LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Madrasa (Language and literature)

As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. It should also be noted that many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the 6th century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madaris. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:

Q1: When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?
A1: 11th and 12th centuries
Q2: Where are madaris considered less desirable?
A2: Western Islamic lands
Q3: When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?
A3: 1947
Q4: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?
A4: the donor
Q5: What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?
A5: economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

As Pioneer introduced Digital Audio to LaserDisc in 1985, they further refined the CAA format. CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds, reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio. Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future). By 1987, Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60, allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds. Pioneer further refined CAA, offering CAA45, encoding 45 minutes of material, but filling the entire playback surface of the side. Used on only a handful of titles, CAA65 offered 65 minutes 5 seconds of playback time per side. There are a handful of titles pressed by Technidisc that used CAA50. The final variant of CAA is CAA70, which could accommodate 70 minutes of playback time per side. There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market.

Q1: What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?
A1: 55 minutes 5 seconds
Q2: Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?
A2: due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc
Q3: What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?
A3: 60 minutes 5 seconds
Q4: How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?
A4: There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market
Space_Race (History)

As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.

Q1: What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?
A1: Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities
Q2: Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?
A2: Gemini and Apollo
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]

Q1: Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?
A1: Pius XII
Q2: What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?
A2: refugees
Q3: How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?
A3: 15,000
Q4: What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?
A4: Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza
Q5: What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?
A5: Church Asylum
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed.

Q1: What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?
A1: Arabian Nights
Q2: What actress starred in Arabian Nights?
A2: Maria Montez
Q3: Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?
A3: Claude Rains
Q4: When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?
A4: 1925
Q5: In what year was Arabian Nights produced?
A5: 1942
Middle_Ages (History)

As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort—the Theodosian Code—was completed in 438. Under Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565), another compilation took place—the Corpus Juris Civilis. Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, under Belisarius (d. 565). The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. At the emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the Muslim conquests, but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire, which made raising troops difficult.

Q1: In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?
A1: 7th
Q2: In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?
A2: 5th
Q3: Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?
A3: the Balkans
Q4: What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?
A4: 438
Q5: Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?
A5: Justinian
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.

Q1: What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?
A1: Africa
Q2: In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?
A2: 1962
Q3: How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?
A3: fifteen
Q4: In what year did Montini visit the United States?
A4: 1960
Q5: Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?
A5: Engelberg Abbey
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor.

Q1: What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?
A1: 2011
Q2: What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?
A2: Republican
Q3: What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?
A3: Gray Davis
Q4: What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?
A4: January 5, 2007
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.

Q1: To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?
A1: United States
Q2: What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?
A2: Southern Gothic novel
Q3: Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?
A3: racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
Q4: Which region of America was the novel set in?
A4: Deep South
Q5: What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?
A5: racial epithets
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting." However, his official website biography claims: "At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career." During a speech in 2001, he said, "My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school." Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: "As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve." In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. "It would make me sick to miss a workout... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it." When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied: "I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie."

Q1: What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?
A1: soccer
Q2: Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?
A2: John Wayne
Q3: What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?
A3: police officer
Q4: Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?
A4: Steve Reeves
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

As a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. "It isn't something I enjoy admitting," he once said, "but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents' Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times." Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying: "In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. Two bloody noses. It was horrible."

Q1: When did Steven Spielberg have trouble dealing with being an Orthodox Jew?
A1: As a child
Q2: How did Steven Spielberg feel about being an Orhtodox Jew?
A2: embarrassed
Q3: What kind of prejudice did Spielberg have to deal with in High school?
A3: anti-Semitic
Q4: How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in High School?
A4: Two
Q5: At what age was Spielberg embarrassed by his family being Jewish?
A5: seven, eight, nine years old
Q6: What was Spielberg bullied because of?
A6: anti-Semitic prejudice
Q7: How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in high school?
A7: Two
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

As a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill, the scene of many forays. Young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. He was told wheat had to be dehusked through a laborious process and at the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation and used steadily for a number of years. In return, John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to "invent".

Q1: What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?
A1: botanical specimens
Q2: Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?
A2: Ben Herdman
Q3: What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?
A3: flour
Q4: Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?
A4: rotating paddles
Q5: What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?
A5: small workshop
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:

Q1: What languages share a similar situation?
A1: Nuristani languages
Q2: What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?
A2: *ćw and *dźw
Q3: What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?
A3: consonant clusters
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

Q1: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?
A1: left ventricular aneurysm
Q2: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?
A2: cabinet meeting
Q3: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?
A3: right hand
Q4: What is Crohn's disease?
A4: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine
Q5: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?
A5: bowel obstruction
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt, as reflected by the rise of the country's borrowing rates (although their slow rise – the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7% in April 2010 – coinciding with a large number of negative articles, has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis). In order to avert a default (as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets), in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a "rescue package" which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in bail-out loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion. In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF.

Q1: What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?
A1: sovereign debt
Q2: What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?
A2: rise of the country's borrowing rates
Q3: How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?
A3: €45 billion in bail-out loans
Q4: What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?
A4: €110 billion
Q5: What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?
A5: the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.

Q1: Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
A1: 50,000 years ago
Q2: Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
A2: kinship, gender and marriage
Q3: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?
A3: technology, architecture and art
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.

Q1: When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?
A1: 2013
Q2: Who is the current head of BBC Television?
A2: Danny Cohen
Q3: What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?
A3: commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg—working as a postdoc at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston ("JJ") of AT&T-Bell Labs—with the Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society (in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute).

Q1: What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?
A1: doctoral
Q2: When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?
A2: early 1980s
Q3: Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?
A3: Erlangen-Nuremberg
Q4: Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?
A4: Fraunhofer Society
Q5: When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?
A5: 1993