LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Heian_period (History)

Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school. Shingon, brought to Japan by the monk Kūkai, emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism. Both Kūkai and Saichō aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of 'aristocratic Buddhism'. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to "every creature". Saichō also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks. A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect, which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries. Kūkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kammu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. Shingon, through its use of "rich symbols, rituals and mandalas" held a wide-ranging appeal.

Q1: What religion spread during the Heian period?
A1: Buddhism
Q2: What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?
A2: Tendai and Shingon
Q3: Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?
A3: Kūkai
Q4: Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?
A4: every creature
Han_dynasty (History)

Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD. Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57–75 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism. China's first known Buddhist temple, the White Horse Temple, was erected during Ming's reign. Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD, including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters, Perfection of Wisdom, Shurangama Sutra, and Pratyutpanna Sutra.

Q1: During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region?
A1: Eastern Han
Q2: When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?
A2: 75 AD
Q3: What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?
A3: Buddhism
Q4: What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?
A4: the White Horse Temple
Q5: During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?
A5: 2nd century AD
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.

Q1: What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?
A1: Buddhism
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.

Q1: Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?
A1: Ashoka
Q2: The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?
A2: stūpas
Q3: What does stupas mean in English?
A3: Buddhist religious memorials
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought—for example, with various tenets of Christianity—have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.

Q1: What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?
A1: Buddhism
Q2: Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?
A2: ethics
Q3: Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?
A3: moral and spiritual
Q4: Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?
A4: Christianity
Q5: Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?
A5: scientific
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jhāna; Skt: dhyāna). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.

Q1: Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?
A1: meditative
Q2: The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?
A2: the Buddha
Q3: The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?
A3: Brahminic
Q4: According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?
A4: liberating
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: śamatha) and vipassanā meditation (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Chán (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]

Q1: In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?
A1: Zen
Q2: Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?
A2: jhānas
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

Q1: What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?
A1: Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism
Q2: Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?
A2: Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.
Q3: Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?
A3: Buddhist scholars
Q4: Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?
A4: doctrinal
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community). Taking "refuge in the triple gem" has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path, and in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist. Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including, giving charity to reduce the greediness; following ethical precepts; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment; study of scriptures; devotional practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas.

Q1: What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?
A1: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)
Q2: What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?
A2: cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
Q3: What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?
A3: Ten Meritorious Deeds
Q4: What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?
A4: renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
Q5: Buddhism denies what kind of deity?
A5: creator
Q6: Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?
A6: greediness
Q7: Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?
A7: Mahayana
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.

Q1: There is a great variety of what type of scripture?
A1: Buddhist
Q2: Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?
A2: objects
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).

Q1: Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?
A1: Gautama Buddha
Q2: What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?
A2: A Buddha era
Q3: Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?
A3: Gautama Buddha
Q4: Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?
A4: Gautama Buddha
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439–448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).

Q1: How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?
A1: 28
Q2: A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?
A2: Maitreya
Q3: Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?
A3: celestial
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. Through both words and deeds, the majority of interaction is devoted to building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit. It includes both foreign partners as well as domestic partners and emphasizes collaboration with foreign governments, militaries and populations as well as US government departments, agencies, industry, and NGOs. To better facilitate partnering efforts, Airmen should be competent in the relevant language, region, and culture.

Q1: What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? 
A1: airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors
Q2: What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?
A2: develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security
Q3: What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage? 
A3: cross-cultural
Q4: What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?
A4: building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit
Q5: What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?
A5: relevant language, region, and culture
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Q1: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
A1: shelter, security, worship
Q2: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
A2: knowledge
Q3: What was building considered?
A3: a craft
Q4: What was the most valued type of building craft called?
A4: architecture
Q5: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
A5: building materials
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, first proposed by Max Weber, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets (see economic calculation problem).

Q1: What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?
A1: enough information
Q2: Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?
A2: Max Weber
Q3: What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?
A3: through the price mechanism in free markets
Q4: Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?
A4: Ludwig von Mises
Alaska (Geography and places)

Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.

Q1: What year was the Alaska Railroad built?
A1: around 1915
Q2: To what does "The Railbelt" refer?
A2: region served by ARR tracks
Q3: Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?
A3: Alaska Railroad (ARR)
Plymouth (History)

Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.

Q1: In what year was Union Street constructed?
A1: 1815
Q2: Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?
A2: Charlie Chaplin
Q3: How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?
A3: 30s
Q4: What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?
A4: sailors from the Royal Navy
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion.

Q1: Who bought 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004?
A1: General Electric
Q2: What percentage of NBC Universal was owned by Vivendi until 2011?
A2: 20%
Q3: Who bought 51% of NBC Universal in 2011?
A3: Comcast
Q4: In what month and year did Comcast buy 49% of NBCUniversal?
A4: March 2013
Q5: How much did Comcast pay for 49% of NBCUniversal in 2013?
A5: $16.7 billion
Classical_music (Music)

Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC. This was followed by early Christian liturgical music, which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks[citation needed]. The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras. Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation. Ancient Greek instruments such as the aulos (a reed instrument) and the lyre (a stringed instrument similar to a small harp) eventually led to the modern-day instruments of a classical orchestra. The antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music before the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD). Very little music survives from this time, most of it from ancient Greece.

Q1: When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?
A1: 2695 BC
Q2: Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?
A2: Burgh
Q3: What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?
A3: early Christian liturgical music,
Q4: Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?
A4: ancient Greeks
Q5: Who helped codify musical notation?
A5: Pythagoras
Edmund_Burke (History)

Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

Q1: What did Burke think was crucial for human life?
A1: property
Q2: What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?
A2: property
Q3: Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?
A3: all subjects
Q4: Who wrote that Burke "appealed to property owners"?
A4: Christopher Hitchens
Q5: What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?
A5: the ancestral and the immemorial
Edmund_Burke (History)

Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: "I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: "I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vendée is a proof of this".

Q1: When did Prince Charles write to Burke?
A1: 23 October
Q2: How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?
A2: twenty
Q3: What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?
A3: La Vendée
Q4: What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?
A4: France
Q5: In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?
A5: Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France
Edmund_Burke (History)

Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

Q1: Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
A1: Bishop Warburton
Q2: Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
A2: Lord Chesterfield
Q3: When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?
A3: 1757
Q4: Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?
A4: in the preface to the second edition