LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that "Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule", and yet "despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China.

Q1: When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  
A1: 1279
Q2: When did the Yuan dynasty rule?
A2: 1271–1368
Q3: Which dynasty ruled all of china? 
A3: the Yuan dynasty
Q4: What did Khubilai claim for a while?
A4: universal rule
Q5: Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?
A5: China
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.

Q1: What is Durga called in Nepali?
A1: Taleju
Q2: How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju?
A2: until she menstruates
Q3: Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008?
A3: Matina Shakya
Q4: What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?
A4: Maoist
Pacific_War (History)

Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar. The only thing standing in his path were three groups (Taffy 1, 2 and 3) of the Seventh Fleet, commanded by Admiral Thomas Kinkaid. Each group had six escort carriers, with a total of more than 500 planes, and seven or eight destroyers or destroyer escorts (DE). Kinkaid still believed that Lee's force was guarding the north, so the Japanese had the element of surprise when they attacked Taffy 3 at 06:45. Kurita mistook the Taffy carriers for large fleet carriers and thought he had the whole Third Fleet in his sights. Since escort carriers stood little chance against a battleship, Adm. Clifton Sprague directed the carriers of Taffy 3 to turn and flee eastward, hoping that bad visibility would reduce the accuracy of Japanese gunfire, and used his destroyers to divert the Japanese battleships. The destroyers made harassing torpedo attacks against the Japanese. For ten minutes Yamato was caught up in evasive action. Two U.S. destroyers and a DE were sunk, but they had bought enough time for the Taffy groups to launch planes. Taffy 3 turned and fled south, with shells scoring hits on some of its carriers and sinking one of them. The superior speed of the Japanese force allowed it to draw closer and fire on the other two Taffy groups. However, at 09:20 Kurita suddenly turned and retreated north. Signals had disabused him of the notion that he was attacking the Third Fleet, and the longer Kurita continued to engage, the greater the risk of major air strikes. Destroyer attacks had broken the Japanese formations, shattering tactical control. Three of Kurita's heavy cruisers had been sunk and another was too damaged to continue the fight. The Japanese retreated through the San Bernardino Strait, under continuous air attack. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was over; and a large part of the Japanese surface fleet destroyed.

Q1: When did Kurita pass through the San Bernardino Strait?
A1: 03:00 on 25 October
Q2: Where did Kurit head after passing through the San Bernardino Strait?
A2: along the coast of Samar
Q3: Admiral Kincaid commanded what three groups of the Seventh Fleet?
A3: Taffy 1, 2 and 3
Q4: What broke the Japanes formations under Kurita?
A4: Destroyer attacks
Q5: How many of Kurita's heavy cruisers were sunk?
A5: Three
Pacific_War (History)

Kurita's "Center Force" consisted of five battleships, 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers. It included the two largest battleships ever built: Yamato and Musashi. As they passed Palawan Island after midnight on 23 October the force was spotted, and U.S. submarines sank two cruisers. On 24 October, as Kurita's force entered the Sibuyan Sea, USS Intrepid and USS Cabot launched 260 planes, which scored hits on several ships. A second wave of planes scored many direct hits on Musashi. A third wave, from USS Enterprise and USS Franklin hit Musashi with 11 bombs and eight torpedoes. Kurita retreated but in the evening turned around to head for San Bernardino Strait. Musashi sank at about 19:30.

Q1: How many battleships were in Kurita's "Center Force"?
A1: five
Q2: How many cruisers were in Kurita's "Center Force"?
A2: 12
Q3: How many destroyers were in Kurita's "Center Force"?
A3: 13
Q4: When did Kurita's force enter the Sibuyan Sea?
A4: 24 October
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Q1: What does LE stand for?
A1: Life expectancy at birth
Q2: What does MYS stand for?
A2: Mean years of schooling
Q3: What does EYS stand for?
A3: Expected years of schooling
Q4: What does GNIpc stand for?
A4: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.

Q1: How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?
A1: 10%
Q2: What is the average lifetime of a CFL?
A2: 50,000 hours
Q3: How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?
A3: 70%
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.

Q1: What quality has LEDs been used as?
A1: medium-quality
Q2: What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?
A2: Red
Q3: What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?
A3: Nitride-based LEDs
Q4: LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?
A4: Zener
Q5: Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?
A5: 3 V
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter. For each half-cycle, part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half-cycle. The efficacy of this type of HP-LED is typically 40 lm/W. A large number of LED elements in series may be able to operate directly from line voltage. In 2009, Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED, named as 'Acrich MJT', capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit. The low-power dissipation of these LEDs affords them more flexibility than the original AC LED design.

Q1: What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power?
A1: Seoul Semiconductor
Q2: What is the efficacy of an AC powered HP-LED?
A2: 40 lm/W
Q3: When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED?
A3: 2009
Q4: What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs?
A4: more flexibility
Q5: What did Seoul Semiconductor name their ac powered HP-LED?
A5: Acrich MJT
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

Q1: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?
A1: Sierra Madre
Q2: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?
A2: Paquime
Q3: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?
A3: Sierra Madre Occidental
Q4: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?
A4: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.

Q1: Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?
A1: La Diablada
Q2: Who is the miners' patron saint?
A2: Vírgen de Socavon
Q3: Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? 
A3: 50
Q4: How many hours a day does the parade run?
A4: 18
Q5: What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?
A5: a Brazilian-type Carnival
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

Q1: How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?
A1: 20
Q2: What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?
A2: Liberal Democrats
Q3: Who did the NEC expel 
A3: activists and the two MPs who supported the group.
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.

Q1: Who runs the Welsh Assembly?
A1: Carwyn Jones
Q2: What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?
A2: The Labour Party
Q3: How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?
A3: twenty
Q4: What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?
A4: 2015
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Q1: What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?
A1: nothing better to do
Q2: Do the poor families put a value on education?
A2: parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.
Q3: What community has the most prevalency for child labour?
A3: rural areas
Greece (Geography and places)

Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

Q1: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? 
A1: Peloponnesian War
Q2: What often caused strife between Greek states?
A2: Lack of political unity
Q3: Who won the Peloponnesian war?
A3: Sparta
Q4: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?
A4: Macedon
Q5: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?
A5: Phillip II
Digestion (Natural sciences)

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.

Q1: What is lactase?
A1: an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts
Q2: What are lactoses component parts?
A2: glucose and galactose
Q3: Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?
A3: small intestine
Q4: What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
A4: Approximately 65 percent
Q5: What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
A5: lactose intolerance
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

Laemmle, Jr. created a niche for the studio, beginning a series of horror films which extended into the 1940s, affectionately dubbed Universal Horror. Among them are Frankenstein (1931), Dracula ( also in 1931), The Mummy (1932) and The Invisible Man (1933). Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life (1934) and My Man Godfrey (1936).

Q1: In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula?
A1: 1931
Q2: In what year was The Invisible Man made?
A2: 1933
Q3: What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934?
A3: Imitation of Life
Q4: In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?
A4: 1936
Q5: When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made?
A5: 1931
Detroit (Geography and places)

Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated. Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit. Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.

Q1: What district is Lafayette Park a part of?
A1: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district
Q2: How large is Lafayette Park?
A2: 78-acre
Q3: In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center?
A3: Southwest Detroit
Q4: Who planned Lafayette Park?
A4: Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. (Saunderson and O'Kane, 2005). Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.

Q1: Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?
A1: Laing's
Q2: One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?
A2: metaperspective of self
Q3: The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?
A3: self/identity
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolmaš states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and Sönam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and "to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama." Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained "enormous power among the entire Mongol population."

Q1: What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?
A1: the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice
Q2: Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?
A2: the Mongol princes and subjects
Q3: What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?
A3: execution
Q4: Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?
A4: the Dalai Lama
Q5: Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?
A5: Committed to their religious leader
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while "the Ming did not possess Tibet."

Q1: Who did the Ming appoint titles to?
A1: eastern Tibetan princes
Q2: What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?
A2: an army
Q3: What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?
A3: Tibet
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

Q1: How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?
A1: 17.1 lumens per watt
Q2: How does filament size relate to voltage level?
A2: Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament
Q3: What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?
A3: They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.
Q4: How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?
A4: as much as 19.8 lumens per watt
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism. The county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire. Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.

Q1: What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?
A1: Manchester and Liverpool
Q2: By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?
A2: 85%
Q3: Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?
A3: Blackpool
Q4: What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?
A4: wakes week
Q5: When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?
A5: during the Industrial Revolution