LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Montana (Geography and places)

Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.

Q1: What is the annual precipitation?
A1: 15 inches
Q2: How much precipitation does Heron recieve?
A2: 34.70 inches
Q3: How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?
A3: 105 inches
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000–11,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2008, average attendance was above 12,000, with 12,392 in 2007. Eleven of the seventeen teams in operation in 2007 had average attendance figures over 13,000. In 2008, the overall attendance average increased to 12,957, with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game.

Q1: What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?
A1: 10,000–11,000
Q2: Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?
A2: the September 11, 2001 attacks
Q3: What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?
A3: 12,392
Q4: In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?
A4: 12,957
Q5: During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?
A5: eight
Bird (Natural sciences)

Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier definition proposed by Jacques Gauthier gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents of the Phylocode system. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the Avialae, in part to avoid the uncertainties about the placement of Archaeopteryx in relation to animals traditionally thought of as theropod dinosaurs.

Q1: Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?
A1: clade Crocodilia
Q2: Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?
A2: Gauthier
Q3: What is a sister group to Aves?
A3: clade Crocodilia
Bird (Natural sciences)

Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.

Q1: During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?
A1: Cretaceous Period
Q2: Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?
A2: Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis
Q3: When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?
A3: late Cretaceous
Q4: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?
A4: around 95 million years ago
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

Q1: What religion was Avicenna?
A1: Muslim
Q2: What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?
A2: rational philosophy
Q3: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?
A3: prove the existence of God
Q4: Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?
A4: 19th century
Q5: Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?
A5: the prophets
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

Q1: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?
A1: Uzbekistan
Q2: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?
A2: Bukhara
Q3: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?
A3: Afghanistan
Q4: What was Avicenna's mother's name?
A4: Setareh
Q5: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?
A5: ten
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

Q1: What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?
A1: Al-Biruni
Q2: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?
A2: mathematical astronomy
Q3: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?
A3: Aristotle
Q4: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?
A4: Venus
Q5: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?
A5: below the Sun
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.

Q1: What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?
A1: necessity
Q2: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?
A2: contingency-in-itself
Q3: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?
A3: the source of its own being without borrowed existence
Q4: According to Avicenna, what always exists?
A4: The necessary
Q5: If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?
A5: false in itself
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").

Q1: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?
A1: Kitab al-shifa
Q2: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
A2: classical psychology
Q3: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?
A3: quantitative extension
Q4: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?
A4: Descartes
Q5: What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?
A5: De Anima
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

Q1: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?
A1: physiology
Q2: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?
A2: strong enough
Q3: How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?
A3: his understanding of perception
Q4: How does man first perceive features of an object?
A4: external senses
Q5: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?
A5: the physical body
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.

Q1: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?
A1: Avignon
Q2: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?
A2: 1378
Q3: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
A3: The War of the Sicilian Vespers
Q4: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?
A4: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples
Q5: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?
A5: 1442
Asthma (Natural sciences)

Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.

Q1: What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?
A1: Avoidance of triggers
Q2: What are some of the more common triggers?
A2: allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods
Q3: What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?
A3: Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke
Q4: What did law that limit smoking accomplish? 
A4: decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma
Q5: What type of exercise can provide small improvements?
A5: Yoga
Brain (Natural sciences)

Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.

Q1: Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?
A1: synapses
Q2: The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?
A2: receptor molecules
Q3: An axon can connect to how many other cells?
A3: several thousand
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.

Q1: When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?
A1: December 2004
Q2: When did BBC Japan shut down?
A2: April 2006
Q3: What was the genre of BBC Japan?
A3: general entertainment
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system.

Q1: What was the first station launched after the original BBC?
A1: ITV
Q2: What was the third network started in the UK?
A2: BBC2
Q3: What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?
A3: massive power failure
Q4: Where was the cause of the power outage?
A4: Battersea Power Station
Q5: Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?
A5: Denis Tuohy
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.

Q1: What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?
A1: BBC
Q2: Under what auspices does the BBC exist?
A2: Royal charter
Q3: When did the BBC start creating its own programming?
A3: 1932
Q4: On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?
A4: 2 November 1936
Q5: In what country is the BBC headquartered?
A5: United Kingdom
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]

Q1: Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?
A1: Jasmine Bligh
Q2: On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?
A2: 7 June 1946
Q3: In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?
A3: Lime Grove Studios
Q4: What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?
A4: Mickey Mouse
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

Q1: What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?
A1: mining and smelting operations of Africa
Q2: What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?
A2: denied
Q3: What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?
A3: being aware of child miners
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.

Q1: How many terminals do BJTs have?
A1: three
Q2: How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?
A2: three
Q3: What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?
A3: an emitter, a base, and a collector
Q4: How can one find the amount of collector current?
A4: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current
Q5: What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?
A5: greater than 100
IPod (Engineering and technology)

BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

Q1: What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?
A1: BMW
Q2: In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?
A2: 2005
Q3: Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?
A3: Scion
Q4: Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?
A4: BMW
Q5: Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?
A5: Scion
Brigham_Young_University (Philosophy and religion)

BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being "more selective" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010).

Q1: What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?
A1: 49
Q2: What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?
A2: 3.82
Q3: What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?
A3: 78
Q4: What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?
A4: 26th
Q5: How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?
A5: 88