LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bird (Natural sciences)

A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas Actophilornis and Irediparra have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct Xenicibis was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.

Q1: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?
A1: intraspecific conflicts
Q2: What is another name for Anhimidae?
A2: screamers
Q3: What is another name for steamer ducks?
A3: Tachyeres
Q4: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?
A4: bony knob on the alular metacarpal
Yale_University (History)

A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.

Q1: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?
A1: Alexander v. Yale
Q2: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?
A2: March 2011
Q3: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?
A3: Broad Recognition
Q4: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?
A4: the university had a hostile sexual climate
Q5: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?
A5: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?
A1: sleep disorder FASPS
Q2: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?
A2: period
Q3: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?
A3: FASPS
Q4: What kind of clock have genetic functions?
A4: biological clock
Q5: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?
A5: time of the day
Nanjing (Geography and places)

A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.

Q1: When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?
A1: 2 December 2013
Q2: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?
A2: five straight days
Q3: On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?
A3: From 5 to 6 December
Detroit (Geography and places)

A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Grosse Pointe and Royal Oak, Detroit. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19. A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities. About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit.

Q1: Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?
A1: Windsor, Ontario
Q2: How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?
A2: two-thirds
Q3: Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?
A3: Walk Score
Estonia (Geography and places)

A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.

Q1: What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?
A1: high-income economy and high living standards
Q2: What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?
A2: the Human Development Index
Q3: What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?
A3: Estonia
Q4: What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?
A4: 2012
Q5: What financial institution is associated with Estonia?
A5: the Nordic Investment Bank
Dialect (Language and literature)

A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term accent may be preferred over dialect. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins; and argots.

Q1: Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?
A1: vocabulary
Q2: If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?
A2: accent
Q3: What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?
A3: jargons
Q4: Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?
A4: argots
Gramophone_record (Music)

A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. (A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information. That was remedied by cutting at half the speed. Later, the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom.)

Q1: What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?
A1: no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information
Q2: How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? 
A2: even less successful than the two matrixed formats
Q3: What format was less successful than quadraphonic?
A3: CD-4
Q4: What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?
A4: reduced distortion and greater headroom
Q5: Who created the CD-4 format?
A5: RCA
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16.

Q1: Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?
A1: China Airlines
Q2: What date did the cargo flight leave?
A2: May 15
Q3: When did a rescue team depart?
A3: May 16
Q4: How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?
A4: chartered cargo flight
Q5: From what airport did the chartered flight leave?
A5: Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
Q6: Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?
A6: Chengdu
Q7: What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16
A7: rescue team
Q8: Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?
A8: Chengdu
Freemasonry (Unknown)

A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

Q1: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?
A1: Freemasonry was not a religion
Q2: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?
A2: existence of God and the immortality of the soul
Q3: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?
A3: United Grand Lodge of England
Q4: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?
A4: political tension between France and Britain
Q5: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?
A5: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity
Q6: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?
A6: 1875
Q7: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?
A7: Grand Orient of France
Q8: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?
A8: political tension between France and Britain
Q9: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
A9: Grand Orient de France
Greeks (History)

A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).

Q1: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
A1: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204
Q2: When did the nation reestablish itself ?
A2: empire was revived in 1261
Q3: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
A3: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.
Q4: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
A4: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity
Q5: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
A5: second Russo-Turkish War
Emotion (Natural sciences)

A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.

Q1: What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?
A1: emotional dispositions
Q2: What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?
A2: character traits
Q3: What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
A3: affective states
Federalism (History)

A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

Q1: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?
A1: asymmetric
Q2: What does Article 370 say?
A2: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession
Q3: What does Article 371 say?
A3: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim
Q4: What happens with President's Rule?
A4: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Q1: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
A1: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate
Q2: Who maintains law and order?
A2: Superintendent of Police
Q3: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
A3: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.
Myanmar (Geography and places)

A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.

Q1: What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?
A1: the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.
Q2: Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?
A2: Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries
Q3: What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?
A3: The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism
Q4: What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?
A4: Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

Q1: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
A1: polished rice
Q2: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
A2: thiamine
Q3: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
A3: scurvy
Q4: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
A4: Pasteurisation
Q5: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
A5: vitamin C
Elevator (History)

A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. a diaphragm or a piston is used as a "brake" if there's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab. however, to go down, it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the "shaft", allowing the cab to go down by its own weight. this also means that in case of a power failure, the cab will automatically go down. the "shaft" is made of acrilic, is always round, due to the shape of the vacuum pump turbine. in order to keep the air inside of the cab, rubber seals are used. due to technical limitations, these elevators have a low capacity. they usually allow 1-3 passengers and up to 525 lbs.

Q1: What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage?
A1: a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft"
Q2: For sudden surges in pressure above the cab, what is used as a "brake"?
A2: a diaphragm or a piston
Q3: How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight?
A3: it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the "shaft"
Q4: What is the shaft made of?
A4: acrilic
Q5: How much weight is permitted on a low capacity elevator?
A5: up to 525 lbs
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layla and Majnun to an extent. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.

Q1: Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
A1: Arabic poetry and Persian poetry
Q2: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
A2: Umayyad era
Q3: In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
A3: 7th century
Q4: What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
A4: a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history
Q5: Who wrote Shahnameh?
A5: Ferdowsi
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

A famous example of Spielberg working with the same professionals is his long-time collaboration with John Williams and the use of his musical scores in all of his films since The Sugarland Express (except Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie). One of Spielberg's trademarks is his use of music by Williams to add to the visual impact of his scenes and to try and create a lasting picture and sound of the film in the memories of the film audience. These visual scenes often uses images of the sun (e.g. Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, the final scene of Jurassic Park, and the end credits of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (where they ride into the sunset)), of which the last two feature a Williams score at that end scene. Spielberg is a contemporary of filmmakers George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma, collectively known as the "Movie Brats". Aside from his principal role as a director, Spielberg has acted as a producer for a considerable number of films, including early hits for Joe Dante and Robert Zemeckis. Spielberg has often never worked with the same screenwriter in his films, beside Tony Kushner and David Koepp, who have written a few of his films more than once.

Q1: What are the only Spielberg films since Sugarland Express to not have music by John Williams?
A1: Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie
Q2: What happens at the end of 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'?
A2: they ride into the sunset
Q3: Who are the 'Movie Brats', besides Spielberg?
A3: George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma
Q4: Who are the only screenwriters Spielberg has worked with on more than one film?
A4: Tony Kushner and David Koepp
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: "For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world."[citation needed]

Q1: Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?
A1: the 14th Dalai Lama