LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Great_power (History)

Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four"—France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States—held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".

Q1: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
A1: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres
Q2: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?
A2: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States
Q3: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
A3: Big Three
Q4: Who were the big four?
A4: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times "engaged in armed confrontation with them."

Q1: What was the name of the  eunuch?
A1: Yang Sanbao
Q2: Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?
A2: Tibet
Q3: When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
A3: 1413
Q4: Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
A4: the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
Q5: Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?
A5: to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.

Q1: Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?
A1: The Port of Melbourne
Q2: How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?
A2: South Yarra
Q3: How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?
A3: two million
Q4: Which is Australia's busiest port?
A4: The Port of Melbourne
Q5: Where is Station Pier located?
A5: Port Phillip Bay
Iran (Geography and places)

Shiraz, with a population of around 1.4 million (2011 census), is the sixth major city of Iran. It is the capital of Fars Province, and was also a former capital of Iran. The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization, and after the emergence of the ancient Persians, soon came to be known as Persis. Persians were present in the region since the 9th century BC, and became rulers of a large empire under the reign of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th century BC. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located around the modern-day city of Shiraz.

Q1: What is the sixth most populous city of Iran?
A1: Shiraz
Q2: What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?
A2: 1.4 million
Q3: Shiraz is the capital of what Province?
A3: Fars Province
Q4: What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?
A4: Babylonian civilization
Q5: Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?
A5: 9th century BC
Pacific_War (History)

Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces, which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces; R. Adm. Shoji Nishimura's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima's force would act as mobile strike forces. The plan was likely to result in the destruction of one or more of the Japanese forces, but Toyoda justified it by saying that there would be no sense in saving the fleet and losing the Philippines.

Q1: What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte?
A1: Sho-1
Q2: Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?
A2: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita
Q3: How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?
A3: one or more
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831.

Q1: What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?
A1: game
Q2: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?
A2: thirty-five million
Q3: What kind of affairs can shoots be?
A3: elaborate
Q4: Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?
A4: "beaters"
Q5: What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?
A5: open season for grouse
Q6: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?
A6: thirty-five million
Q7: Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?
A7: beaters
Q8: When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?
A8: 12 August
Q9: What is the UK definition of game is governed by?
A9: Game Act 1831
Q10: Why are assistants used?
A10: help load shotguns
General_Electric (Engineering and technology)

Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?
A1: Short Films, Big Ideas
Q2: Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?
A2: cinelan
Q3: What type of system is Sligshot?
A3: water vapor distillation
Q4: What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?
A4: US$100,000
Q5: How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?
A5: 14 million
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere.

Q1: How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?
A1: two
Q2: Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?
A2: the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita
Q3: Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?
A3: to stay in the northern hemisphere
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7±2 items (the title of his famous paper, "The magical number 7±2"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4–5 items; however, memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers.

Q1: What is another name for short-term memory?
A1: working memory.
Q2: What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?
A2: recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal
Q3: How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?
A3: capacity is also very limited
Q4: How can one higher their memory capacity?
A4: chunking.
Q5: Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?
A5: because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar (e.g. E, P, D). Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. Conrad's (1964) study, however, deals with the encoding of written text; thus, while memory of written language may rely on acoustic components, generalisations to all forms of memory cannot be made.

Q1: What does short-term memory depend on?
A1: an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code.
Q2: What did conrad find about test subjects?
A2: subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar
Q3: What does Conrads finding seem to mean?
A3: . Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically.
Q4: What was Conrads deal with?
A4: encoding of written text;
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, as learned from patient Henry Molaison after removal of both his hippocampi, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.

Q1: Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?
A1: frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe
Q2: Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?
A2: hippocampus
Q3: How much information can the hippocampus store?
A3: does not
Q4: If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?
A4: may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.
Comics (Language and literature)

Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

Q1: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?
A1: Mutt and Jeff
Q2: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?
A2: 1907
Q3: When did comic books make an appearance?
A3: 1930s
Q4: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
A4: Action Comics
Crimean_War (History)

Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118–119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.

Q1: Who sent armies across the Pruth River?
A1: the Tsar
Q2: Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?
A2: Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov
Q3: Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?
A3: Ottoman
Q4: In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?
A4: 1853
Q5: How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?
A5: sickness
John,_King_of_England (History)

Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against her husband Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills.

Q1: Where did Eleanor leave to?
A1: Poitiers
Q2: John was taught by who?
A2: Ranulph Glanville
Q3: John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?
A3: magister
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Q1: When did France outlaw Catalan?
A1: 1789
Q2: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
A2: French Revolution
Q3: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?
A3: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque
Q4: What are French non standard languages called?
A4: patois
East_Prussia (History)

Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

Q1: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?
A1: 800,000
Q2: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?
A2: 45 camps
Q3: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?
A3: 48,000
Q4: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?
A4: Wolf children
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

Q1: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?
A1: the unification of the region
Q2: When did the Jin court head South?
A2: 317
Q3: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?
A3: Nanjing
Q4: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?
A4: nobles and wealthy families
Roman_Republic (History)

Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known political family, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only a revolution could overthrow this new structure.

Q1: In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?
A1: before 312 BCE
Q2: Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?
A2: plebeians
Q3: Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?
A3: only patricians
Q4: What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?
A4: Plebiscitum Ovinium
Q5: Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?
A5: the censor
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

Shortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.

Q1: What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?
A1: decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon
Q2: What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?
A2: while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time
Q3: In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? 
A3: 1959
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman’s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman’s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:

Q1: Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?
A1: Maadi, Egypt
Q2: How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?
A2: 22,000
Q3: In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?
A3: the 1970s
Q4: Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?
A4: Maadi, Egypt
Q5: What was used to power the plants engine?
A5: parabolic troughs
Q6: From what river did the engine pump water?
A6: Nile River
Q7: What slowed down the growth of solar energy?
A7: the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil
Q8: When was the interest in solar energy restored?
A8: the 1970s
Heian_period (History)

Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).

Q1: Who had increased access to better military technology?
A1: Shōen holders
Q2: Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?
A2: civil and religious
Q3: Which class became a new military elite?
A3: provincial upper class
Q4: What does the word "bushi" mean?
A4: warrior