LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.

Q1: Until what year did the state remain calm?
A1: 1841
Q2: In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?
A2: 1843
Q3: What was the price of the small force along the border?
A3: 160,603 pesos per year
Q4: The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?
A4: 6,000
Q5: Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?
A5: Ángel Trías
Montana (Geography and places)

The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a "state ballad", "Montana Melody", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.

Q1: When was the state song composed?
A1: 1910
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.

Q1: In which year was the new constitution ratified?
A1: 1855
Q2: The state was able to survive through which war?
A2: Reform War
Q3: The conservative movement occurred during which year?
A3: 1858
Q4: 1000 men occupied which cities?
A4: Chihuahua and Parral
Q5: Who established himself as governor?
A5: Cajen
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.

Q1: The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?
A1: Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland
Q2: Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s?
A2: Soviet
Q3: Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?
A3: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania
Q4: Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?
A4: Stalin
Q5: Salla is located in what country?
A5: Finland
Intellectual_property (History)

The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to "Promote progress." By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be "absolute protection". "If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.

Q1: What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?
A1: Promote progress.
Q2: What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?
A2: create and disclose their work
Q3: Which view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property?
A3: absolute protection or full value
Q4: Which recent law stresses international harmonization?
A4: America Invents Act
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Q1: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?
A1: Virgin Mary
Q2: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?"
A2: until
Q3: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?
A3: 1:23
Q4: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
A4: Luke
Q5: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?"
A5: virgin
Dialect (Language and literature)

The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.

Q1: What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?
A1: historical and political
Q2: What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?
A2: Lombardic alpine
Q3: What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?
A3: Chinese
Q4: Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?
A4: mutual unintelligibility
Israel (History)

The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians, as Israel views it as its sovereign territory, as well as part of its capital. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which emphasises "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war", and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as "Land for peace".

Q1: Israel views East Jerusalem as what?
A1: sovereign territory
Q2: What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war?
A2: United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
Q3: What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states?
A3: Land for peace
Southampton (Geography and places)

The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.

Q1: What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?
A1: Charles I
Q2: What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?
A2: 1640
Q3: What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?
A3: Victorian period
Q4: After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?
A4: Hampshire County Council
Q5: What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?
A5: 1964
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading. However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading. A plausible reading that occurs less often may, nevertheless, be the correct one.

Q1: What is the last step in the stemmatic method?
A1: emendatio
Q2: At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?
A2: the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process
Q3: Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?
A3: , it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading
Memory (Social sciences and society)

The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.

Q1: Why can't some memories be held onto forever?
A1: The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration
Q2: If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?
A2: sometimes a whole life span)
Q3: What is the capacity of long term memory?
A3: capacity is immeasurable
Q4: If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?
A4: in our short-term memory
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker.

Q1: Who is the main character of the story?
A1: Link
Q2: What land does Link serve to protect?
A2: Hyrule
Q3: What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?
A3: Midna
Q4: Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?
A4: Link
Q5: What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?
A5: Midna
Q6: This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?
A6: The Wind Waker
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra.

Q1: What group is the enemy of the protagonist?
A1: Spectre
Q2: Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?
A2: Diamonds Are Forever
Q3: Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?
A3: M, Q and Eve Moneypenny
Q4: Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?
A4: Dave Bautista
Q5: What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?
A5: Lucia Sciarra
Q6: Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?
A6: M, Q and Eve Moneypenny
Q7: What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?
A7: Léa Seydoux
Q8: What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?
A8: Dave Bautista
Q9: When was Diamonds are Forever released?
A9: 1971
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur "Boo" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and, for many years few have seen him. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person.

Q1: Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?
A1: Maycomb, Alabama
Q2: How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?
A2: three
Q3: How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?
A3: two
Q4: Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?
A4: Dill
Q5: What is the name of the town the story takes place in?
A5: Maycomb, Alabama
Q6: In what historical era does the book take place?
A6: the Great Depression
Q7: Who is the main character of the book?
A7: Jean Louise Finch (Scout)
Warsaw_Pact (History)

The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

Q1: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?
A1: socialism and communism
Q2: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?
A2: Brezhnev
Q3: The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?
A3: Western Europe
Old_English (Language and literature)

The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most “important to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.” This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in “simplifying English grammar.”

Q1: What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?
A1: Danish
Q2: What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?
A2: Old Norse
Q3: Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?
A3: inflectional
George_VI (History)

The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.

Q1: What kind of cancer did the King develop?
A1: lung cancer
Q2: What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?
A2: arterial blockage
Q3: What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?
A3: right lumbar sympathectomy
Q4: Who was the King's heir presumptive?
A4: Elizabeth
Q5: Who was Elizabeth's spouse?
A5: Duke of Edinburgh