LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.

Q1: What is the most common reason for software failure?
A1: compatibility with other application software
Q2: What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?
A2: lack of backward compatibility
Q3: What is the most common cause for software failure?
A3: lack of its compatibility with other application software
Q4: What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?
A4: a lack of backward compatibility
Q5: What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?
A5: test software only on the latest version of the target environment
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.

Q1: Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?
A1: the Supreme Court
Emotion (Natural sciences)

A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.

Q1: Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?
A1: fear
Q2: Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
A2: changes in pulse rate
Q3: Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
A3: baring teeth
Q4: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
A4: Jonathan Turner
Q5: How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?
A5: four
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.

Q1: What characters are often non-standard?
A1: polysyllabic
Q2: What is a commonly seen example?
A2: double happiness symbol
Q3: What is formed as a ligature?
A3: double happiness symbol
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature.

Q1: What does the communicator do?
A1: reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings
Q2: What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?
A2: AC
Q3: Where do brushes get their power?
A3: external
Q4: What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?
A4: rotating
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors.

Q1: What would a rotor do without current reversal?
A1: brake to a stop
Q2: What switches the input of most DC motors?
A2: commutator
Q3: From where is current to the motor supplied?
A3: stationary brushes
Q4: What two motor types are ascendant today?
A4: externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]

Q1: What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?
A1: comprehensive school
Q2: What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?
A2: selective school system
Q3: What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?
A3: England and Wales
Q4: How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?
A4: 90%
Q5: What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?
A5: Gesamtschule
Computer (Engineering and technology)

A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

Q1: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?
A1: a computer
Computer (Engineering and technology)

A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Q1: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
A1: artificial intelligence
Computer (Engineering and technology)

A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595." The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.

Q1: How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?
A1: a single number
Q2: What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?
A2: the software's
Botany (Natural sciences)

A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million base pairs of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among flowering plants. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally.

Q1: What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?
A1: Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana
Q2: In what year was this genome sequenced?
A2: 2000
Q3: Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?
A3: one of the smallest genomes
Q4: Why is sequencing done on plants?
A4: understanding the genetics
Q5: What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?
A5: new knowledge about plant function
The_Blitz (History)

A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It was evoked by both the right and left political factions in Britain during the Falklands War when it was embedded in a nostalgic narrative in which the Second World War represented aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. This imagery of people in the Blitz was and is powerfully portrayed in film, radio, newspapers and magazines. At the time it was a useful propaganda tool for home and foreign consumption. Historians' critical response to this construction focused on what were seen as over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. In the Myth of the Blitz, Calder exposed some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours. What he saw as the myth—serene national unity—became "historical truth". In particular, class division was most evident.

Q1: What view became popular of the British people in WWII?
A1: people locked in national solidarity.
Q2: When did this popular view come to be?
A2: in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991).
Q3: Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?
A3: aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy.
Q4: What was the Historians' critical response to this view?
A4: over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity.
Q5: What did Calder try to expose in his book?
A5: some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]

Q1: A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?
A1: insight
Q2: Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?
A2: Rupa Jhanas
Q3: Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?
A3: Majjhima Nikaya
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

Q1: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?
A1: economic and social problems
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

A count may be started at any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. This often results in pins that can easily be kicked out of, if the defensive wrestler is even slightly conscious. For example, an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent, or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.

Q1: At what point can a count be started? 
A1: any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler.
Q2: What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? 
A2: a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.
Q3: What might a partially conscious wrestler do? 
A3: wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

A countout (alternatively "count-out" or "count out") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will "milk" the count by sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out. As they were technically inside the ring for a split second before exiting again, it is sufficient to restart the count. This is often referred to by commentators as "breaking the count." Heels often use this tactic in order to buy themselves more time to catch their breath, or to attempt to frustrate their babyface opponents.

Q1: What are a couple other ways to write countout?
A1: "count-out" or "count out"
Q2: What happens during a countout?
A2: when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten
Q3: What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? 
A3: sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out
Q4: What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?
A4: breaking the count.
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to The Guardian, Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while The New York Times labelled him "Dr. Doom".

Q1: Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?
A1: BusinessWeek
Q2: The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?
A2: Great Depression
Q3: Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?
A3: The Wharton School
Q4: Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?
A4: Nouriel Roubini
Q5: What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?
A5: "Dr. Doom"
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October. Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the "whole hog" is cooked, thus integrating both white and dark meat.

Q1: What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?
A1: pork barbecue
Q2: What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?
A2: Boston butt
Q3: What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?
A3: pork shoulder
Q4: What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?
A4: Lexington barbecue
Q5: How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?
A5: over 100,000
Database (Engineering and technology)

A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

Q1: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
A1: ano
Q2: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?
A2: primarily economical
Q3: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?
A3: database related application
Q4: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?
A4: conceptual and external architectural levels
Q5: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?
A5: vendor provides tools
Database (Engineering and technology)

A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'.

Q1: What does DBMS stand for?
A1: database management system
Q2: What is the purpose of a DBMS?
A2: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases
Q3: How are DBMSs classified?
A3: according to the database model that they support
Q4: What is the most popular DBMS?
A4: SQL language
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

Q1: How many members were in the National Assembly?
A1: 600
Q2: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
A2: 400
Q3: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
A3: Khrushchev
Q4: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
A4: Communist Party
Q5: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
A5: Boghdadi and Amer