LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

Q1: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?
A1: thermal
Q2: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?
A2: The "Dover House"
Q3: What are some examples of phase change materials?
A3: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
Q4: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?
A4: 64 °C or 147 °F
Q5: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?
A5: Dover House
Q6: Why are salts good  for thermal storage?
A6: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
Q7: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?
A7: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)
Elevator (History)

Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building. Once an alarm has been activated, the elevator will automatically go into phase one. The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the elevator has left the floor, depending on where the alarm was set off, the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor. However, if the alarm was activated on the fire-recall floor, the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to. When the elevator is recalled, it proceeds to the recall floor and stops with its doors open. The elevator will no longer respond to calls or move in any direction. Located on the fire-recall floor is a fire-service key switch. The fire-service key switch has the ability to turn fire service off, turn fire service on or to bypass fire service. The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset.

Q1: What initiates Phase one mode?
A1: a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building
Q2: What happens when an elevator goes into Phase one mode?
A2: The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor
Q3: Where does the elevator go from there?
A3: the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor
Q4: What happens if the mode is activated on the fire-recall floor?
A4: the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to
Q5: How is the elevator enabled for service after the incident?
A5: The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset
Elevator (History)

Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move. However, like independent-service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the door. The firefighter must hold door open until the door is completely opened. If for any reason the firefighter wishes to leave the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.

Q1: How is the Phase-two mode enabled?
A1: Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel
Q2: What is the purpose of the Phase-two mode?
A2: This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building
Q3: Where is the Phase-two key switch to be found?
A3: on the COP
Q4: What does Phase-two do?
A4: enables the car to move
Q5: What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode?
A5: manually pushes and holds the door close button
Mandolin (Music)

Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.

Q1: Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? 
A1: Phil Skinner
Q2: When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?
A2: 20th century
Q3: When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? 
A3: 1979
Q4: What was Phil Skinner's birth name? 
A4: Harry Skinner
Q5: At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? 
A5: 10
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally owned natural gas utility. It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area. Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.

Q1: What is the largest city owned gas utility?
A1: Philadelphia Gas Works
Q2: How many homes does PGW serve?
A2: 500,000
Q3: When was PGW founded?
A3: 1836
Q4: When did the city take PGW over?
A4: 1987
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia artists have had a prominent national role in popular music. In the 1970s, Philadelphia soul influenced the music of that and later eras. On July 13, 1985, Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium. The city reprised this role for the Live 8 concert, bringing some 700,000 people to the Ben Franklin Parkway on July 2, 2005. Philadelphia is home to the world-renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale, which has performed its music all over the world. Dr. Robert G. Hamilton, founder of the choir, is a notable native Philadelphian. The Philly Pops is another famous Philadelphia music group. The city has played a major role in the development and support of American rock music and rap music. Hip-hop/Rap artists such as The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes hail from the city.

Q1: Name a type of music from the 70's that influenced the nation?
A1: Philadelphia soul
Q2: What concert did Philly host on July13th, 1985?
A2: Live Aid
Q3: What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid?
A3: John F. Kennedy Stadium
Q4: Name a hip/hop artist from the city?
A4: The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. Dedicated in June 1976, the Sister Cities Plaza, a site of 0.5 acres (2,000 m2) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway, honors Philadelphia's relationships with Tel Aviv and Florence which were its first sister cities. Another landmark, the Toruń Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. In addition, the Triangle contains the Copernicus monument. Renovations were made to Sister Cities Park in mid-2011 and on May 10, 2012, SCP was reopened and currently features an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's ten sister and friendship cities, a café and visitor's center, children's play area, outdoor garden, and boat pond, as well as pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards.

Q1: What city in Poland is a sister city to Philadelphia?
A1: Toruń
Q2: What city in Israel is a sister city to Philadelphia?
A2: Tel Aviv
Q3: When was Torun triangle built?
A3: 1976
Q4: What else does the Triangle contain?
A4: Copernicus monument
Q5: How many sister cities does Philadelphia have?
A5: ten
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city. In 1872, the Association for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association) was created, the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning. In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a U.S. city. The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.

Q1: Which American city has the most public art?
A1: Philadelphia
Q2: What was the Assoc. for Public Art called in the past?
A2: Fairmount Park Art Association
Q3: How many pieces of art were funded by the Percent for Art ordinance?
A3: more than 200
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines, which operates 24-hour service to points east of the Mississippi River. Most of Greyhound's services in Philadelphia operate to/from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia. In 2006, the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the second busiest Greyhound terminal in the United States, after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York. Besides Greyhound, six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal: Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit. Other services include Megabus and Bolt Bus.

Q1: What bus line uses the city as a hub?
A1: Greyhound Lines
Q2: Where is Greyhound terminal located?
A2: 1001 Filbert Street
Q3: How many other bus companies operate from Philadelphia?
A3: six
Q4: What is the name of the six bus companies?
A4: Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country.

Q1: Which is the biggest historical sites?
A1: Independence National Historical Park
Q2: How many UNESCO sites does the U.S. have?
A2: 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Q3: Where was the Declaration of Independence signed?
A3: Independence National Historical Park
Q4: What famous bell is in Philadelphia?
A4: the Liberty Bell
Q5: What famous writer has a house in Philadelphia?
A5: Edgar Allan Poe
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts. However, as a result of the city's declining population, it now has only four: the 1st district, represented by Bob Brady; the 2nd, represented by Chaka Fattah; the 8th, represented by Mike Fitzpatrick; and the 13th, represented by Brendan Boyle. All but Fitzpatrick are Democrats. Although they are usually swamped by Democrats in city, state and national elections, Republicans still have some support in the area, primarily in the northeast. A Republican represented a significant portion of Philadelphia in the House as late as 1983, and Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in both 1999 and 2003.

Q1: How many congressional districts are there in the city?
A1: four
Q2: How many congressional districts were there at the peak population?
A2: six
Q3: Who represents the 8th district?
A3: Mike Fitzpatrick
Q4: When was the last major Republican representation of a large part of the city?
A4: 1983
Q5: Who was the last Republican to be fairly competitive in the mayoral race?
A5: Sam Katz
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia's an annualized unemployment rate was 7.8% in 2014, down from 10.0%the previous year. This is higher than the national average of 6.2%. Similarly, the rate of new jobs added to the city's economy lagged behind the national job growth. In 2014, about 8,800 jobs were added to the city's economy. Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services. Declines were seen in the city's manufacturing and government sectors.

Q1: Unemployment rate in 2014?
A1: 7.8%
Q2: What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014?
A2: 6.2%
Q3: How many jobs were gained in 2014?
A3: 8,800
Q4: What industries accounted for most of the city's job gains?
A4: education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services
Q5: What industries suffered declines?
A5: manufacturing and government
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn's surveyor Thomas Holme. Center City is structured with long straight streets running east-west and north-south forming a grid pattern. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire. The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers served as early boundaries between which the city's early street plan was kept within. In addition, Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 (in parenthesis): Centre Square, North East Publick Square (Franklin Square), Northwest Square (Logan Square), Southwest Square (Rittenhouse Square), and Southeast Square (Washington Square). Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015.

Q1: Who planned the central city?
A1: Thomas Holme
Q2: Which rivers run through the city?
A2: The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers
Q3: How many public parks did Penn plan?
A3: five
Q4: How many live in the central area today?
A4: 183,240
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well.

Q1: What important revolutionary document was signed in Philadelphia?
A1: Declaration of Independence,
Q2: When did Philadelphia host the Constitutional Convention?
A2: 1787
Q3: How many Revolutionary War battles were fought around Philadelphia?
A3: Several
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the Mütter Museum; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the state of Pennsylvania and The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania and Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital, as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks.

Q1: Name the archaeology museum?
A1: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Q2: Name a museum named after a founding father?
A2: Franklin Institute
Q3: Which city had the nations first zoo?
A3: Philadelphia
Q4: Name Philidelphia's largest park?
A4: Fairmount Park
Philadelphia (History)

Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country, and the Philadelphia Daily News. Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company (after buying out Knight Ridder) in 2006 by Philadelphia Media Holdings and operated by the group until the organization declared bankruptcy in 2010. After two years of financial struggle, the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012. The two newspapers have a combined circulation of about 500,000 readers.

Q1: How many major papers are published?
A1: two
Q2: What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?
A2: Philadelphia Inquirer
Q3: Who owns the major papers in the city?
A3: Interstate General Media
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

Q1: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?
A1: Philip II of Spain
Q2: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?
A2: Spain and Portugal
Q3: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?
A3: Friday, 15 October 1582
Q4: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?
A4: Thursday, 4 October 1582
Q5: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?
A5: delay in communication
Hellenistic_period (History)

Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.

Q1: When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?
A1: 352 BC
Q2: Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?
A2: Philip II
Q3: When was the Battle of Chaeronea?
A3: 338 BC
Q4: Who formed the League of Corinth?
A4: Philip
Q5: Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?
A5: Achaemenid Empire of Persia
Hellenistic_period (History)

Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

Q1: When did Doson die?
A1: 221 BC
Q2: Who took control when Doson died?
A2: Philip V
Q3: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
A3: Philip V
Q4: What was Philip V known as?
A4: the darling of Hellas
Q5: When was the Peace of Naupactus?
A5: 217 BC
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Philips' preferred name for the format was "VLP", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat ("Video long-play disc"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also discussed a compatible audio-only format they called "ALP", but that was soon dropped as the Compact Disc system became a non-compatible project in the Philips corporation. Until early 1980, the format had no "official" name. The LaserVision Association, made up of MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox, was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format (which had been causing problems for the consumer market) and finally named the system officially as "LaserVision".

Q1: What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?
A1: Video Long-Play
Q2: What was the first consumer VLP player?
A2: Magnavox VH-8000
Q3: Which group officially chose the name "Laservision"?
A3: The LaserVision Association
Q4: The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?
A4: MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.

Q1: What is the thalamus a part of?
A1: the diencephalon
Q2: Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?
A2: Cannon
Q3: What creatures did Bard experiment on?
A3: animals
Q4: Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?
A4: physiological
American_Idol (Music)

Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage – which she accepted.

Q1: What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him?
A1: Diana DeGarmo
Q2: In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?
A2: five
Q3: In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?
A3: three
Q4: Which season was Ace Young on?
A4: season five
Q5: Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?
A5: season three