LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).

Q1: What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?
A1: fifteen shillings
Q2: How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?
A2: 1250 copies
Q3: Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?
A3: Murray's autumn sale
Q4: How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?
A4: six editions
Q5: Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?
A5: Mudie's Library
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.

Q1: When was the Origin of Species published?
A1: 24 November 1859
Q2: Who wrote The Origin of Species?
A2: Charles Darwin
Q3: What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?
A3: evolutionary biology
Q4: What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?
A4: Beagle expedition
Q5: How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?
A5: through a process of natural selection
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

On the afternoon of Gaddafi's death, NTC Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril publicly revealed the news. Gaddafi's corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert; Al Aan TV showed amateur video footage of the funeral. Seeking vengeance for the killing, Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi, Omran Shaaban, near Bani Walid in September 2012.

Q1: Who was the prime minister of the NTC?
A1: Mahmoud Jibril
Q2: For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?
A2: four
Q3: Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?
A3: Omran Shaaban
Q4: Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?
A4: Bani Walid
Q5: On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?
A5: 25 October
Intellectual_property (History)

On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time".

Q1: Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?
A1: copyright
Q2: What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?
A2: the printing press
Q3: What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?
A3: copyright
Q4: What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?
A4: property rights and free speech
Q5: Who pointed out that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time"?
A5: Stallman
Armenia (History)

On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine.

Q1: Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?
A1: Mkhitar Heratsi
Q2: When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?
A2: 1980
Q3: When was the Medical Institute formed?
A3: 1930
Q4: When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?
A4: 1995
Q5: Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?
A5: Mkhitar Heratsi
George_VI (History)

On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

Q1: What is the Oireachtas?
A1: the parliament of the Irish Free State
Q2: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?
A2: all direct mention of the monarch
Q3: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?
A3: External Relations Act
Q4: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?
A4: day of the abdication
Architecture (Art and architecture)

On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

Q1: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
A1: 20th-century
Q2: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 
A2: Le Corbusier
Q3: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
A3: Architect
Q4: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
A4: 20th-century
Q5: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
A5: heart
Q6: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
A6: I am happy
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. He was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched the Interstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.

Q1: Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?
A1: McCarthyism
Q2: What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?
A2: executive privilege
Q3: Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?
A3: Nixon
Q4: What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?
A4: moderate
Q5: What does DARPA stand for?
A5: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Montevideo (Geography and places)

On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts. On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday. On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children. An area to its west is used as an open-air exhibition of photography. West of the park, across the coastal avenue Rambla Presidente Wilson, stretches Ramirez Beach. Directly west of the main park are, and belonging to Parque Rodó barrio, is the former Parque Hotel, now called Edifício Mercosur, seat of the parliament of the members countries of the Mercosur. During the guerilla war the Tupamaros frequently attacked buildings in this area, including the old hotel.

Q1: What is on the east side of the park?
A1: the National Museum of Visual Arts
Q2: What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?
A2: a very popular street market
Q3: What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?
A3: north side
Q4: What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?
A4: a municipal library
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

Q1: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
A1: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them
Q2: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?
A2: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons
Q3: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
A3: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania
Q4: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
A4: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.
Q5: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?
A5: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
Federal_Aviation_Administration (History)

On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports.

Q1: When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?
A1: World War II
Q2: What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?
A2: radar
Q3: When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?
A3: 1946
Q4: What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?
A4: civil airports
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.

Q1: When was a coup d'etat staged?
A1: 12 April 2012
Q2: Who staged the coup d'etat?
A2: members of the country's military
Q3: Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?
A3: Mamadu Ture Kuruma
Q4: Who did Kuruma negotiate with?
A4: opposition parties
Q5: What was Kuruma's former position?
A5: vice chief of staff
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: 爱的奉献; traditional Chinese: 愛的奉獻), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled "Promise"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme 让爱川流不息 to raise funds for the victims.

Q1: What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?
A1: four-hour program called The Giving of Love
Q2: Who was the show hosted by?
A2: Bai Yansong
Q3: How large were the donations from the program?
A3: Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan
Q4: How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?
A4: $1.57 million
Q5: What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?
A5: Promise
Q6: What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?
A6: The Giving of Love
Q7: What did the donations total for the program?
A7: US$208 million
Q8: What company gave the most?
A8: CCTV
Q9: How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?
A9: 1.57 million
Q10: What was the name of Chan's music video?
A10: Promise
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

On the exterior, the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated. The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.

Q1: What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction? 
A1: the towers and spires
Q2: What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?
A2: The roofline
Q3: What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?
A3: gable ends
Q4: Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?
A4: Milan Cathedral
Q5: What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?
A5: buttresses
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a "direct snap" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:

Q1: How many players does each side field in an American football game?
A1: 11
Q2: What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?
A2: offence
Q3: What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?
A3: the snap
Q4: Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?
A4: quarterback or punter
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Q1: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
A1: red arrows
Q2: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
A2: green arrows
Q3: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
A3: Blue dash
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.

Q1: What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?
A1: attached shafts
Q2: Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?
A2: the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces
Q3: What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?
A3: a strongly unifying feature
Q4: What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?
A4: horizontal divisions of the interior structure
Mandolin (Music)

On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.

Q1: What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? 
A1: island of Crete
Q2: When did the mandolin appears on Crete?
A2: around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.
Q3: What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?
A3: mantola
Q4: Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria? 
A4: Stelios Foustalierakis
Q5: The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? 
A5: woman
War_on_Terror (History)

On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell – intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.

Q1: How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?
A1: 19
Q2: How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?
A2: four
Q3: Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?
A3: California
Q4: Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?
A4: Hamburg
Q5: How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?
A5: within two hours
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

Q1: How old was Eisenhower when he died?
A1: 78
Q2: At what facility did Eisenhower die?
A2: Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Q3: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?
A3: congestive heart failure
Q4: What was Eisenhower's date of death?
A4: March 28, 1969
Q5: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?
A5: Episcopal