LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).

Q1: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
A1: Everson v. Board of Education
Q2: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
A2: state law
Q3: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
A3: state governments
Q4: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
A4: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet
Q5: When was the case of v. Grumet?
A5: 1994
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial, and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Bibliothèque Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France at least, the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780, while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total.

Q1: The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?
A1: reading materials
Q2: Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?
A2: the Industrial Revolution
Q3: In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?
A3: demand for information
Q4: In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?
A4: France
Q5: The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?
A5: just one-tenth of the total
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

Q1: WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?
A1: independence
Q2: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?
A2: The European Parliament
Q3: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?
A3: bound by the treaties
Q4: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?
A4: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament
British_Empire (History)

The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the "workshop of the world". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.

Q1: When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?
A1: 1783
Q2: Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?
A2: American War of Independence
Q3: In which wars was France defeated?
A3: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Q4: What did Pax Britannica mean?
A4: British Peace
Q5: When was Britain called the "workshop of the world"?
A5: 1851
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.

Q1: Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?
A1: pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas
Q2: What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?
A2: Pueblos indígenas
Q3: What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?
A3: Aborigen
Q4: In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?
A4: Amerindian
Q5: How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?
A5: Native Americans
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

Q1: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
A1: face-down to a backing paper
Q2: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
A2: gives the maker time to rework
Q3: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
A3: the indirect method
Q4: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
A4: murals
Q5: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
A5: repetitive
Valencia (Geography and places)

The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

Q1: Who was prime minister in 1936?
A1: Manuel Azana
Q2: What building did the government move to in 1936?
A2: Palau de Benicarló
Q3: How many bomb shelters were built?
A3: over two hundred
Q4: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?
A4: 13 January 1937
Q5: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?
A5: Barcelona
Czech_language (Language and literature)

The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -Ø/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as "I would" or "I wish".

Q1: What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?
A1: infinitive
Q2: How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?
A2: three
Q3: What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?
A3: indicative, imperative and conditional
Q4: What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?
A4: imperative
Q5: Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?
A5: conditional
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

Q1: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
A1: complex
Q2: What is much like the neighboring languages?
A2: inflection of determinatives
Q3: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
A3: Spanish
Q4: Catalan has less contractions than what language?
A4: Italian
Q5: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
A5: article
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

Q1: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
A1: Arab nationalism
Q2: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
A2: Syria
Q3: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
A3: Nasser
Q4: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
A4: Egypt and Sudan
Q5: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
A5: 1969
Old_English (Language and literature)

The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: “No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.”

Q1: What language had the greatest influence on English?
A1: Old Norse
Q2: What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?
A2: the Danelaw
Q3: Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?
A3: Simeon Potter
Q4: What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?
A4: word-endings
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906–08). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.

Q1: Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?
A1: The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,
Q2: Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?
A2: Gertrude Stein
Q3: What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?
A3: Leo
Q4: What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?
A4: The Making of Americans
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.

Q1: Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"
A1: James Thomson
Q2: In what year did Newton die?
A2: 1727
Q3: Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?
A3: Newton
Q4: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?
A4: Sir Richard Blackmore
Q5: In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?
A5: 1712
Infrared (Natural sciences)

The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)

Q1: What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?
A1: imbedded stars
Q2: What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?
A2: protostars
Q3: What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?
A3: Stars
Pub (History)

The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

Q1: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?
A1: the Bronze Age
Q2: In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?
A2: the 1st Century
Q3: What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?
A3: tabernae
Q4: In what century did the Romans leave Britain?
A4: 5th Century
Q5: What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?
A5: green
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

Q1: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
A1: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage
Q2: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?
A2: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)
Q3: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?
A3: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary
Q4: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?
A4: right
Korean_War (Warfare)

The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.

Q1: What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?
A1: ground attack aircraft
Q2: What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?
A2: Soviet T-34-85 tanks
Q3: What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?
A3: the North Koreans suffered major tank losses
Q4: What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?
A4: the UN forces brought heavier equipment
Q5: How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?
A5: 120
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.

Q1: Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?
A1: less
Q2: What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?
A2: a building's air conditioning system
Q3: Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?
A3: shorter
Q4: What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?
A4: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used
Q5: What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?
A5: heat from the heating system