LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Q1: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
A1: Software
Q2: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
A2: firmware
Q3: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
A3: software
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called "defect rate". What constitutes an "acceptable defect rate" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]

Q1: What makes up part of the SQA?
A1: Software testing
Q2: What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?
A2: software development process
Q3: What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?
A3: video game
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 –  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

Q1: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?
A1: hydrogen production from protons
Q2: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?
A2: Solar chemical processes
Q3: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?
A3: artificial photosynthesis
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the "right to dry" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.

Q1: The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?
A1: 114
Q2: Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?
A2: more
Q3: What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?
A3: parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
Q4: What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?
A4: Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA
Q5: What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?
A5: use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water
Q6: What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?
A6: Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
Q7: What are Unglazed transpired collectors?
A7: perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C (194–302 °F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C (599 °F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.

Q1: Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?
A1: 1767
Q2: Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?
A2: 315
Q3: What are solar cookers used for?
A3: cooking, drying and pasteurization
Q4: What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?
A4: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers
Q5: Who created the box cooker?
A5: Horace de Saussure
Q6: What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?
A6: 90–150 °C (194–302 °F)
Q7: What do reflector cookers require to function?
A7: direct light
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.

Q1: In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?
A1: 1872
Q2: What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?
A2: Solar distillation
Q3: By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?
A3: 16th-century Arab alchemists
Q4: When was the first large solar distillation plant created?
A4: 1872
Q5: How much water was produced by the plant?
A5: 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day
Q6: What is an example of a solar distillation design?
A6: single-slope
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

Q1: Where does solar energy come from?
A1: the Sun
Q2: What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?
A2: Solar energy
Q3: What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?
A3: solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
Q4: What is solar energy?
A4: radiant light and heat from the Sun
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.

Q1: What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?
A1: toxic chemicals
Q2: For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?
A2: to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
Q3: What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?
A3: algae may produce toxic chemicals
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.

Q1: According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?
A1: 70
Q2: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?
A2: sunlight
Q3: How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?
A3: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water
Q4: What is a common type of solar water heater?
A4: evacuated tube collectors
Q5: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?
A5: unglazed plastic collectors
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.

Q1: By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?
A1: 2050
Q2: When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?
A2: 2050
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Q1: What is solar power?
A1: conversion of sunlight into electricity
Q2: How is sunlight converted into electricity?
A2: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)
Q3: What does a concentrated solar power system use?
A3: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
Q4: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?
A4: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
Q5: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?
A5: photoelectric effect
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

Q1: The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?
A1: 71
Q2: What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?
A2: 14
Q3: What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?
A3: photosynthesis
Q4: How much of the earth is covered by oceans?
A4: about 71%
Q5: What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?
A5: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
Q6: How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?
A6: When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds
Q7: What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?
A7: The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection
Q8: What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?
A8: photosynthesis
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.

Q1: Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?
A1: the Sun
Q2: How are solar technologies defined?
A2: passive or active
Q3: What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?
A3: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight
Q4: Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?
A4: geothermal and tidal
Q5: How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?
A5: direct or indirect
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

Q1: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
A1: California's Mojave Desert
Q2: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
A2: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
Q3: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
A3: Spain
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.

Q1: Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?
A1: the World Health Organization
Q2: How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?
A2: a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
Q3: What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?
A3: a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage
Q4: How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?
A4: Over two million people in developing countries
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.

Q1: Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?
A1: Western designs
Q2: Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?
A2: medieval
Q3: What material was used to make Somali cities?
A3: stone
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali art is the artistic culture of the Somali people, both historic and contemporary. These include artistic traditions in pottery, music, architecture, wood carving and other genres. Somali art is characterized by its aniconism, partly as a result of the vestigial influence of the pre-Islamic mythology of the Somalis coupled with their ubiquitous Muslim beliefs. However, there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures, such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia, the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies, and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia. More typically, intricate patterns and geometric designs, bold colors and monumental architecture were the norm.

Q1: What is a notable characteristic of Somali art?
A1: aniconism
Q2: Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?
A2: music
Q3: In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?
A3: northern
Q4: What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?
A4: birds
Q5: In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?
A5: southern
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.

Q1: What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?
A1: all food is served halal
Q2: What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?
A2: pork
Q3: What beverage is not halal?
A3: alcohol
Q4: Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?
A4: blood
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.

Q1: Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?
A1: Benaadir
Q2: What dialect is Standard Somali based on?
A2: Northern Somali
Q3: What is another name for Benaadir?
A3: Coastal Somali
Q4: What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?
A4: Benaadir
Q5: In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?
A5: southern
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.

Q1: Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?
A1: Ethiopia
Q2: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?
A2: northeastern
Q3: What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?
A3: Pan-Somalism
Q4: Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?
A4: Cuba
Q5: What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?
A5: the Ogaden War
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers, Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize. Additionally, Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, and several of his works have been translated internationally.

Q1: When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
A1: 1972
Q2: Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?
A2: Nuruddin Farah
Q3: In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?
A3: 1998
Q4: Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?
A4: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl
Q5: Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?
A5: Nadifa Mohamed
Somalis (Geography and places)

Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

Q1: What practice is often used to bind different clans together?
A1: marriage
Q2: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?
A2: 3
Q3: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?
A3: 55
Q4: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
A4: Darod
Q5: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
A5: 4.3%