LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

After 1800, cotton and tobacco became important export crops. The eastern half of the state, especially the Tidewater region, developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor. Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European-American neighbors, where the social system was looser. By 1810, nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted of free people of color, who numbered slightly more than 10,000. The western areas were dominated by white families, especially Scots-Irish, who operated small subsistence farms. In the early national period, the state became a center of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy, with a strong Whig presence, especially in the West. After Nat Turner's slave uprising in 1831, North Carolina and other southern states reduced the rights of free blacks. In 1835 the legislature withdrew their right to vote.

Q1: After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina?
A1: After 1800
Q2: The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?
A2: eastern
Q3: What region of North Carolina used slave labor and developed a slave society?
A3: the Tidewater region
Q4: Where did free black people migrate to because of the looser social system?
A4: the frontier
Q5: By 1810, what percentage of the free population was black?
A5: 3
History_of_India (History)

After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

Q1: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?
A1: infrastructure
Q2: What new law was created?
A2: Indian Penal Code
Q3: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?
A3: Thomas Babington Macaulay
Q4: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?
A4: late 19th century
Q5: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?
A5: infrastructure
Great_Plains (History)

After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain free farms. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns, and those reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, for example, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out, but by 1970 only 617 were actually operating. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether a town would flourish or struggle for business.

Q1: after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?
A1: 1870
Q2: what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?
A2: bison
Q3: what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?
A3: European farmers
Q4: what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?
A4: packages of land and transportation
Hanover (History)

After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organisations. The Gryszpan's son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, who died shortly afterwards.

Q1: What does the NSDAP stand for?
A1: Nazi party
Q2: After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?
A2: 1937
Q3: How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?
A3: 484
Q4: Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?
A4: Herschel Grynszpan
Q5: Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?
A5: Paris
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the chart's most popular performers.

Q1: What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?
A1: the Hot 100 chart
Q2: In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge?
A2: 1965
Q3: Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?
A3: Bobby Vinton
Q4: Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease?
A4: rock music continued to harden
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint Justinian I and Empress Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest. The mosaics of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe were made around 549. The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of San Michele in Affricisco, executed in 545–547 (largely destroyed; the remains in Berlin).

Q1: When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?
A1: After 539
Q2: When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?
A2: the second half of the 6th century
Q3: What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?
A3: the Byzantine conquest
Q4: When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?
A4: 549
Q5: Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?
A5: Berlin
Han_dynasty (History)

After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.

Q1: Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?
A1: Daoist
Q2: Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?
A2: military officers
Q3: Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?
A3: Cao Pi
Q4: Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?
A4: Xian
Q5: In what year did Emperor Ling die?
A5: 189 AD
Hellenistic_period (History)

After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.

Q1: What is a common Attic-based dialect?
A1: Koine Greek
Q2: Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A2: north-east Africa
Q3: Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?
A3: South Asia
Q4: Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?
A4: South Asia
Q5: Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?
A5: south-west Asia
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.

Q1: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?
A1: After August 2008
Q2: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?
A2: Jeff Kaplan
Q3: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?
A3: November 2010
Napoleon (History)

After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war.

Q1: What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?
A1: the Confederation of the Rhine
Q2: When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?
A2: 1806
Q3: The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?
A3: the Holy Roman Empire
Q4:  Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?
A4: Frederick William III
Q5: What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?
A5: Queen Louise
Nigeria (History)

After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.

Q1: To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?
A1: 1992
Q2: When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?
A2: 12 June 1993
Q3: Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?
A3: Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola
Q4: Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?
A4: weeks
Q5: Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?
A5: Ernest Shonekan
Han_dynasty (History)

After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187–226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.

Q1: Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?
A1: Cao
Q2: Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?
A2: Cao Pi
Q3: What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?
A3: Cao Wei
Q4: Who was in control of the south of China?
A4: Sun Quan
Q5: In what month did Cao Cao die?
A5: March
Hellenistic_period (History)

After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.

Q1: When did Cassander die?
A1: 298 BCE
Q2: When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
A2: 294
Q3: Who captured Demetrius?
A3: Seleucus
Q4: What year was Seleucus killed?
A4: 281 BCE
Q5: At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
A5: Battle of Corupedium
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. Governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke.

Q1: What year was Charles Town founded?
A1: 1670
Q2: How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?
A2: seven years
Q3: What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?
A3: the Grand Model
Q4: Who prepared the plan known as "the Grand Model"?
A4: John Locke
Q5: When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?
A5: 1660
Germans (Language and literature)

After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the "Prussians"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.

Q1: The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?
A1: Ostsiedlung
Q2: What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?
A2: Catholic German Teutonic Knights
Q3: Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?
A3: Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples
Q4: Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?
A4: 17th or early 18th century
Q5: Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?
A5: Karl von Clausewitz
Q6: When was the Prussian language extinct?
A6: 17th or early 18th century
Q7: What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?
A7: were assimilated into German culture
Q8: Who led the German expansion?
A8: the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers
Q9: What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?
A9: Karl von Clausewitz
Q10: What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?
A10: Massive German settlement
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.

Q1: What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?
A1: CALEA
Q2: What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?
A2: CART
Q3: What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?
A3: Internet-related problems
Q4: What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?
A4: US operations
Q5: Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?
A5: FBI increased its electronic surveillance
Gene (Natural sciences)

After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.:18.1

Q1: What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete?
A1: physically separate the two copies of the genome
Q2: What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete?
A2: divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells
Q3: In binary fission, what shape is each genome?
A3: circular
Q4: In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells?
A4: as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm
Q5: Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur?
A5: extremely fast
Hellenistic_period (History)

After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.

Q1: Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?
A1: Apollodotus I
Q2: Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?
A2: Antimachus II
Q3: Who succeeded Antimachus II?
A3: Menander I
Q4: What religion did Menander I convert to?
A4: Buddhism
Q5: What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?
A5: Milinda
Miami (Geography and places)

After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Q1: In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?
A1: 1959
Q2: From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?
A2: Haiti
Q3: What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?
A3: Andrew
Q4: What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?
A4: El Paso, Texas
Q5: Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?
A5: Cuban-American