LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Alps (Geography and places)

Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.

Q1: Where is the village of Avoriaz located? 
A1: France
Q2: Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? 
A2: Switzerland
Q3: Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?
A3: reasons of sustainability
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the "P" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400.

Q1: What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?
A1: Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200
Q2: What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?
A2: ISO 1000
Q3: Which two companies produced E6 films meant for "pushing"?
A3: Kodak and Fuji
Q4: What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?
A4: ISO 400
Q5: What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?
A5: high-speed black-and-white films
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.

Q1: What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?
A1: activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.
Q2: What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?
A2: is a sign of homosexuality
Q3: What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?
A3: expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war, particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War, and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems. Other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. On 8 May 1870, shortly before the war, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a national plebiscite, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity.

Q1: Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?
A1: war
Q2: Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?
A2: Prussia
Q3: It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?
A3: domestic political problems
Q4: Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?
A4: a national plebiscite
Q5: Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?
A5: Milza
Szlachta (History)

Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

Q1: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
A1: 1%
Q2: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
A2: 200–300
Q3: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
A3: 30–40
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.

Q1: What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?
A1: rich environments
Q2: What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?
A2: hunter-gatherer
Q3: What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?
A3: sedentary or semi-sedentary
Q4: What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?
A4: rich environments
Q5: What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?
A5: hunter-gatherer cultures
Han_dynasty (History)

Some important texts were created and studied by scholars. Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong (53 BC – 18 AD), Huan Tan (43 BC – 28 AD), Wang Chong (27–100 AD), and Wang Fu (78–163 AD) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dong's universal order. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan (d. 110 BC) and his son Sima Qian (145–86 BC) established the standard model for all of imperial China's Standard Histories, such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao (3–54 AD), his son Ban Gu (32–92 AD), and his daughter Ban Zhao (45–116 AD). There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen (c. 58 – c. 147 AD) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong. Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen. Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre, which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu.

Q1: Who had produced biographies of individuals of significant importance?
A1: various gentrymen
Q2: What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?
A2: fu
Q3: Who had written the dictionary Fangyan?
A3: Yang Xiong
Q4: Which person had authored the Book of Han?
A4: Ban Biao
Q5: What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?
A5: Ban Zhao
American_Idol (Music)

Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the "true art form of music", thought that shows like American Idol made it seem "so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight", and that "television is a lie". Musician Michael Feinstein, while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers, said that American Idol "isn't really about music. It's about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce, this sense of 'I know what will make this person a star; artists themselves don't know.' " That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that "Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol, commenting on talent shows in general, said that "there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs".

Q1: What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? 
A1: Elton John
Q2: What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? 
A2: 2006
Q3: What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? 
A3: LeAnn Rimes
Q4: Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?
A4: Usher
Q5: Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?
A5: Carrie Underwood
Q6: Who did Carrie beat out for the award?
A6: Faith Hill
Q7: Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?
A7: LeAnn Rimes
Q8: Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?
A8: Elton John
IPod (Engineering and technology)

Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.

Q1: What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?
A1: JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
Q2: What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?
A2: FM
Q3: What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?
A3: audio input jacks
Q4: Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?
A4: FM transmitters
Q5: What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?
A5: audio input jacks
Insect (Natural sciences)

Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers, such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species. The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Some species of wasp always provide five, others twelve, and others as high as twenty-four caterpillars per cell. The number of caterpillars is different among species, but always the same for each sex of larva. The male solitary wasp in the genus Eumenes is smaller than the female, so the mother of one species supplies him with only five caterpillars; the larger female receives ten caterpillars in her cell.

Q1: Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?
A1: rudimentary
Q2: Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?
A2: solitary wasps
Q3: What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?
A3: single
Q4: What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?
A4: caterpillars
Q5: Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?
A5: smaller
Insect (Natural sciences)

Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants, in which they spawn males. However, overall, most individuals are female, which are produced by fertilization. The males are haploid and the females are diploid. More rarely, some insects display hermaphroditism, in which a given individual has both male and female reproductive organs.

Q1: How many insects use parthenogenesis?
A1: Some
Q2: GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?
A2: parthenogenesis
Q3: What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?
A3: aphids
Q4: Aphis have asexual and sexual what?
A4: reproduction
Q5: Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?
A5: parthenogenetic
London (Geography and places)

Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel. The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London. There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.

Q1: In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities?
A1: Paris and Brussels
Q2: London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service?
A2: Eurostar
Q3: In what year did the Channel Tunnel open?
A3: 1994
Q4: St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?
A4: high-speed trains
Q5: When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin?
A5: June 2009
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since thermals only form over land, and these birds cannot maintain active flight for long distances. Mediterranean and other seas present a major obstacle to soaring birds, which must cross at the narrowest points. Massive numbers of large raptors and storks pass through areas such as the Strait of Messina, Gibraltar, Falsterbo, and the Bosphorus at migration times. More common species, such as the European honey buzzard Pernis apivorus, can be counted in hundreds of thousands in autumn. Other barriers, such as mountain ranges, can also cause funnelling, particularly of large diurnal migrants. This is a notable factor in the Central American migratory bottleneck. Batumi bottleneck in the Caucasus is one of the heaviest migratory funnels on earth. Avoiding flying over the Black Sea surface and across high mountains, hundreds of thousands of soaring birds funnel through an area around the city of Batumi, Georgia. Birds of prey such as honey buzzards which migrate using thermals lose only 10 to 20% of their weight during migration, which may explain why they forage less during migration than do smaller birds of prey with more active flight such as falcons, hawks and harriers.

Q1: What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar?
A1: thermal columns of rising hot air
Q2: When do large birds of pray migrate?
A2: daytime
Q3: What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels?
A3: Batumi bottleneck
Q4: How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?
A4: 10 to 20%
Q5: How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year?
A5: hundreds of thousands
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word "national" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate.

Q1: What is John Baker of LSU's profession?
A1: legal scholars
Q2: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment?
A2: to appease the Anti-Federalists
Q3: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
A3: because of the experience under the British crown
Q4: Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?
A4: Elbridge Gerry
Q5: What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? 
A5: Massachusetts
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Q1: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
A1: murmured sonorants
Q2: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?
A2: vowels and nasals
Q3: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
A3: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
Paper (Natural sciences)

Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

Q1: What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?
A1: paperfoam
Q2: What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?
A2: biodegradable
Q3: What is paperfoam primarily made of?
A3: paper
Q4: How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
A4: recycled
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from "urbanised" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin "felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.

Q1: Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more "urbanised"  than true folk music?
A1: Barbara Milewski
Q2: George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? 
A2: Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel
Q3: Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?
A3: Richard Taruskin
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage:

Q1: What are some of the findings that support their argument?
A1: quantum mechanics and chaos theory.
Q2: What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?
A2: The Matter Myth
Szlachta (History)

Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech "elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born" entrusting them with state offices. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 149)

Q1: What did some Mozni regard themselves with?
A1: co-proprietors of Piast realms
Q2: What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?
A2: attempted to deprive them of their independence
Q3: Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?
A3: możni
Multiracial_American (History)

Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

Q1: How do some mixed raced people feel?
A1: marginalized by U.S. society
Q2: How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
A2: Typically, about five race choices
Q3: How many race choices may someone check?
A3: only one
Q4: What does the "other" box do?
A4: groups together individuals of many different multiracial types
Q5: When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
A5: when applying to schools or for a job
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally "aircraft fist") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall ("waterfall") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units.

Q1: Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?
A1: World War II
Q2: What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?
A2: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch
Q3: When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
A3: 1943
Q4: What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?
A4: American Lark
Q5: Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?
A5: Germans missile research
Israel (History)

Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust.

Q1: What were temporary camps known as?
A1: ma'abarot
Q2: How many immigrants lived in these tent cities?
A2: over 200,000
Q3: Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany?
A3: Ben-Gurion