LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

Q1: What is the basic SI unit of measurement?
A1: candela (cd)
Q2: What is the SI unit for lumiance?
A2: cd/m2
Q3: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
A3: stilb
Q4: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
A4: lumen (lm)
Royal_assent (History)

Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.

Q1: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?
A1: Measures
Q2: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?
A2: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Q3: What were "measures" in Wales?
A3: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011
Q4: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?
A4: 2006 and 2011
Q5: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?
A5: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

Q1: Why is it difficult to measure corruption?
A1: imprecise definitions of corruption
Q2: When did indices on corruption first appear?
A2: 1995
Q3: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?
A3: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

Q1: What were analog computers originally used for?
A1: astronomical calculations
Q2: During what war were computers first used for military applications?
A2: World War II,
Q3: In computer terms, what does PC stand for?
A3: personal computers
Q4: During what war were the first digital computers invented?
A4: World War II
Paper (Natural sciences)

Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

Q1: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
A1: twice
Q2: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
A2: Mechanical
Q3: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
A3: acid-free
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.

Q1: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?
A1: the plate spacing
Q2: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?
A2: with a screw
Q3: Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?
A3: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes
Q4: What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?
A4: depletion region
Q5: What is an application of varactors?
A5: phase-locked loops
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was "Opening of the BBC Television Service" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.

Q1: Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?
A1: Brookmans Park
Q2: When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?
A2: 2 August 1932
Q3: What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?
A3: Opening of the BBC Television Service
Q4: Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?
A4: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
Q5: When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?
A5: September 1939
USB (Engineering and technology)

Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

Q1: Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?
A1: Microsoft
Q2: Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?
A2: to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem
Q3: What was MTP originally designed for?
A3: use with portable media players
Q4: Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?
A4: MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

Q1: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
A1: Media anthropology
Q2: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
A2: ethnographic
Q3: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
A3: cyber
Q4: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
A4: early 1990s
Q5: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
A5: media reception
IPod (Engineering and technology)

Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.

Q1: In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?
A1: hidden
Q2: On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?
A2: host
Q3: What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?
A3: manual
Comcast (Geography and places)

Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week.

Q1: What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?
A1: NBCUniversal
Q2: What was NBC's parent company in 2009?
A2: General Electric
Q3: What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?
A3: 51%
Q4: What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?
A4: Vivendi
Q5: What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?
A5: Time Warner
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more "lyrical moments", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield.

Q1: What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?
A1: live
Q2: How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?
A2: 50
Q3: When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?
A3: November 19, 2006
Q4: Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?
A4: Nintendo Power
Q5: Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?
A5: Media
Q6: When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?
A6: November 19, 2006
Q7: What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?
A7: soundtrack
Dog (Natural sciences)

Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.

Q1: What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?
A1: diseases
Q2: How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?
A2: 40 times larger
Q3: A dog can detect smells in one part per what?
A3: trillion
Q4: How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?
A4: 40 times larger
Q5: How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?
A5: 551
Mali (Geography and places)

Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85–91 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).

Q1: What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?
A1: cholera and tuberculosis
Q2: what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?
A2: Malaria
Q3: According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?
A3: 85–91
Q4: What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?
A4: HIV/AIDS
Q5: Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?
A5: immunization
Hellenistic_period (History)

Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

Q1: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?
A1: Praxagoras of Kos
Q2: Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?
A2: Herophilos
Q3: Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?
A3: Empiric
Q4: Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?
A4: Herophilos
History_of_science (History)

Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most famous text is the Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta, which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgical procedures.

Q1: Where are the Neolithic graveyards?
A1: Pakistan
Q2: What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?
A2: proto-dentistry
Q3: What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?
A3: Ayurveda
Q4: What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?
A4: Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta
Q5: What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?
A5: surgical procedures
History_of_India (History)

Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.

Q1: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?
A1: South India
Q2: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?
A2: military, economic and cultural
Q3: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?
A3: whole of Southern India
Q4: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? 
A4: Monumental
Q5: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? 
A5: sea power
Political_philosophy (History)

Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.

Q1: What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?
A1: Medieval political philosophy in Europe
Q2: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?
A2: Mutazalite Islamic thinking
Q3: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? 
A3: St. Thomas Aquinas
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.

Q1: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?
A1: Bishop Etienne Tempier
Q2: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?
A2: 14th century
Q3: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?
A3: God could create a vacuum if he so wished.
Q4: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?
A4: nature abhorred a vacuum
Q5: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
A5: horror vacui
Middle_Ages (History)

Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or "ancient") and to the Christian period as nova (or "new"). Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or "middle season". In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval") derives from medium aevum. Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.

Q1: Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?
A1: Four Empires
Q2: What writer referred to the Christian period as new?
A2: Petrarch
Q3: Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?
A3: Leonardo Bruni
Q4: When was the History of the Florentine People published?
A4: 1442
Q5: Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?
A5: Christoph Cellarius