LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Referred to as Australia's "cultural capital", it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism, Australian rules football, the Australian film and television industries, and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art, music and theatre. It is home to many of Australia's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building.

Q1: Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?
A1: Economist Intelligence Unit
Q2: For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?
A2: fifth year in a row
Q3: Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?
A4: Melbourne Shuffle
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia, was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings. The 2012–2013 Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 28th (30th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Monash University was ranked as the 99th (60th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.

Q1: Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia?
A1: Swinburne University
Q2: Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato, Italy?
A2: Monash
Q3: Which university is the second oldest in Australia?
A3: The University of Melbourne
Q4: What is the Group of Eight?
A4: a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from where you can see above all of Melbourne's structures. The Rialto tower, the city's second tallest, remains the tallest building in the old CBD; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed.

Q1: What is the tallest tower in Australia?
A1: Eureka Tower
Q2: Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?
A2: The Rialto
Q3: Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?
A3: closed
Q4: On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?
A4: Southbank
Q5: What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?
A5: The Rialto tower
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne's air quality is generally good and has improved significantly since the 1980s. Like many urban environments, the city faces significant environmental issues, many of them relating to the city's large urban footprint and urban sprawl and the demand for infrastructure and services. One such issue is water usage, drought and low rainfall. Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change may have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne. In response to low water supplies and low rainfall due to drought, the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including: water recycling schemes for the city, incentives for household water tanks, greywater systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water saving and reuse initiatives; also, in June 2007, the Bracks Government announced that a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year, as well as a 70 km (43 mi) pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong. Both projects are being conducted under controversial Public-Private Partnerships and a multitude of independent reports have found that neither project is required to supply water to the city and that Sustainable Water Management is the best solution. In the meantime, the drought must be weathered.

Q1: Has Melbourne's air quality improved or declined since the 1980s?
A1: improved significantly
Q2: What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies?
A2: Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures
Q3: Which government announced a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant in June 2007?
A3: Bracks Government
Q4: How many litres of water will the Wonthaggi desalination plant be capbale of treating per year?
A4: 150 billion litres
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore.

Q1: Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?
A1: Pavilion
Q2: In what year did the Pavilion open?
A2: 1841
Q3: The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?
A3: East End Theatre District
Q4: Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?
A4: Southbank
Q5: From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?
A5: 1955
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Melbourne's rich and diverse literary history was recognised in 2008 when it became the second UNESCO City of Literature. The State Library of Victoria is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions and one of many public and university libraries across the city. Melbourne also has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well the nation's largest publishing sector. The city is home to significant writers' festivals, most notably the Melbourne Writers Festival. Several major literary prizes are open to local writers including the Melbourne Prize for Literature and the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Helen Garner's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas' The Slap. Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne, C. J. Dennis, Germaine Greer and Peter Carey.

Q1: Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?
A1: Melbourne Writers Festival
Q2: What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?
A2: novels
Q3: What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?
A3: set in Melbourne
Q4: Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?
A4: Melbourne
Q5: What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?
A5: writers and poets
Hellenistic_period (History)

Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".

Q1: Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?
A1: Alexander
Q2: Who was the leading calvary commander?
A2: Perdiccas
Q3: Who order the death of Meleager?
A3: Perdiccas
Q4: What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?
A4: Babylon
Q5: Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? 
A5: Arrian
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.

Q1: What did the foundation decide not to fund
A1: has decided not to fund abortion"
Q2: WHy did they decide not to fund abortion
A2: the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning
Q3: Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood
A3: Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

Q1: What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?
A1: floating ice shelves
Q2: What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?
A2: collapses
Q3: Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?
A3: Antarctic Peninsula
Q4: What could the displacement of ice cause?
A4: glacial outflow
Q5: What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?
A5: snow falling
Order_of_the_British_Empire (History)

Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions).

Q1: What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?
A1: positions in the order of precedence
Q2: Who of the male members feature on the order?
A2: Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law
Q3: Who are not assigned any special precedence?
A3: relatives of Ladies of the Order
Q4: Who can individuals derive precedence from?
A4: fathers or husbands
Q5: Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?
A5: mothers or wives
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support, at the expense of their allies in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a "quagmire"—an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values.

Q1: The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?
A1: Containment
Q2: Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?
A2: Indonesia
Q3: What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?
A3: a "quagmire"
Q4: When did the draft end?
A4: 1973
Q5: Which president ended the draft?
A5: 1973
Warsaw_Pact (History)

Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.

Q1: Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?
A1: France
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Memorization is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim. Rote learning is the method most often used. Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers, such as Cosmos Rossellius using visual alphabets. The spacing effect shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time. In contrast to this is cramming: an intensive memorization in a short period of time. Also relevant is the Zeigarnik effect which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones. The so-called Method of loci uses spatial memory to memorize non-spatial information.

Q1: What is the most widely used way in learing?
A1: Rote learning
Q2: What does memorization mean?
A2: a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim
Q3: What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?
A3: using visual alphabets.
Q4: What is the spacing effect?
A4: shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time
Q5: What is the Zeigarnik effect?
A5: states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.
Roman_Republic (History)

Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool. A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus, a tunic bearing small purple studs. Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes, called tunica laticlavia. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the toga praetexta, which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The toga virilis, (or toga pura) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The toga pulla was worn when in mourning.[citation needed]

Q1: What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?
A1: a toga
Q2: What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?
A2: toga virilis
Q3: What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?
A3: The toga pulla
Q4: Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping?
A4: Senators
Q5: How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic?
A5: usually brightly coloured
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]

Q1: What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?
A1: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts
Q2: Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?
A2: stick gymnastics
Q3: What is the aim of stick gymnastics?
A3: improving physical strength and health
Q4: What are the main focus?
A4: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus
Q5: How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?
A5: 1000
Slavs (History)

Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Q1: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
A1: Menander Protector
Q2: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
A2: Daurentius
Q3: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
A3: the Avars
Q4: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?
A4: Daurentius
Q5: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
A5: Khagan Bayan I
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames.

Q1: What were three sites used for filming Spectre?
A1: London, Mexico City and Rome
Q2: What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?
A2: Kodak 35 mm
Q3: Where did initial shoots for the film take place?
A3: Pinewood Studios
Q4: How long did it take to film Spectre?
A4: seven months.
Q5: What type of film was used?
A5: Kodak 35 mm film stock
Q6: In what film studio was some of the film shot?
A6: Pinewood Studios
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "The Forgotten People" radio talks–similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats" of the 1930s–in which he spoke of the middle class as the "backbone of Australia" but as nevertheless having been "taken for granted" by political parties.

Q1: To what are Menzies' "Forgotten People" radio talks compared to?
A1: Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats"
Q2: How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?
A2: "backbone of Australia"
Q3: Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?
A3: opposed
Q4: Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?
A4: Albury, New South Wales
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.

Q1: What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?
A1: Anti-communism
Q2: What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?
A2: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war
Q3: Over what did the Labor party divide?
A3: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

Menzies continued the expanded immigration program established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early 1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia. In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.

Q1: What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?
A1: economic and skills criteria
Q2: Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?
A2: Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act
Q3: Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?
A3: Dame Enid Lyons