LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pacific_War (History)

Thus, only in 1944 did the U.S. Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect: installing effective shipboard radar, replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression, and fixing the faults in the torpedoes. Japanese commerce protection was "shiftless beyond description,"[nb 14] and convoys were poorly organized and defended compared to Allied ones, a product of flawed IJN doctrine and training – errors concealed by American faults as much as Japanese overconfidence. The number of U.S. submarines patrols (and sinkings) rose steeply: 350 patrols (180 ships sunk) in 1942, 350 (335) in 1943, and 520 (603) in 1944. By 1945, sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because so few targets dared to venture out on the high seas. In all, Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 merchant ships – about five million tons of shipping. Most were small cargo-carriers, but 124 were tankers bringing desperately needed oil from the East Indies. Another 320 were passenger ships and troop transports. At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed. Over 200 warships were sunk, ranging from many auxiliaries and destroyers to one battleship and no fewer than eight carriers.

Q1: When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect?
A1: 1944
Q2: How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1942 by United States submarines?
A2: 180
Q3: How many Japanese merchant ships did Allied submarines sink during the war?
A3: 1,200
Q4: How many Japanese carriers were sunk during the war?
A4: eight
Q5: How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines?
A5: 603
Green (Language and literature)

Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden". The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".

Q1: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for "green" which are derived from words for what?
A1: fresh, sprouting vegetation
Q2: How were the terms for "green" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?
A2: independently
Q3: Which language has a word for "green" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for "meadow"?
A3: Turkic
Infection (Natural sciences)

Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.

Q1: What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? 
A1: ability to detect any infectious agent
Q2: What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?
A2: cost and application
Q3: What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?
A3: clostridial diseases
Q4: PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?
A4: significant proliferation of the infectious agent
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.

Q1: What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?
A1: American
Q2: Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?
A2: local issues
Q3: How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?
A3: two
Q4: What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?
A4: Council of States
Q5: What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?
A5: National Council
Roman_Republic (History)

Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC. He attempted to enact a law which would have limited the amount of land that any individual could own. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a tribune named Marcus Octavius. Tiberius then used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was counter to Roman constitutional theory. If carried to its logical end, this theory would remove all constitutional restraints on the popular will, and put the state under the absolute control of a temporary popular majority. His law was enacted, but Tiberius was murdered with 300 of his associates when he stood for reelection to the tribunate.

Q1: To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?
A1: tribune
Q2: Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?
A2: Tiberius Gracchus
Q3: When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered?
A3: when he stood for reelection to the tribunate
Q4: Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council?
A4: Marcus Octavius
Q5: What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory?
A5: that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people
Roman_Republic (History)

Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate"). Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had. Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions, and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional. Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support. He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome. Though the senate retained control, the Gracchi had strengthened the political influence of the plebeians.

Q1: In what year was Gaius elected to office?
A1: 123 BC
Q2: What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?
A2: weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces
Q3: Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?
A3: Gaius
Q4: Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?
A4: Gaius
Q5: What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?
A5: Capitoline Hill in Rome
Tibet (Geography and places)

Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

Q1: What is the highest elevation in Tibet?
A1: Mount Everest
Q2: Which continent contains Tibet?
A2: Asia
Q3: What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?
A3: 16,000
Q4: How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?
A4: 29,029
Q5: Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?
A5: Tibet
Tibet (Geography and places)

Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

Q1: On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?
A1: Nepal
Q2: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?
A2: 29,029
Q3: Where is the source of the Yangtze river?
A3: Tibetan Plateau
Tibet (Geography and places)

Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.

Q1: What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?
A1: Buddha
Q2: What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?
A2: Losar
Q3: What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?
A3: Guthuk
Q4: When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?
A4: between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month
Q5: Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?
A5: Tsong Khapa
Tibet (Geography and places)

Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

Q1: Who managed religious and regional political affairs?
A1: Tibet
Q2: Who managed structural and administrative rule?
A2: Mongols
Q3: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?
A3: Mongolian prince Khuden
Q4: Who founded the Yuan dynasty?
A4: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China.

Q1: In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?
A1: the 9th century
Q2: Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? 
A2: The Yarlung rulers of Tibet
Q3: What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?
A3: the borders between Tibet and China
Q4: Who was the Tangs biggest rival?
A4: Tibet
Q5: What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?
A5: 821
Tibet (Geography and places)

Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

Q1: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?
A1: Tibetan or Sanskrit
Q2: What do the chants often contain?
A2: recitations of sacred texts
Q3: What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?
A3: Yang
Q4: What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?
A4: classical
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that "there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.

Q1: Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? 
A1: the Mongols
Q2: Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? 
A2: religious purposes
Q3: What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?
A3: to send a military force into Tibet
Q4: Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?
A4: to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools
Q5: Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?
A5: Deshin Shekpa
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers.

Q1: What are glaciers called that end in the sea?
A1: Tidewater glaciers
Q2: Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?
A2: Tidewater glaciers
Q3: Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?
A3: much less
Q4: Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?
A4: above
Q5: How are icebergs formed?
A5: As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve
Han_dynasty (History)

Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.

Q1: What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?
A1: Timber
Q2: What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?
A2: Tang
Q3: What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?
A3: 907 AD
Q4: What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?
A4: ceramic roof tiles
Q5: What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?
A5: Timber
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Time appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being modeled by a parameter in the system being analyzed, where there is no "proper time": the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary. Examples of this include the Second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase over time (see Entropy); the cosmological arrow of time, which points away from the Big Bang, CPT symmetry, and the radiative arrow of time, caused by light only traveling forwards in time (see light cone). In particle physics, the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above. The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric (see Measurement in quantum mechanics).

Q1: What laws do not specify an arrow of time?
A1: the laws of physics
Q2: The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?
A2: arbitrary
Q3: Which law states that entropy must increase over time?
A3: the Second law of thermodynamics,
Q4: The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?
A4: CP symmetry
Q5: The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?
A5: time asymmetric
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly.

Q1: Historically, time has been closely related with what?
A1: space
Q2: In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?
A2: special relativity and general relativity
Q3: According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?
A3: the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception
Q4: A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?
A4: in the speed of time on board their vessel
Q5: How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?
A5: the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.

Q1: Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?
A1: religion, philosophy, and science
Q2: Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?
A2: time
Q3: What is an example of a simple definition of time?
A3: time is what clocks measure
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities—such as velocity—so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.

Q1: Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?
A1: seven
Q2: Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?
A2: the International System of Units and International System of Quantities
Q3: What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?
A3: velocity
Q4: Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?
A4: a single continuum called spacetime
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century. Traveling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretic problems, and may be an impossibility. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine.

Q1: How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?
A1: since the 19th century
Q2: Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?
A2: backwards
Q3: A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?
A3: to achieve time travel