LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.

Q1: What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?
A1: Linguistic
Q2: What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?
A2: anthropological
Q3: What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?
A3: interpretation of sociocultural processes
Q4: What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?
A4: sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Q1: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
A1: as the same language
Q2: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
A2: as the same language
Q3: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
A3: the Valencian Academy of Language
Q4: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
A4: Valencian Academy of Language
Database (Engineering and technology)

Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a "key", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key. For instance, if the login name of a user is unique, addresses and phone numbers for that user would be recorded with the login name as its key. This simple "re-linking" of related data back into a single collection is something that traditional computer languages are not designed for.

Q1: How is information accessed in a relational model?
A1: a "key"
Q2: What is a key used for?
A2: uniquely defining a particular record
Q3: What technique is used to collect into one place?
A3: re-linking
Q4: How is data in an optional table accessed?
A4: by searching for this key
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

Q1: What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?
A1: Lions
Q2: Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?
A2: elephant
Q3: In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?
A3: about 30
Q4: What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?
A4: olive baboons
Han_dynasty (History)

Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC. However, this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L (0.05 gallons) was levied for those who traded it privately. By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants. Apart from Emperor Ming's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization, which was abolished in 68 AD, central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han.

Q1: What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?
A1: Liquor
Q2: In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?
A2: 81 BC
Q3: What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?
A3: price control regulations
Q4: What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?
A4: grain
Q5: What office did Emperor Ming create?
A5: Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Q1: What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?
A1: over 97%
Q2: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?
A2: 37%
Q3: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?
A3: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Q4: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
A4: Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

Q1: What can use words from different dialects?
A1: Literary Catalan
Q2: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
A2: restricted use
Q3: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
A3: 19th century
Q4: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
A4: detriment of others
Q5: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
A5: greater freedom of choice
Literature (Language and literature)

Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in ‘‘The English Journal’’ explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of “wonder”.

Q1: Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?
A1: intimate emotional aspects
Q2: How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?
A2: It benefits the psychological development and understanding
Q3: What writer's entry in "The English Journal" was concerned with young adult fiction?
A3: D. Mitchell
Q4: Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?
A4: to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child
Q5: How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?
A5: “wonder”
Literature (Language and literature)

Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

Q1: What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?
A1: deemed to have artistic or intellectual value
Q2: What are two major divisions of literature?
A2: fiction or non-fiction
Q3: Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?
A3: poetry or prose
Q4: Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?
A4: the novel, short story or drama
Q5: What words are the Latin roots of the word "literature?"
A5: literatura/litteratura
Qing_dynasty (History)

Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its association with Chinese opera, developmental trends of Classical Chinese poetry, the transition to a greater role for vernacular language, and for poetry by women in Chinese culture. The Qing dynasty was a period of much literary collection and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the Quantangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems. Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, published in the mid-18th century, and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life, written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber, but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi's The Scholars (1750) and Li Ruzhen's Flowers in the Mirror (1827).

Q1: What was the sign of a gentleman?
A1: Poetry
Q2: Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?
A2: women
Q3: What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?
A3: Strange Stories
Q4: What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?
A4: Six Chapters of a Floating Life
Q5: Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?
A5: Cao Xueqin
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Lithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be used by methanotrophic bacteria as both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism. In both aerobic phototrophy and chemolithotrophy, oxygen is used as a terminal electron acceptor, whereas under anaerobic conditions inorganic compounds are used instead. Most lithotrophic organisms are autotrophic, whereas organotrophic organisms are heterotrophic.

Q1: What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?
A1: Common inorganic electron donors
Q2: How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria?
A2: both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism
Q3: What is the main element for aerobic photorophy?
A3: oxygen
Wood (Natural sciences)

Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.

Q1: What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?
A1: cellulose
Q2: What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
A2: Symbiotic
Q3: What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
A3: sunken
Q4: How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
A4: over a year
Q5: What bacteria starting with the letter "F" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?
A5: Flavobacteria
New_Haven,_Connecticut (Geography and places)

Livability.com named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014. There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven, the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England (after Boston and Cambridge). More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the New Haven Green. The city is home to an eclectic mix of ethnic restaurants and small markets specializing in various foreign foods. Represented cuisines include Malaysian, Ethiopian, Spanish, Belgian, French, Greek, Latin American, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Cuban, Peruvian, Syrian/Lebanese, and Turkish.

Q1: What distinction was afforded to New Haven in 2014 by Livability.com?
A1: Best Foodie City
Q2: How many Zagat-rated restaurants are located in New Haven?
A2: 56
Q3: What city in Connecticut has the highest number of Zagat-rated restaurants?
A3: New Haven
Q4: How many restaurants can be accessed within a two block radius of New Haven Green?
A4: More than 120
Q5: What website gave critical acclaim to New Haven for the city's food?
A5: Livability.com
Q6: How many restaurant are located in the center of New Haven's city?
A6: More than 120 restaurants
Q7: There are about how many Zagat-rated restaurants located in the city?
A7: 56
Q8: Within the cities there are markets that focus on what sort of cuisines?
A8: various foreign foods.
Lancashire (Geography and places)

Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury. Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles. After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and the Hollies. Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music. After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s.

Q1: Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?
A1: Liverpool
Q2: How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?
A2: 350
Q3: What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?
A3: Freddie and the Dreamers
Q4: Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?
A4: Manchester
Q5: Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?
A5: Manchester
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains and on ears of corn: all were expiated by sacrifice of "greater victims". The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural; sheep become goats, a hen become a cock (and vice versa) – these were expiated with "lesser victims". The discovery of an androgynous four-year-old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of Juno Regina, singing a hymn to avert disaster: a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation. Religious restitution is proved only by Rome's victory.

Q1: What author wrote of disaster prodigies?
A1: Livy
Q2: Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?
A2: greater victims
Q3: What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?
A3: lesser victims
Q4: What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?
A4: Rome's victory
Q5: Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?
A5: widespread failure
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period.

Q1: What method is used to test software under a specific load?
A1: Load testing
Q2: What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?
A2: data or a large number of users
Q3: What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?
A3: Volume testing
Q4: What is Stable testing also called?
A4: endurance testing
Q5: What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?
A5: Stress testing
Pain (Language and literature)

Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.

Q1: What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?
A1: may relieve pain
Q2: How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?
A2: permanently
Q3: What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?
A3: hypertonic saline
Q4: Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?
A4: relief
Detroit (Geography and places)

Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.

Q1: What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?
A1: hardcore punk rock underground
Q2: What year did the movie about Kiss come out?
A2: 1999
Q3: In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?
A3: 1960s and 70s
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.

Q1: Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?
A1: one or more Kreisfreie Städte
Q2: What do local associations replace?
A2: administrative entities at the district level
Q3: What are local associations  intended to implement?
A3: simplification of administration
Q4: What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?
A4: Kommunalverband besonderer Art
Q5: What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?
A5: the issuing of special laws
Plymouth (History)

Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.

Q1: Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?
A1: William Cookworthy
Q2: In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?
A2: 1768
Q3: What was William Cookworthy's profession?
A3: chemist
Q4: What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?
A4: John Smeaton
Tennessee (Geography and places)

Local law enforcement is divided between County Sheriff's Offices and Municipal Police Departments. Tennessee's Constitution requires that each County have an elected Sheriff. In 94 of the 95 counties the Sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer in the county and has jurisdiction over the county as a whole. Each Sheriff's Office is responsible for warrant service, court security, jail operations and primary law enforcement in the unincorporated areas of a county as well as providing support to the municipal police departments. Incorporated municipalities are required to maintain a police department to provide police services within their corporate limits.

Q1: Each Tennessee county must elect which law enforcement official?
A1: Sheriff
Q2: Which law enforcement entity serves warrants in Tennessee?
A2: Sheriff's Office
Q3: Who is in charge of policing Tennessee counties' unincorporated areas?
A3: County Sheriff
Q4: Who polices incorporated areas of Tennessee's counties?
A4: Municipal Police Departments
Q5: What proportion of Tennessee counties recognize their Sheriff as their head law enforcement official?
A5: 94 of the 95