LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
University (Language and literature)

The rediscovery of Aristotle's works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought." After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this "scholasticism" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.

Q1: Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?
A1: more than 3000 pages
Q2: Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?
A2: Western thought
Q3: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?
A3: scholasticism
Q4: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
A4: reason
Q5: What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?
A5: Latin
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998–2000 and from 2000–2001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.

Q1: What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?
A1: 80 per cent
Q2: What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?
A2: water temperature
Q3: What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?
A3: reef restoration
Q4: What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?
A4: foraminifera
Q5: What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?
A5: ecosystem rehabilitation
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work—experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war. Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture. Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, Léger and Gleizes. Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition. Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared.

Q1: Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
A1: Gris, Léger and Gleizes
Q2: Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
A2: Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
Q3: In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?
A3: conservatism
Association_football (History)

The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.

Q1: Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?
A1: yellow card
Q2: How many yellow cards lead to a red card?
A2: A second
Q3: What does a red card mean?
A3: dismissal
Q4: A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?
A4: booked
Q5: Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?
A5: Non-players
Raleigh,_North_Carolina (Geography and places)

The region also experiences occasional periods of drought, during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents. During the late summer and early fall, Raleigh can experience hurricanes. In 1996, Hurricane Fran caused severe damage in the Raleigh area, mostly from falling trees. The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Isabel in 2003. Tornadoes also have on occasion affected the city of Raleigh most notably the November 28, 1988 tornado which occurred in the early morning hours and rated an F4 on the Fujita Tornado Scale and affected Northwestern portions of the city. Also the April 16, 2011 F3 Tornado which affected portions of downtown and North east Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs.

Q1: What does the area experience?
A1: drought
Q2: How does drought effect the city?
A2: restricted water use
Q3: When does Raleigh experience hurricanes?
A3: late summer and early fall
Q4: What was the name of the hurricane in 2003?
A4: Isabel
Q5: How big was the tornado in 2011?
A5: F3
London (Geography and places)

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.

Q1: With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?
A1: Tokyo and Moscow
Q2: Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?
A2: 19th
Q3: About how many billionaires call London home?
A3: 72
Detroit (Geography and places)

The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.

Q1: What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?
A1: fur
Q2: What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?
A2: Muskrat French
Q3: By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?
A3: Anglo-American settlers
Alps (Geography and places)

The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

Q1: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?
A1: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)
Q2: How many vehicles use the roads? 
A2: 6 million
Q3: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? 
A3: Switzerland
Q4: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? 
A4: 57 km
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting. Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.

Q1: Golconda is a type of what kind of painting?
A1: Deccani painting
Q2: In what century did Golconda painting develop?
A2: 16th century
Q3: What type of colors would one generally find in Golconda painting?
A3: luminous gold and white
Q4: In what century did Hyderabad style painting develop?
A4: 17th century
Q5: What types of scenes does Hyderabad style painting generally contain?
A5: regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery
Christian (Language and literature)

The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: Великое княжество Русское, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (христиане, крестьяне) and Russians (русские). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term "крестьяне" acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term "христиане" retained its religious meaning and the term "русские" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the "Pravoslav faith" (православная вера - Orthodox faith) or "Russian faith" (русская вера) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" (христианская, крестьянская вера). Also in some contexts the term "cossack" (козак, казак - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.

Q1: What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?
A1: Scythia
Q2: What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? 
A2: Armenia
Q3: When did Armenia adopt Christianity?
A3: 301 AD
Q4: When did Georgia adopt Christianity? 
A4: 337 AD
Q5: What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?
A5: Pravoslav faith
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

Q1: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?
A1: Bantu
Q2: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?
A2: 1960
Q3: Who is the ruler of the Congo?
A3: Denis Sassou Nguesso
Q4: What title does Nguesso hold?
A4: President
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.

Q1: What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?
A1: Oil reserves
Q2: Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?
A2: agriculture
Q3: Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?
A3: Indonesia
Q4: Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?
A4: Vietnam
Alsace (History)

The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.

Q1: When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?
A1: 4 January 1798
Q2: What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?
A2: 1871–1918
Q3: Which other country had control over Alsace?
A3: France
Q4: How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?
A4: four times
Near_East (Geography and places)

The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.

Q1: What region was explicitly excluded?
A1: India
Q2: What region has no mention?
A2: the Balkans
Q3: Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?
A3: regions in their inventory
Qing_dynasty (History)

The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) and Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When, in response to the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan ("Boxers"), foreign powers invaded China, the Empress Dowager declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an.

Q1: What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?
A1: (1735–1796)
Q2: When was the Taiping rebellion?
A2: (1850–64)
Q3: When was the Dungan Revolt?
A3: (1862–77)
Q4: How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?
A4: 20 million people
Q5: When was the first Sino-Japanese War?
A5: 1895
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials - woven and non-woven. Woven reinforcements are cheaper, but the high dielectric constant of glass may not be favorable for many higher-frequency applications. The spatially nonhomogeneous structure also introduces local variations in electrical parameters, due to different resin/glass ratio at different areas of the weave pattern. Nonwoven reinforcements, or materials with low or no reinforcement, are more expensive but more suitable for some RF/analog applications.

Q1: Along with the non-woven class, what makes up the reinforcement type materials?
A1: woven
Q2: Which is the more expensive reinforcement type?
A2: non-woven
Q3: What type of structure do woven reinforcements have that cause them to have variation in their electrical parameters?
A3: spatially nonhomogeneous
Q4: Which ratio varies because of the structure of woven reinforcements?
A4: resin/glass
Q5: For what kind of applications are non-woven reinforcement materials better than woven ones?
A5: RF/analog
Database (Engineering and technology)

The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires.

Q1: How was the relational model able to improve over time?
A1: without constant rewriting of links and pointers
Q2: What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?
A2: one-to-many
Q3: What is the relationship called in a navigational model?
A3: many-to-many
Q4: What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?
A4: tabular
Database (Engineering and technology)

The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed]

Q1: Who created the relational model of DBMS?
A1: Edgar F. Codd
Q2: Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?
A2: by content
Q3: In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?
A3: 1980s
Q4: What type of system in still prominent to this day?
A4: relational systems
Q5: What database language is the most prominent?
A5: SQL
Greeks (History)

The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

Q1: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?
A1: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830
Q2: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?
A2: first Greek constitution of 1822
Q3: How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ?
A3: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece
Q4: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?
A4: clause removed by 1840
Q5: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ?
A5: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange
Gene (Natural sciences)

The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution. Additionally, any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate. Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly. The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related.

Q1: What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?
A1: The relationship between genes
Q2: What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?
A2: conserved sequence
Q3: How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?
A3: by neutral molecular evolution
Q4: Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?
A4: stabilizing
Q5: What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?
A5: phylogenetic