LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

Q1: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
A1: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise
Q2: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
A2: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay
Q3: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?
A3: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan
Q4: What damage was done at the alternate site?
A4: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction
Q5: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
A5: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006.

Q1: Who published "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" in 2007?
A1: World Scientific
Q2: When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?
A2: 2006
Q3: The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?
A3: Merrill Lynch
Q4: What did the volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" propose models to rectify?
A4: some of the copula limitations
Q5: What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?
A5: 2006
Portugal (Geography and places)

Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.

Q1: What two types of forests can be found in Geres?
A1: deciduous and coniferous
Q2: To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?
A2: the Tertiary period
Q3: What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?
A3: Pyrenean
Q4: What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?
A4: Boars
Q5: How many national parks does Portugal have?
A5: 12
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games, this fallout was decidedly unlovable, as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season's final game early and then lied about it publicly. Already a controversial figure in the clubhouse after his corked-bat incident, Sammy's actions alienated much of his once strong fan base as well as the few teammates still on good terms with him, (many teammates grew tired of Sosa playing loud salsa music in the locker room) and possibly tarnished his place in Cubs' lore for years to come. The disappointing season also saw fans start to become frustrated with the constant injuries to ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood. Additionally, the '04 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone, who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker. Things were no better in 2005, despite a career year from first baseman Derrek Lee and the emergence of closer Ryan Dempster. The club struggled and suffered more key injuries, only managing to win 79 games after being picked by many to be a serious contender for the N.L. pennant. In 2006, bottom fell out as the Cubs finished 66–96, last in the NL Central.

Q1: Who did the Cubs trade after leaving the final game early and lieing about it?
A1: Sammy Sosa
Q2: Who was a controversial figure due to a corked-bat incident?
A2: Sammy Sosa
Q3: What popular commentator left during the '04 season?
A3: Steve Stone
Q4: Who verbally attacked Steve Stone?
A4: Kent Mercker
Napoleon (History)

Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouché, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 ("the 18th Brumaire" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became "first consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new "Constitution of the Year VIII", originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship.

Q1: Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?
A1: the Council of Five Hundred
Q2: On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?
A2: 9 November 1799
Q3: Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?
A3: the council of five hundred
Q4: After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?
A4: "first consul"
Q5: What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the "Constitution of the Year VIII"?
A5: 3,000,000
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

Despite the initial negative press, several websites have given the system very good reviews mostly regarding its hardware. CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying, "the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype [...] the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag." CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one "must-have" gadget, praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games. In addition, both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews, stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu-ray Disc players.

Q1: What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten?
A1: 8.8
Q2: What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3?
A2: Blu-ray playback
Q3: Have reviews praised the PS3's hardware of software more frequently?
A3: hardware
Q4: What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player?
A4: Ultimate AV
Q5: What website said the PlayStation 3 "lives up to the hype"? 
A5: CNET United Kingdom
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When Díaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict “No Re-election” policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions Díaz became a de facto dictator. Díaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the Díaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%.

Q1: The internal stability was known as what?
A1: paz porfiriana
Q2: During what years did the economic growth occur?
A2: 1876 to 1910
Q3: Who committed to a strict "No Re-election" policy when running for office?
A3: Díaz
Q4: Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?
A4: working class
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.

Q1: What geographic feature does Punjab not have?
A1: coastline
Q2: What medical product does Punjab manufacture?
A2: surgical instruments
Q3: What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?
A3: bicycles and rickshaws
Q4: How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?
A4: 90%
Q5: How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?
A5: 69%
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.

Q1: What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?
A1: "what does reality consist of?"
Q2: What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?
A2: "how does it originate?"
Q3: An idealist considers what as the most important?
A3: spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)
Q4: A materialist considers what as the most important?
A4: matter
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Q1: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
A1: different
Q2: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
A2: between 2001 and 2004
Q3: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
A3: younger generations
Q4: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
A4: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Q5: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
A5: A minority
Samurai (Language and literature)

Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.

Q1: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
A1: Akechi Mitsuhide
Q2: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
A2: Kusunoki Masashige)
Q3: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
A3: Tokugawa
Q4: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
A4: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy
Bermuda (History)

Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).

Q1: In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named "Long Island"?
A1: two
Q2: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Horseshoe Bay"?
A2: two
Q3: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Long Bay"?
A3: three
Q4: Where can St. George's Town be found?
A4: St George's Island within St George's Parish
Q5: What are three of the bays named?
A5: Long Bay
Q6: What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?
A6: Horseshoe
Q7: St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?
A7: St George's
Q8: What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?
A8: Hamilton Parish
Han_dynasty (History)

Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) in 135 BC, the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement. Emperor Wu accepted this, despite continuing Xiongnu raids. However, a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han. When this plot failed in 133 BC, Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory. Chinese armies captured one stronghold after another and established agricultural colonies to strengthen their hold. The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei, where the Han commanders Huo Qubing (d. 117 BC) and Wei Qing (d. 106 BC) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert.

Q1: The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?
A1: 135 BC
Q2: In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?
A2: 133 BC
Q3: What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?
A3: agricultural
Q4: In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?
A4: 119 BC
Q5: Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?
A5: Wei Qing
Dog (Natural sciences)

Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.

Q1: Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?
A1: dogs.
Q2: Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?
A2: atrophy of the jaw muscles.
Q3: What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?
A3: diagnostic features
Q4: How often do female wolves enter estrus?
A4: once a year.
Wood (Natural sciences)

Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant.

Q1: What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?
A1: woodwind instruments
Q2: What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?
A2: Arundo donax
Q3: Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?
A3: monocot
Q4: What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?
A4: reeds
Dog (Natural sciences)

Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.

Q1: Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?
A1: omnivores
Q2: Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?
A2: vegetables and grains
Q3: Cats are known as what type of carnivore?
A3: obligate
Q4: Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?
A4: carnivores or omnivores
Q5: Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?
A5: protein
Q6: Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?
A6: starch
Hellenistic_period (History)

Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society.

Q1: Menander converted to what religion?
A1: Buddhism
Q2: Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?
A2: 2nd
Q3: Greeks adopted what from local cultures?
A3: customs
Heian_period (History)

Despite their usurpation of imperial authority, the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy. There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature. Two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters, was abbreviated to hiragana, a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese. Hiragana gave written expression to the spoken word and, with it, to the rise in Japan's famous vernacular literature, much of it written by court women who had not been trained in Chinese as had their male counterparts. Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by "the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna", The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Indigenous art also flourished under the Fujiwara after centuries of imitating Chinese forms. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid- and late Heian periods, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day.

Q1: What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?
A1: katakana
Q2: What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?
A2: hiragana
Q3: Who is the author of The Pillow Book?
A3: Sei Shōnagon
Q4: Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?
A4: Murasaki Shikibu
Q5: What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?
A5: yamato-e
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

Q1: An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
A1: Greek and Roman
Q2: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?
A2: the Crusades
Q3: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?
A3: Constantinople
Q4: Who captured Constantinople?
A4: Ottoman Turks
Q5: What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
A5: Greek