LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.

Q1: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?
A1: astronomy
Q2: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?
A2: improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis
Q3: What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?
A3: the Copernican heliocentric model
Q4: Who created the astrolabe?
A4: the Greeks
Q5: Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?
A5: Islamic astronomers and engineers
Energy (Natural sciences)

In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.

Q1: In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?
A1: energy
Q2: What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?
A2: Energy
Q3: What does H-e stand for?
A3: Human energy conversion
Q4: How many watts is in one official horsepower?
A4: 746 watts
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard. The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes. JTAG tool vendors provide various types of stimulus and sophisticated algorithms, not only to detect the failing nets, but also to isolate the faults to specific nets, devices, and pins.

Q1: Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces?
A1: temporary
Q2: What's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs?
A2: Joint Test Action Group
Q3: What would you avoid by using the Joint Test Action Group standard?
A3: physical test probes
Q4: What component of the printed circuit board is appraised with boundary scan testing?
A4: ICs
Q5: To whom would you go to acquire the algorithms you'd use for the Joint Test Action Group procedures?
A5: JTAG tool vendors
Dog (Natural sciences)

In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.

Q1: What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?
A1: a litter.
Q2: What is the male who is father of the pups called?
A2: sire
Q3: What is the French word that "puppy" comes from?
A3: poupée
Q4: What is giving birth to dogs called?
A4: whelping
Q5: What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?
A5: bitch
Q6: A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?
A6: bitch
Q7: What are canine offspring referred as?
A7: litter
Q8: What is the father of a litter referred as?
A8: sire
Q9: What is the mother of a litter referred as?
A9: dam
Q10: What are the individual litter canines called?
A10: pups
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress." Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Q1: Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?
A1: there is disagreement among historical analysts
Q2: What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?
A2: strong party organization and professional politicians
Q3: What were these conditions effective for in the house?
A3: establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.
Wood (Natural sciences)

In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.

Q1: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?
A1: supporting material
Q2: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?
A2: roof
Q3: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?
A3: cladding
Q4: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?
A4: doors
Middle_Ages (History)

In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean.[V] Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money.

Q1: What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?
A1: Baltic
Q2: Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?
A2: Genoa
Q3: Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?
A3: Marco Polo
Q4: What accounting method was utilized in this period?
A4: double-entry bookkeeping
Q5: In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?
A5: Italy
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper. The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system.

Q1: What is a perk of the central bank?
A1: it can make as much money as it deems needed
Q2: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?
A2: bonds issued by the Federal government
Q3: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?
A3: commercial paper
Q4: What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
A4: to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning
Geography_of_the_United_States (Geography and places)

In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding. The Southwest has the worst droughts; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples. The West is affected by large wildfires each year.

Q1: Where are tornadoes most common on Earth?
A1: central portions of the U.S.
Q2: During which seasons are tornados most common?
A2: spring and summer
Q3: Which regions experience the worst flooding in the US?
A3: Appalachian region and the Midwest
Q4: Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US?
A4: Southwest
Q5: What type of disasters affects the western US every year?
A5: wildfires
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字).

Q1: What may be contracted into single characters?
A1: compound words and set phrases
Q2: What can be considered as set phrases?
A2: single characters
Q3: What are logograms?
A3: characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

Q1: What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?
A1: Christian, Islamic and Jewish
Wood (Natural sciences)

In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.

Q1: What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?
A1: lignin
Q2: Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?
A2: Softwood
Q3: Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?
A3: coniferyl
Q4: In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?
A4: sinapyl
Q5: Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?
A5: Hardwood
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.

Q1: What term was given to certain church men of honor?
A1: cardinal
Q2: When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?
A2: 747
Q3: When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?
A3: 1567
Q4: In regards to the word "cardinal" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?
A4: Pope Zacharias
Q5: In what year was the letter sent?
A5: 747
Q6: Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?
A6: Pius V.
Q7: In what year did the pope make the declaration?
A7: 1567
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason (mind) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms (ideai, "ideas"). The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas. The Greek words oida (οἶδα, "(I) know") and eidos (εἶδος, "species") have the same root as the word idea (ἰδέα), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses. The artists in Plato's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization. The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important, and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual.

Q1: Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?
A1: Anaxagoras
Q2: Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?
A2: Plato
Q3: What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?
A3: eidos
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

Q1: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?
A1: does not accelerate
Q2: What follows a geodesic of space-time?
A2: an inertial frame of reference
Q3: An object in free fall does not experience what?
A3: force
Q4: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?
A4: the surface of the planet
Q5: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?
A5: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.
Detroit (Geography and places)

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

Q1: Which bowl game is held in Detroit?
A1: Little Caesars Pizza Bowl
Q2: Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?
A2: Ford Field
Q3: Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?
A3: Mid-American Conference
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

In comparison to the other regions of Spain, the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry. Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland — the provinces of Ourense and Lugo — is economically dependent on traditional agriculture, based on small landholdings called minifundios. However, the rise of tourism, sustainable forestry and organic and traditional agriculture are bringing other possibilities to the Galician economy without compromising the preservation of the natural resources and the local culture.

Q1: Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?
A1: fishing
Q2: What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? 
A2: minifundios
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Some electric traction systems provide regenerative braking that turns the train's kinetic energy back into electricity and returns it to the supply system to be used by other trains or the general utility grid. While diesel locomotives burn petroleum, electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric, geothermal, wind and solar.

Q1: What is the principal alternative to electric railways?
A1: diesel engine
Q2: What locomotives are usually more reliable?
A2: Electric locomotives
Q3: What do some electric traction systems provide?
A3: regenerative braking
Q4: What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?
A4: petroleum
Q5: What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?
A5: geothermal
Philadelphia (History)

In comparison, the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 (43.4%) African American, 626,221 (41.0%) White, 6,996 (0.5%) Native American, 96,405 (6.3%) Asian (2.0% Chinese, 1.2% Indian, 0.9% Vietnamese, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.1% Indonesian), 744 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 90,731 (5.9%) from other races, and 43,070 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons (12.3%); 8.0% of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican, 1.0% Dominican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.3% Colombian. The racial breakdown of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population was 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17,552 (9.4%) African American, 3,498 (1.9%) Native American, 884 (0.47%) Asian, 287 (0.15%) Pacific Islander, 86,626 (46.2%) from other races, and 15,128 (8.1%) from two or more races. The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish (12.5%), Italian (8.4%), German (8.1%), Polish (3.6%), and English (3.0%).

Q1: What is the percent of blacks?
A1: 43.4%
Q2: What is the percent of whites?
A2: 41.0%
Q3: What is the hispanic make-up of the population?
A3: 12.3%
Q4: What is the largest European ancestry?
A4: Irish (12.5%)
Dog (Natural sciences)

In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.

Q1: What are conformation shows also known as?
A1: breed shows
Q2: Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?
A2: a judge
Q3: What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?
A3: conformity with their established breed
Q4: What is the only standard judged?
A4: externally observable qualities
Q5: What is another word for "breed shows"?
A5: conformation shows.
Q6: What is the evaluator called in a breed show?
A6: a judge
Q7: The breed standard only is about what?
A7: externally observable qualities
Q8: Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?
A8: health
Wood (Natural sciences)

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

Q1: What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?
A1: tracheids
Q2: Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?
A2: softwood
Q3: What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?
A3: pores
Q4: What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?
A4: oak
Q5: Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?
A5: ash
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

Q1: What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?
A1: system of weeks
Q2: Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?
A2: irregularities
Q3: After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?
A3: uninterrupted
Q4: What was the date of adoption for the calendar?
A4: Friday, 15 October 1582
Q5: What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?
A5: Thursday, 4 October 1582