LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

Q1: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? 
A1: the US military
Q2: What are the anthropologists part of?
A2: US Army's strategy in Afghanistan
Q3: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?
A3: Counterinsurgency
Q4: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?
A4: Iraq
Q5: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?
A5: ethics
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.

Q1: What is anthropology the intellectual results of?
A1: comparative methods
Q2: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?
A2: similarities
Q3: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?
A3: processes or laws unknown to them then
Q4: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?
A4: epiphany
Q5: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?
A5: comparison of species
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

Q1: What type of discipline is anthropology?
A1: global
Q2: What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?
A2: humanities, social, and natural sciences
Q3: What builds upon natural and social sciences?
A3: Anthropology
Q4: Where did early anthropology originate?
A4: Greece and Persia
Q5: What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?
A5: cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.

Q1: What is anthropology a study of?
A1: humans and their societies
Q2: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?
A2: social
Q3: What investigates the influence of language in social life?
A3: linguistic anthropology
Q4: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?
A4: physical
Q5: Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?
A5: United States
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

Q1: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
A1: critical
Q2: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
A2: pondering
Q3: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?
A3: increasing
Q4: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?
A4: gap
Q5: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
A5: fail
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

Q1: What is Anthrozoology also known as?
A1: human–animal studies
Q2: What is the study of interaction between living things?
A2: Anthrozoology
Q3: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?
A3: number of other disciplines
Q4: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?
A4: positive
Q5: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?
A5: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

Q1: What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?
A1: counter-air defence
Q2: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?
A2: the effectiveness of hostile air action
Q3: Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?
A3: passive measures
Q4: What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?
A4: homeland defence
Q5: What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?
A5: anti-aircraft warfare
Mali (Geography and places)

Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.

Q1: In what year did Mali get a new constitution? 
A1: 1991
Q2: In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed?
A2: student protests
Q3: What type of administration did general Mousa Traoré have?
A3: dictatorial regime
Q4: Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund?
A4: International Monetary Fund
Q5: It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? 
A5: growing wealth
Multiracial_American (History)

Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Q1: What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
A1: Anti-miscegenation laws
Q2: Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
A2: white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them
Q3: Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
A3: In California and the western US
Q4: What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
A4: Latino and Asian residents
Q5: When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
A5: 1950s
Q6: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
A6: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries
Q7: Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
A7: this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines
Q8: Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
A8: In California and the western US,
Q9: Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
A9: White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
Q10: Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? 
A10: were prohibited from official relationships with whites.
Q11: In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
A11: Latino and Asian residents
Q12: When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
A12: the 1950s
Q13: Who were taking slaves as concubines?
A13: white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men
Antibiotics (History)

Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).

Q1: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?
A1: mechanism of action
Q2: What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?
A2: penicillins and cephalosporins
Q3: whats another word for cell membrane?
A3: polymyxins
Q4: How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/
A4: four
Q5: What three ways are antibiotics classified?
A5: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
Q6: What do anitibiotics mostly target?
A6: bacterial functions or growth processes
Q7: Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?
A7: penicillins and cephalosporins
Q8: Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?
A8: polymyxins
Q9: What 3 types go after protein synthesis?
A9: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines
Antibiotics (History)

Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."

Q1: What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?
A1: superbugs
Q2: What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?
A2: tuberculosis
Q3: How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?
A3: half a million
Q4: What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?
A4: MDR-TB
Antibiotics (History)

Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.

Q1: What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?
A1: fever and nausea
Q2: What causes diarrhea?
A2: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
Q3: What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?
A3: yeast
Q4: What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?
A4: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
Q5: What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?
A5: alter the host microbiota
Q6: What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?
A6: negative effects
Q7: What do antibiotics need approval for?
A7: clinical use
Q8: What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?
A8: microbial organisms
Q9: Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?
A9: Adverse effects
Q10: What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?
A10: host microbiota
Q11: Why are antibiotics checked before use?
A11: negative effects on humans or other mammals
Q12: Name some adverse effects?
A12: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
Q13: Name some side-effects?
A13: diarrhea
Q14: What can happen to vaginal flora?
A14: overgrowth of yeast
Q15: What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?
A15: Additional side-effects
Antibiotics (History)

Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".

Q1: What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
A1: tuberculosis
Q2: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
A2: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
Q3: In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
A3: 20th century
Q4: What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
A4: World Health Organization
Q5: What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
A5: anyone, of any age, in any country
Q6: In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
A6: 20th
Q7: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
A7: vaccination
Q8: What does there medicines do for livestock?
A8: develop resistance
Q9: What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
A9: World Health Organization
Q10: Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? 
A10: antibiotic resistance
Q11: When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
A11: 20th century
Q12: What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
A12: develop resistance
Q13: What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
A13: World Health Organization
Q14: What regions in the world does this apply in?
A14: every region of the world
Q15: When were antibiotics created?
A15: 20th century
Q16: What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
A16: tuberculosis
Q17: Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
A17: livestock raising
Q18: What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
A18: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
Hellenistic_period (History)

Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.

Q1: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
A1: Chremonidean War
Q2: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
A2: Pangaeum
Q3: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
A3: 25,000 men
Q4: Who taught Antigonus II?
A4: Zeno of Citium
Q5: Who did Antigonus II defend against?
A5: Epirus
Hellenistic_period (History)

Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

Q1: Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
A1: Demetrius
Q2: When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
A2: 307
Q3: Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A3: Antigonus
Q4: What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
A4: Battle of Salamis
Q5: What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
A5: Cyprus
Mandolin (Music)

Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo).

Q1: Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?
A1: Antonio Vivaldi
Q2: Who placed it in his 1787 work? 
A2: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Q3: What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?
A3: Don Giovanni and Beethoven
Q4: Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?
A4: Antonio Maria Bononcini
Q5: When was Alexander Balus composed? 
A5: 1748