LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. However, testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.

Q1: How long are CDs expected to last?
A1: 20 to 100 years
Q2: What can cause sudden disc degradation?
A2: disc rot
Q3: Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?
A3: permanent
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world.

Q1: What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?
A1: audio CD tracks
Q2: In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?
A2: only in Japan and other parts of Asia
Q3: Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?
A3: VSDs
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As described in the section on subprime lending, the CDS and portfolio of CDS called synthetic CDO enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding, provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found. For example, buying a CDS to insure a CDO ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the CDO, when those CDO's became worthless.

Q1: When did the issuance of CDO peak?
A1: Q1 2007
Q2: What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?
A2: $20 billion
Q3: What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?
A3: over $180 billion
Q4: What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?
A4: 36%
Q5: What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?
A5: under $20 billion
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits. The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

Q1: Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?
A1: label side of the disc
Q2: How are scratches on a CD fixed?
A2: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing
Q3: What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?
A3: fungus Geotrichum candidum
Q4: Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?
A4: Belize
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

CJON-DT, known on air as "NTV", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue.

Q1: Where does Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters?
A1: St. John's
Q2: What is the name of CBC's television station in St. John's?
A2: CBNT-DT
Q3: What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?
A3: Rogers TV
Q4: Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from?
A4: University Avenue
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities, 120 GB hard drive, free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point, but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games. TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating "Over all, the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit. It's amazing that something so small can do so much". However, they criticized the exterior design and the build quality in relation to the original model.

Q1: What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games?
A1: backward compatibility
Q2: How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim?
A2: four
Q3: How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim?
A3: four and a half
Q4: What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?
A4: exterior
Melbourne (Geography and places)

CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment.

Q1: How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?
A1: 60,000
Q2: What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?
A2: one third
Q3: In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?
A3: Sydney
Q4: How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?
A4: 1.88 million
Q5: Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?
A5: $15.8 billion
Greece (Geography and places)

Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο, Madalena, Η Θεία από το Σικάγο, Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.

Q1: What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?
A1: Zorba the Greek
Q2: Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?
A2: Anthony Quinn
Q3: What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?
A3: Eternity and a Day
Q4: Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?
A4: Theo Angelopoulos
Roman_Republic (History)

Caesar became consul in 59 BC. His colleague, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, was an extreme aristocrat. Caesar submitted the laws that he had promised Pompey to the assemblies. Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws, and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage. Caesar was then made governor of three provinces. He facilitated the election of the former patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher to the tribunate for 58 BC. Clodius set about depriving Caesar's senatorial enemies of two of their more obstinate leaders in Cato and Cicero. Clodius was a bitter opponent of Cicero because Cicero had testified against him in a sacrilege case. Clodius attempted to try Cicero for executing citizens without a trial during the Catiline conspiracy, resulting in Cicero going into self-imposed exile and his house in Rome being burnt down. Clodius also passed a bill that forced Cato to lead the invasion of Cyprus which would keep him away from Rome for some years. Clodius also passed a law to expand the previous partial grain subsidy to a fully free grain dole for citizens.

Q1: Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed?
A1: Bibulus
Q2: What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius?
A2: sacrilege case
Q3: Who enacted a law that would increase the partial grain subsidy?
A3: Clodius
Q4: Which individual lost his home to a fire?
A4: Cicero
Q5: Who was elected to the tribunate in 58 BC?
A5: Publius Clodius Pulcher
Roman_Republic (History)

Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him. While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him.

Q1: In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?
A1: Caesar
Q2: What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?
A2: power to veto
Q3: In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?
A3: 46 BC
Q4: What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?
A4: raised the membership of the Senate to 900
Roman_Republic (History)

Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king. Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes. Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar's death in fear of retaliation. The civil war that followed destroyed what was left of the Republic.

Q1: On what date was Caesar killed?
A1: March 15, 44 BC
Q2: Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?
A2: senators
Q3: What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?
A3: the monarchy
Q4: Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?
A4: Caesar
Q5: Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?
A5: fear of retaliation
Roman_Republic (History)

Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC.  Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant, condemned Caesar's assassination, and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Caesar's adopted son and chosen heir, Gaius Octavianus, was entrusted with the command of the war against him. At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were both killed.

Q1: Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?
A1: Caesar
Q2: Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?
A2: senators
Q3: When did Julius Caesar die?
A3: March 44 BC
Q4: Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?
A4: Mark Antony
Q5: Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?
A5: the Roman Republic was in danger
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.

Q1: How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?
A1: three
Q2: What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?
A2: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's
Q3: What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?
A3: Chapter 11
Q4: What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?
A4: 2015
Q5: Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?
A5: casino operating unit
Egypt (Geography and places)

Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.

Q1: According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?
A1: 551-600
Q2: According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?
A2: 360
Q3: According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?
A3: 701+ range
Q4: What is the aim of new research institutes?
A4: modernising research
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

Q1: Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
A1: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758
Q2: What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?
A2: the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania
Q3: What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
A3: occupied most of Swedish Pomerania
Q4: What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?
A4: Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.
Q5: What political development shaped the policy of the British?
A5: successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. However, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire (as it was officially called) from Calcutta to Delhi. Unlike Calcutta, which was located on the eastern coast of India, Delhi was at the centre of northern India and the Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from the latter rather than the former.

Q1: What city was the capital of India until December 1911?
A1: Calcutta
Q2: What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?
A2: Kolkata
Q3: What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?
A3: Mughal Empire
Q4: In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?
A4: Delhi
Q5: In what part of India is Delhi located?
A5: the centre of northern India
American_Idol (Music)

Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released "As Long as You Love Me" as his coronation single while Irene released "We Are One".

Q1: Who won season 13 of American Idol?
A1: Caleb Johnson
Q2: Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?
A2: Jena Irene
Q3: What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? 
A3: As Long as You Love Me
Q4: What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? 
A4: We Are One
Q5: Who was the runner up this season?
A5: Jena Irene
Q6: What was Johnson's coronation song?
A6: As Long as You Love Me
Q7: What was Irene's coronation song?
A7: We Are One
Kanye_West (Music)

California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the "Donda West Law", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.

Q1: What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?
A1: Arnold Schwarzenegger
Q2: What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?
A2: Arnold Schwarzenegger
Q3: What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?
A3: "Donda West Law"
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".

Q1: In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?
A1: 1978
Q2: Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?
A2: lorry drivers
Q3: Why were they striking?
A3: higher pay
Q4: What was this strike called?
A4: Winter of Discontent
Bird (Natural sciences)

Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers, woodpeckers drum territorially, and palm cockatoos use tools to drum.

Q1: What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?
A1: Calls
Q2: What do some birds use for auditory communication?
A2: mechanical sounds
Q3: Which type of birds use tools to drum?
A3: palm
Q4: Which birds drum territorially?
A4: woodpeckers
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

Q1: Where was Jesus Crucified?
A1: Calvary
Q2: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?
A2: all four Gospels
Q3: What was one reason Calvary was chosen?
A3: a place of public execution
Q4: What is rumored to be found in Calvary?
A4: skulls of abandoned victims
Q5: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?
A5: the name was derived from the physical contour
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States (Language and literature)

Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

Q1: Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?
A1: Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project
Q2: What is Calvin Veltman' study about?
A2: the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants
Q3: What was Calvin Veltman' findings?
A3: high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born.
Q4: Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?
A4: his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),
Q5: Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?
A5: data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.