LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mandolin (Music)

The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a "fad" instrument in the early 20th century. This "mandolin craze" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.

Q1: What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?  
A1: violin
Q2: Where was the mandolin primarily used? 
A2: classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras
Q3: When was the mandolin considered a fad?
A3: early 20th century
Q4: Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? 
A4: Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri
Q5: When did the mandolin craze end?
A5: 1930s
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

Q1: What was the Interwar period marked by?
A1: radical change in the international order
Q2: What institution was meant to bring stability?
A2: the League of Nations
Q3: When was The League of Nations created?
A3: after the First World War
Q4: Who undermined  The League Of Nations?
A4: bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States
Q5: What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?
A5: leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus followed; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC. Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia. Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri. The military-political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma (identified with Roman Bellona, the Egyptian mystery-goddess Isis and Persian Mithras.)

Q1: What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?
A1: Magna Mater
Q2: What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?
A2: Bacchus
Q3: In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?
A3: 186 BC
Q4: In what year was Diana  brought into the pomerium?
A4: 179 BC
Q5: What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?
A5: Mars
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.

Q1: What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?
A1: the denominational basis of the schools
Q2: What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?
A2: Community colleges
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems.

Q1: Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?
A1: guided missile
Q2: Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?
A2: Germany
Q3: What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?
A3: the Nike Ajax missile
Q4: The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?
A4: the larger anti-aircraft guns
Q5: The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?
A5: SA-2 Guideline systems
Middle_Ages (History)

The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on, but distinct from, Latin, collectively known as Romance languages. These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries. Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe.

Q1: People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?
A1: Slavic
Q2: In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?
A2: north-east
Q3: What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?
A3: Romance languages
Q4: What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?
A4: Greek
Q5: What languages were spoken by the Slavs?
A5: Slavonic
Brain (Natural sciences)

The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience. The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise, as for example in John von Neumann's 1958 book, The Computer and the Brain. Over the years, though, accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism.

Q1: Computers were invented in what decade in history?
A1: 1940s
Q2: Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?
A2: cybernetics
Q3: Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?
A3: John von Neumann's
Q4: When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?
A4: 1958
Paris (Geography and places)

The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha.

Q1: In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?
A1: 1825
Q2: Who invented the first permanent photograph?
A2: Nicéphore Niépce
Q3: What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?
A3: street scenes
Q4: Who was knows for photographing night scenes?
A4: Marcel Bovis
Q5: When did poster art become an important art form?
A5: late nineteenth century
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Q1: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?
A1: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007
Q2: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?
A2: the spectrum and structure of the signals
Q3: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?
A3: researchers from Stanford University
Q4: Who built the COMPASS receiver?
A4: a group of engineers at Septentrio
Q5: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?
A5: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.

Q1: What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?
A1: arid
Q2: How many hectares does the island have in total?
A2: 2,500
Q3: How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?
A3: 1000 mm
Q4: When does summer end in St. Barts?
A4: November
Q5: What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?
A5: 13 °C
Bermuda (History)

The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.

Q1: When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?
A1: 20th century, especially after the Second World War.
Q2: Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?
A2: Britain
Q3: According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?
A3: Bermudian
Q4: Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?
A4: Portuguese
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods.

Q1: What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?
A1: monocrop
Q2: What year did the crop economy change?
A2: 1966
Q3: What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?
A3: flax
Q4: Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?
A4: aid from the British government
Q5: How much % of production does the public sector cover?
A5: 50%
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.

Q1: How many local newspapers does the island have?
A1: two
Q2: Where are both newspapers available?
A2: the Internet
Q3: Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?
A3: November 2005
Q4: When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?
A4: 2012
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

Q1: What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?
A1: immigration
Q2: When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?
A2: 2012
Q3: What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?
A3: an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens
Q4: What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? 
A4: pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme
Q5: When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?
A5: 1 July 2016
Guam (Geography and places)

The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3⁄4 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally affect Guam.

Q1: How many miles is Guam across?
A1: 30 miles
Q2: What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?
A2: earthquakes
Q3: Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?
A3: volcanic smog
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.

Q1: How many square miles is Saint Helena?
A1: 47
Q2: What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?
A2: volcanic
Q3: How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?
A3: 2,684
Q4: What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?
A4: 1996
Q5: What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?
A5: Millennium Forest project
Bermuda (History)

The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.

Q1: What is the capital of Bermuda?
A1: St. George's
Q2: What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?
A2: Somers Isles Company
Q3: In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?
A3: 1707
Q4: What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?
A4: the Somers Isles Company
Q5: In what year did the islands become a British colony?
A5: 1707
Q6: What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?
A6: Newfoundland became part of Canada
Q7: What was Bermuda's first capital?
A7: St. George
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.

Q1: When was the island discovered?
A1: 1502
Q2: How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?
A2: more than 5,000
Q3: Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?
A3: leading a Zulu army against British rule
Cyprus (Geography and places)

The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate.

Q1: The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country?
A1: Britain
Q2: What years was the Famagusta harbour completed?
A2: 1906
Q3: Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?
A3: Suez Canal
Q4: Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?
A4: Central Powers
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m (−9.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m (4,406 ft). Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km2).[citation needed] The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is Loch Lomond at 27.5 square miles (71 km2), and Loch Ness, by volume whilst Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft). There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).[citation needed] The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain. The isles have a temperate marine climate. The North Atlantic Drift ("Gulf Stream") which flows from the Gulf of Mexico brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes. Winters are cool and wet, with summers mild and also wet. Most Atlantic depressions pass to the north of the islands, combined with the general westerly circulation and interactions with the landmass, this imposes an east-west variation in climate.

Q1: What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?
A1: Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m
Q2: Where is the highest point in the British Isles?
A2: Ben Nevis
Q3: Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?
A3: Wales and parts of Ireland
Q4: What is the longest river in Ireland?
A4: the Shannon
Q5: What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?
A5: mild and also wet