LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.

Q1: Why did different sects come about within Shiism?
A1: they differed over their Imams' successions
Q2: What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?
A2: Shia - Sunni
Q3: What is the literal meaning of tariqah?
A3: path
Q4: What does each Shia tariqah follow?
A4: its own particular Imam's dynasty
Q5: What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?
A5: The Occultation
John,_King_of_England (History)

Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support. This was particularly important for John, as a way of pressuring the barons but also as a way of controlling Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict. John announced his intent to become a crusader, a move which gave him additional political protection under church law.

Q1: Where did John hold a council in January 1215?
A1: London
Q2: Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?
A2: Poitou
Q3: John announced his intent to become what?
A3: a crusader
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.

Q1: Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
A1: Female
Q2: Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
A2: Eastern Fennoscandia
Q3: When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?
A3: autumn
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of leap-frog migration. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing order.

Q1: What is partial migration?
A1: not all populations may be migratory
Q2: Where is partial migration most common?
A2: the southern continents
Q3: In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
A3: 44%
Q4: In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?
A4: 32%
Q5: What is leap frog migration?
A5: birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

Q1: What does ACL stand for?
A1: access control lists
Q2: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
A2: enforcing privilege separation
Q3: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
A3: the confused deputy problem
Q4: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
A4: capabilities
Q5: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
A5: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws
Armenia (History)

Within each province are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). As of 2007[update], Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community. Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.

Q1: How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?
A1: 915
Q2: How many districts does Yerevan have?
A2: twelve
Q3: Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?
A3: rural
Q4: What is the Armenian term for settlment?
A4: bnakavayr
The_Blitz (History)

Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 – the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam – the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter.

Q1: Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?
A1: UK and France
Q2: The RAF bombed what Germany coast?
A2: Wilhelmshaven
Q3: What kind of leaflets were dropped?
A3: propaganda
Q4: What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?
A4: civilian casualties
Q5: What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?
A5: 1940
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

Q1: What position was held by James Forrestal?
A1: Secretary of Defense
Q2: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?
A2: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Q3: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?
A3: Augusta National Golf Club
Q4: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?
A4: Columbia Associates
Q5: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?
A5: July 1949
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

Q1: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?
A1: Priscillian
Q2: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?
A2: excommunicated
Q3: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?
A3: Catholics
Q4: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?
A4: Cayetano Ripoll
Q5: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?
A5: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter
East_India_Company (History)

Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.

Q1: What was the name of EIC military company?
A1: Addiscombe Military Seminary
Q2: what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army
A2: Subadar-Major
Q3: While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?
A3: seniority
London (Geography and places)

Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country.

Q1: What is the entertainment center of London known as?
A1: the West End
Q2: What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?
A2: giant electronic advertisements
Q3: London's Chinatown district is located in what area?
A3: Soho
Q4: Where is London's West End located geographically?
A4: the City of Westminster
Q5: What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?
A5: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.

Q1: Which language tree groups Dutch with English?
A1: Indo-European
Q2: What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?
A2: Germanic
Q3: In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?
A3: Iron Age
Q4: Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?
A4: Verner's law
Q5: What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?
A5: common ancestor
The_Blitz (History)

Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did not believe that air power alone could be decisive. Contrary to popular belief, the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as "terror bombing". Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942.

Q1: Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?
A1: Luftwaffe
Q2: What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?
A2: terror bombing
Q3: What year did the terror bombing policy become official?
A3: 1942
Detroit (Geography and places)

Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.

Q1: How many major hospitals are in Detroit?
A1: over a dozen
Q2: What is the Detroit VA hospital called?
A2: John D. Dingell
Q3: How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?
A3: 3,000
Q4: How many beds does the DMC have?
A4: 2,000
Q5: Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?
A5: DMC
Cork_(city) (History)

Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which – although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in – protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]

Q1: How many tram systems were in Cork?
A1: two
Q2: Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?
A2: George Francis Train
Q3: When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?
A3: 1872
Q4: Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?
A4: Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line
Q5: Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?
A5: protruded from the road surface
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

Q1: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?
A1: 700
Q2: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?
A2: 325
Q3: How many states in the US have the death penalty?
A3: 32
Q4: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?
A4: Alabama
Q5: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?
A5: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty
Armenians (Geography and places)

Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

Q1: What are Parskahay?
A1: Armenians who originate from Iran
Q2: What are Lipananahay?
A2: Armenians from Lebanon
Q3: What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?
A3: Western
Q4: How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?
A4: considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other
Q5: What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?
A5: Eastern
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Within the past ten years, the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them. Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media: 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens text every day, half (51%) visit social networking sites daily, and 11% send or receive tweets at least once every day. In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens are "heavy" social media users, meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day.

Q1: In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?
A1: greatly increased
Q2: What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?
A2: 73%
Q3: What percentage of teens say they text every day?
A3: 68%
Q4: What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?
A4: 51%
Q5: What ratio of teens are "heavy" social media users, using two types of media daily?
A5: One in four (23%)
Portugal (Geography and places)

Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.

Q1: On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?
A1: 25 July 1139
Q2: Afonso heard Jesus promising what?
A2: victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso
Q3: Why did God want to act through Afonso?
A3: in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
Jews (History)

Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.

Q1: What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities?
A1: An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another
Q2: Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?
A2: religious interpretations
Q3: Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?
A3: culinary preferences
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. During Christ's millennial reign, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium.

Q1: Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?
A1: a "little flock"
Q2: Where will God resurrected the "other sheep" after Armageddon?
A2: a cleansed earth
Q3: Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?
A3: 144,000
Q4: Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?
A4: God
Q5: What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?
A5: their final test at the end of the millennium