LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Red (Natural sciences)

In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of "red states" versus "blue states".

Q1: In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?
A1: vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections
Q2: In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?
A2: blue states
Q3: How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?
A3: 39
Q4: In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?
A4: 2000
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.

Q1: What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?
A1: material is safe to use and the effectiveness
Q2: Who is protected by EPA regulations?
A2: humans or the environment
Q3: Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.
A3: before November 1984
Q4: How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?
A4: every 15 years
Q5: How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?
A5: label
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement. The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government.

Q1: Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?
A1: United States
Q2: What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?
A2: racial profiling
Q3: What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?
A3: de facto racial profiling
Q4: How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?
A4: adversely
Q5: What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?
A5: misuse of racial categories
51st_state (Language and literature)

In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).

Q1: What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?
A1: can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada
Q2: What is a negative connotation of the term?
A2: to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor
Q3: How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?
A3: just 3,846 votes
Q4: What did the other parties receive that year?
A4: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)
Treaty (Language and literature)

In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executive agreement, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements. All four classes are equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal American law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Whereas treaties require advice and consent by two-thirds of the Senators present, sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone. Some treaties grant the President the authority to fill in the gaps with executive agreements, rather than additional treaties or protocols. And finally, congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate, either before or after the treaty is signed by the President.

Q1: Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?
A1: internal American law
Q2: Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?
A2: their method of approval
Q3: What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?
A3: two-thirds
Q4: What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?
A4: sole executive agreements
Q5: What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?
A5: congressional-executive agreements
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

In the United States, their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties. Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.

Q1: What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?
A1: reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties
Q2: What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?
A2: federal and state
Q3: What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?
A3: patriotic rituals and military service
Q4: What do patients have the right to refuse?
A4: medical treatment
Q5: Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?
A5: Canada
Liberia (History)

In the United States, there was a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa. The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders. But its membership grew to include mostly people who supported abolition of slavery. Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South, where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies. Some abolitionists collaborated on relocation of free blacks, as they were discouraged by discrimination against them in the North and believed they would never be accepted in the larger society. Most African Americans, who were native-born by this time, wanted to improve conditions in the United States rather than emigrate. Leading activists in the North strongly opposed the ACS, but some free blacks were ready to try a different environment.

Q1: What is "the american colonization society"?
A1: a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa.
Q2: When was the "american colonization society founded"?
A2: 1816
Q3: The "american colonization society" consisted mostly of whom"
A3: people who supported abolition of slavery
Q4: What did slave holders want to do?
A4: to get free people of color out of the South
Q5: rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what?
A5: improve conditions in the United States
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a "charity" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.

Q1: What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?
A1: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Q2: What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?
A2: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Q3: How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?
A3: US$38 billion
Q4: How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?
A4: $14.8 billion
Q5: What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?
A5: British Wellcome Trust
Rule_of_law (History)

In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

Q1: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
A1: rule by the best men
Q2: According to Plato, who was above the law?
A2: king
Q3: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
A3: benevolent monarchy
Q4: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
A4: rule of law
Q5: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
A5: slave
Slavs (History)

In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized.

Q1: Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?
A1: In the Western Balkans
Q2: In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?
A2: Avar invaders
Q3: In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?
A3: Germanic and Celtic
Q4: The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?
A4: Uralic and Scandinavian peoples
Q5: Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?
A5: the Rus' state
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria.

Q1: In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?
A1: Yoma
Q2: Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?
A2: Slavic
Q3: Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?
A3: Saadia Gaon
Q4: Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?
A4: Germanikia in northwestern Syria
Q5: Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?
A5: cradle of Germanic tribes
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O
2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H
2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe
2SiO
4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe
3O
4), quartz (SiO
2) and hydrogen (H
2) is the following:

Q1: How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?
A1: serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation
Q2: Where do you find silicate?
A2: crystal lattice of the fayalite
Infection (Natural sciences)

In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified using alternatives to growth in culture or animals. Some viruses may be grown in embryonated eggs. Another useful identification method is Xenodiagnosis, or the use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent. Chagas disease is the most significant example, because it is difficult to directly demonstrate the presence of the causative agent, Trypanosoma cruzi in a patient, which therefore makes it difficult to definitively make a diagnosis. In this case, xenodiagnosis involves the use of the vector of the Chagas agent T. cruzi, an uninfected triatomine bug, which takes a blood meal from a person suspected of having been infected. The bug is later inspected for growth of T. cruzi within its gut.

Q1: What are live animals required by?
A1: some microbes
Q2: What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?
A2: animals
Q3: What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?
A3: embryonated
Q4: What is Xenodiagnosis?
A4: use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent
Q5: What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?
A5: the causative agent
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) temporarily relocated to the Ford Center, playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons. The team became the first NBA franchise to play regular-season games in the state of Oklahoma.[citation needed] The team was known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets while playing in Oklahoma City. The team ultimately returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007–08 season. The Hornets played their final home game in Oklahoma City during the exhibition season on October 9, 2007 against the Houston Rockets.

Q1: Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina?
A1: Ford Center
Q2: What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City?
A2: Houston Rockets
John,_King_of_England (History)

In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a "turning point in European history".

Q1: Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?
A1: William Marshal
Q2: Who gave up their claim to the English throne?
A2: Louis
Q3: What agreement failed?
A3: Magna Carta
Q4: Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?
A4: 1259
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.

Q1: What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?
A1: army and police
Q2: What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?
A2: mustard gas
Q3: Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?
A3: Rabta
Q4: Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?
A4: Misrata
Q5: Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?
A5: Benghazi
Greece (Geography and places)

In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.

Q1: What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?
A1: 1919–1922
Q2: After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?
A2: Asia Minor
Q3: An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?
A3: Treaty of Lausanne
Q4: In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?
A4: 1914-1922
Q5: Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?
A5: Ottoman and Turkish officials
Central_African_Republic (Geography and places)

In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozizé launched a surprise attack against Patassé, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba's Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Bozizé's forces succeeded in overthrowing Patassé.[citation needed]

Q1: The failed coup caused what effects?
A1: murder of many political opponents
Q2: Which General was involved in another coup?
A2: General François Bozizé
Q3: Where did General Bozize flee to escape?
A3: Chad
Q4: When did Bozize finally attempt his coup?
A4: March 2003
Q5: Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse?
A5: Bozizé's forces
History_of_India (History)

In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947–48.

Q1: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
A1: British Crown
Q2: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
A2: provinces
Q3: Over what did Britain have direct control?
A3: Company's lands
Q4: What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?
A4: indirect influence
Q5: How many princely states were there in India in 1947?
A5: 565
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.

Q1: When did Congress secure an absolute majority?
A1: In the assembly elections held in November 2012
Q2: How many seats did Congress win?
A2: 36 of the 68 seats
Q3: Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?
A3: Virbhadra Singh
Q4: Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?
A4: Governor Urmila Singh
Q5: Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?
A5: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla