LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Middle_Ages (History)

During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period, and into the Late Middle Ages.

Q1: What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?
A1: 1000
Q2: What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?
A2: the Medieval Warm Period
Q3: What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?
A3: Manorialism
Q4: What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?
A4: feudalism
Q5: In what year did the Crusades begin?
A5: 1095
Plymouth (History)

During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).

Q1: In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?
A1: 1340
Q2: Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?
A2: Breton raiders
Q3: In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?
A3: 1596
Q4: Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?
A4: Sutton Pool
Q5: In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?
A5: 1512
Paris (Geography and places)

During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

Q1: In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?
A1: 1420 until 1436
Q2: Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?
A2: Joan of Arc
Q3: What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
A3: 24 August 1572
Q4: In what year was Henri IV assassinated?
A4: 1610
Q5: Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's
A5: Henry IV
Korean_War (Warfare)

During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.

Q1: What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?
A1: SS Meredith Victory
Q2: What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?
A2: declared a national emergency
Q3: What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?
A3: 1978
Q4: Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?
A4: Kim Il-sung
Q5: What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?
A5: China
Middle_Ages (History)

During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law. The lone exception to this trend was in England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Other countries codified their laws; legal codes were promulgated in Castile, Poland, and Lithuania.

Q1: What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?
A1: scholasticism
Q2: Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?
A2: customary law
Q3: What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?
A3: England
Q4: Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?
A4: Lithuania
Q5: What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?
A5: universals
Montevideo (Geography and places)

During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

Q1: After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? 
A1: Rio de la Plata
Q2: Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?
A2: Montevideo
Q3: Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?
A3: José Gervasio Artigas
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Q1: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
A1: Álvaro Obregón
Q2: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
A2: 42%
Q3: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? 
A3: German
Q4: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
A4: cheese
Q5: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
A5: half
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge". So the immaterial "active intellect", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.

Q1: Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?
A1: Aristotle
Q2: What religion was Al Farabi?
A2: Islamic
Q3: What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?
A3: material intellect
Q4: What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?
A4: active intellect
Q5: What is crucial for understanding?
A5: the immaterial "active intellect"
Paris (Geography and places)

During the Middle Ages, Paris was a center of Jewish learning with famous Talmudic scholars, such as Yechiel of Paris who took part in the Disputation of Paris between Christian and Jewish intellectuals. The Parisian Jewish community was victim of persecution, alternating expulsions and returns, until France became the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution. Although 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust during World War II, half the city's Jewish population perished in Nazi concentration camps, while some others fled abroad. A large migration of North Africa Sephardic Jews settled Paris in the 1960s, and represent most of the Paris Jewish community today. There are currently 83 synagogues in the city; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue, built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard, is a Paris landmark.

Q1: What percentage of France's Jewish population survived the holocaust?
A1: 75
Q2: When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris?
A2: 1960s
Q3: Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue?
A3: Hector Guimard
Q4: When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built?
A4: 1913
Thuringia (History)

During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).

Q1: Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?
A1: the border between Germanic and Slavic territories
Q2: What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?
A2: the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule
Q3: When did population growth in Thuringia peak?
A3: World War I
Q4: In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?
A4: 1950
Southampton (Geography and places)

During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.

Q1: What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?
A1: shipbuilding
Q2: What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?
A2: HMS Grace Dieu
Q3: What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?
A3: Walter Taylor
Q4: Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?
A4: Thornycroft
Q5: In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?
A5: Industrial Revolution
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Q1: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
A1: the Byzantine Empire
Q2: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
A2: Germanic peoples
Q3: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
A3: kingdoms and empires of their own
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri ("sea-land"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective ἐρυθρός erythros "red"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?
A1: Medri Bahri
Q2: When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?
A2: 1953
Q3: When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?
A3: 1960
Q4: When did Eritrea gain independence?
A4: following the 1993 referendum
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf.

Q1: How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?
A1: via deputies
Q2: How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?
A2: acted as agents between him and his followers
Q3: What would believers do when they had a problem?
A3: write their concerns and send them to his deputy
Q4: What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?
A4: seal and signature
Q5: What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?
A5: zakat and khums
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Q1: The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?
A1: the Andes
Q2: Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?
A2: Asia
Q3: When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?
A3: The Tethys Seaway
Q4: Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?
A4: 19 and 12 Ma
Q5: Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?
A5: Messinian salinity crisis
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.

Q1: What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?
A1: five
Q2: What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?
A2: Ultra Games
Q3: For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?
A3: two
Q4: Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?
A4: Sega
Q5: Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?
A5: Acclaim
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

Q1: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
A1: Dolores
Q2: What was the name of the Proclamation?
A2: Grito de Dolores
Q3: What was Hidalgo's occupation?
A3: priest
Q4: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
A4: Ignacio Elizondo
Q5: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
A5: United States
Napoleon (History)

During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

Q1: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
A1: the British press
Q2: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
A2: Boney
Q3: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
A3: Tory
Q4: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
A4: 5 feet 2 inches
Q5: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?
A5: 5 ft 6 in
Alps (Geography and places)

During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.

Q1: What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
A1: the Napoleonic Wars
Q2: Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
A2: Napoleon
Q3: When was the Helvetic Republic established?
A3: 1798
Q4: Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
A4: Switzerland
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

Q1: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?
A1: Brazzaville
Q2: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?
A2: Brazzaville Conference of 1944
Q3: When did Brazzaville get its own local government?
A3: 1946
Q4: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
A4: the Fourth Republic