LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his "big book" would take five years was optimistic.

Q1: What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?
A1: Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable
Q2: What was Darwin's process on writing his books?
A2: Darwin always finished one book before starting another
Q3: What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?
A3: five years
Q4: Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?
A4: John van Wyhe
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate. Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread.

Q1: What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?
A1: variable bitrate audio
Q2: Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?
A2: layer III
Q3: What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?
A3: VBR
Q4: Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?
A4: final file size
Q5: An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?
A5: the user
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Q1: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
A1: permanent daylight saving time
Q2: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
A2: time shifts
Q3: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
A3: late
Q4: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
A4: 2011 to 2014
Q5: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
A5: winter
Pain (Language and literature)

A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced life expectancy.[citation needed] Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (which includes familial dysautonomia and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis). These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalities, particularly of the autonomic nervous system. A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the SCN9A gene, which codes for a sodium channel (Nav1.7) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli.

Q1: An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?
A1: pain
Q2: What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?
A2: congenital insensitivity to pain
Q3: What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain?
A3: repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles
Q4: What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain?
A4: reduced
Q5: What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli?
A5: SCN9A
Treaty (Language and literature)

A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of "mutual guarantee" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.

Q1: What is a treaty concluded among several countries?
A1: A multilateral treaty
Q2: Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?
A2: each party and every other party
Q3: The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?
A3: attack
Q4: What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?
A4: international compacts
Q5: Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?
A5: region
Alps (Geography and places)

A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. In World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war.

Q1: How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?
A1: 5,000 years old
Q2: What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC? 
A2: the Celtic La Tène culture
Q3: Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? 
A3: Hannibal
Q4: What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes? 
A4: Napoleon
Q5: Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?
A5: Bavarian Alps
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

Q1: What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?
A1: A narthex
Q2: When was the narthex designed?
A2: mid-20th century
Q3: The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?
A3: Yevele
Portugal (Geography and places)

A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.

Q1: Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?
A1: Spain
Q2: What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?
A2: Comboios de Portugal
Q3: How long is the total railway system in Portugal?
A3: 2,791 km (1,734 mi)
Q4: How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?
A4: 1,430 km (889 mi)
Q5: How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?
A5: 900 km (559 mi)
University (Language and literature)

A national university is generally a university created or run by a national state but at the same time represents a state autonomic institution which functions as a completely independent body inside of the same state. Some national universities are closely associated with national cultural or political aspirations, for instance the National University of Ireland in the early days of Irish independence collected a large amount of information on the Irish language and Irish culture. Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system.

Q1: What was a focus of the National University of Ireland during the beginning of Irish Independence?
A1: Irish language and Irish culture
Q2: In what nation did the University Revolution occur?
A2: Argentina
Q3: In what year did Argentina's University Revolution occur?
A3: 1918
Q4: What was the result of the University Revolution in Argentina?
A4: Reforms
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and transmission medium are linear and reciprocal. Reciprocal (or bilateral) means that the material has the same response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction, as it has to the field or current in the opposite direction. Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions, but some microwave antennas use high-tech components such as isolators and circulators, made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite. These can be used to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting, which can be useful in applications like radar.

Q1: What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?
A1: linear and reciprocal
Q2: What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?
A2: Reciprocal
Q3: What is one material that does not have this quality?
A3: ferrite
Q4: How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?
A4: radar
Digimon (Video games)

A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014. The series announced the return of the protagonists from the original Digimon Adventure series, most of them now as high school students. A countdown clicking game was posted on the show's official website, offering news when specific clicks were met. On December 13, 2014 the series title and a key visual featuring character designs by Atsuya Uki were revealed with Keitaro Motonaga announced as director with a tentative premiere date of Spring, 2015. However, on May 6, 2015, it was announced that tri. would not be a television series, but rather a 6-part theatrical film series. The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll and Hulu from the same day they premiere on Japanese theaters.

Q1: How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?
A1: 30 months
Q2: When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?
A2: August 2014
Q3: Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?
A3: 6-part theatrical film series
Q4: Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?
A4: Crunchyroll and Hulu
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the "second generation" tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux, France (entry into service of the first line in December 2003; original system discontinued in 1958) with its APS (alimentation par sol – ground current feed). This involves a third rail which is flush with the surface like the tops of the running rails. The circuit is divided into segments with each segment energized in turn by sensors from the car as it passes over it, the remainder of the third rail remaining "dead". Since each energized segment is completely covered by the lengthy articulated cars, and goes dead before being "uncovered" by the passage of the vehicle, there is no danger to pedestrians. This system has also been adopted in some sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France (opened 2011) and Angers, France (also opened 2011). Proposals are in place for a number of other new services including Dubai, UAE; Barcelona, Spain; Florence, Italy; Marseille, France; Gold Coast, Australia; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.; Brasília, Brazil and Tours, France.

Q1: What year the "second generation" of tram system began to operate in France?
A1: 2003
Q2: When was the original system discontinued?
A2: 1958
Q3: How is the circuit of the third rail divided?
A3: energized segment
Q4: Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?
A4: no danger
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (Döring, Apel, and others) made proposals –  some of them far-reaching –  for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers.

Q1: What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949?
A1: new delimitation of the federal territory
Q2: What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation?
A2: a reduction of the number of states
Q3: What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers?
A3: Territorial reform
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

A new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany, though "Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ...", as political scientist Arthur B. Gunlicks remarks. He summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "... the German system of dual federalism requires strong Länder that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many Länder also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated ...". But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.

Q1: What keeps being debated in Germany?
A1: delimitation of the federal territory
Q2: What does Gunlick remark that the German System of  dual federalism requires strong Länder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation?
A2: pay for it from own source revenues
Q3: How many proposals have failed so far?
A3: several
Royal_assent (History)

A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in his presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners "is and ever was and ever shall be, as good" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854.

Q1: Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?
A1: committing adultery
Q2: What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?
A2: listening to the entire text
Q3: How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?
A3: five
Q4: Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?
A4: Queen Victoria
House_music (Music)

A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "superclubs" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing companies. Flyers in clubs in Ibiza often sported many corporate logos. A new subgenre, Chicago hard house, was developed by DJs such as Bad Boy Bill, DJ Lynnwood, DJ Irene, Richard "Humpty" Vission and DJ Enrie, mixing elements of Chicago house, funky house and hard house together. Additionally, Producers such as George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo would develop the Los Angeles Hard House sound. Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands, this sound was often associated with the "rebel" culture of the time. These 3 producers are often considered "ahead of their time" since many of the sounds they engineered during the late 20th century became more prominent during the 21st century.

Q1: where was a new type of club called Cream located?
A1: Liverpool
Q2: what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?
A2: Chicago hard house
Q3: george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?
A3: Los Angeles
Q4: what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?
A4: gabber
Q5: who began opening "superclubs"?
A5: Major record companies
Central_African_Republic (Geography and places)

A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé, one pro-Bozizé individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President, proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections, Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing a president to serve prior to elections in 18 months.

Q1: When was the new Government seated in CAR?
A1: 31 March 2013
Q2: What did the former opposition parties declare?
A2: boycott the government
Q3: Who was refused as new president?
A3: Djotodia
Q4: Who would rule the country temporarily?
A4: a transitional parliament
Q5: How long did the parliament have until the next election?
A5: 18 months
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.

Q1: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?
A1: statistical update
Q2: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?
A2: an accompanying Human Development Report
Q3: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
A3: up to 2006
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Q1: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?
A1: Robert and James Adam
Q2: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?
A2: Italy and Dalmatia
Q3: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?
A3: The Works in Architecture
Q4: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?
A4: rococo and baroque styles
Q5: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?
A5: lighter and more elegant feel
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers. This avoids the typical costly sapphire substrate in relatively small 100- or 150-mm wafer sizes. The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted. It is predicted that by 2020, 40% of all GaN LEDs will be made with GaN-on-Si. Manufacturing large sapphire material is difficult, while large silicon material is cheaper and more abundant. LED companies shifting from using sapphire to silicon should be a minimal investment.

Q1: What is being used to produce white LEDs?
A1: wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon
Q2: What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs?
A2: 200-mm
Q3: By using silicon wafers, what is being avoided?
A3: costly sapphire substrate
Q4: What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?
A4: mirror-like collector
Q5: By what year will% of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers?
A5: 2020
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

A non-Greek origin of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship. The name of Apollo's mother Leto has Lydian origin, and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor. The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia, which is the origin of Sibyl, and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines. Omens, symbols, purifications, and exorcisms appear in old Assyro-Babylonian texts, and these rituals were spread into the empire of the Hittites. In a Hittite text is mentioned that the king invited a Babylonian priestess for a certain "purification".

Q1: What origin was Leto?
A1: Lydian
Q2: Where was Leto worshipped?
A2: Asia Minor
Q3: What is the origin of Sibyl?
A3: Anatolia