LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

Q1: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?
A1: December 2, 1804
Q2: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?
A2: Two
Q3: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?
A3: Italy
Q4: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
A4: May 26, 1805
Q5: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
A5: at the Cathedral of Milan
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

Q1: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
A1: Napoleon's educational reforms
Q2: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
A2: French
Q3: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
A3: public support
Q4: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
A4: lycées
Q5: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?
A5: the sciences
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

Q1: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?
A1: January 1779
Q2: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?
A2: Brienne-le-Château
Q3: What was Napoleon's first language?
A3: Corsican
Q4: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?
A4: his accent
Q5: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?
A5: mathematics
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

Q1: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
A1: the Code Civil
Q2: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
A2: the Napoleonic Code
Q3: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
A3: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
Q4: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
A4: Code of Criminal Instruction
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

Q1: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?
A1: Marengo
Q2: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?
A2: Lunéville
Q3: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?
A3: Moreau
Q4: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?
A4: the Treaty of Lunéville
Q5: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
A5: Hohenlinden
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

Q1: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?
A1: propaganda
Q2: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?
A2: censorship
Q3: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
A3: France
Q4: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
A4: civilian
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused.

Q1: The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?
A1: December
Q2: In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?
A2: 1814
Q3: Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?
A3: the Frankfurt proposals
Q4: The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?
A4: 1791
Q5: In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?
A5: Belgium
Napoleon (History)

Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

Q1: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
A1: 15 August 1769
Q2: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?
A2: French
Q3: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?
A3: 1815
Q4: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
A4: 5 May 1821
Q5: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
A5: the French Revolution
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Q1: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
A1: 51
Q2: What was the new name for the National Union?
A2: Arab Socialist Union
Q3: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
A3: repression
Q4: What group was targeted with imprisonment?
A4: Islamists
Q5: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
A5: submit their resignations in protest
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

Q1: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?
A1: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces
Q2: When did students protest for political reforms?
A2: 1968
Q3: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?
A3: Arab Socialist Union
Q4: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?
A4: external
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

Q1: What was Nasser's principle vice?
A1: chain smoking
Q2: How long was a typical workday for Nasser?
A2: 18-hour
Q3: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?
A3: diabetes
Q4: What year did Nasser die?
A4: 1970
Q5: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?
A5: influenza
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

Q1: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?
A1: British influence
Q2: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?
A2: social justice
Q3: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?
A3: improved considerably
Q4: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?
A4: war effort
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

Q1: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?
A1: Israel
Q2: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?
A2: Gaza Strip
Q3: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?
A3: did not retaliate militarily
Q4: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?
A4: a blow to his growing popularity
Q5: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?
A5: blockade on Israeli shipping
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

Q1: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?
A1: Final Communique
Q2: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?
A2: French
Q3: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?
A3: right of return
Q4: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?
A4: UN
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Q1: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
A1: African
Q2: Who did Nasser give asylum to?
A2: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries
Q3: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
A3: anti-colonial propaganda
Q4: What African group did Nasser help to form?
A4: Organisation of African Unity
Q5: What year was the OAU formed?
A5: 1963
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Q1: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.
A1: Aswan Dam and Helwan City
Q2: What century did Nasser rule in?
A2: 20th
Q3: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?
A3: anti-imperialist
Q4: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?
A4: human rights violations
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

Q1: What political theory fascinated Nasser?
A1: Egyptian nationalism
Q2: What politician did Nasser admire?
A2: Mustafa Kamel
Q3: What poet did Nasser read?
A3: Ahmed Shawqi
Q4: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?
A4: Return of the Spirit
Q5: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?
A5: Royal Military Academy
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

Q1: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?
A1: took great offense
Q2: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? 
A2: Suez Canal
Q3: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?
A3: unaware
Q4: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?
A4: 1956
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:

Q1: What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?
A1: availability to the public
Q2: How many speeches did Nasser give?
A2: 1,359
Q3: Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?
A3: Nasser
Q4: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?
A4: press
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.

Q1: Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?
A1: dictator
Q2: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?
A2: dissidents
Q3: What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?
A3: confused Sultan