LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Database (Engineering and technology)

The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relations between data to be relations to objects and their attributes and not to individual fields. The term "object-relational impedance mismatch" described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables. Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL. On the programming side, libraries known as object-relational mappings (ORMs) attempt to solve the same problem.

Q1: In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?
A1: object-oriented
Q2: What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?
A2: object-relational impedance mismatch
Q3: How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?
A3: object-oriented language
Q4: What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch?
A4: object-relational mappings (ORMs)
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces:

Q1: In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?
A1: 1998
Q2: What paper was published in 2003?
A2: Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper
Q3: Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?
A3: British Armed Forces
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records stated: "No female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world". In 1999 Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project, citing "creative differences" with director Wes Craven. She recorded the single "Beautiful Stranger" for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. It reached number 19 on the Hot 100 solely on radio airplay. Madonna won a Grammy Award for "Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media".

Q1: Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna?
A1: 1998
Q2: Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director?
A2: Music of the Heart
Q3: Who was the director of Music of the Heart?
A3: Wes Craven
Q4: Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for?
A4: Beautiful Stranger
Q5: Which award did Madonna win for the single "Beautiful Stranger?"
A5: Grammy Award
Red (Natural sciences)

The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Q1: In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?
A1: 19th
Q2: Who painted the Night Cafe?
A2: Vincent van Gogh
Q3: In what year was The Night Cafe painted?
A3: 1888
Q4: What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?
A4: Theo
Q5: What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?
A5: red and green reinforced each other
Translation (Language and literature)

The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.

Q1: What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?
A1: accuracy and style
Q2: Who observed that the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text"?
A2: J.M. Cohen
Q3: What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed "whole" text?
A3: bawdy
Q4: What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?
A4: that they were reading a foreign classic
Q5: How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?
A5: by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes
Architecture (Art and architecture)

The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

Q1: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
A1: John Ruskin
Q2: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
A2: John Ruskin
Q3: What was Ruskin's career? 
A3: art critic
Q4: When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
A4: 1849
Q5: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
A5: to his mental health, power, and pleasure
Edmund_Burke (History)

The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

Q1: What political party was Gladstone in?
A1: Liberal
Q2: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?
A2: Ireland and America
Q3: What was Cobden an activist against?
A3: Corn Law
Q4: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?
A4: Milton
Q5: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?
A5: Francis Hirst
Multiracial_American (History)

The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

Q1: What does the "mixture" heading mean?
A1: cannot be racially categorized
Q2: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
A2: 2000
Q3: Bi-racial would be coded as what?
A3: Mixture
Q4: How many race options were there?
A4: five enumerated races
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain–Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate). Because of the Act's restrictions on candidates' and parties' fundraising, a large number of so-called 527 groups emerged. Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. Many such groups were active throughout the campaign season. (There was some similar activity, although on a much lesser scale, during the 2000 campaign.)

Q1: What finance act affected the 2004 election?
A1: the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
Q2: Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from?
A2: its sponsors in the United States Senate
Q3: How did the 527 groups come up with their title?
A3: Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code
Q4: What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds?
A4: as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns
Q5: What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?
A5: MoveOn.org
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called "core capabilities" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet – the C-130 Hercules – and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:

Q1: What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?
A1: main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles
Q2: What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?
A2: C-130 Hercules
Q3: What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?
A3: CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters
Q4: When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?
A4: 2006
Alaska (Geography and places)

The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.

Q1: What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?
A1: $40,042
Q2: How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?
A2: 15th in the nation
Q3: How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?
A3: 80%
Q4: Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?
A4: seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab
Imperial_College_London (History)

The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*). The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects – Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering – were assessed to be the best[clarification needed] in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality.

Q1: What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?
A1: 26%
Q2: What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?
A2: 47%
Q3: Which group assessed Imperial's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world?
A3: Research Assessment Exercise
Q4: How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality?
A4: five
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing.

Q1: In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?
A1: 2008
Q2: What was the earthquake named?
A2: the Great Sichuan earthquake
Q3: How many people were killed as a result?
A3: 69,197
Q4: What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?
A4: 2008
Q5: What did the quake measure?
A5: 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
Q6: What day did the earthquake occur?
A6: May 12
Q7: What time of the day did the quake happen?
A7: 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time
Q8: How many people died?
A8: 69,197
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of "one world, one dream". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the "Journey of Harmony", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) – the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Q1: When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?
A1: 1936 Summer Olympics.
Q2: How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?
A2: 129 days
Q3: What was the theme for the torch relay?
A3: one world, one dream
Q4: What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?
A4: Journey of Harmony
Q5: What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?
A5: one world, one dream
Q6: Where were the details of the torch relay made known?
A6: Beijing, China.
Q7: What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?
A7: "Journey of Harmony"
Q8: How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?
A8: 85,000 mi
Estonia (Geography and places)

The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.

Q1: What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory"? 
A1: The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report
Q2: What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?
A2: 5%
Q3: What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?
A3: more than half
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:

Q1: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
A1: October 5, 2009
Q2: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
A2: period up to 2007
Q3: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
A3: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
Q4: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
A4: very high human development
Q5: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
A5: developed countries
Central_African_Republic (Geography and places)

The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers' rights.

Q1: How are the human rights in the CAR?
A1: poor
Q2: What concerns are there regarding to human rights?
A2: government abuses
Q3: What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?
A3: extrajudicial executions
Q4: How is the prison quality in the CAR?
A4: harsh and life-threatening conditions
Q5: What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?
A5: arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Q1: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
A1: November 4, 2010
Q2: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
A2: 2010
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

Q1: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
A1: 2010
Q2: What does IHDI stand for?
A2: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Q3: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
A3: the HDI
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:

Q1: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?
A1: income, life expectancy, and education
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy. According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 50% of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation. In 2010, Guinea Bissau had the 7th highest maternal mortality rate in the world.

Q1: What was the 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?
A1: 1000
Q2: What was the 1990 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?
A2: 966
Q3: How many midwives are listed per 1,000 live births?
A3: 3
Q4: How many pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy?
A4: one out of eighteen
Q5: According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation?
A5: 50%
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Q1: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
A1: $59 billion
Q2: Who accounted for over half the total?
A2: emerging markets
Q3:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
A3: less PC shipments than emerging economies
Q4: What country has the highest retail value of software?
A4: China
Q5: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
A5: 83 percent
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.

Q1: According to the 2011 World Health Report, where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity?
A1: 39
Q2: New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city?
A2: Beijing
Q3: What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011?
A3: World Wealth Report
Q4: Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic?
A4: economic activity
Q5: In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report?
A5: 2011