LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Asthma (Natural sciences)

The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.

Q1: What is the prognosis for asthma? 
A1: generally good
Q2: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
A2: due to better recognition and improvement in care
Q3: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?
A3: 19.4 million people as of 2004
Q4: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
A4: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade
Iran (Geography and places)

The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.

Q1: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?
A1: Byzantine-Sassanid Wars
Q2: When did the Arabs invade Iran?
A2: the 7th century
Q3: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?
A3: Arab Rashidun Caliphate
Q4: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?
A4: Jizya
Q5: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
A5: Academy of Gunde Shapur
Hokkien (Language and literature)

The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.

Q1: Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?
A1: Min
Q2: The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?
A2: Han dynasty
Q3: When was the Han Dynasty?
A3: 206 BCE - 220 CE
Q4: When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?
A4: 420 - 589 CE
Q5: When was the Tang Dynasty?
A5: 618–907 CE
University (Language and literature)

The propagation of universities was not necessarily a steady progression, as the 17th century was rife with events that adversely affected university expansion. Many wars, and especially the Thirty Years' War, disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times. War, plague, famine, regicide, and changes in religious power and structure often adversely affected the societies that provided support for universities. Internal strife within the universities themselves, such as student brawling and absentee professors, acted to destabilize these institutions as well. Universities were also reluctant to give up older curricula, and the continued reliance on the works of Aristotle defied contemporary advancements in science and the arts. This era was also affected by the rise of the nation-state. As universities increasingly came under state control, or formed under the auspices of the state, the faculty governance model (begun by the University of Paris) became more and more prominent. Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move toward this structural organization. Control of universities still tended to be independent, although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state.

Q1: What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?
A1: the Thirty Years' War
Q2: Which university is said to have started faculty governance?
A2: University of Paris
Q3: Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?
A3: the state
Q4: The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?
A4: the nation-state.
Q5: How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?
A5: student-controlled
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.

Q1: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?
A1: tajwid
Q2: Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?
A2: pronunciation
Q3: Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?
A3: pause in recitation
Q4: Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?
A4: musical and melodious
Genome (Natural sciences)

The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

Q1: What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
A1: Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
Q2: In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?
A2: proportion of non-repetitive DNA
Q3: What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
A3: genome size
Genome (Natural sciences)

The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

Q1: What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?
A1: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
Q2: What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
A2: proportion of repetitive DNA
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.

Q1: What famous tomb is in Lahore?
A1: Jahangir's Tomb
Q2: Where was Nanak born?
A2: Nankana Sahib
Q3: Who was the first Sikh Guru?
A3: Guru Nanak
Q4: What famous hill stations are in Punjab?
A4: Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro
Q5: What famous mosque is in Punjab?
A5: Badshahi Mosque
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

Q1: What is the province traditionally known as?
A1: Land of Fish and Rice
Q2: What is the main crop of the province?
A2: rice
Q3: What is the second main crop of the province?
A3: wheat
Q4: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?
A4: north Zhejiang
Q5: What is the largest fishery in the country?
A5: Zhoushan fishery
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835–1836, 1843–1851), Jacques Monsabré (1869–1870, 1872–1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898–1902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. Père Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855–1938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.

Q1: What country has produced a large number of preachers?
A1: France
Q2: What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?
A2: Père Lacordaire
Q3: What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?
A3: Thomas Etourneau
Q4: What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?
A4: the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem
Q5: What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?
A5: Jerusalem Bible
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Q1: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
A1: Zhe River
Q2: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
A2: Hangzhou Bay
Q3: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
A3: Crooked
Q4: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
A4: Zhe River
Q5: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
A5: Hangzhou
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.

Q1: What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?
A1: Section 4
Q2: Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?
A2: habitat protection and recovery goals
Q3: What does critical habitat regulation require?
A3: the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species
Q4: What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?
A4: seed germination and dispersal needs
Myanmar (Geography and places)

The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand, and millions more work illegally. Burmese migrant workers account for 80% of Thailand's migrant workers. Population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.

Q1: How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?
A1: provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420
Q2: Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?
A2: an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted.
Q3: How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?
A3: 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand
Q4: How many of the Burmese  people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization 
A4: millions more work illegally
Q5: What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?
A5: 80% of Thailand's migrant workers
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

Q1: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
A1: Lord of the Manor of Westminster
Q2: What did the monastery help fuel?
A2: the town economy
Q3: What did the abbey build on the west side?
A3: shops and dwellings
Q4: What encroached upon the sanctuary?
A4: shops and dwellings
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit compression), but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech. Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations.

Q1: What was first proposed in 1979?
A1: The psychoacoustic masking codec
Q2: Which country were the researchers located in?
A2: United States
Q3: Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?
A3: Krasner
Q4: What does LPC stand for?
A4: linear predictive coding
Q5: What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?
A5: audio compression algorithms
Cotton (Natural sciences)

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Q1: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
A1: Monsanto and Illumina
Q2: When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?
A2: 2010
Q3: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
A3: donate
Q4: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
A4: public relations
Q5: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
A5: cultivated varieties
Valencia (Geography and places)

The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.

Q1: When were plans for city expansion drawn?
A1: 1858
Q2: What was finished in 1850?
A2: public water supply network
Q3: When did Valencia get electricity?
A3: 1882
Q4: What was knocked down in 1866?
A4: city walls
Q5: What was Valencia's population in 1860?
A5: 140,416
Middle_Ages (History)

The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500.

Q1: Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?
A1: Petrarch
Q2: When did Chaucer die?
A2: 1400
Q3: Who was a notable female French author of this period?
A3: Christine de Pizan
Q4: In what language was most religious literature of this period written?
A4: Latin
Q5: Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?
A5: Meister Eckhart
Paper (Natural sciences)

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Q1: When was the pulp papermaking process developed?
A1: 2nd century AD
Q2: What country was the process developed in?
A2: China
Q3: What country is leading in production of paper?
A3: China
Q4: What country is the second largest produced of paper?
A4: United States
Q5: Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?
A5: Cai Lun
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called "The Eye in the Sky." The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)

Q1: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
A1: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS
Q2: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
A2: The Eye in the Sky
Q3: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
A3: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it
Q4: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? 
A4: Electronic Warfare/Jamming
Q5: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
A5: Airborne Command Post
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

Q1: What does GRECO stand for?
A1: Group of States Against Corruption
Q2: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?
A2: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption
Q3: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?
A3: transnational