LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.

Q1: What is the decomposition of water into its components called?
A1: Water splitting
Q2: Where does water splitting occur?
A2: in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms
Q3: What organisms can form H2 gas?
A3: alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria
Q4: How are these gases formed?
A4: by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North–South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.

Q1: Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?
A1: Melbourne Water
Q2: Who owns Melbourne Water?
A2: the Victorian Government
Q3: Which is Melbourne's largest dam?
A3: Thomson River Dam
Q4: Where is the Thomson River Dam located?
A4: Victorian Alps
Q5: How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?
A5: 60%
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.

Q1: What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?
A1: Benguela
Q2: What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?
A2: north
Q3: Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?
A3: Atlantic
Q4: What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?
A4: Bergwind
Q5: What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?
A5: sand storms
Web_browser (Engineering and technology)

Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.

Q1: A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?
A1: Web browsers
Q2: The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?
A2: functionalities
Translation (Language and literature)

Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing, translation-memory techniques, and internet applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses, individuals, and enterprises.

Q1: What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?
A1: Web-based human translation
Q2: What reputation does machine translations have?
A2: frequent inaccuracy
Q3: What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?
A3: human
Q4: Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?
A4: on-demand human-translation services
Q5: Who purchases the services of translation agencies?
A5: businesses, individuals, and enterprises
Comics (Language and literature)

Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.

Q1: What comics are on the Internet?
A1: Webcomics
Q2: Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?
A2: readers
Q3: With webcomics, readers have access to what?
A3: archived installments
Q4: Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?
A4: infinite canvas
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.

Q1: Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?
A1: Google
Q2: Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.
A2: All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo
Q3: What company is Merit network?
A3: education computer network
Post-punk (Music)

Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be "anti music of any kind". Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature. Bands such as Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work.

Q1: Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols?
A1: Lydon
Q2: What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?
A2: Public Image Ltd
Q3: Where did Joy Division hail from?
A3: Manchester
Q4: What type of literature contributed to Joy Division's unique style?
A4: modernist
Q5: What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four?
A5: Leftist
Q6: What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols?
A6: Public Image Ltd
Q7: What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?
A7: "anti music of any kind"
Q8: Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies?
A8: Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat
Q9: What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester?
A9: Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio
Q10: Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music?
A10: Pop Group and the Slits
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 65–67; 105-106). Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 22–23).

Q1: Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?
A1: Weinreich's identity variant
Q2: Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?
A2: diffused
Q3: Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?
A3: foreclosed or defensive
Q4: An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?
A4: the identity variant
Q5: What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?
A5: an optimal level
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

Q1: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?
A1: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.
Q2: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?
A2: collapsing the two values into one final score
Q3: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?
A3: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience
Q4: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?
A4: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information
Q5: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?
A5: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

Q1: May Welsh clubs enter the competition? 
A1: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,
Q2: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? 
A2: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)
Q3: Have any other countries ever competed? 
A3: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,
Q4: Why can't those countries compete? 
A4: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.
Q5: Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? 
A5: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, "I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential – I was always fascinated by people in control of other people." Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, "I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes." Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the president, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to become president.

Q1: What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?
A1: Wendy Leigh
Q2: What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?
A2: Sargent Shriver
Q3: Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?
A3: The Simpsons Movie
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army’s other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".

Q1: What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?
A1: pravopis
Q2: Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?
A2: Serbo-Croatian
Q3: Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?
A3: Serbian
Raleigh,_North_Carolina (Geography and places)

West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's School. Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh, in addition to Hillsborough Street, are Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, and Western Boulevard. The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds. These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital.

Q1: Where is West Raleigh?
A1: along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard.
Q2: What is West Raleigh the home of?
A2: North Carolina State University
Q3: What arena is in the area?
A3: PNC Arena
Q4: What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?
A4: Rex Hospital.
Q5: How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?
A5: 2 miles
Kanye_West (Music)

West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have two children: daughter North "Nori" West (born June 15, 2013) and son Saint West (born December 5, 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as "a historic blizzard of celebrity."

Q1: Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?
A1: Alexis Phifer
Q2: What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?
A2: Amber Rose
Q3: Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?
A3: Kim Kardashian
Q4: How many children does Kanye have with Kim?
A4: 2
Q5: What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?
A5: 2002
Q6: When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?
A6: August 2006
Q7: Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?
A7: Amber Rose
Q8: When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?
A8: April 2012
Q9: Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?
A9: Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James
Kanye_West (Music)

West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in the city,[which?] West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene. He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called "Green Eggs and Ham" and began to persuade his mother to pay $25 an hour for time in a recording studio. It was a small, crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger. Although this wasn't what West's mother wanted, she nonetheless supported him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15.

Q1: What was Kanye creating when he was five?
A1: poetry
Q2: What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?
A2: "Green Eggs and Ham"
Q3: Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?
A3: DJ No I.D.
Q4: What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?
A4: writing poetry
Q5: What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?
A5: Green Eggs and Ham
Q6: What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?
A6: No I.D.
Kanye_West (Music)

West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout. John Legend, Common, and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music.

Q1: What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?
A1: GOOD Music
Q2: As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?
A2: Pusha T
Q3: What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?
A3: 2004
Q4: What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?
A4: John Legend
Q5: Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?
A5: Pusha T
Kanye_West (Music)

West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album The Blueprint. The Blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip-hop albums, and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in West as a producer. Serving as an in-house producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, West produced records for other artists from the label, including Beanie Sigel, Freeway, and Cam'ron. He also crafted hit songs for Ludacris, Alicia Keys, and Janet Jackson.

Q1: What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000?
A1: Roc-A-Fella Records
Q2: What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?
A2: The Blueprint
Q3: In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?
A3: 2000
Q4: What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?
A4: The Blueprint
Kanye_West (Music)

West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.

Q1: What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?
A1: 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally