LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic (History)

Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence, as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of works of Virgil and Ovid. Latin, the Republic's primary language, remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church, and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in, for example, science and mathematics. Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies.[citation needed]

Q1: What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?
A1: European cultures
Q2: What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?
A2: Latin
Q3: From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?
A3: Greeks
Q4: What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?
A4: Latin
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must be grounded (earthed). Improper handling techniques might transmit an accumulated static charge through the board, damaging or destroying components. Even bare boards are sometimes static sensitive. Traces have become so fine that it's quite possible to blow an etch off the board (or change its characteristics) with a static charge. This is especially true on non-traditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave PCBs.

Q1: What special protection are most PCBs shipped in?
A1: antistatic bags
Q2: What's another term for "grounded" in the context of PCBs?
A2: earthed
Q3: What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB?
A3: static charge
Q4: What class of PCBs are even more susceptible to static than standard ones?
A4: non-traditional
Q5: Non-traditional PCBs include microwave PCBs and what other type of board?
A5: MCMs
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.

Q1: What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?
A1: diploids (pairs)
Q2: What well known bacteria structure chains?
A2: Streptococcus
Q3: What does typically Staphylococcus look like?
A3: clusters
Q4: What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?
A4: Filamentous bacteria
Q5: Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?
A5: branched filaments
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

Q1: What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?
A1: 63.9%
Q2: What company first created the full aperture can for beer?
A2: Crown Holdings
Q3: In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?
A3: 2010
Q4: What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?
A4: "skunked" beer
Q5: What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?
A5: quality
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but there is less land area in the far south to support long-distance migration.

Q1: Along where do many birds migrate?
A1: a flyway
Q2: What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?
A2: flying north
Q3: What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?
A3: south
Q4: Why do the birds fly north?
A4: to breed
Bird (Natural sciences)

Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk parakeets in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including cattle egret, yellow-headed caracara and galah, have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges as agricultural practices created suitable new habitat.

Q1: The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?
A1: game bird
Q2: Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?
A2: agricultural practices created suitable new habitat
Q3: Where have many birds established breeding populations?
A3: in areas to which they have been introduced by humans
Bird (Natural sciences)

Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the temperate or polar regions and a non-breeding season in the tropical regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs. Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi), although the bar-tailed godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Seabirds also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of sooty shearwaters, which nest in New Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and California, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (39,800 mi). Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.

Q1: When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?
A1: Before migration
Q2: What is the flight range of landbirds?
A2: 2,500 km (1,600 mi)
Q3: What is the flight range of shoebirds?
A3: 4,000 km (2,500 mi)
Q4: Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?
A4: bar-tailed godwit
Q5: Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?
A5: Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean
Bird (Natural sciences)

Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—kestrels have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. The eyelids of a bird are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the nictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds. The bird retina has a fan shaped blood supply system called the pecten. Most birds cannot move their eyes, although there are exceptions, such as the great cormorant. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field. The avian ear lacks external pinnae but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the Asio, Bubo and Otus owls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The inner ear has a cochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals.

Q1: What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?
A1: nictitating membrane
Q2: What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?
A2: pecten
Q3: Which birds have a wide visual field?
A3: Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads
Q4: What kind of vision do owls have?
A4: binocular vision
Q5: Where is a bird's cochlea located?
A5: inner ear
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street." The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by "widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision", "dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions", "a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that "added to the uncertainty and panic", a "systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics", "collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and "the failures of credit rating agencies" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.

Q1: What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?
A1: Levin–Coburn Report
Q2: Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?
A2: Glass-Steagall Act
Q3: What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?
A3: Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
Q4: What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?
A4: credit rating agencies
Q5: What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?
A5: regulatory
Alaska (Geography and places)

Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.

Q1: Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?
A1: bush seaplane
Q2: Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?
A2: Lake Hood
Q3: Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?
A3: Alaska
Q4: Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?
A4: Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.

Q1: The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
A1: typically cellular in nature
Q2: Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
A2: not associated with any specific organ
Q3: What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
A3: embedded
Q4: What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
A4: circulating
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

Q1: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?
A1: Uranium-235
Q2: What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?
A2: Uranium-238
Q3: What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?
A3: uranium-233
Q4: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?
A4: uranium-233
Q5: What is 238U?
A5: Depleted uranium
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.

Q1: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?
A1: Many crops
Q2: What is arguably the most important crop in the world?
A2: corn
Q3: Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?
A3: significant
Q4: What type of bean is used to make chocolate?
A4: cocoa
Q5: Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?
A5: indigenous Americans
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.

Q1: What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?
A1: semenarche
Q2: What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?
A2: menarche
Q3: What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?
A3: Restrictive
Q4: What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?
A4: permissive
Q5: Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?
A5: discrepancies
Comics (Language and literature)

Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

Q1: What Russian word is used for comics?
A1: komiks
Q2: What German word is used for comics?
A2: comics
Q3: What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?
A3: manhua
Q4: What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?
A4: manhwa
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.

Q1: In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?
A1: functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.

Q1: What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?
A1: Human sciences
Q2: What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?
A2: psychiatry
Q3: What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?
A3: Nursing
Q4: What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?
A4: neuroscience
Q5: What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?
A5: education
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014, hosting three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's "heart" and its "Crossroads", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 469 stations in operation. New York City's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world.

Q1: How many tourists visited New York in 2014?
A1: 56 million
Q2: How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?
A2: 469
Q3: In what borough is Wall Street located?
A3: Manhattan
Q4: How many school and universities are in NYC?
A4: 120
Q5: NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?
A5: New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Q1: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
A1: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux
Q2: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
A2: eternality
Q3: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
A3: sublime
Q4: What concept did Ledoux address?
A4: architectural character
Q5: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
A5: building should immediately communicate its function