LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Poultry (Natural sciences)

The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

Q1: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?
A1: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.
Q2: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?
A2: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.
Q3: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?
A3: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.
Q4: From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?
A4: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

Q1: The Vacuum state is considered what?
A1: the ground state of matter.
Q2: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?
A2: reduce air pressure by around 20%
Q3: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?
A3: how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum
Q4: Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?
A4: a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter
Q5: If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?
A5: it would still not be "empty"
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important parameters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. As the gas density decreases, the MFP increases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~6997100000000000000♠1×10−3 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.

Q1: What indicated the quality of a vacuum?
A1: amount of matter remaining in the system
Q2: How is vacuum generally measured?
A2: its absolute pressure
Q3: What does the MFP of residual gases show?
A3: average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other.
Q4: What is particle gas dynamics?
A4: study of fluid flows
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

Q1: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
A1: literary and artistic
Q2: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
A2: early 1690s
Q3: Moderns support the merits of whom?
A3: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle
Q4: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
A4: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The quarter-wave elements imitate a series-resonant electrical element due to the standing wave present along the conductor. At the resonant frequency, the standing wave has a current peak and voltage node (minimum) at the feed. In electrical terms, this means the element has minimum reactance, generating the maximum current for minimum voltage. This is the ideal situation, because it produces the maximum output for the minimum input, producing the highest possible efficiency. Contrary to an ideal (lossless) series-resonant circuit, a finite resistance remains (corresponding to the relatively small voltage at the feed-point) due to the antenna's radiation resistance as well as any actual electrical losses.

Q1: How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?
A1: imitate
Q2: What frequency develops a current peak?
A2: resonant frequency
Q3: How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?
A3: minimum reactance
Q4: What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?
A4: lossless
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.

Q1: What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?
A1: variable resistance
Q2: When did Bell put in his prior patent?
A2: February 25, 1875
Q3: What liquid did Bell use in his first application?
A3: mercury
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

Q1: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?
A1: a crucial need for regulation
Q2: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?
A2: San Francisco
Q3: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?
A3: executives from the private sector
Q4: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?
A4: R. Clarke
Q5: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?
A5: cyberspace
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur. Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking (to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or significant habitat modification, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct) of listed species.

Q1: What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?
A1: whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized
Q2: If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?
A2: the Endangered Species Committee
Q3: How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?
A3: seven
Q4: How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?
A4: Five
Q5: What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?
A5: at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system, and adopted many of their innovations, particularly the General Staff, universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems.

Q1: What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?
A1: The quick German victory
Q2: What outcome had most people expected from the war?
A2: French victory
Q3: Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?
A3: the Germans
Q4: What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? 
A4: their military system
Q5: What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?
A5: highly detailed mobilization systems
John_Kerry (Warfare)

The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated. The week before, a poll had put Kerry 10 points ahead of Cronin, with Dukin on 13%. In the final days of the campaign, Kerry sensed that it was "slipping away" and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes (53.45%) to Kerry's 92,847 (44.72%). After his defeat, Kerry lamented in a letter to supporters that "for two solid weeks, [The Sun] called me un-American, New Left antiwar agitator, unpatriotic, and labeled me every other 'un-' and 'anti-' that they could find. It's hard to believe that one newspaper could be so powerful, but they were." He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks cost him the race.

Q1: How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?
A1: 110,970
Q2: What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?
A2: 53.45%
Q3: How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?
A3: 92,847
Q4: What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?
A4: 44.72%
Q5: What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?
A5: his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census (Social sciences and society)

The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

Q1: Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?
A1: OMB
Q2: What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?
A2: national-origin
Q3: In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?
A3: ancestry
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.

Q1: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?
A1: competing notions of the mission of colleges
Q2: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?
A2: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities
Q3: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?
A3: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it
Q4: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?
A4: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or "lobes" at various angles, separated by "nulls", angles where the radiation falls to zero. This is because the radio waves emitted by different parts of the antenna typically interfere, causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase, and zero radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase. In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction, the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the "main lobe". The other lobes usually represent unwanted radiation and are called "sidelobes". The axis through the main lobe is called the "principal axis" or "boresight axis".

Q1: What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero? 
A1: nulls
Q2: What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?
A2: interfere
Q3: If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?
A3: lobe
Q4: What is the main distinction of side lobes?
A4: represent unwanted radiation
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The radiation pattern and even the driving point impedance of an antenna can be influenced by the dielectric constant and especially conductivity of nearby objects. For a terrestrial antenna, the ground is usually one such object of importance. The antenna's height above the ground, as well as the electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) of the ground, can then be important. Also, in the particular case of a monopole antenna, the ground (or an artificial ground plane) serves as the return connection for the antenna current thus having an additional effect, particularly on the impedance seen by the feed line.

Q1: What is the radiation patter influenced by?
A1: dielectric constant
Q2: The ground is important for what antenna?
A2: terrestrial antenna
Q3: Whats another name for the ground?
A3: artificial ground plane
Q4: What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current?
A4: return connection
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut.

Q1: A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?
A1: relative field strength
Q2: What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?
A2: three-dimensional graph
Q3:  A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?
A3: isotropic
Q4: Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?
A4: nondirectional
Q5: What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?
A5: donut
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The radio signal's electrical component induces a voltage in the conductor. This causes an electrical current to begin flowing in the direction of the signal's instantaneous field. When the resulting current reaches the end of the conductor, it reflects, which is equivalent to a 180 degree change in phase. If the conductor is 1⁄4 of a wavelength long, current from the feed point will undergo 90 degree phase change by the time it reaches the end of the conductor, reflect through 180 degrees, and then another 90 degrees as it travels back. That means it has undergone a total 360 degree phase change, returning it to the original signal. The current in the element thus adds to the current being created from the source at that instant. This process creates a standing wave in the conductor, with the maximum current at the feed.

Q1: What part of the radio signal creates voltage?
A1: electrical component
Q2: What would the electric current always gravitate to?
A2: instantaneous field
Q3: What is the outcome when a curren is reflected>
A3: 180 degree change in phase
Q4: What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state?
A4: 360 degree
San_Diego (Geography and places)

The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster, Clear Channel Communications; CBS Radio, Midwest Television, Lincoln Financial Media, Finest City Broadcasting, and many other smaller stations and networks. Stations include: KOGO AM 600, KFMB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360 Air America, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM News and Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, Free Radio San Diego (AKA Pirate Radio San Diego) 96.9FM FRSD, KSON 97.3/92.1, KXSN 98.1, Jack-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, Rock 105.3, and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9FM, as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations.

Q1: What is another name Free Radio San Diego is known by?
A1: Pirate Radio San Diego
Q2: In addition to Free Radio San Diego, what other pirate station is in San Diego?
A2: 106.9FM
Q3: What is the largest nationwide broadcaster in San Diego?
A3: Clear Channel Communications
Q4: Which language are some local radio stations available in?
A4: Spanish
Q5: What is the exact setting for FM News & Talk?
A5: 95.7
Nanjing (Geography and places)

The radish is also a typical food representing people of Nanjing, which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China. According to Nanjing.GOV.cn, "There is a long history of growing radish in Nanjing especially the southern suburb. In the spring, the radish tastes very juicy and sweet. It is well-known that people in Nanjing like eating radish. And the people are even addressed as 'Nanjing big radish', which means they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative. From health perspective, eating radish can help to offset the stodgy food that people take during the Spring Festival".

Q1: What is considered to be a typical food for a Nanjing resident?
A1: radish
Q2: Which area has the longest history of growing radish?
A2: the southern suburb
Q3: What does the radish taste like in the spring?
A3: very juicy and sweet
Q4: What are Nanjing people called by others?
A4: 'Nanjing big radish'
Q5: What does calling someone 'Nanjing big radish' mean they are like?
A5: they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative
Great_Plains (History)

The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling paperwork and financial details. During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm bookkeeping, and home economics courses in the schools.

Q1: what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?
A1: railroads
Q2: what did the railroads make it easy to do?
A2: ship wheat and other crops
Q3: who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?
A3: immigrants
Q4: who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?
A4: sewing and washing machines