LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims. Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, ʻAbdullah ibn Abbas, ʻAbdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kaʻb. Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, the background of its revelation and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (hadith) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.

Q1: What is the name of the activity of explaining what Quranic verses mean?
A1: Tafsir
Q2: Who was the first practitioner of Tafsir?
A2: Muhammad
Q3: What is the Arabic term for Quranic exegesis?
A3: Tafsir
Q4: Who were 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas?
A4: Companions of Muhammad
Heian_period (History)

Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.

Q1: What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
A1: Taira Kiyomori
Q2: How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
A2: 19
Q3: What was the name of Takakura's successor?
A3: Antoku
Q4: Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
A4: 45
Q5: What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
A5: Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

Q1: Where is Tajikistan located?
A1: in Central Asia
Q2: How many people are living in Tajikistan?
A2: 8 million people
Q3: What is the area of Tajikistan?
A3: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
Q4: What country lies to Tajikistans east?
A4: China
Q5: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
A5: Wakhan Corridor
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.

Q1: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
A1: 7,349,145
Q2: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
A2: 70%
Q3: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
A3: 35%
Q4: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
A4: Tajik
Q5: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
A5: Tajikistanis
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Q1: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
A1: Tajikistan
Q2: Where exactly is Tajikistan?
A2: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
Q3: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
A3: the Pamir range
Q4: What area is under sea level?
A4: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
Q5: Where is Dushanbe located?
A5: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

Q1: What type of government does Tajikistan have?
A1: a republic
Q2: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
A2: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
Q3: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
A3: November 1994
Q4: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
A4: Kokhir Rasulzoda
Q5: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
A5: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان‎‎ -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

Q1: What does Tajikistan mean?
A1: "Land of the Tajiks"
Q2: What does the suffix -stan mean?
A2: "place of" or "country"
Q3: Where did the word Tajik come from?
A3: the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
Q4: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?
A4: because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.

Q1: What was the rate that the GDP expanded?
A1: an average rate of 9.6%
Q2: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?
A2: aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
Q3: What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?
A3: 60%
Q4: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?
A4: Tajik Aluminum Company
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.

Q1: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?
A1: hydropower potential
Q2: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?
A2: the government
Q3: What is the highest dam in the world?
A3: Nurek Dam
Q4: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?
A4: CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

Q1: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?
A1: 1939
Q2: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?
A2: 260,000 Tajik
Q3: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?
A3: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
Q4: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?
A4: living conditions, education and industry
Genome (Natural sciences)

Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.

Q1: Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?
A1: Tandem repeats
Q2: What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?
A2: satellite DNA and microsatellites
Q3: What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?
A3: interspersed repeats.
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.

Q1: Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?
A1: Tarragona
Q2: What do the events of Tarragona start with?
A2: building of a huge barrel
Q3: On what day does the main parade take place?
A3: Saturday
Q4: What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?
A4: elegance
Q5: About how many people are members of the various parade groups?
A5: 5,000
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Task Manager has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes. Additionally, the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.

Q1: What is the point of using different colors on a heat map?
A1: indicating the level of resource usage
Q2: What changes were made to the BSoD?
A2: a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed
Q3: What are some of the process type groups Windows 8 implemented?
A3: applications, background processes and Windows processes
Q4: How can users find out more about obscure Windows 8 processes?
A4: search the web
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.

Q1: What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?
A1: Tax shifting
Q2: Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?
A2: environmental tax reform
Q3: What is the purpose of tax shifting?
A3: to create a more responsive market
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars ("Excellent"), saying "The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors: a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services [...]", whilst also criticising the "cheap" design and disc-loader, stating: "Sometimes [the cover] doesn't catch and you feel like you're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines. In short, it feels cheap. You don't realize how convenient autoloading disc trays are until they're gone. Whether it was to cut costs or save space, this move is ultimately a step back." The criticism also was due to price, stating the cheapest Super Slim model was still more expensive than the cheapest Slim model, and that the smaller size and bigger hard drive shouldn't be considered an upgrade when the hard drive on a Slim model is easily removed and replaced. They did praise that the hard drive of the Super Slim model is "the easiest yet. Simply sliding off the side panel reveals the drive bay, which can quickly be unscrewed." They also stated that whilst the Super Slim model is not in any way an upgrade, it could be an indicator as to what's to come. "It may not be revolutionary, but the Super Slim PS3 is the same impressive machine in a much smaller package. There doesn't seem to be any reason for existing PS3 owners to upgrade, but for the prospective PS3 buyer, the Super Slim is probably the way to go if you can deal with not having a slot-loading disc drive."

Q1: What website rated the Super Slim four out of five stars?
A1: CNET
Q2: What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim's design?
A2: "cheap"
Q3: What component of the Super Slim did CNET call "the easiest yet"?
A3: hard drive
Q4: What hardware component did CNET have the biggest problem with, even comparing it to an old credit card reader?
A4: disc-loader
Q5: Was the lowest-priced Super Slim more or less expensive than any of the PS3 Slim models?
A5: more expensive
Xbox_360 (Video games)

TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution, Xbox Live online gaming service, and game achievement feature. During the console's lifetime, the Xbox brand has grown from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for "living-room computing environment". Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console.

Q1: Besides online gaming and media distribution, what other feature made the 360 influential, according to TechRadar?
A1: game achievement feature
Q2: How many years after initial launch of the console was Kinect released?
A2: Five years
Q3: Besides it's features, what did Kinect do for the 360 in terms of sales?
A3: extended the life of the console
Q4: What is Kinect?
A4: motion capture camera
United_States_dollar (History)

Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Q1: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?
A1: their precious metal value
Q2: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?
A2: their numismatic value
Q3: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?
A3: Kennedy half dollar
Q4: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?
A4: cupronickel
Q5: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
A5: $4.00
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents.

Q1: What was Technicolor's previous name?
A1: Thomson Consumer Electronics
Q2: What patent does Technicolor claim to control?
A2: Layer 3
Q3: What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?
A3: actively enforcing these patents
Infection (Natural sciences)

Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.

Q1: What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?
A1: infections from being passed from one person to another
Q2: What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?
A2: Frequent hand washing
Q3: Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?
A3: prevention
Q4: Why is it important to cook foods well?
A4: prevention
Q5: What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?
A5: avoiding
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Q1: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?
A1: TU
Q2: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?
A2: research
Videoconferencing (History)

Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.

Q1: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?
A1: the 2010s
Q2: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?
A2: Mobile collaboration systems
Q3: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
A3: still image streaming
Q4: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?
A4: mobile
Q5: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?
A5: hand-held mobile devices
Infection (Natural sciences)

Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already.

Q1: What does the acronym PCR expand to?
A1: polymerase chain reaction
Q2: What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?
A2: PCR
Q3: What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?
A3: virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified
Q4: What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?
A4: grow within the human body
Q5: What are primers derived from the genomes of?
A5: infectious agents