LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Virgil (Language and literature)

The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, although this is controversial. The Eclogues (from the Greek for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry ("pastoral poetry") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar, Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, supposedly including, according to the tradition, an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil. The loss of his family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgil's motives in the composition of the Eclogues. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the Eclogues. In Eclogues 1 and 9, Virgil indeed dramatizes the contrasting feelings caused by the brutality of the land expropriations through pastoral idiom, but offers no indisputable evidence of the supposed biographic incident. While some readers have identified the poet himself with various characters and their vicissitudes, whether gratitude by an old rustic to a new god (Ecl. 1), frustrated love by a rustic singer for a distant boy (his master's pet, Ecl. 2), or a master singer's claim to have composed several eclogues (Ecl. 5), modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from works of fiction, preferring to interpret an author's characters and themes as illustrations of contemporary life and thought. The ten Eclogues present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside. 2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love (Ecl. 2) and attraction toward people of any gender (Ecl. 3). Eclogue 4, addressed to Asinius Pollio, the so-called "Messianic Eclogue" uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child (who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate). 5 and 8 describe the myth of Daphnis in a song contest, 6, the cosmic and mythological song of Silenus; 7, a heated poetic contest, and 10 the sufferings of the contemporary elegiac poet Cornelius Gallus. Virgil is credited[by whom?] in the Eclogues with establishing Arcadia as a poetic ideal that still resonates in Western literature and visual arts and setting the stage for the development of Latin pastoral by Calpurnius Siculus, Nemesianus, and later writers.

Q1: Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?
A1: Theocritus
Q2: Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?
A2: Octavian
Q3: Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work?
A3: Eclogues
Q4: To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to?
A4: Asinius Pollio
Q5: Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love?
A5: Ecl. 2
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."

Q1: What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?
A1: symbiosis
Q2: Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?
A2: Dorion Sagan
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.

Q1: Along with Cornell University, what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech?
A1: Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
Q2: What is the cost to build Cornell Tech?
A2: US$2 billion
Q3: On what island is Cornell Tech located?
A3: Roosevelt Island
Q4: About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?
A4: US$30 million
Q5: How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?
A5: 65,000
Q6: In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?
A6: Cornell Tech
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desirable properties of MOSFETs allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits. Discrete MOSFETs can be applied in transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers.

Q1: What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?
A1: bipolar junction transistor
Q2: Why were BJTs so popular?
A2: their greater linearity and ease of manufacture
Q3: What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?
A3: transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers
Q4: What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?
A4: MOSFETs
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space.

Q1: When was the bipolar transistor created?
A1: 1947.
Q2: When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?
A2: 1955
Somalis (Geography and places)

The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.

Q1: What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?
A1: Red Sea
Q2: In what location was Islam born?
A2: the Arabian Peninsula
Q3: What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?
A3: Berberi
Q4: What was another name for Mogadishu?
A4: the City of Islam
Q5: The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?
A5: gold
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

Q1: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
A1: Kristjan Jaak Peterson
Q2: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
A2: patriotic and philosophical
Q3: When was Peterson born?
A3: March 14
Q4: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?
A4: Mother Tongue Day
Q5: What university did Peterson attend?
A5: German-language University of Dorpat
IBM (History)

The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.

Q1: What location is the birthplace of IBM?
A1: Endicott
Q2: How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?
A2: 4,100 gallons
Q3: How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?
A3: more than two decades
Q4: Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?
A4: 78,000 gallons
Q5: IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?
A5: Department of Environmental Conservation
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911. They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) to convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to "the theory of radiation and quanta". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta".

Q1: Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?
A1: Rayleigh and Jeans
Q2: Who came up with the term, "ultraviolet catastrophe"?
A2: Paul Ehrenfest
Q3: When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name "ultraviolet catastrophe"?
A3: 1911
Q4: When was the first Solvay Conference held?
A4: 1911
Q5: Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?
A5: Max Planck
Q6: What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?
A6: classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum
Q7: What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?
A7: the "ultraviolet catastrophe"
Q8: When was the first Solvay Conference held?
A8: 1911
Q9: What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?
A9: "the theory of radiation and quanta"
Q10: In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?
A10: 1918
Iran (Geography and places)

The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities. After the 10th century, Persian language, alongside Arabic, was used for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and medical works, whereas the important Iranian writers, such as Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb od Din Shirazi, and Biruni, had major contributions in the scientific writing.

Q1: What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?
A1: the Islamic Golden Age
Q2: When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?
A2: by the 10th and 11th centuries
Q3: Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?
A3: Iran
Q4: Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?
A4: scientific writing
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900. Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt. The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team. Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic. In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel. The club's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange. An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used.

Q1: When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona?
A1: 1900
Q2: When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?
A2: Hispania
Q3: From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated?
A3: Joan Gamper
Q4: What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize?
A4: flag of Catalonia
Q5: What are Barcelona's most often used change colors?
A5: yellow and orange
Dell (History)

The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.[citation needed]

Q1: Who is the founder of Dell?
A1: Michael Dell
Q2: How many board members does Dell have?
A2: nine
Q3: How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?
A3: five
Q4: Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?
A4: Audit Committee
Q5: Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?
A5: Antitrust Compliance Committee
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

Q1: Who is in control of the organization?
A1: board of directors
Q2: Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?
A2: executive director
Q3: How is the board of directors most often chosen?
A3: self-perpetuating
Q4: How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?
A4: elected by a membership
Q5: Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?
A5: Part VI, section A, question 7a
Botany (Natural sciences)

The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.

Q1: What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?
A1: stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves
Q2: Do roots contain chlorophyll?
A2: generally lack chlorophyll
Q3: What makes a plant non-vascular?
A3: do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots
Q4: How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?
A4: most of the plant
Q5: How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?
A5: nonphotosynthetic
Immunology (Natural sciences)

The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.

Q1: What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
A1: person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area
Q2: Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
A2: both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed
Q3: Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
A3: low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
Q4: What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
A4: phagocytic
Q5: Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
A5: activate T cells
The_Blitz (History)

The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

Q1: What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?
A1: Operation Sea Lion
Q2: How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?
A2: 42,000
Q3: What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?
A3: July 1943
Q4: Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe? 
A4: Hitler
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.

Q1: Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?
A1: no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications
Q2: Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?
A2: Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science
Q3: What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?
A3: social reform
Q4: What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?
A4: Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms
Q5: What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?
A5: Darwinism