LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.

Q1: Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?
A1: Manchester
Q2: What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?
A2: 1853
Q3: Where was David Atherton born?
A3: Blackpool
Q4: What did David Atherton co-found?
A4: the London Sinfonietta
Q5: Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?
A5: Leslie Stuart
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was also a common location for folk songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie May", beside several local Wassailing songs. In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work. These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing.

Q1: Who was "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" composed by?
A1: Richard Sheale
Q2: Where was Richard Sheale from?
A2: Lancashire
Q3: What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?
A3: music making
Q4: What did the county share with it's national traditions?
A4: balladry
Q5: What is the finest border ballad?
A5: The Ballad of Chevy Chase
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.

Q1: How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?
A1: four
Q2: How many state schools are in Lancashire?
A2: 77
Q3: How many independant schools are in Lancashire?
A3: 24
Q4: Who has the largest school population?
A4: South Ribble
Q5: Who has the smallest school population?
A5: Fylde
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government. In 1889, the administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool and Manchester. The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs, and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire, and southern Warrington. It did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town.

Q1: When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?
A1: 1889
Q2: What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?
A2: ceremonial county
Q3: Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?
A3: the western part of Todmorden
Q4: Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?
A4: reform of local government
Q5: What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?
A5: the administrative county and the county boroughs
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895. Currently there are several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.

Q1: What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?
A1: 1895 to 1970
Q2: Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?
A2: Lancashire
Q3: Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?
A3: 1993
Q4: What year did Rugby League start?
A4: 1895
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.

Q1: What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?
A1: Land Forces
Q2: Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?
A2: 2011
Q3: What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?
A3: ISAF
Q4: Who requested the aid of the Canadians?
A4: the Government of Afghanistan
Q5: What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?
A5: peacekeeping
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed, but at the cost of greater friction losses (lower efficiency) and accelerated brush and commutator wear. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear.

Q1: What are large brushes favorable for?
A1: motor output
Q2: Whate are small brushes favorable for?
A2: speed
Q3: What type of brushes are cheapest?
A3: small
Q4: How can the speed of larger brushes be increased?
A4: Stiffer brush springs
Q5: Besides wear, what is a downside of stiff brush springs?
A5: lower efficiency
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.

Q1: Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?
A1: Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.
Q2: What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?
A2: Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers
Q3: With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?
A3: very slowly
Q4: How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?
A4: a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.

Q1: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
A1: Bolivian highland peasants
Q2: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
A2: dissolution of communal landholdings
Q3: What took place frequently until 1953?
A3: Indigenous revolts
Q4: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
A4: ethnic and class militancy
Q5: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
A5: March for Territory and Dignity
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Large quantities of H
2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H
2 is for the processing ("upgrading") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H
2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking. H
2 has several other important uses. H
2 is used as a hydrogenating agent, particularly in increasing the level of saturation of unsaturated fats and oils (found in items such as margarine), and in the production of methanol. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. H
2 is also used as a reducing agent of metallic ores.

Q1: Where are large quantities of H2 needed?
A1: petroleum and chemical industries
Q2: What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?
A2: hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Large scale climatic changes, as have been experienced in the past, are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population variations.

Q1: What is expected to have an effect on migration timing?
A1: climatic changes
Q2: What have studies shown regarding climate change?
A2: timing changes in migration
Q3: What else is climate change been shown to change?
A3: breeding as well as population variations
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.

Q1: What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?
A1: Larger SAMs
Q2: What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?
A2: MANPADS
Q3: What does MANPADS mean?
A3: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems
Q4: How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?
A4: air-search radar
Q5: Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?
A5: autocannons
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

Q1: Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?
A1: Larry Christenson
Q2: In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?
A2: Minnesota
Q3: Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?
A3: Huntington Beach
Q4: What was published in 1974?
A4: Touched by the Spirit
Q5: Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?
A5: Richard A. Jensen
House_music (Music)

Larry Heard, a.k.a. "Mr. Fingers", claims that the term "house" became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and the TB 303.[citation needed] These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house.

Q1: What was the stage name of Larry Heard?
A1: Mr. Fingers
Q2: Why did the term house become popular? 
A2: early DJs creating music in their own homes
Q3: what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?
A3: synthesizers and drum machines
Q4: synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre?
A4: acid house
Q5: what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?
A5: Larry Heard
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDisc did not have high market penetration in North America due to the high cost of the players and discs, which were far more expensive than VHS players and tapes, and due to marketplace confusion with the technologically inferior CED, which also went by the name Videodisc. While the format was not widely adopted by North American consumers, it was well received among videophiles due to the superior audio and video quality compared to VHS and Betamax tapes, finding a place in nearly one million American homes by the end of 1990. The format was more popular in Japan than in North America because prices were kept low to ensure adoption, resulting in minimal price differences between VHS tapes and the higher quality LaserDiscs, helping ensure that it quickly became the dominant consumer video format in Japan. Anime collectors in every country the LD format was released, which includes both North America and Japan, also quickly became familiar with this format, and sought the higher video and sound quality of LaserDisc and the availability of numerous titles not available on VHS. LaserDiscs were also popular alternatives to videocassettes among movie enthusiasts in the more affluent regions of South East Asia, such as Singapore, due to their high integration with the Japanese export market and the disc-based media's superior longevity compared to videocassette, especially in the humid conditions endemic to that area of the world.

Q1: Why didn't LaserDiscs become popular in North America?
A1: high cost of the players and discs
Q2: By 1990, how many American homes were estimated to use LD?
A2: nearly one million
Q3: Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan?
A3: prices were kept low to ensure adoption
Q4: Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore?
A4: LaserDiscs
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS. It featured a far sharper picture with a horizontal resolution of 425 TVL lines for NTSC and 440 TVL lines for PAL discs, while VHS featured only 240 TVL lines with NTSC. It could handle analog and digital audio where VHS was mostly analog only (VHS can have PCM audio in professional applications but is uncommon), and the NTSC discs could store multiple audio tracks. This allowed for extras like director's commentary tracks and other features to be added onto a film, creating "Special Edition" releases that would not have been possible with VHS. Disc access was random and chapter based, like the DVD format, meaning that one could jump to any point on a given disc very quickly. By comparison, VHS would require tedious rewinding and fast-forwarding to get to specific points.

Q1: How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?
A1: 425
Q2: Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?
A2: LaserDisc
Q3: Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?
A3: LaserDisc
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDisc players can provide a great degree of control over the playback process. Unlike many DVD players, the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user: pause, fast-forward, and fast-reverse commands are always accepted (barring, of course, malfunctions). There were no "User Prohibited Options" where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part (such as fast forwarding through copyright warnings). (Some DVD players, particularly higher-end units, do have the ability to ignore the blocking code and play the video without restrictions, but this feature is not common in the usual consumer market.)

Q1: How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?
A1: the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user
Q2: What are "User Protected Options" on DVDs?
A2: where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part
Q3: Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?
A3: copyright warnings
Q4: Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?
A4: LaserDisc
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame. The signal produced is dependent on the equipment used to master the disc. Signals range from composite and split, to YUV and RGB. Depending upon which format is used, this can result in far higher fidelity, particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail (especially if there is moderate movement in the picture) and low-contrast details like skin tones, where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail.

Q1: How is data stored on DVDs?
A1: digital blocks which make up each independent frame
Q2: What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?
A2: the receiver
Q3: Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?
A3: comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail
Q4: In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?
A4: low-contrast details like skin tones
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVision") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as "Video Long Play".

Q1: Where was LaserDisc first available?
A1: Atlanta, Georgia
Q2: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
A2: two years
Q3: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
A3: MCA DiscoVision
Q4: How did the first viewers refer to the media?
A4: "Video Long Play"
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for "Special Edition" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first "Special Edition" release to home video,[citation needed] and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured. The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.

Q1: LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?
A1: "Special Edition"
Q2: What was the first "Special Edition" film to be released to home video?
A2: the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane
Q3: What bonus features were available on the first home video "Special Edition"?
A3: interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs
Q4: What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?
A4: support for multiple audio tracks
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.

Q1: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?
A1: LaserDiscs
Q2: Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?
A2: progressive wear with each use
Q3: Where do VHS tapes store their information?
A3: magnetic coating