LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 × 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters.

Q1: What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?
A1: UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2
Q2: What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? 
A2: UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character
Q3: What type of code does UCS-2 use?
A3: 16-bit code unit
Q4: What does UTF-16 expand? 
A4: UCS-2
Q5: How are two 16-bit units used? 
A5: (4 × 8 bits
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code values. The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value (for UCS encodings). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings. UCS-2 is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent.

Q1: How many mapping methods does Unicode define?
A1: two
Q2: What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?
A2: Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings
Q3: What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate? 
A3: the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value
Q4: What are the most commonly used encodings? 
A4: UTF-8 and UTF-16
Q5: What does UCS stand for?
A5: Universal Coded Character Set
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

Q1: What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? 
A1: Unicode
Q2: What is Unicode available through Windows on? 
A2: Microsoft Layer
Q3: What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? 
A3: UCS-2
Q4: What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? 
A4: Unicode
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

Q1: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?
A1: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names
Q2: What is TRON? 
A2: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters
Q3: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? 
A3: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing (usually using Latin characters and the local script), but not multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other).

Q1: What is the aim of Unicode?
A1: transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings
Q2: Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?
A2: multilingual computer processing
Q3: What is multilingual computer processing?
A3: (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other
Q4: Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?
A4: usually using Latin characters
Q5: What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?
A5: wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.

Q1: What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?
A1: most letter/diacritic combinations
Q2: How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?
A2: U+0065
Q3: How is the accent added to the small latin e? 
A3: U+0301
Q4: What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent? 
A4: U+00E9
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2015[update], the most recent version is Unicode 8.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium.

Q1: What was Unicode published as?
A1: The Unicode Standard
Q2: What was unicode developed in conjunction with?
A2: Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)
Q3: What is the most recent version of Unicode?
A3: Unicode 8.0
Q4: Who maintains the Unicode Standard? 
A4: Unicode Consortium
Q5: Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire? 
A5: 120,000 characters
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering—in depth—topics such as bitwise encoding, collation and rendering. The Unicode Standard enumerates a multitude of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text. The two standards do use slightly different terminology.

Q1: Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?
A1: International Organization for Standardization
Q2: What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?
A2: the Universal Character Set
Q3: What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?
A3: The Unicode Standard
Q4: What do the two standards differ in? 
A4: slightly different terminology
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

Q1: Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? 
A1: preexisting character encodings
Q2: How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?
A2: three different encoding forms
Q3: Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? 
A3: version 3.0
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park.

Q1: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
A1: Venice Park
Q2: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
A2: Great Island
Q3: Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
A3: City Island
Q4: Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
A4: Chelsea
Q5: Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?
A5: Unincorporated communities
New_Haven,_Connecticut (Geography and places)

Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Airport (EWR) originating from or terminating at Union Station, (IATA: ZVE).

Q1: How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?
A1: four
Q2: Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?
A2: Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express
Q3: Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?
A3: New Haven–Springfield Line
Q4: With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?
A4: United Airlines
Q5: Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?
A5: the Vermonter
Q6: What is the name of the train station within New Haven?
A6: Union Station
Q7: The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?
A7: New Haven–Springfield Line
Q8: In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?
A8: United Airlines
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

Q1: What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?
A1: y
Q2: How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?
A2: three
Q3: What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?
A3: diphthong
Q4: What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?
A4: ol + dental
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan.

Q1: In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?
A1: Manhattan
Q2: What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?
A2: the Eastern District of New York
Q3: What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?
A3: Foley Square
Q4: What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?
A4: the District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Q5: In what borough is the New York City Hall found?
A5: Manhattan
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

Q1: What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? 
A1: reduce software development risks, time, and costs
Q2: Who performs the Unit testing phase?
A2: software developer or engineer
Q3: What does Unit testing look to eliminate?
A3: construction errors
Q4: By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?
A4: increase the quality of the resulting software
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

Q1: Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?
A1: Ban Ki-moon
Q2: Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?
A2: renewable energy
Q3: Who is chair of UN Energy?
A3: Kandeh Yumkella
Q4: Who is chairman of Bank of America?
A4: Charles Holliday
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed "The Volcker Rule", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.

Q1: What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?
A1: a series of regulatory proposals
Q2: What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?
A2: consumer protection
Q3: Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?
A3: proprietary
Q4: Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?
A4: Paul Volcker
Q5: Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?
A5: Paul Volcker
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.S. and RMI contributions, will begin perpetual annual payouts.

Q1: How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?
A1: US$57.7 million
Q2: How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?
A2: US$62.7 million
Q3: What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?
A3: the Amended Compact of Free Association
Q4: What will be established in 2023?
A4: a trust fund
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole," wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.

Q1: When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?
A1: 1994
Q2: At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?
A2: non-commercial motives
Q3: What loophole did the ruling give rise to?
A3: LaMacchia Loophole
Q4: If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?
A4: dismissed
IPod (Engineering and technology)

Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.

Q1: What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?
A1: Universal Music Group
Q2: What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?
A2: iTunes Store
Q3: In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?
A3: 2007
Education (Philosophy and religion)

Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]

Q1: What does Universal Primary Education belong to?
A1: international Millennium Development Goals
Q2: What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?
A2: charitable funding
Q3: Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?
A3: Transparency International
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.

Q1: What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?
A1: Universal Pictures
Q2: Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?
A2: Comcast
Q3: What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?
A3: 100 Universal City Plaza Drive
Q4: In what city and state are its production studios located?
A4: Universal City, California
Q5: In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?
A5: New York City