LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Q1: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
A1: Cyclone Bebe
Q2: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
A2: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili
Q3: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? 
A3: three
Q4: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
A4: Cyclone Ofa
Q5: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
A5: Cyclone Gavin
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Cyprus (i/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος IPA: [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt and east of Greece.

Q1: What is the official name of Cypus?
A1: Republic of Cyprus
Q2: Where is Cyprus located?
A2: Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Q3: What countries are nearby Cyprus?
A3: Syria and Turkey
Q4: What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?
A4: member state
Q5: Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country? 
A5: island country
Q6: What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean? 
A6: third largest
Q7: Which country is north of Cyprus?
A7: Turkey
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.[citation needed] The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 14 °C (57 °F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of 21–23 °C (70–73 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C (68 °F).

Q1: What type of climate does Cyprus have?
A1: one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean
Q2: In Cyprus, what is the average temperature during the day?
A2: 24 °C (75 °F)
Q3: How long do summers generally last on Cyprus?
A3: eight months
Q4: What month typically marks the end of summer on Cyprus?
A4: November
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German.

Q1: How many official languages does Cyprus have?
A1: two
Q2: What are the two official languages of Cyprus?
A2: Greek and Turkish
Q3: What are the minority languages are spoken in Cyprus?
A3: Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic
Q4: Are there any Western languages spoken in Cyprus?
A4: English
Q5: Are there any Eastern languages spoken in Cyprus?
A5: Russian
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased. Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts.

Q1: What resource is scarce on Cyprus?
A1: water
Q2: What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water?
A2: rain
Q3: When did Cyprus receive enough rainfall to fill up their water reserves?
A3: Between 2001 and 2004
Q4: Why has demand for water increased annually on Cyprus?
A4: local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists
Q5: Why has the water supply shrunk in previous years?
A5: more frequent droughts
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. Even though Turkish Cypriots made up only 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s. Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an "extension of Anatolia" by them; while since the 19th century, the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. In 1963, the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis, the incorporation of Cyprus into Greece. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed, and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established in 1983. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.

Q1: When was Cyprus placed under British administration?
A1: 1878
Q2: What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain?
A2: 1914
Q3: What year was Cyprus granted independence?
A3: 1960
Q4: What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur?
A4: 1963
Q5: How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963? 
A5: 25,000
Botany (Natural sciences)

Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division or cytokinesis. The natural cytokinin zeatin was discovered in corn, Zea mays, and is a derivative of the purine adenine. Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division, bud development, and the greening of chloroplasts. The gibberelins, such as Gibberelic acid are diterpenes synthesised from acetyl CoA via the mevalonate pathway. They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds, in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering. Abscisic acid (ABA) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and other plastids. It inhibits cell division, promotes seed maturation, and dormancy, and promotes stomatal closure. It was so named because it was originally thought to control abscission. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from methionine. It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates fruit ripening and abscission, and it, or the synthetic growth regulator ethephon which is rapidly metabolised to produce ethylene, are used on industrial scale to promote ripening of cotton, pineapples and other climacteric crops.

Q1: What are cytokinins responsible for in plants?
A1: control of cell division
Q2: Where are cytokinins produced?
A2: in roots
Q3: How is bud development determined?
A3: cytokinesis
Q4: How is the height of a plant determined?
A4: gibberelins
Q5: What acid slows or stops cell division?
A5: Abscisic
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible. It is closely related to other West Slavic languages, such as Silesian and Polish. Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, many loanwords (most associated with high culture) have been adopted in recent years.

Q1: What was Czech formerly known as?
A1: Bohemian
Q2: What languages strongly influenced Czech?
A2: Latin and German
Q3: Over how many million people speak Czech?
A3: 10
Q4: What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?
A4: loanwords
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Q1: What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?
A1: constitution
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes, and three more found only in loanwords. They are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/, their long counterparts /aː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /oː/ and /uː/, and three diphthongs, /ou̯/, /au̯/ and /ɛu̯/. The latter two diphthongs and the long /oː/ are exclusive to loanwords. Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed. Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable, except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as English).

Q1: How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?
A1: ten
Q2: Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?
A2: loanwords
Q3: What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?
A3: schwa sounds
Q4: What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?
A4: first syllable
Q5: What is stress unrelated to in Czech?
A5: vowel length
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.

Q1: How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?
A1: hundreds
Q2: When was the Kralice Bible published?
A2: late sixteenth century
Q3: What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?
A3: widespread nationalism
Q4: In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?
A4: Thirty Years' War
Q5: What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?
A5: German
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech distinguishes three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or -ost; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -í, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, dělal (he did, or made); dělala (she did, or made) and dělalo (it did, or made).

Q1: How many genders does Czech distinguish?
A1: three
Q2: What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?
A2: animate and inanimate
Q3: What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?
A3: gender and animacy
Q4: What is the main effect of gender in Czech?
A4: difference in noun and adjective declension
Q5: What does gender also affect in Czech?
A5: past-tense verb endings
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds (in most dialects, i and y have the same sound), and it contains only one digraph: ch, which follows h in the alphabet. As a result, some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages. The characters q, w and x appear only in foreign words. The háček (ˇ) is used with certain letters to form new characters: š, ž, and č, as well as ň, ě, ř, ť, and ď (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (ʼ, an abbreviated háček) because of their height. The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia.

Q1: What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?
A1: Czech
Q2: How many graphemes does Czech have?
A2: thirty-one
Q3: What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?
A3: corresponding sounds in other languages
Q4: What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?
A4: ó
Q5: In Czech, what type of words do the characters "q", "w" and "x" exclusively appear in?
A5: foreign
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla is in the accusative case, the grammatical object (in this case, the victim) of the verb.

Q1: What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?
A1: subject–verb–object
Q2: Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?
A2: topicalization and focus
Q3: What kind of passive construction does Czech have?
A3: periphrastic
Q4: What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?
A4: inverted
Q5: What case is the grammatical object of a verb?
A5: accusative
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pražský hrad, Prague Castle).

Q1: What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?
A1: those of most Latin European languages
Q2: In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?
A2: capitalized
Q3: What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?
A3: punctuation
Q4: What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?
A4: German
Q5: What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?
A5: only the first
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).

Q1: What is the official language of the Czech republic?
A1: Czech
Q2: How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?
A2: since 2004
Q3: What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?
A3: foreign language most often used
Q4: Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?
A4: Jonathan van Parys
Q5: Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?
A5: Germany
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

DC commutating electric motors, if fitted with laminated pole pieces, become universal motors because they can also operate on AC; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor. But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and eddy current losses. Many railways chose low AC frequencies to overcome these problems. They must be converted from utility power by motor-generators or static inverters at the feeding substations or generated at dedicated traction powerstations.

Q1: How can DC motor turn universal?
A1: if fitted with laminated pole pieces
Q2: What problems did AC distribution cause?
A2: inductive reactance and eddy current losses
Q3: How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?
A3: low AC frequencies
Q4: How can low frequencies be obtained?
A4: converted from utility power
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

DC systems (especially third-rail systems) are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and cannot use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide. This may be a factor favouring overhead wires and high-voltage AC, even for urban usage. In practice, the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail cannot be maintained.

Q1: Why DC system can effect the speed of trains?
A1: low voltages
Q2: Can DC systems use low-level platform?
A2: cannot
Q3: Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect?
A3: air-conditioning
Q4: What is the speed limit for third rail system trains?
A4: 160 km/h
Q5: What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains?
A5: contact between the shoe and the rail
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have given stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.

Q1: What kind of pesticide is DDT?
A1: an organochlorine
Q2: Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?
A2: persistence in the environment and human toxicity
Q3: Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?
A3: DDT use is not always effective
Q4: How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?
A4: nineteen
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS.

Q1: What are glass TTYs also known as?
A1: CRTs or terminals
Q2: What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?
A2: RT-11
Q3: When was the introduction of PC DOS?
A3: 1981
Q4: What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?
A4: EBCDIC
Q5: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?
A5: MS-DOS
Gene (Natural sciences)

DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutations. Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted. Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense (change a codon to encode a different amino acid) or nonsense (a premature stop codon). Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication, deletion, rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome. Additionally, the DNA repair mechanisms that normally revert mutations can introduce errors when repairing the physical damage to the molecule is more important than restoring an exact copy, for example when repairing double-strand breaks.:5.4

Q1: What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?
A1: mutations
Q2: What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?
A2: 10−8 per nucleotide per replication
Q3: What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?
A3: 10−3
Q4: What can small mutations be caused by?
A4: DNA replication
Q5: What can larger mutations be caused by?
A5: errors in recombination