LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor. In this usage, the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and, depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor. If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed, the current will be increased, the motor will develop more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor, causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle.

Q1: What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor?
A1: electrical pulses
Q2: What is a governor connected to?
A2: return spring
Q3: What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?
A3: small
Q4: What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?
A4: reduce the current being applied to the motor
Political_philosophy (History)

Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.

Q1: What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? 
A1: The liberal-communitarian debate
Q2: What type of control do communitarians tend to support?
A2: greater local control
Q3: What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?
A3: policies which encourage the growth of social capital
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

Q1: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
A1: the forward end of the flight deck
Q2: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
A2: take off at far higher weights
Q3: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?
A3: the Royal Navy
Q4: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?
A4: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity
Q5: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
A5: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea
Insect (Natural sciences)

Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes.

Q1: Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?
A1: defense
Q2: Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?
A2: deceive
Q3: Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?
A3: wasps
Q4: Mimicry complexes are usually found where?
A4: in Lepidoptera
Q5: What is a well known Mullerian complex?
A5: Taxa
Infection (Natural sciences)

Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method.  Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.

Q1: Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?
A1: transmission rate of infectious diseases
Q2: What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?
A2: extensive interactions
Q3: What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?
A3: focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps
Q4: What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?
A4: needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users
Q5: When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?
A5: 2001
Energy (Natural sciences)

Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).

Q1: What is another energy-related concept?
A1: Lagrangian
Q2: Who is the Lagrangian named after?
A2: Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Q3: What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?
A3: Lagrangian
Q4: Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?
A4: Lagrange formalism
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

Q1: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
A1: compulsory licensing
Q2: What are two examples of this licensing?
A2: compilations and live performances of music
Q3: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?
A3: no infringement occurs
Q4: What country has fair dealing laws?
A4: Canada
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

Q1: During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?
A1: 1659, 1660, and 1661
Q2: Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?
A2: Anglican Puritans
Q3: What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?
A3: purer absolute theocracy
Q4: What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?
A4: Quaker sect
Q5: Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?
A5: Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. U.S. taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions.

Q1: What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?
A1: AIG
Q2: What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?
A2: credit default swaps
Q3: When did the government take over AIG?
A3: September 2008
Q4: How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?
A4: over $180 billion
Q5: What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?
A5: a premium
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna (usually, but not always, for receiving) at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor. Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop.[citation needed] This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers, with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band

Q1: What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?
A1: a capacitor at the frequency of operation
Q2: What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?
A2: loop
Q3: What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?
A3: small ferrite loop antenna
Q4: When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?
A4: impedance matching
Mandolin (Music)

Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d" g". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.

Q1: Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?
A1: Milan and Lombardy
Q2: What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?
A2: mandolino or mandore
Q3: What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?
A3: They are shorter and wider
Q4: How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?
A4: 6 strings
Q5: Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?
A5: Antonio Monzino
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded.

Q1: What does the acronym RLV stand for?
A1: Recordable LaserVision disc
Q2: Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?
A2: Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)
Q3: In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?
A3: 1984.
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Another format, rhythmic AC, in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music, past and present, places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits, such as those by Amber, C&C Music Factory and Black Box, and includes dance remixes of pop songs, such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton's "Unbreak My Heart".

Q1: Who performed the song "Unbreak My Heart"?
A1: Toni Braxton
Q2: What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box?
A2: Amber
Q3: What radio station format plays soft AC, hot AC, disco and dance?
A3: rhythmic AC
Q4: What artist notably remixed "Unbreak My Heart"?
A4: Soul Solution
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exhaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar."

Q1: Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?
A1: Constantine Monomachos
Q2: What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
A2: Nothing
Q3: Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
A3: the Russian abbot Daniel
Q4: Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?
A4: Jerusalem
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn.

Q1: Where is the Village located at Washington University?
A1: the northwest corner of Danforth Campus
Q2: What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?
A2: upperclassmen and January Scholars
Q3: How many students are composed in Blocs?
A3: groups of 4 to 24
Q4: What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?
A4: Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments
Q5: How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?
A5: students who have similar interests or academic goals
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

Q1: What type of structure is the falekaupule?
A1: meeting hall
Q2: Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?
A2: celebrations
Q3: Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? 
A3: council of elders
Q4: What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?
A4: decision making body
Q5: What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?
A5: Aganu
Great_power (History)

Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirable. As evidence, Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis (1962) during the Cold War, these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion.

Q1: What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?
A1: military force
Q2: What great powers have maintained peace?
A2: France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States
Q3: Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years?
A3: United Nations and other forums
Q4: What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers?
A4: Cuban missile crisis (1962
Pub (History)

Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.

Q1: In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?
A1: the Middle Ages
Q2: From where did pubs without written names derive their names?
A2: the illustration on the pub's sign
Boston (Geography and places)

Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.

Q1: Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?
A1: Thomas Menino
Q2: Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?
A2: Mayor Thomas Menino
Q3: The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?
A3: cost of living
Q4: The goal is to get how  many residents to sign up?
A4: 500
Q5: How much does the program cost?
A5: free
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.

Q1: Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?
A1: Gathas of Zarathustra
Q2: When was this writing penned?
A2: afterlife
Q3: What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?
A3: Voltaire
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

Q1: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?
A1: a hypopodium
Q2: Why was a platform used?
A2: the hands may not have been able to support the weight
Q3: Who considered this topic in the 17th century?
A3: Rasmus Bartholin
Q4: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?
A4: Frederick Zugibe
Q5: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?
A5: Nazis