LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56–7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city.

Q1: Where do The Rock play their home games at?
A1: Swilers Rugby Park
Q2: Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?
A2: Newfoundland Rock
Q3: In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?
A3: France
Q4: In what year did Canada beat USA 56–7 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?
A4: 2006
Q5: In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?
A5: 2007
Rule_of_law (History)

The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence." Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a "nomocracy", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).

Q1: For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?
A1: more than 200 countries
Q2: What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?
A2: nomocracy
Q3: What is the Greek word for law?
A3: nomos
Q4: What is the Greek word for power?
A4: kratos
Q5: What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?
A5: rule of law
Rule_of_law (History)

The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Q1: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?
A1: Samuel Rutherford
Q2: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?
A2: A. V. Dicey
Q3: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?
A3: Law should govern
Q4: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
A4: against the divine right of kings
Q5: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? 
A5: law
Sichuan (History)

The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]

Q1: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?
A1: the Himalayas
Q2: What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?
A2: Qin Mountains
Q3: What river flows through the Sichuan basin?
A3: Yangtze
Q4: Where was the Qin dynasty based?
A4: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi
Q5: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?
A5: mountainous areas of Yunnan
Great_Plains (History)

The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

Q1: how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? 
A1: a third
Q2: who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?
A2: Frederick Jackson Turner
Q3: how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?
A3: more than 6,000
Q4: how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?
A4: 139,000 square miles
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

The sales breakdown of the Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs stayed mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009, a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010. The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable (iMac G3) to upscale (iMac G4) and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac, with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini (the only sub-$1000 offering from Apple, albeit without a monitor and keyboard), not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today. The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance, and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers.

Q1: In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?
A1: seven out of ten
Q2: What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?
A2: The use of Intel microprocessors
Q3: In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?
A3: Intel's latest CPUs
Q4: What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?
A4: MacBooks
Q5: What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?
A5: Mac Mini
Insect (Natural sciences)

The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect can mix its food with saliva. The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down. Some insects, like flies, have extra-oral digestion. Insects using extra-oral digestion expel digestive enzymes onto their food to break it down. This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source.:31 The gut is where almost all of insects' digestion takes place. It can be divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut.

Q1: What produces saliva in an insects mouth?
A1: salivary glands
Q2: What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?
A2: salivary ducts
Q3: What is an opening through the head called?
A3: salivarium
Q4: Where is the salivarium located?
A4: behind the hypopharynx
Q5: Where does an insect's digestion happen?
A5: The gut
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows that the BOM "can serve as signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages. However RFC 3629, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM.

Q1: What is the UTF-8 standard? 
A1: RFC 3629
Q2: Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? 
A2: UTF-8
Q3: Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?
A3: the large restriction on possible patterns
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for example, brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia.

Q1: What do water birds avoid while migrating?
A1: a large area of land without bodies of water
Q2: Where do brent geese migrate from?
A2: the Taymyr Peninsula
Q3: Where do brent geese migrate to?
A3: the Wadden Sea
Q4: How do brent geese migrate?
A4: via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.

Q1: What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?
A1: divine agencies
Q2: What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?
A2: Divine
Q3: What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?
A3: gratitude
Q4: What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?
A4: public rites
Q5: What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?
A5: supplicating the gods
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Q1: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
A1: Arabic element
Q2: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
A2: Arabic loanwords
Q3: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
A3: Spanish
Q4: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
A4: of Arabic origin
Q5: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
A5: Latin origin
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Q1: Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
A1: construction
Q2: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
A2: physically diverted
Q3: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
A3: assessments
Somalis (Geography and places)

The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies.

Q1: What is the academic study of the Somali people called?
A1: Somali Studies
Q2: Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?
A2: anthropology
Q3: Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?
A3: oral literature
Q4: What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?
A4: the International Congress of Somali Studies
Q5: When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?
A5: 1980
Brigham_Young_University (Philosophy and religion)

The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, with classes commencing on January 3, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maeser's direction the school educated many luminaries including future U.S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland and future U.S. Senator Reed Smoot among others. The school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff, Jr's term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion; however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named "Brigham Young University". The suggestion received a large amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasn't large enough to be a university, but the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, "I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat."

Q1: What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity?
A1: University of Deseret
Q2: When did BYU first open its doors to students?
A2: January 3, 1876
Q3: Who was the head of the school for its first few months?
A3: Warren Dusenberry
Q4: When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU?
A4: July 18, 1896
Q5: Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?
A5: Benjamin Cluff, Jr
Q6: Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  break off from in 1876?
A6: University of Deseret
Q7: Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  principal chosen by Brigham Young?
A7: Karl Maeser
Q8: What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr's term at the helm?
A8: a university
Q9: Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church?
A9: members of the community
Q10: What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University?
A10: "I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat."
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development. Many of the faculty have training in both social work and public health. The school's current dean is Edward F. Lawlor. In addition to affiliation with the university-wide Institute of Public Health, Brown houses 12 research centers. The Brown School Library collects materials on many topics, with specific emphasis on: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management. The library maintains subscriptions to over 450 academic journals.

Q1: Who is the Brown School's current Dean? 
A1: Edward F. Lawlor
Q2: How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? 
A2: 12 research centers.
Q3: What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?
A3: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management.
Q4: To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?
A4: over 450 academic journals
Q5: What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?
A5: social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007. In Winter 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU. They have received student funding for operations in 2008–09. The KU Department of English publishes the Coal City Review, an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews and illustrations. The Review typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky.

Q1: What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas?
A1: University Daily Kansan
Q2: What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?
A2: Intercollegiate Writing Competition
Q3: In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?
A3: 2007
Q4: What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU?
A4: KUpedia
Q5: What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006?
A5: Matthew Porubsky
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came on June 8, 2013 when the KU women's track and field team won the NCAA outdoor in Eugene, Oregon becoming the first University of Kansas women's team to win a national title.

Q1: What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?
A1: crimson and royal blue
Q2: What is the name of KU athletic teams?
A2: Kansas Jayhawks
Q3: How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?
A3: five
Q4: How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?
A4: one
Q5: Where does KU's cross country team run?
A5: Rim Rock Farm
Dog (Natural sciences)

The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that "[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.

Q1: Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?
A1: poorly controlled
Q2: People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?
A2: to the doctor
History_of_science (History)

The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo ("Father of Modern Physics") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method.

Q1: Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?
A1: The scientific revolution
Q2: Who made the heliocentric model popular?
A2: Nicolaus Copernicus
Q3: Johannes Kepler created a model of what?
A3: planetary motion
Q4: What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?
A4: the planets follow elliptical orbits
Q5: What was Galileo's nickname?
A5: Father of Modern Physics
Post-punk (Music)

The scope of the term "post-punk" has been subject to controversy. While some critics, such as AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, have employed the term "post-punk" to denote "a more adventurous and arty form of punk", others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style. Music journalist and post-punk scholar Simon Reynolds has advocated that post-punk be conceived as "less a genre of music than a space of possibility", suggesting that "what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives: innovation; willful oddness; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or 'rock'n'roll'". Nicholas Lezard, problematizing the categorization of post-punk as a genre, described the movement as "so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible".

Q1: Who described post-punk as "a more adventurous and arty form of punk"?
A1: Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Q2: Who described post-punk as  "less a genre of music than a space of possibility"?
A2: Simon Reynolds
Q3: Who said "so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible" with regards to post-punk?
A3: Nicholas Lezard
Q4: Who does music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine work for?
A4: AllMusic
Q5: What as the blanket term "post-punk" been the target of?
A5: controversy
Q6: What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with?
A6: AllMusic
Q7: What have some people suggested post-punk doesn't have, instead being more about approaches and sensibilities?
A7: unifying style
Q8: Why type of scholar is music journalist Simon Reynolds?
A8: post-punk
Q9: Why is only the broadest use of genre possible when trying to categorize what actually defines post-punk?
A9: multifarious