LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Somalis (Geography and places)

The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.

Q1: Somali food contains influences from what region?
A1: Southeast Asian
Q2: Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?
A2: monumental architecture
Q3: Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
A3: Margaret Laurence
Q4: Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
A4: Canadian
Q5: What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?
A5: novelist
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]

Q1: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?
A1: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus
Q2: What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?
A2: presents the author's work in three parts
Q3: What is the goal of the textual critic?
A3: a "critical edition"
Q4: A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?
A4: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.
Q5: What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
A5: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)
Q6: What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?
A6: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)
Q7: What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?
A7: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later.

Q1: When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?
A1: 10 October 1962
Q2: What did this new law require?
A2: all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective
Q3: What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?
A3: nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective
Q4: How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?
A4: ten years later
Q5: What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?
A5: The thalidomide tragedy
Q6: When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?
A6: 10 October 1962
Q7: What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?
A7: FDA
Q8: Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?
A8: 1938 and 1962
Q9: What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?
A9: 40 percent
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, "[t]he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger."

Q1: Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?
A1: a rabid dog
Q2: What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?
A2: fight against the town's racism
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate – though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are – the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.

Q1: Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?
A1: the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect
Q2: Why does relying on these effects create concern?
A2: If these theories are slightly inaccurate
Q3: Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?
A3: a circular argument
Q4: What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?
A4: there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.
Gene (Natural sciences)

The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.

Q1: In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?
A1: the 1930s and 1940s
Q2: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?
A2: the modern evolutionary synthesis
Q3: Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
A3: George C. Williams
Q4: What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
A4: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency."
Q5: Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?
A5: Richard Dawkins
Classical_music (Music)

The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

Q1: What theories began to be put in wider practice?
A1: equal temperament
Q2: What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?
A2: a wider range of chromatic possibilities
Q3: What did Bach not use?
A3: equal temperament
Q4: A modern piano is generally what?
A4: tuned
Q5: What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?
A5: meantone
Time (Philosophy and religion)

The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer (and his velocity).

Q1: Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?
A1: a single dimension of time
Q2: In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?
A2: by how long light takes to travel that distance
Q3: What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?
A3: by an invariant interval
Q4: The invariant interval between events is independent of what?
A4: of the observer (and his velocity)
Q5: The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?
A5: space-like, light-like, or time-like
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: "we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism."

Q1: Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?
A1: Stanford
Q2: Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?
A2: the American Journal of Human Genetics
Q3: Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?
A3: self
Q4: What is a problematic category in addition to race?
A4: sex
Q5: What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?
A5: biology
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 1926 and 1928. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.

Q1: When was the thermionic triode invented?
A1: 1907
Q2: What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?
A2: amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony
Q3: Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?
A3: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld
Q4: Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?
A4: Canada
Q5: What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?
A5: 1925
Paper (Natural sciences)

The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

Q1: What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?
A1: caliper
Q2: In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?
A2: thousandths of an inch
Q3: Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?
A3: mm
Q4: Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?
A4: 0.0028 and 0.0071 in
Digimon (Video games)

The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a "real world" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers’ only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their "Digivices" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their "Digivices" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called "Digi-Modify" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its "target" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.

Q1: When did the third Digimon series begin?
A1: April 1, 2001
Q2: What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?
A2: slide game cards through their "Digivices
Q3: What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?
A3: Digi-Modify
The_Times (History)

The third John Walter, the founder's grandson, succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent, but from the 1850s The Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post.

Q1: What year did the founder's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times?
A1: 1847
Q2: What is the name of the The Times founder's grandson who succeeded his father as editor?
A2: John Walter
Q3: In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?
A3: the penny press
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.

Q1: In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?
A1: third generation
Q2: What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?
A2: 30-pin dock connector
Q3: Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?
A3: fifth
Q4: Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?
A4: fourth
Q5: What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?
A5: 3.5 mm minijack
Q6: Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?
A6: third generation
Q7: Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?
A7: Shuffle
Q8: What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?
A8: FireWire
Q9: What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?
A9: USB
Valencia (Geography and places)

The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.

Q1: How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?
A1: 809,267
Q2: How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?
A2: 14%
Q3: Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?
A3: 24th
Q4: How much land is within Valencia's limits?
A4: 134.6 km2
Q5: From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?
A5: Bolivia, Romania and Italy
Hellenistic_period (History)

The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

Q1: How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
A1: 25,000
Q2: Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
A2: Ptolemy
Q3: When was the Battle of Gaza?
A3: 312 BC
Q4: Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
A4: Cassander
Q5: What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
A5: 310
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

Q1: What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?
A1: weak bass response
Q2: What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
A2: high-impedance
Q3: What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
A3: external headphone amplifier
Q4: What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?
A4: bass
Q5: What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?
A5: undersized DC-blocking capacitors
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is located just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits.

Q1: Which university is the third-largest in the state?
A1: University of Central Oklahoma
Q2: Which private university is located near the Edmond border?
A2: Oklahoma Christian University
American_Idol (Music)

The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show.

Q1: What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?
A1: 2014
Q2: Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?
A2: Ryan Seacrest
Q3: What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?
A3: in-mentor
Q4: Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?
A4: Gregg Gelfand
Q5: When did season 13 premiere?
A5: January 15, 2014
Q6: Who was the mentor this season?
A6: Randy Jackson
Q7: Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?
A7: Jennifer Lopez
Q8: Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?
A8: Harry Connick, Jr.
Q9: Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?
A9: Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick
Insect (Natural sciences)

The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in the abdomen, whereas the wasp Vespa crabro has only two in the thorax and three in the abdomen. Some insects, like the house fly Musca domestica, have all the body ganglia fused into a single large thoracic ganglion.

Q1: What is on each side of a thoracic segment?
A1: ganglion
Q2: How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?
A2: one
Q3: Ganglia are connected into a what?
A3: a pair
Q4: How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?
A4: one pair
Q5: What other location on an insect are ganglia located?
A5: abdomen