LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Philadelphia (History)

These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street, and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools, and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. In the latter half of the century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe and Italy; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city. Between 1880 and 1930, the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559. Twentieth-century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities.

Q1: Who carried out the first strike in North America?
A1: immigrants
Q2: When did the strike take place?
A2: 1835
Q3: What did the strikers achieve?
A3: ten-hour workday
Q4: Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?
A4: the Great Famine
Q5: When did the black population explode?
A5: Between 1880 and 1930
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments.

Q1: Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?
A1: MBS
Q2: What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?
A2: slowing economic activity
Q3: Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?
A3: central banks
Q4: Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?
A4: Governments
Q5: What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?
A5: large loan defaults or MBS losses
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Q1: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
A1: 1995
Q2: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?
A2: marked Israel as not having DST
Q3: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
A3: twice a year
Q4: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
A4: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law
Q5: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
A5: the Gregorian calendar
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are still widely used in high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available, the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos.

Q1: What was the original purpose for pancake motors?
A1: drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives
Q2: What are advantages of pancake motors?
A2: minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance
Q3: For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?
A3: high temperature
Q4: What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?
A4: high-performance
Association_football (History)

These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

Q1: What year did the Football Association form?
A1: 1863
Q2: At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?
A2: Freemasons' Tavern
Q3: What year did the Rugby Football Union form?
A3: 1871
Q4: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?
A4: eleven
Q5: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?
A5: The Sheffield FA
Black_people (Language and literature)

These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.

Q1: What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?
A1: all African-descended people
Q2: What does this aim to stimulate?
A2: a "black" consciousness and identity.
Q3: What does the term "pardo" include?
A3: a wide range of multiracial people
Q4: What does caboclos mean?
A4: mestizos
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

These processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste. Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they find themselves.

Q1: What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?
A1: the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury
Q2: What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?
A2: ethanol
Q3: How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?
A3: can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors
Wood (Natural sciences)

These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.

Q1: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?
A1: wood structural panels
Q2: What's another word for glued laminated timber?
A2: glulam
Q3: What does LVL stand for?
A3: laminated veneer lumber
Q4: If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?
A4: plywood
Q5: About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?
A5: 100 million
Ottoman_Empire (History)

These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.

Q1: Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?
A1: French models
Q2: How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?
A2: three
Q3: What was the new Ottoman court system known as?
A3: Nizamiye
Q4: What code regulated marriage?
A4: the Mecelle
Near_East (Geography and places)

These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire.

Q1: These regions were occupied by who?
A1: the brown men
Q2: Where where the yellow?
A2: the Far East
Q3: Where were the black?
A3: Africa
Q4: When did Kenya become independent?
A4: 1963
Q5: The color issue was not settled until when?
A5: Kenya became independent
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space, but only as parts in a larger whole. While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs. In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals, to suggest a passage to and fro a busy battlefield. The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order, and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy.

Q1: Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?
A1: The artists
Q2: What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?
A2: These representations
Q3: While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?
A3: the general sequence to which it belongs
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

Q1: What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?
A1: economic development
Q2: What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?
A2: economic reforms
Q3: What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?
A3: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world
Q4: What do international actions do according to these scholars?
A4: increase child labour
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

Q1: What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?
A1: nutritional information
Q2: The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?
A2: food
Q3: What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?
A3: healthful foods
Q4: What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?
A4: socioeconomic
Q5: Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?
A5: low levels of education
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.

Q1: What do these studies suggest?
A1: that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns
Q2: How is this reflected in the studies?
A2: in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.
Q3: What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?
A3: attractions, behavior, identity
Q4: What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?
A4: physical component of attractions
Q5: What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?
A5: emotional attachment
Mandolin (Music)

These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.

Q1: What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? 
A1: two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)
Q2: Where are the soundholes located?
A2: directly under the strings
Q3: What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?
A3: Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins
Q4: What style is associate with other types of music?
A4: A-style
Q5: Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?
A5: complicated woodwork
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90° clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as

Q1: What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? 
A1: functions
Q2:  What gives another symmetry function?
A2: Composing two of these symmetry functions
Q3: What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?
A3: the dihedral group
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Q1: What are the Paisos Catalans
A1: Catalan Countries
Q2: What is that determination based on?
A2: cultural affinity and common heritage
Q3: What status does Catalan Countries have?
A3: no official status
Q4: What is the interpretation of the term?
A4: Various interpretations
Q5: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
A5: Països Catalans
Political_philosophy (History)

These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of "state" and "government." It was decided that "state" would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.

Q1: What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? 
A1: state
Q2: What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?
A2: government
Q3: Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?
A3: the physical world
Middle_Ages (History)

These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields. Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food, both of which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, manifested by the foundation of new charities, the self-mortification of the flagellants, and the scapegoating of Jews. Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages.

Q1: When did the Black Death start?
A1: 1347
Q2: How many million people died from the Black Death?
A2: 35
Q3: What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?
A3: the jacquerie
Q4: What English popular revolt took place during this period?
A4: the Peasants' Revolt
Q5: What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?
A5: Florence
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files. Torrent files don't contain copyrighted content, but they may make reference to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of magnet links, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.

Q1: What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?
A1: host or transmit infringing content
Q2: What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?
A2: BitTorrent
Q3: What do Torrent files NOT contain?
A3: copyrighted content
Q4: What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?
A4: The Pirate Bay