LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gene (Natural sciences)


A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

Q1: What is a gene?
A1: a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product
Q2: What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?
A2: The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring
Q3: What influence are most biological traits under?
A3: polygenes (many different genes)
Q4: What is one instantly visible genetic trait?
A4: eye colour or number of limbs
Q5: What is one invisible genetic trait?
A5: blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)


In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.

Q1: What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?
A1: Blessed
Q2: What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?
A2: beatus
Q3: How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?
A3: four
Q4: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?
A4: Perpetual virginity of Mary
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)


The method of self-exertion or "self-power"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (安樂), Pure Land (淨土) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.

Q1: What is characterized by the deep truts in the "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha
A1: Pure Land
Q2: What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?
A2: Pure Land
Q3: What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?
A3: Amitabha
Database (Engineering and technology)


XML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems include commercial software MarkLogic and Oracle Berkeley DB XML, and a free use software Clusterpoint Distributed XML/JSON Database. All are enterprise software database platforms and support industry standard ACID-compliant transaction processing with strong database consistency characteristics and high level of database security.

Q1: What kind of database is XML?
A1: structured document-oriented database
Q2: Where are XML databases frequently used?
A2: enterprise database management
Q3: How is XML used in enterprise database management?
A3: machine-to-machine data
Q4: What type of processing is used in enterprise database software?
A4: ACID-compliant transaction processing
Infection (Natural sciences)

 Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

Q1: Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?
A1: relatively few
Q2: Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?
A2: Infectious disease
Q3: What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?
A3: ability of that pathogen to damage the host
Q4: What can a host's immune system do to a host?
A4: cause damage
Q5: What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?
A5: host defenses
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Espínola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading "Free Tibet", and an alternative "human rights torch" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.

Q1: When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?
A1: April 11
Q2: Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?
A2: the Lola Mora amphitheatre
Q3: Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?
A3: Mauricio Macri
Q4: Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?
A4: Buenos Aires
Q5: What place held an opening show for the relay?
A5: Lola Mora amphitheatre
Q6: What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?
A6: Mauricio Macri
Q7: Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?
A7: Carlos Espínola.
Q8: What was showered along the route in some places?
A8: confetti
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

 Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be assumed to be linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation.

Q1: What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?
A1: can be assumed to be linear
Q2: What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?
A2: virtual components
Q3: Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?
A3: The usual methods of network analysis
Q4: What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?
A4: normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used
Q5: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?
A5: temperature dependence
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.

Q1: After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?
A1: May 4
Q2: What actor attended a torch celebration in China?
A2: Jackie Chan
Q3: When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?
A3: May 4
Q4: When was the last time the torch had been in China?
A4: April.
Q5: Who attended the celebrations?
A5: IOC
Q6: Which actor also attended the celebrations?
A6: Jackie Chan.
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a "disgraceful" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal.

Q1: On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?
A1: March 24, 2008
Q2: Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?
A2: Olympia, Greece.
Q3: Who was the first person to carry the torch?
A3: Alexandros Nikolaidis
Q4: Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?
A4: Maria Nafpliotou
Q5: When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?
A5: March 30, 2008
Q6: Where is the location of the original Olympic events?
A6: Olympia, Greece.
Q7: What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?
A7: Maria Nafpliotou
Q8: What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?
A8: silver
Q9: What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?
A9: Alexandros Nikolaidis
Q10: What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?
A10: Nepal.
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.

Q1: When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?
A1: May 2
Q2: Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?
A2: Lee Lai Shan
Q3: Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?
A3: Hong Kong Cultural Centre
Q4: Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?
A4: Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai
Q5: How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?
A5: 120
Q6: When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?
A6: May 2.
Q7: Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?
A7: Donald Tsang
Q8: What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?
A8: a dragon boat
Q9: How many torchbearers carried the torch?
A9: 120
Q10: The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?
A10: pro-Beijing camp politicians.
Internet_service_provider (Engineering and technology)

 ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Q1: What do ISPs provide?
A1: Internet access
Q2: how do isps provide internet access?
A2: a range of technologies to connect users to their network
Q3: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
A3: television cable (CATV)
Q4: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
A4: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)
Q5: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
A5: telephone lines
Pain (Language and literature)

 In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].

Q1: What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? 
A1: 1955
Q2: Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?
A2: John Paul Nafe
Q3: What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?
A3: identical
Q4: What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?
A4: nerve fibers
Q5: Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?
A5: superseded by more modern theories of pain
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

 In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a pure and unspotted virgin", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.

Q1: Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?
A1: the Immaculate Conception
Q2: Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?
A2: John Wesley
Q3: What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?
A3: Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds
Q4: The Methodist movement began in which church?
A4: the Church of England
Q5: Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?
A5: the perpetual virginity of Mary
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)

Q1: When did the torch visit Macao?
A1: May 3
Q2: Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?
A2: Macau Fisherman's Wharf
Q3: How many torchbearers participated in Macao?
A3: 120
Q4: Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?
A4: Leong Hong Man
Q5: A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?
A5: athletes
Q6: When was the torch relay event held in Macao?
A6: May 3
Q7: How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?
A7: 120
Q8: Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?
A8: Leong Hong Man
Q9: Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?
A9: Stanley Ho.
Q10: Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?
A10: Macao Daily News
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: "Free North Korean refugees in China." The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, "Go China, go Olympics!" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were "lynching" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find "every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice." Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.

Q1: Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?
A1: Seoul
Q2: When did Seoul host the Olympics?
A2: 1988 Summer Olympics
Q3: Where was the start point for the relay?
A3: Olympic Park
Q4: Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?
A4: Chinese students
Q5: Where was the relay event held in South Korea?
A5: Seoul
Q6: Which Olympics did Seoul host?
A6: 1988 Summer Olympics
Pain (Language and literature)

 Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet oral liquid moderately reduces the incidence and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.

Q1: What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?
A1: Sugar
Q2: What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?
A2: heart rate
Q3: Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?
A3: pain-related
Q4: A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?
A4: crying
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

 Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.

Q1: Where was the only African destination for the torch?
A1: Dar es Salaam
Q2: When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?
A2: April 13
Q3: Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?
A3: the TAZARA Railway
Q4: Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?
A4: Dar es Salaam
Q5: What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?
A5: TAZARA
Q6: Where did the relay terminate in Africa?
A6: Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
Q7: What country paid for the stadium through aid money?
A7: China
Q8: Who it the torch in Africa?
A8: Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein.