LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Paper (Natural sciences)

There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.

Q1: Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?
A1: groundwood pulp
Q2: What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?
A2: debarked logs
Q3: What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?
A3: weak
Nanjing (Geography and places)

There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.

Q1: Which sports center started in 1952?
A1: Wutaishan Sports Center
Q2: How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?
A2: two
Q3: What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?
A3: comprehensive sports centers
Q4: What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?
A4: it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.
Q5: Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?
A5: tennis court
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.

Q1: How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?
A1: two
Q2: What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?
A2: executive
Q3: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?
A3: separation of powers
Q4: What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?
A4: judiciary
British_Isles (Geography and places)

There are two sovereign states in the isles: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom, which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown Dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence; responsibility for international representation rests largely upon the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have "devolved" governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdiction, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole.

Q1: What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?
A1: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Q2: What is another name that Ireland is also called?
A2: Republic of Ireland
Q3: Northern Ireland is part of which country?
A3: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Q4: What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?
A5: Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

Q1: How many types of transistors are there?
A1: two
Q2: What are the components of a bipolar transistor?
A2: base, collector, and emitter
Q3: What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?
A3: A small current at the base terminal
Q4: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?
A4: gate, source, and drain
Q5: In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?
A5: a voltage at the gate
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

Q1: What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?
A1: 40 million bacterial cells
Q2: How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?
A2: million bacterial cells
Q3: How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?
A3: by converting dissolved compounds
Q4: What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?
A4: Mariana Trench
Q5: Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?
A5: thrive inside rocks
Dialect (Language and literature)

There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.

Q1: What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?
A1: languoid
Q2: What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?
A2: variety
Q3: Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?
A3: lect
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, Piroska shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the Komnenos dynasty, the Pantokrator Monastery was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a "Communion of the Apostles" in the apse of the cathedral of Serres.

Q1: Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?
A1: accidents of survival
Q2: Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?
A2: Hagia Sophia
Q3: What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?
A3: the Theotokos
Q4: The empress Eirene had what color hair?
A4: red
Q5: The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?
A5: the cathedral of Serres
Neptune (Natural sciences)

There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.

Q1: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? 
A1: 2:3 resonance
Q2: How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
A2: 200
Q3: What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?
A3: Pluto
Q4: What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?
A4: 2:3
Q5: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?
A5: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1⁄2+1⁄2); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1⁄2–1⁄2). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the "normal form". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties.

Q1: How many different spin isomers exist?
A1: 2
Q2: What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?
A2: triplet state
Q3: When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>
A3: normal
Q4: What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?
A4: 25%
Q5: What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?
A5: 75%
Philadelphia (History)

There has also been an increase of yuppie, bohemian, and hipster types particularly around Center City, the neighborhood of Northern Liberties, and in the neighborhoods around the city's universities, such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.

Q1: Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?
A1: yuppie, bohemian, and hipster
Q2: What is the name of the gay district?
A2: Gayborhood
Q3: Name a University located in the city?
A3: Drexel and University of Pennsylvania
Association_football (History)

There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

Q1: Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?
A1: 1932
Q2: In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?
A2: 1996
Q3: What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics? 
A3: 1984
Q4: What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament? 
A4: Under-23
Q5: What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics? 
A5: 1900
Hellenistic_period (History)

There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

Q1: Who said "then art dissapeared"?
A1: Pliny the Elder
Q2: The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?
A2: Vergina
Q3: Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?
A3: Golden Age of Classical Athens
Q4: What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?
A4: 18th
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League. Since its split with the Football League, many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues. Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues, many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League. In every season except 2001–02 and 2011–12, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League. In 1997–98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.

Q1: Why has their been distance between the Premier League and the Football League?
A1: in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,
Q2: Did many new teams in the Premier League have any difficulties in their initial season?
A2: many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League.
Q3: Was it unusual for a new team to go back to the Football League after their first season in the Premier League?
A3: In every season except 2001–02 and 2011–12, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League.
Q4: In the 1997-98 season how many new teams had to go back to the Football League?
A4: In 1997–98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.
Q5: Due to the disparity in television rights revenue between leagues, who struggles to avoid relegation in their Premier League first season?
A5: newly promoted teams
Q6: In every season but 2001-02 and 2011-12, at least how many Premier League teams have been relegated?
A6: one
Q7: How many newly promoted clubs were relegated from the Premier League in 1997-98?
A7: three
Antibiotics (History)

There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.

Q1: What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?
A1: animal husbandry
Q2: When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?
A2: 1977
Q3: When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?
A3: March 2012
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns; lobbying physicians and politicians (more than any other industry in the US); sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training; sponsorship of continuing educational events, with influence on the curriculum; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards.

Q1: Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?
A1: 'gifts' and biased information
Q2: Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?
A2: physicians
Q3: What publications can drug ads be commonly found?
A3: journals and conferences
Genocide (History)

There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."

Q1: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?
A1: situation in Darfur
Q2: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?
A2: Colin Powell
Q3: In front of which committee did Powell testify?
A3: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Q4: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?
A4: an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
Q5: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?
A5: genocidal policy
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.

Q1: The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?
A1: visitors
Q2: What do environmentalists want enacted?
A2: stricter regulations
Q3: What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?
A3: tourism quota
Q4: What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?
A4: site use guidelines
Q5: When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?
A5: 1979
Rule_of_law (History)

There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, "This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented...." The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.

Q1: In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?
A1: Deuteronomy
Q2: Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?
A2: Bishop John Ponet
Q3: What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?
A3: divine right of kings
Q4: What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?
A4: Bible
Q5: According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?
A5: horses