LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

In Britain's "imperial century", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been generally characterized as "informal empire". Of note during this time was the Anglo-Zulu War, which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire.

Q1: What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?
A1: any serious international rival
Q2: Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?
A2: Unchallenged at sea
Q3: Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
A3: Pax Britannica
Q4: What was Britain's foreign policy called?
A4: splendid isolation
Q5: Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?
A5: effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Q1: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
A1: daylight saving
Q2: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
A2: summer time
Q3: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
A3: zomertijd
Q4: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
A4: ora legale
Q5: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
A5: solar time
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.

Q1: Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?
A1: William Paley's
Q2: What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? 
A2: Natural Theology
Q3: What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?
A3: Church of England
Q4: How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?
A4: a threat to divinely appointed social order.
Q5: How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?
A5: adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment
House_music (Music)

In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Godskitchen superclub brand also began in the midst of the early 90's rave scene. After initially hosting small nights in Cambridge and Northampton, the associated events scaled up in Milton Keynes, Birmingham and Leeds. A new indie dance scene also emerged in the 90's. In New York, bands such as Deee-Lite furthered house's international influence. Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb's "Little Fluffy Clouds" (with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones) and the Happy Mondays' "Wrote for Luck" ("WFL") which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke.

Q1: where did the "chilling out" concept develop?
A1: Britain
Q2: who released the album analogue bubblebath?
A2: Aphex Twin
Q3: where was the band deee-lite based?
A3: New York
Q4: who released the track "little fluffy clouds"?
A4: Orb
Q5: who transformed happy mondays' "wrote for luck" into a dance hit?
A5: Vince Clarke
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

Q1: To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?
A1: mixture
Q2: What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?
A2: tarmac
Q3: When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?
A3: asphaltum
Q4: With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?
A4: 'asphalt
Q5: What is the geological term for asphalt?
A5: Bitumen
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: "action, work") is the force that drives saṃsāra—the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: "kusala") and bad, unskillful (Pāli: "akusala") actions produce "seeds" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sīla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetanā), and bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" or vipāka "result".

Q1: What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?
A1: action, work
Q2: What is karma according to Buddhism?
A2: the force that drives saṃsāra
Q3: What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?
A3: sīla
Q4: What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?
A4: actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent
Q5: What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?
A5: action, work
Q6: What is the avoidance of bad acts called?
A6: sīla
Q7: Karma's actions come from what?
A7: cetanā
Q8: What is the result of Karma called?
A8: vipāka
Q9: What is Karma?
A9: the force that drives saṃsāra
Q10: Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?
A10: sīla
Q11: what does vipaka mean?
A11: result
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.

Q1: In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?
A1: mind
Q2: Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?
A2: disturbed
Q3: What is the term for insight knowledge?
A3: jñāna
Q4: What is the term for understanding?
A4: prajñā
Q5: What eradicates the defilements completely?
A5: understanding
Pacific_War (History)

In Burma the British, under intense pressure, made a fighting retreat from Rangoon to the Indo-Burmese border. This cut the Burma Road which was the western Allies' supply line to the Chinese Nationalists. In March 1942, Chinese Expeditionary Force started to attack Japanese forces in northern Burma. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen. Cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan, and the relationship between the two had gone sour as both attempted to expand their area of operations in occupied territories. Most of the Nationalist guerrilla areas were eventually overtaken by the Communists. On the other hand, some Nationalist units were deployed to blockade the Communists and not the Japanese. Furthermore, many of the forces of the Chinese Nationalists were warlords allied to Chiang Kai-Shek, but not directly under his command. "Of the 1,200,000 troops under Chiang's control, only 650,000 were directly controlled by his generals, and another 550,000 controlled by warlords who claimed loyalty to his government; the strongest force was the Szechuan army of 320,000 men. The defeat of this army would do much to end Chiang's power." The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press ahead in their offensives.

Q1: When did the Chinese attack Burma?
A1: March 1942
Q2: How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??
A2: 7,000
Q3: Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung?
A3: Sun Li-jen
Q4: How many of Chiang Kai-Shek's troops were controlled by warlords?
A4: 550,000
Q5: What was Chiang Kai-Shek's strongest army?
A5: Szechuan army
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Q1: What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?
A1: Cambodia
University (Language and literature)

In Canada, "college" generally refers to a two-year, non-degree-granting institution, while "university" connotes a four-year, degree-granting institution. Universities may be sub-classified (as in the Macleans rankings) into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools (for example, McGill University); "comprehensive" universities that have some PhDs but aren't geared toward research (such as Waterloo); and smaller, primarily undergraduate universities (such as St. Francis Xavier).

Q1: A college teaches students for how many years in Canada?
A1: two
Q2: What type of institution is a college in Canada?
A2: non-degree-granting
Q3: How many years does a degree-granting university in Canada spend teaching students?
A3: four
Q4: What is McGill University in Canada an example of?
A4: medical schools
Q5: What type of university is St Francis Xavier in Canada?
A5: undergraduate
51st_state (Language and literature)

In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.

Q1: What is another connotation for the 51st state label?
A1: if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States
Q2: When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?
A2: 1988
Q3: When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?
A3: 1992
Q4: When did the Clarity Act go into effect?
A4: 1999
Police (Social sciences and society)

In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. The merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Q1: When did Canada get its first police?
A1: 1729
Q2: What was Canada's first police force?
A2: Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
Q3: When was the Toronto police created?
A3: 1834
Q4: When was the Montreal police created?
A4: 1838
Q5: When were the first Mounties created?
A5: 1873
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of decisions made by the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title "Supreme" can be confusing because, for example, The Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process.

Q1: When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?
A1: 1875
Q2: Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?
A2: 1949
Q3: If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?
A3: The court's decisions are final and binding
Q4: Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?
A4: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Presbyterianism (History)

In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination – and indeed the largest Protestant denomination – was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups. In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada. A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body. They regained use of the original name in 1939.

Q1: What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada?
A1: Presbyterian Church in Canada
Q2: When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed?
A2: 1875
Q3: In what year was the United Church of Canada formed?
A3: 1925
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

In Canada, the term "football" may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are closely related but have significant differences. In particular, Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rather than 11; the field is roughly 10 yards wider, and 10 yards longer between end-zones that are themselves 10 yards deeper; and a team has only three downs to gain 10 yards, which results in less offensive rushing than in the American game. In the Canadian game all players on the defending team, when a down begins, must be at least 1 yard from the line of scrimmage. (The American game has a similar "neutral zone" but it is only the length of the football.)

Q1: Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field?
A1: Canadian
Q2: How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field?
A2: 10
Q3: Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?
A3: American
Q4: How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football?
A4: three
Q5: How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be?
A5: 1 yard
Royal_assent (History)

In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada—85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified—by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.

Q1: When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?
A1: the 21st century
Q2: Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?
A2: 85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally
Q3: With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?
A3: Royal Assent Act 2002
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Q1: What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?
A1: Affiliate Schools
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marquès de la bona mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Baró de les Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed).

Q1: Where do people dress in masks and costume?
A1: Catalonia
Q2: What are raced as part of the festivities? 
A2: bed
Q3: What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?
A3: Princep etern de Cornudella
Q4: Who has a lovely breast?
A4: Marquès
Q5: Who is upon the bed?
A5: the Artist of Honor
Red (Natural sciences)

In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.

Q1: What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?
A1: Ndembu warriors
Q2: What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?
A2: life and health
Q3: What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?
A3: white
Q4: What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?
A4: green and white
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Q1: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
A1: three
Q2: What vowel stays distinct?
A2: /i/
Q3: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
A3: different
Q4: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
A4: section pronunciation
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.

Q1: What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?
A1: is arbitrary
Q2: What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?
A2: "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties"
Q3: What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?
A3: variation among individuals of the same species
Q4: What did Darwin say that a "well marked variety" could be called?
A4: incipient species"
Q5: What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?
A5: generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species