LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank. Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat, whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion (and potential inflation) to save the weak member countries. Most central banks prefer to move weak assets off their balance sheets with some kind of agreement as to how the debt will continue to be serviced. This preference has typically led the ECB to argue that the weaker member countries must:

Q1: What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?
A1: temporarily moving bad or weak assets
Q2: Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?
A2: the balance sheets of the European Central Bank
Q3: What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?
A3: monetisation
Q4: What is monetisation usually viewed as?
A4: inflationary threat
Q5: If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?
A5: move weak assets off their balance sheets
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) (History)

Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.

Q1: Who ordered research on the Herald?
A1: Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University
Q2: What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?
A2: demographic changes
Q3: What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?
A3: 'social radicals'
Q4: What was the advertising budget of the new paper?
A4: £400,000
Q5: What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?
A5: 3.5 million
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:

Q1: How does research identify sexual population groups?
A1: scales of assessment
Q2: What is the understanding of the scales used?
A2: to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation
Q3: Why might the scales fail?
A3: due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation
Q4: How many components are used in assessment?
A4: three components
Q5: What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?
A5: scales of assessment
Q6: What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?
A6: assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.
Q7: What can cause problems with these scales that are used?
A7: ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation
Q8: How many components are used in an assessment?
A8: there are three components of sexual orientation
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to "get in a party mood," 18%; "because I enjoy it," 16%; and "to get drunk," 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.

Q1: Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?
A1: uniform
Q2: What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
A2: Social engagement and personal enjoyment
Q3: What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?
A3: pleasure and recreation
Q4: What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
A4: 7%
Q5: In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?
A5: males
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Research in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to discharge of agricultural as well as industrial chemicals like organocholrines, heavy metal, and radionucleotides may adversely affect the human and the ecosystem as a whole. As far as safety of the human health is concerned, then these environmental contaminants can reduce people's nutritional status and health. This could directly or indirectly cause drastic changes in their diet habits. Hence, food-based remedial as well as preventive strategies are essential to address global issues like hunger and malnutrition and to enable the susceptible people to adapt themselves to all these environmental as well as socio-economic alterations.

Q1: What can environmental depletion lead to?
A1: crucial nutrition-related health problems
Q2: Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?
A2: contamination
Q3: Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?
A3: agricultural
Q4: The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?
A4: the ecosystem
Q5: If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?
A5: diet habits
Cork_(city) (History)

Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.

Q1: What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?
A1: The Rubicon Centre
Q2: Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?
A2: IMERC (Marine Energy)
Q3: What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?
A3: the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre
Q4: How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?
A4: 57
Education (Philosophy and religion)

Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach disadvantaged groups, provide quality education, support or undermine equality, and are financially sustainable. The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organisations which support LCPSs. Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia. This success is attributed to excess demand. These surveys found concern for:

Q1: What does LCPS stand for?
A1: low cost private schools
Q2: What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?
A2: disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor
Q3: Where are these types of school spreading across?
A3: Africa and Asia
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.

Q1: Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?
A1: computer science
Q2: Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?
A2: GABA
Q3: Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?
A3: neurobiology
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults. Risktaking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan.

Q1: Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?
A1: favor
Q2: A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?
A2: impress potential mates
Q3: What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?
A3: baseline sensation seeking
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence, but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18. The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly, but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution. For the most part, evidence has supported Erikson's stages: each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted. Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages; there is no final endpoint in identity development.

Q1: Identity achievement rarely occurs before what age?
A1: 18
Q2: Is there a final endpoint in identity development?
A2: no
Q3: Evidence has supported which theorist's idea concerning stages of development?
A3: Erikson
Q4: Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence?
A4: early
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

Q1: What does research show about sexual orientation?
A1: is independent of cultural and other social influences
Q2: What can being openly gay be hindered by?
A2: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.
Q3: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?
A3: religion, language and ethnic traditions
Q4: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?
A4: white, middle-class, well-educated
Q5: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?
A5: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen–Scott station.

Q1: What group of scientists study tectonics?
A1: Geologists
Q2: Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?
A2: Glaciologists
Q3: Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?
A3: Biologists
Q4: What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?
A4: astronomical
Q5: Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?
A5: Amundsen–Scott station.
Treaty (Language and literature)

Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. "a party cannot add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty".

Q1: What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?
A1: Reservations
Q2: What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?
A2: Reservations
Q3: When must reservations be included in a treaty?
A3: at the time of signing or ratification
Q4: What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?
A4: add a reservation
Q5: A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?
A5: exclude or to modify
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings in the metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl). Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne. Victorian terrace housing, townhouses and historic Italianate, Tudor revival and Neo-Georgian mansions are all common in neighbourhoods such as Toorak.

Q1: What are the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne?
A1: Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens
Q2: Is residential architecture in Melbourne defined by a single architectural style or an eclectic mix of buildings?
A2: single architectural style
Q3: Are townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings found more prevalent in the metropolitan area or outside the city?
A3: metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl)
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.

Q1: Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?
A1: Australian federal taxes
Q2: Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
A2: David Buffett
Q3: What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?
A3: for a financial bailout from the federal government
Q4: When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?
A4: July 1, 2016
Q5: What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?
A5: social
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Residents of Oklahoma City suffered substantial losses on April 19, 1995 when Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb in front of the Murrah building. The building was destroyed (the remnants of which had to be imploded in a controlled demolition later that year), more than 100 nearby buildings suffered severe damage, and 168 people were killed. The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum. Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited. Every year on April 19, survivors, families and friends return to the memorial to read the names of each person lost.

Q1: What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured?
A1: Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum
Q2: What year did the memorial first opened?
A2: 2000
51st_state (Language and literature)

Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.

Q1: What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?
A1: U.S. federal taxes
Q2: What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?
A2: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes
Q3: How else can they serve the U.S.?
A3: Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.
Q4: How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?
A4: 52
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

Q1: What are the people of St. Barts called?
A1: Saint-Barthélemoise
Q2: Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?
A2: French
Q3: What is the native language of St. Barts?
A3: French
Q4: How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?
A4: racially
Q5: About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?
A5: 500–700
Infection (Natural sciences)

Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections.

Q1: What is resistance to infection known technically as?
A1: immunity
Q2: When may immunity be acquired?
A2: following a disease
Q3: What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?
A3: primary pathogens
Q4: What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?
A4: a measure of protection
Q5: Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?
A5: immunity