LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Middle_Ages (History)

During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.

Q1: What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?
A1: infantry
Q2: What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?
A2: cavalry
Q3: What Scythian weapon was used during this era?
A3: composite bow
Q4: What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?
A4: Hunnic composite bow
Q5: Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?
A5: mail
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

Q1: How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?
A1: four
Q2: In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?
A2: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur
Q3: What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?
A3: India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe
Q4: What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?
A4: Haramekhala
Q5: When does Amarkosh date to?
A5: 1381
Uranium (Natural sciences)

During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.

Q1: During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?
A1: World War II
Q2: From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?
A2: 238
Q3: What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?
A3: deuterium
Q4: What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?
A4: thermonuclear weapon
Q5: What does non-fissile mean?
A5: unenriched
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

During the latter half of the 20th century, Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution. In 1957, planning began for the construction of the “South 40,” a complex of modern residential halls. With the additional on-campus housing, Washington University, which had been predominantly a “streetcar college” of commuter students, began to attract a more national pool of applicants. By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.

Q1: When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?
A1: 1957
Q2: What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?
A2: South 40
Q3: How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?
A3: began to attract a more national pool of applicants
Q4: What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?
A4: over two-thirds
Q5: When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?
A5: During the latter half of the 20th century,
Southampton (Geography and places)

During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling, and tobacco processing.

Q1: What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?
A1: 20th
Q2: Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?
A2: aircraft
Q3: What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?
A3: electrical
Q4: Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?
A4: tobacco
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was "that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species."

Q1: What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?
A1: "solely"
Q2: Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?
A2: the biological status of the species
Q3: Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?
A3: Ronald Reagan
Q4: What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?
A4: Congress rejected
Miami (Geography and places)

During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. During this period, the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built. In 2007, however, the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses. This rapid high-rise construction, has led to fast population growth in the city's inner neighborhoods, primarily in Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater, with these neighborhoods becoming the fastest-growing areas in the city. The Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures. In 2011, Forbes magazine named Miami the second-most miserable city in the United States due to its high foreclosure rate and past decade of corruption among public officials. In 2012, Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs. The metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes.

Q1: When did the Florida land boom occur?
A1: 1920s
Q2: What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?
A2: 2007
Q3: Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?
A3: 8th
Q4: Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?
A4: high foreclosure rate
Q5: In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?
A5: 2012
British_Empire (History)

During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, the Carnatic Wars, as the English East India Company (the Company) and its French counterpart, the Compagnie française des Indes orientales, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India. France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys.

Q1: What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?
A1: Compagnie française des Indes orientales
Q2: When was the Battle of Plassey?
A2: 1757
Q3: Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?
A3: Robert Clive
Q4: Where were the Carnatic Wars?
A4: British Indian Army
Q5: What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?
A5: Indian sepoys
John_Kerry (Warfare)

During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading sampans at a river crossing, who began running and failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left. During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first Purple Heart Medal.

Q1: Where was Kerry's boat on Dec 2-3, 1968?
A1: near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay
Q2: How many crew were with Kerry?
A2: two
Q3: Who were in Kerry's crew?
A3: Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis
Q4: What did Kerry's crew destroy?
A4: sampans
Q5: Where was Kerry injured?
A5: in the left arm above the elbow
Nigeria (History)

During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.

Q1: Which oil group did Nigeria join?
A1: OPEC
Q2: Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?
A2: the military administration
Q3: Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?
A3: federalism
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.

Q1: When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?
A1: 1923
Q2: At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?
A2: 1582
Q3: How which calendar did some countries notate the date?
A3: in both
Q4: Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?
A4: Woolley
Q5: What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?
A5: different beginnings of the year
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was "suspiciously low." In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.

Q1: How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?
A1: 289
Q2: How many times were FBI shots not justified?
A2: 5 cases
Q3: How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?
A3: none
Q4: How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?
A4: suspiciously low
Q5: On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?
A5: the man's actions
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

Q1: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?
A1: 49,722
Q2: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?
A2: Ciudad Juárez
Q3: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?
A3: lowest
Q4: Which are the largest two cities in the state?
A4: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua
Roman_Republic (History)

During the period in which the populares party controlled the city, they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten-year interval between offices. They also transgressed the established oligarchy by advancing unelected individuals to magisterial office, and by substituting magisterial edicts for popular legislation. Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates. In 83 BC, he returned to Rome, overcame all resistance, and recaptured the city. Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius' supporters. Sulla, having observed the violent results of radical popular reforms, was naturally conservative. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and by extension the senate. Sulla made himself dictator, passed a series of constitutional reforms, resigned the dictatorship, and served one last term as consul. He died in 78 BC.

Q1: How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?
A1: ten-year interval
Q2: In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city?
A2: 83 BC
Q3: Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?
A3: most of Marius' supporters
Q4: In what year did Sulla die?
A4: 78 BC
Q5: Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates?
A5: Sulla
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.

Q1: What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?
A1: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
Q2: What was the latest thought type?
A2: Buddhist Logic
Q3: In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?
A3: Yogacara
Nanjing (Geography and places)

During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

Q1: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?
A1: more than two and a half centuries
Q2: During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?
A2: Nanjing
Q3: During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?
A3: 280,000 registered households
Q4: What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?
A4: more than 1.4 million residents
Q5: Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?
A5: historical documents
East_India_Company (History)

During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

Q1: During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels
A1: Napoleonic Wars
Q2: Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?
A2: should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy
Q3: With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?
A3: cannon
Q4: The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?
A4: six
Alps (Geography and places)

During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.

Q1: When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?
A1: post-World War I
Q2: When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?
A2: the 1970s
Q3: Where is Les Menuires located? 
A3: France
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Q1: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?
A1: He was the only candidate
Q2: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?
A2: Muslim Brotherhood
Q3: What was Qutb's sentence?
A3: executed
Q4: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?
A4: private sector
Q5: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?
A5: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse