LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city; with over 3,400 acres (14 km2) of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook.

Q1: Where is Pippy Park located in the city?
A1: east end
Q2: About how many acres is Pippy Park?
A2: 3,400
Q3: How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?
A3: two
Q4: What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?
A4: skiing
Q5: Where is the Fluvarium located?
A5: Pippy Park
Pitch_(music) (Music)

Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.

Q1: What type of sensation is pitch?
A1: auditory
Q2: What is pitch closely related to?
A2: frequency
Q3: Each persons perception of sound is called?
A3: Pitch
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Q1: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
A1: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;
Q2: Who led the invasion troops?
A2: The elderly General Bligh
Q3: Where did the troops land?
A3: Cherbourg
Q4: Was the landing successful?
A4: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,
Q5: How did the British treat Cherbourg?
A5: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.
East_India_Company (History)

Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

Q1: The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?
A1: Pitt's Act
Q2: after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?
A2: humanitarian
Q3: what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?
A3: Edmund Burke
Q4: Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?
A4: defeated
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."

Q1: To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?
A1: Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate
Q2: According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?
A2: love
Q3: How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?
A3: 58
Q4: When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?
A4: 1951
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.

Q1: In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?
A1: 1954
Q2: In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?
A2: 1955
Q3: On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?
A3: 5 January
Q4: To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?
A4: Milan
Q5: Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?
A5: his sick-bed
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.

Q1: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? 
A1: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations
Q2: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? 
A2: development of appropriate intelligence architecture
Q3: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? 
A3: national and military decision makers
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.

Q1: What football league began in 1982?
A1: the United States Football League
Q2: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?
A2: Chicago Blitz
Q3: When did the USFL shut down?
A3: 1985
Q4: On what date was the arena football test game played?
A4: April 27, 1986
Q5: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
A5: executive vice-president
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin,  larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division.

Q1: What is the study of the inside of plants?
A1: Plant anatomy
Q2: What is the study of the outside of plants?
A2: plant morphology
Q3: How are plants different from animals?
A3: primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose
Q4: Where do plants store their DNA?
A4: in nuclei
Q5: Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?
A5: larger
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are endogenously generated and self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting transcription-translation feedback loops: proteins containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather.

Q1: What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?
A1: when to flower
Q2: What do plants need to attract to their flowering?
A2: pollinators
Q3:  With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?
A3: light cycle
Q4: What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?
A4: Anticipation of changes
Q5: Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?
A5: agriculture
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats—the environments where they complete their life cycles. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional floras, their biodiversity, genetic diversity and fitness, the adaptation of plants to their environment, and their competitive or mutualistic interactions with other species. The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns, productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.

Q1: What are plant habitats?
A1: environments where they complete their life
Q2: What is the goal of plant ecology?
A2: to understand
Q3: What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?
A3: Plant ecology
Q4: What do plants do in their environment?
A4: interactions with other species
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost all life. Photoautotrophs, including all green plants, algae and cyanobacteria gather energy directly from sunlight by photosynthesis. Heterotrophs including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues. Respiration is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.

Q1: What does the plant use for internal processes?
A1: Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water
Q2: Where do plants get their energy?
A2: sunlight
Q3: How do animals use plants?
A3: in the construction of cells and tissues
Q4: Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?
A4: opposite of photosynthesis
Q5: What is the basis of plant physiology?
A5: internal chemical and physical activities
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynology, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from thousands or millions of years ago allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Palaeozoic have been obtained from stomatal densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient land plants. Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B (UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of community ecology, plant systematics, and taxonomy is essential to understanding vegetation change, habitat destruction and species extinction.

Q1: How can historical changes in the environment be detected?
A1: plant phenology
Q2: How can climate changes be determined from soil?
A2: fossil pollen deposits in sediments
Q3: What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?
A3: CO2
Q4: What causes lower growth in plants?
A4: Ozone depletion
Q5: What does ozone depletion allow?
A5: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a (as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin chlorophyll b)[a] absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. The energy in the red and blue light that these pigments absorb is used by chloroplasts to make energy-rich carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that generates molecular oxygen (O2) as a by-product.

Q1: what parts of algae are unique to them?
A1: chloroplasts
Q2: From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?
A2: cyanobacteria
Q3: What color is chlorophyll?
A3: blue-green
Q4: What organelles are unique to algae?
A4: chloroplasts
Q5: From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?
A5: cyanobacteria
Q6: What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?
A6: green
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's albedo, increase runoff interception, stabilize mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other organisms in their ecosystem for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups, populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation. Regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest.

Q1: On what do plants depend in their environment?
A1: edaphic (soil) and climatic factors
Q2: How do plants interact with other species in their environment?
A2: for resources
Q3: What is the collection of plants in the environment called?
A3: vegetation
Q4: What are groupings of similar plants?
A4: biomes
Botany (Natural sciences)

Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like sclerenchyma fibers that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood. Sporopollenin is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the Ordovician period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Many monocots like maize and the pineapple and some dicots like the Asteraceae have since independently evolved pathways like Crassulacean acid metabolism and the C4 carbon fixation pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration in the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.

Q1: What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?
A1: lignin
Q2: What weakens cell walls?
A2: water stress
Q3: What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?
A3: carbon dioxide
Q4: What polymer is found in spores and pollen?
A4: Sporopollenin
Q5: What polymer is a major part of wood?
A5: Lignin
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.

Q1: How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?
A1: through their roots
Q2: Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?
A2: air
Q3: What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?
A3: photosynthesis
Q4: What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?
A4: cation exchange
Q5: What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?
A5: stomata
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women, obsessed by "mania" (μανία, "frenzy"), a Greek word he connected with mantis (μάντις, "prophet"). Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC. Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC, there is no evidence that the ecstatic prophetic art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages. It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece.

Q1: Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women?
A1: Plato
Q2: What two women were said to be obsessed by "mania?"
A2: Delphi and Dodona
Q3: What Greek word is connected with mantis?
A3: mania
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Plato's theory of forms or "ideas" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while Simone Klein calls Plato "the earliest representative of metaphysical objective idealism". Nevertheless, Plato holds that matter is real, though transitory and imperfect, and is perceived by our body and its senses and given existence by the eternal ideas that are perceived directly by our rational soul. Plato was therefore a metaphysical and epistemological dualist, an outlook that modern idealism has striven to avoid: Plato's thought cannot therefore be counted as idealist in the modern sense, although quantum physics' assertion that man's consciousness is an immutable and primary requisite for not merely perceiving but shaping matter, and thus his reality, would give more credence to Plato's dualist position.[citation needed]

Q1: What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?
A1: ideas
Q2: Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?
A2: Simone Klein
Q3: What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?
A3: metaphysical and epistemological
Q4: What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?
A4: quantum
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

Play stops when the ball carrier's knee, elbow, or any other body part aside from the feet and hands, is forced to the ground (a tackle); when a forward pass is not caught on the fly (during a scrimmage); when a touchdown (see below) or a field goal is scored; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means (being carried, thrown, or fumbled out of bounds); or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards (called forward progress). If no score has been made, the next play starts from scrimmage.

Q1: What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?
A1: forward progress
Q2: Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?
A2: scrimmage
Q3: Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?
A3: feet and hands
Q4: Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?
A4: forward
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

PlayStation 3 console protects certain types of data and uses digital rights management to limit the data's use. Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation's Network Digital Rights Management (NDRM). The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3's that have been activated using a user's PlayStation Network ID. PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video "may not restore correctly" following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie.

Q1: What does the abbreviation "NDRM" represent?
A1: Network Digital Rights Management
Q2: How many different PS3s can one user access?
A2: 2
Q3: What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?
A3: PlayStation Network ID
Q4: PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video?
A4: copy protected