LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Poultry (Natural sciences)

World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.

Q1: How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?
A1: China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds
Q2: What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?
A2: Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)
Q3: Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?
A3: France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,
Q4: What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat
A4: 94% share
Valencia (Geography and places)

World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La Música) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

Q1: Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?
A1: Santiago Calatrava
Q2: Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?
A2: centre of the city
Q3: What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?
A3: modern
Q4: Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?
A4: City of Arts and Sciences
Paper (Natural sciences)

Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

Q1: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?
A1: 400%
Q2: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?
A2: 35%
Q3: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?
A3: plant trees
Q4: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
A4: 10%
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

Q1: What changed worldwide property drasrically?
A1: the onset of the Great Depression
Q2: In what year did The wall Street crash occur?
A2: 1929
Q3: What is the Great Depression?
A3: a worldwide economic downturn
Q4: When did the great Depression end?
A4: 1930s or early 1940s
Q5: The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?
A5: 20th century
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.

Q1: In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?
A1: 58 percent
Q2: Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?
A2: 18.1 percent
Q3: How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?
A3: $140.4 billion
Q4: Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?
A4: 2030
Q5: In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?
A5: 2015
Poultry (Natural sciences)

Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.

Q1: What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?
A1: Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry
Q2: How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?
A2: 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.
Q3: How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?
A3: High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production
Q4: Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?
A4: birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.
Q5: What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?
A5: the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry
Infection (Natural sciences)

Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host. An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species, which colonizes the mammalian colon, and an example of the latter is various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin. Neither of these colonizations are considered infections. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection. Some colonizing bacteria, such as Corynebacteria sp. and viridans streptococci, prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host, preventing infection and speeding wound healing.

Q1: What does wound colonization refer to?
A1: nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound
Q2: What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?
A2: replicating
Q3: What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
A3: extrinsic organisms
Q4: What species colonizes the mammalian colon?
A4: anaerobic bacteria
Q5: What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?
A5: only a matter of circumstance
Paper (Natural sciences)

Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.

Q1: What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?
A1: Laidlines
Q2: What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?
A2: Laidlines
Q3: What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?
A3: chainlines
Q4: Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?
A4: Laidlines
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly lower) have been found in some studies, suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation. Graves (1996) has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status, as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations, although see also Wright (1978).

Q1: FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?
A1: genetic variation
Q2: About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?
A2: 5%
Q3: FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?
A3: 0.1
Q4: What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?
A4: Graves
Q5: FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?
A5: populations
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

Writing about Lee's style and use of humor in a tragic story, scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin states: "Laughter ... [exposes] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at." Scout's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her "hysterically funny". To address complex issues, however, Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking—of education, the justice system, and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval.

Q1: What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?
A1: Satire and irony
Q2:  Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?
A2: parody, satire, and irony
Genocide (History)

Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.

Q1: In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
A1: a diplomatic compromise
Q2: Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
A2: a research tool
Q3: What does the treaty possess that others lack?
A3: international legal credibility
Q4: The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
A4: alternative definitions
Edmund_Burke (History)

Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

Q1: Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?
A1: Protestant
Q2: What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?
A2: Indianism
Q3: Which continent did Jacobinism affect?
A3: Europe
Q4: When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?
A4: March 1796
Q5: What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?
A5: Jacobinism
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.

Q1: What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?
A1: Age of Enlightenment
Q2: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
A2: Baltic Germans
Q3: Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?
A3: Estophile educated class
Q4: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
A4: Danes and Germans
Q5: When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?
A5: 13th century
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages).

Q1: What also includes a pair of syllabaries?
A1: Written Japanese
Q2: Why do the syllabaries differ?
A2: they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable
Q3: What uses a composite system?
A3: Modern Japanese writing
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Q1: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
A1: Wu Chinese
Q2: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
A2: /p pʰ b/
Q3: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
A3: Muddy consonants
Q4: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
A4: slack or breathy
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of "King" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.

Q1: Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?
A1: various lamas
Q2: Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?
A2: the Phagmodru myriarchy
Somalis (Geography and places)

Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.

Q1: What is another term for xalwo?
A1: halva
Q2: Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?
A2: Eid celebrations
Q3: What do the Somalis call frankincense?
A3: lubaan
Q4: What is the English word for cunnsi?
A4: incense
Q5: What do the Somalis call incense burners?
A5: dabqaad
Xbox_360 (Video games)

Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners. In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man, the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes. The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles, such as the PlayStation game Castlevania: Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma. The service was first launched on November 3, 2004, using a DVD to load, and offered games for about US$5 to $15. Items are purchased using Microsoft Points, a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges. On November 22, 2005, Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360, in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360's dashboard. The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers; examples of the more popular titles are Geometry Wars, Street Fighter II' Hyper Fighting, and Uno. On March 24, 2010, Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live. Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade.

Q1: What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade?
A1: Ms. Pac-Man
Q2: What was a new, original title originally available from Arcade?
A2: Assault Heroes
Q3: What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on?
A3: November 3, 2004
Q4: When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support?
A4: November 22, 2005
Q5: What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010?
A5: Game Room
Xbox_360 (Video games)

Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB£39.99, or €59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers.

Q1: What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?
A1: integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions
Q2: What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?
A2: profile information, friends list, and games history
Q3: What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?
A3: users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com
Q4: What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?
A4: $59.99
Q5: How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?
A5: 30 million
Hokkien (Language and literature)

Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.

Q1: What is another name for Xiamen dialect?
A1: Amoy
Q2: What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?
A2: Xiamen dialect
Q3: During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?
A3: late Ming dynasty
Q4: What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?
A4: Xiamen
Q5: Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?
A5: in search of job opportunities
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the "smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were "radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit".

Q1: Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?
A1: condemned the protests
Q2: Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?
A2: Marie-José Pérec
Q3: What did Xinhua call protesters?
A3: radicals
Q4: Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?
A4: Marie-José Pérec
Q5: Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?
A5: Xinhua