LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
51st_state (Language and literature)

This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

Q1: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?
A1: D.C. Statehood Party
Q2: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?
A2: the local Green Party affiliate
Q3: When did the movement get closest to success?
A3: 1978
Q4: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?
A4: New Columbia
Q5: When did the drive for statehood falter?
A5: 1985
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

Q1: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
A1: 1953
Q2: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
A2: he refused
Q3: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
A3: facilitate relations with Congress
Energy (Natural sciences)

This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between "new" and "old" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics.

Q1: What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?
A1: entropy
Q2: What is entropy?
A2: measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system
Q3: What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?
A3: second law of thermodynamics
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.

Q1: What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?
A1: Cumberland
Q2: What country won the battle at Hanover?
A2: French
Q3: How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?
A3: Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war
Q4: How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?
A4: Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance
Web_browser (Engineering and technology)

This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

Q1: What does URL stand for?
A1: Uniform Resource Locator
Q2: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
A2: The prefix of the URL
Q3: What does http stand for?
A3: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Q4: What does ftp stand for?
A4: File Transfer Protocol
Q5: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
A5: default newsgroup reader
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0  MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H
2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:

Q1: At what pressure does PSA work best in?
A1: high pressures
Q2: What is synthesis gas used for?
A2: production of methanol
Q3: Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?
A3: Hydrocarbons
American_Idol (Music)

This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the "coronation song". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, "This Is My Now", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007.

Q1: In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?
A1: 2007
Q2: What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?
A2: This Is My Now
Q3: How was "This is My Now" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?
A3: public vote
Q4: Which contest started during this season?
A4: American Idol Songwriter contest
Q5: Fans could vote for what during this contest?
A5: coronation song
Q6: Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?
A6: 20
Q7: What song won the contest?
A7: This Is My Now
Q8: When did Sparks release her version of the song?
A8: May 24, 2007
American_Idol (Music)

This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three.

Q1: What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?
A1: Idol Gives Back
Q2: How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?
A2: $76 million
Q3: What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?
A3: Melinda Doolittle
Q4: What was the charity event that occurred this season?
A4: Idol Gives Back
Q5: Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?
A5: Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson
Q6: Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?
A6: Melinda Doolittle
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)−1 = (g−1)N.e[›]

Q1: What is another term for coset multiplication?
A1: coset addition
Q2: What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?
A2: coset multiplication
Q3: What group does the inverse of gN include?
A3: quotient group
Alsace (History)

This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.

Q1: When did the Habsburgs  sell the Sundgau territory to France?
A1: 1646
Q2: How much did France pay for Sundgau?
A2: 1.2 million Thalers
Q3: In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?
A3: the suppression of French Protestantism
Armenia (History)

This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World.

Q1: What does IMF stand for?
A1: International Monetary Fund
Q2: What dos EBRD stand for?
A2: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Q3: What does IFI stand for?
A3: international financial institutions
Q4: How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993?
A4: $1.1 billion
Q5: When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization?
A5: 5 February 2003
Emotion (Natural sciences)

This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.

Q1: What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?
A1: Direction Model
Q2: What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?
A2: Movement Model
Q3: According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?
A3: passive yielding
Q4: Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?
A4: shyness
Cubism (Art and architecture)

This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier’s Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911, and Delaunay's City of Paris, shown at the Indépendants in 1912. These ambitious works are some of the largest paintings in the history of Cubism. Léger’s The Wedding, also shown at the Salon des Indépendants in 1912, gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame, where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force. The conjunction of such subject matter with simultaneity aligns Salon Cubism with early Futurist paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini and Carlo Carrà; themselves made in response to early Cubism.

Q1: What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?
A1: relative motion)
Q2: Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?
A2: Léger
Q3: Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or? 
A3: Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)
Videoconferencing (History)

This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

Q1: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?
A1: telemedicine
Q2: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?
A2: AT&T Corporation
Q3: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?
A3: the 1950s
Q4: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
A4: 6 Mbit/s
Q5: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?
A5: 1 MHz
East_India_Company (History)

This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

Q1: What did the Queen give them for suceeding?
A1: a Royal Charter
Q2: What was the name of the Royal Charter?
A2: Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies
Q3: What did this charter give them?
A3: a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan
Q4: Who led the third voyage?
A4: General William Keeling
Q5: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
A5: Sir James Lancaster
Q6: Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?
A6: Sir Henry Middleton
Q7: What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?
A7: General
Q8: what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?
A8: Merchants of London
Q9: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?
A9: fifteen
John,_King_of_England (History)

This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – "anger and ill-will" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia – royal ill-will. In the Norman period, suffering the king's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket; this ultimately resulted in Becket's death. John now had the additional ability to "cripple his vassals" on a significant scale using his new economic and judicial measures, which made the threat of royal anger all the more serious.

Q1: Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?
A1: Thomas Becket
Q2: What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?
A2: the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons
Q3: John had to additional ability to do what?
A3: cripple his vassals
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.

Q1: How many sub components are there?
A1: four
Q2: What act defines the CAF?
A2: the National Defence Act
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]

Q1: Buddhism arose in what area?
A1: Greater Magadha
Q2: Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?
A2: Rajagrha
Q3: What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?
A3: 2nd or 3rd centuries
Crimean_War (History)

This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.

Q1: Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?
A1: A. W, Kinglake
Q2: What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?
A2: as victims
Q3: Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?
A3: Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart
Near_East (Geography and places)

This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom, their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own. Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers. A dedicated Christian, he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf. He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War. In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire, working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt and the Sudan.

Q1: The Ottomans were portrayed as what?
A1: the slavers
Q2: Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?
A2: Charles George Gordon
Q3: What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?
A3: assignments living among the poor and donating his salary
Q4: When did he win Ottoman confidence?
A4: as a junior officer in the Crimean War
Q5: What did he become in his later career?
A5: a high official in the Ottoman Empire
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches. In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint Creed issued after the visit demonstrated that there are virtually no more[additional citation needed] theological discrepancies between the Coptic and Roman Catholic Churches.

Q1: What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?
A1: Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965
Q2: In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?
A2: 1965
Q3: In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?
A3: Rome
Q4: Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?
A4: Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III
Q5: How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?
A5: three