LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of "pragmaticism". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.

Q1: When did pragmatism arise?
A1: In the late 19th and early 20th century
Q2: Who developed pragmatism?
A2: Charles Sanders Peirce and William James
Q3: Where did Peirce and James meet?
A3: Harvard
Q4: When did Peirce and James meet?
A4: in the 1870s
Q5: What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?
A5: pragmaticism
Somalis (Geography and places)

In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.

Q1: What states supported the Dervish State?
A1: the Ottoman and German empires
Q2: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
A2: 1920
Q3: What was the capital of the Dervish State?
A3: Taleex
Q4: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
A4: 1927
Q5: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
A5: 1941
Emotion (Natural sciences)

In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Q1: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?
A1: Carl Lange
Q2: What was William James' nationality?
A2: American
Q3: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
A3: Danish
Q4: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
A4: the James–Lange theory
Q5: In what year did Lange die?
A5: 1900
Multiracial_American (History)

In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

Q1: Who was a doctor?
A1: Charles Eastman
Q2: Who was the doctor related to?
A2: Seth Eastman
Q3: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
A3: Sioux woman
Q4: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
A4: three European-American middle-class female teachers
Q5: What tribe was Eastman related to?
A5: Sioux
Architecture (Art and architecture)

In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

Q1: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
A1: late 20th century
Q2: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
A2: sustainability
Q3: To what should a building be friendly?
A3: environment
Q4: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
A4: non-sustainable power sources
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.

Q1: What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?
A1: Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852)
Q2: What did the exercises lead to?
A2: to what is considered modern gymnastics
Q3: Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?
A3: Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano
Q4: What did Jahn promote the use of?
A4: parallel bars, rings and high bar
Raleigh,_North_Carolina (Geography and places)

In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992.

Q1: When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?
A1: 1898
Q2: What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?
A2: 2nd
Q3: What happened in 1900?
A3: the state legislature passed a new constitution
Q4: When did blacks lose the right to vote?
A4: 1908
Q5: When did black regain the right to vote?
A5: mid-1960s
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the "effectual truth" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said, "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

Q1: When was da Vinci born?
A1: 1452
Q2: When did da Vinci die?
A2: 1519
Q3: What did renaissance writers question?
A3: the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition
Q4: Who did Machiavelli disdain?
A4: writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals
Q5: What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?
A5: abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo (the cargo manager of a trading ship) would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island. From 1900 the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu declined and the last of the palagi traders were Fred Whibley on Niutao, Alfred Restieaux on Nukufetau, and Martin Kleis on Nui. By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies, although both Whibley and Restieaux remained in the islands until their deaths.

Q1: What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?
A1: structural changes
Q2: What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?
A2: resident
Q3: How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?
A3: deal directly
Q4: By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?
A4: 1909
Q5: What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?
A5: supercargo
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the "drunken" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to "new life".

Q1: What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?
A1: Christian
Q2: What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?
A2: Tombs
Q3: What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?
A3: alms of food
Q4: When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?
A4: AD 567
Q5: How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?
A5: ritual pollution
History_of_India (History)

In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Q1: By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?
A1: later Vedic Age
Q2: How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?
A2: sixteen monarchies
Q3: What were the sixteen kingdoms called?
A3: Mahajanapadas
Q4: What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?
A4: urbanism
Q5: What was the first major urbanization in India?
A5: Indus Valley Civilisation
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'.

Q1: When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?
A1: the latter half of his career
Q2: What did Hayek want society to function around?
A2: a market order
Q3: What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?
A3: to enforce the legal order
Q4: What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?
A4: would be self-regulating
Q5: What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?
A5: good men
London (Geography and places)

In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in 2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.

Q1: What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?
A1: depictions of figures from British history
Q2: London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?
A2: The Tate Gallery
Q3: What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?
A3: Albertopolis
Q4: What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?
A4: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts)
Q5: What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?
A5: as an annexe of the National Gallery
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Q1: Thomas Edison is credited with?
A1: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory
Q2: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
A2: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network
Q3: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
A3: 110 volts
Q4: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
A4: fifty-nine
Q5: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
A5: lower Manhattan
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In the lead up to the Iraq War, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; "I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security." Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying "Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real." Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: "Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard."

Q1: When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War?
A1: October 9, 2002
Q2: When did Bush declare the Iraq war?
A2: 2003
Q3: Who did Kerry say we should disarm?
A3: Saddam Hussein
Q4: When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?
A4: January 23, 2003
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

Q1: What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?
A1: fled
Q2: Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?
A2: "Give us Athanasius!"
Q3: Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?
A3: The Bishops had nothing better
Q4: When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius? 
A4: on his death-bed
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

Q1: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?
A1: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation
Q2: Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?
A2: Electronic Arts
Q3: Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?
A3: first-party games
Q4: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?
A4: post-SNES era
Presbyterianism (History)

In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards. Hence there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it. The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846. Presbyterians participated in the mergers that resulted in the Church of North India and the Church of South India.Sohra

Q1: What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?
A1: 1894
Q2: Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of  missionaries that  ventured into east india?
A2: Welsh Presbyterians
Q3: Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?
A3: Sohra
Somalis (Geography and places)

In the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments. Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing.

Q1: Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
A1: Mohamed Deq Abdulle
Q2: What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
A2: silver
Q3: Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?
A3: Tongeren
Q4: Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?
A4: K1
Madrasa (Language and literature)

In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.

Q1: When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?
A1: 10th century
Q2: What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?
A2: maktab
Q3: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?
A3: Ibn Sīnā
Q4: What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?
A4: classes
Q5: How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?
A5: two