LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes".

Q1: Where was Madonna born?
A1: Bay City, Michigan
Q2: In which year did Madonna move to New York City?
A2: 1977
Q3: Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?
A3: Sire Records
Q4: What was the name of the album she released in 1983?
A4: Madonna
Q5: Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?
A5: Ray of Light
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

Q1: Which of the United States is Boston located in?
A1: Massachusetts
Q2: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
A2: 48
Q3: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
A3: Greater Boston
Q4: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
A4: 4.7 million people
Q5: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
A5: Boston
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.

Q1: What is the oldest public park in the US?
A1: Boston Common
Q2: Where is Boston Common located?
A2: near the Financial District and Beacon Hill
Q3: What is next to Boston Common?
A3: Boston Public Garden
Q4: The Emerald necklace is a string of what?
A4: parks
Q5: Who designed the Emerald necklace?
A5: Frederick Law Olmsted
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to −9 °F (−23 °C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.

Q1: Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?
A1: 6b
Q2: What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?
A2: Prevailing wind patterns
Q3: What is the hottest month in Boston?
A3: July
Q4: What is the coldest month in Boston?
A4: January
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history. The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats. The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.

Q1: How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?
A1: every fourth year
Q2: What kind of power does the mayor have?
A2: extensive executive power
Q3: Who became Mayor in january, 2014?
A3: Marty Walsh
Q4: Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?
A4: The School Committee
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.

Q1: What is the total area of Boston?
A1: 89.6 square miles
Q2: How many square miles of land is Boston?
A2: 48.4 square miles
Q3: How many square miles of water is Boston?
A3: 41.2 square miles
Q4: How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?
A4: 19 ft
Q5: Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?
A5: oceanic coastline
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).

Q1: How long has Boston been a religious center?
A1: from its earliest days
Q2: How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?
A2: nearly 300
Q3: Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?
A3: the South End
Q4: Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?
A4: Back Bay
Q5: What was the city's first Anglican church?
A5: King's Chapel
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore, where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published, to be "cradle of American literature. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.

Q1: Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?
A1: Athens of America
Q2: What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?
A2: the nineteenth century
Q3: What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?
A3: Old Corner Bookstore
Q4: Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?
A4: the Old Corner Bookstore
Q5: What year was the Boston Public Library founded?
A5: 1852
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.

Q1: How many major North American sports leagues are there?
A1: four
Q2: How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?
A2: 36 championships
Q3: How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?
A3: nine
Q4: Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?
A4: financial concerns
Q5: When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?
A5: July 27, 2015
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.

Q1: The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?
A1: The Boston Globe
Q2: Who bought FleetBoston Financial?
A2: Bank of America
Q3: What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?
A3: 2004
Q4: Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?
A4: Macy's
Q5: What department stores merged to form Macy's?
A5: Jordan Marsh and Filene's
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.

Q1: What s Boston sometimes called?
A1: city of neighborhoods
Q2: How many neighborhoods are in Boston?
A2: 23 neighborhoods
Q3: What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?
A3: Office of Neighborhood Services
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.

Q1: What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?
A1: Greater Boston
Q2: What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?
A2: The Charles River
Q3: What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?
A3: To the east
Q4: Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?
A4: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).

Q1: What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?
A1: 11th largest
Q2: What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?
A2: WEEI
Q3: What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?
A3: WZBC
Q4: What is the name of Harvards radio station?
A4: WHRB
Q5: WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?
A5: NPR
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.

Q1: Boston is culturally similar to what area?
A1: greater New England
Q2: What is the Boston accent known as?
A2: Boston English
Q3: Who influences Boston's politics and religion?
A3: Irish Americans
Q4: What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?
A4: Boston slang
Q5: Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?
A5: regional cuisine
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.

Q1: Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? 
A1: slave trade
Q2: What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?
A2: the abolitionist movement
Q3: What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?
A3: the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Q4: What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?
A4: Franklin Pierce
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]

Q1: On what coast is Boston located?
A1: the North Atlantic
Q2: What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?
A2: Nor'easter
Q3: What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?
A3: 43.8 inches
Q4: What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?
A4: 43.8 inches
Q5: When does most snowfall occur?
A5: December through March
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.

Q1: How many college students does Boston attract?
A1: more than 350,000
Q2: Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?
A2: $4.8 billion
Q3: Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?
A3: biotechnology
Q4: The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?
A4: life sciences cluster
Q5: Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?
A5: the National Institutes of Health
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

Q1: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
A1: Trimountaine
Q2: What does Trimountaine mean?
A2: three mountains
Q3: What year was the city renamed Boston?
A3: 1630
Q4: Who named the city Boston?
A4: Puritan colonists from England
Q5: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
A5: fresh water
Boston (Geography and places)

Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

Q1: What ranking does the Boston park system have?
A1: third-best
Q2: Who ranks city park systems?
A2: ParkScore
Q3: Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?
A3: a half-mile
Botany (Natural sciences)

Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.

Q1: What science led to botany?
A1: herbalism
Q2: What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?
A2: plants of medical importance
Q3: When did universities start growing gardens?
A3: 1540s onwards
Q4: Why did universities have these gardens?
A4: facilitated the academic study of plants
Q5: Why was plant taxonomy developed?
A5: to catalogue and describe their collections
Botany (Natural sciences)

Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first "modern" text book, Matthias Schleiden's Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831. In 1855, Adolf Fick formulated Fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems.

Q1: What was the first modern text book?
A1: Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik
Q2: What was Schleiden's profession?
A2: microscopist
Q3: What theory did Schleiden co-found?
A3: cell theory
Q4: What do Fick's laws do?
A4: calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion
Botany (Natural sciences)

Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.

Q1: What is botany?
A1: science of plant life
Q2: What does the word botany mean?
A2: "to feed" or "to graze"
Q3: What is  a plant scientist called?
A3: A botanist
Q4: Does botany only study plants?
A4: included the study of fungi and algae