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

Q1: What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?
A1: Orthodox Judaism
Q2: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
A2: unacceptable
Q3: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
A3: heretical
Q4: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
A4: Halakhic
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

Q1: What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?
A1: heretical
Q2: What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?
A2: right-wing groups
Q3: Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?
A3: The liberal wing
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.

Q1: Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?
A1: Mount Sinai
Q2: Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?
A2: God
Q3: What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?
A3: Mitzvot
Q4: Where is Moses miraculously transported to?
A4: House of Study of Rabbi Akiva
Q5: What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?
A5: Oral law
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as "fences" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, "creativity" and development in Jewish law is limited.

Q1: What is the written law of the Torah known as?
A1: Pentateuch
Q2: Who dictated the oral law to Moses?
A2: God
Q3: What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?
A3: Oral Law
Q4: What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?
A4: Sinaitic law
Q5: What is the origin of Jewish Law?
A5: Divine
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (אורתודוקסיה מודרנית) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (יהדות חרדית), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism.

Q1: What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?
A1: Orthodox
Q2: What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?
A2: Torah
Q3: what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?
A3: Talmudic
Q4: What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?
A4: Haredi Judaism
Q5: Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?
A5: pre-modern Judaism
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

Q1: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?
A1: Orthodox Judaism
Q2: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
A2: patrilineal descent
Q3: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
A3: intermarriage
Q4: What is intermarriage typically seen as?
A4: rejection of Judaism
Q5: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
A5: cut off
Estonia (Geography and places)

Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.

Q1: Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?
A1: Oskar Luts
Q2: What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?
A2: Kevade
Q3: What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?
A3: Truth and Justice
Q4: Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?
A4: Anton Hansen Tammsaare
Diarrhea (Natural sciences)

Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. Or it can be caused by osmotic laxatives (which work to alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. A person who has lactose intolerance can have difficulty absorbing lactose after an extraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who have fructose malabsorption, excess fructose intake can also cause diarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose content are more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol (often found in sugar-free foods) are difficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead to osmotic diarrhea. In most of these cases, osmotic diarrhea stops when offending agent (e.g. milk, sorbitol) is stopped.

Q1: What occures with osmotic diarrhea?
A1: s when too much water is drawn into the bowels
Q2: What causes osmotic diarrhea?
A2: If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel
Q3: How do osmotic lazatives work?
A3: alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels
Q4: What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?
A4: too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

Q1: What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?
A1: folk music
Q2: Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?
A2: classical music
Q3: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?
A3: noble savages
Armenia (History)

Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

Q1: What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?
A1: pianist
Q2: What type of band was System of a Down?
A2: heavy metal
Q3: What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?
A3: Armenian revolutionary songs
Q4: What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass?
A4: Armenian history and national heroes
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845) and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic and Jehovah's Witnesses (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country). The Catholics are pastorally served by the Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands.

Q1: When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?
A1: 1852
Q2: What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?
A2: 1884
Q3: When did Baptists come to the island?
A3: 1845
Q4: How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?
A4: 35
Q5: When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?
A5: 1949
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Other Fortune 500 companies, while not headquartered in the area, do have a major presence. These include SunTrust Bank (based in Atlanta), Capital One Financial Corporation (officially based in McLean, Virginia, but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area), and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson (based in San Francisco). Capital One and Altria company's Philip Morris USA are two of the largest private Richmond-area employers. DuPont maintains a production facility in South Richmond known as the Spruance Plant. UPS Freight, the less-than-truckload division of UPS and formerly known as Overnite Transportation, has its corporate headquarters in Richmond.

Q1: Where is SunTrust Bank headquartered?
A1: Atlanta
Q2: What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in?
A2: San Francisco
Q3: Who owns Philip Morris USA?
A3: Altria
Q4: What DuPont factory is located in the Richmond area?
A4: Spruance Plant
Q5: What was the former name of UPS Freight?
A5: Overnite Transportation