LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Israel (History)

The nation's military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. The Arrow missile is one of the world's few operational anti-ballistic missile systems. The Python air-to-air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history. Israel's Spike missile is one of the most widely exported ATGMs in the world. Israel's Iron Dome anti-missile air defense system gained worldwide acclaim after intercepting hundreds of Qassam, 122 mm Grad and Fajr-5 artillery rockets fire by Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip. Since the Yom Kippur War, Israel has developed a network of reconnaissance satellites. The success of the Ofeq program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites.

Q1: The military relies on what?
A1: high-tech weapons systems
Q2: What is one of the most crucial weapons in Israel's military history?
A2: Python air-to-air missile series
Q3: The success of what program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching satellites?
A3: Ofeq
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.

Q1: What is the national bird of Saint Helena?
A1: the Saint Helena plover
Q2: What is the Plover known locally as?
A2: wirebird
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

Q1: New Delhi is the capital of what National Capital Territory?
A1: Delhi
Q2: What is the national capital of India?
A2: New Delhi
Q3: The local Government of Delhi and the Central Government of India jointly administer what city?
A3: New Delhi
Q4: What city is the official capital of the National Capital Territory of Delhi?
A4: New Delhi
Q5: What is the name of one government body that oversees the capital of New Delhi?
A5: the Central Government of India
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons.

Q1: What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?
A1: agrarian
Q2: What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?
A2: Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam
Q3: How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?
A3: golden age
Q4: What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?
A4: Suez Canal
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

Q1: When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?
A1: during the civil war
Q2: What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?
A2: Dubai International
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.

Q1: In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?
A1: 1979
Q2: How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?
A2: a single vote
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies." Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the "charismatic leader" and "spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and "soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.

Q1: How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?
A1: support
Q2: What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?
A2: Israeli
Q3: What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?
A3: Henry A. Byroade
Q4: Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?
A4: not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World
Germans (Language and literature)

The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire.

Q1: What is the native language of Germans?
A1: German
Q2: What languages is German related to?
A2: English and Dutch
Q3: How many natives speak German?
A3: 100 million
Q4: What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?
A4: German
Q5: What is the dominant language of science?
A5: English
Roman_Republic (History)

The native language of the Romans was Latin. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and eventually pronunciation. Rome's expansion spread Latin throughout Europe, and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and dialectised in different locations, gradually shifting into a number of distinct Romance languages. Many of these languages, including French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish, flourished, the differences between them growing greater over time. Although English is Germanic rather than Roman in origin, English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin-derived words.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the primary language of the Romans?
A1: Latin
Q2: What type of language is French considered to be?
A2: Romance languages
Q3: What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?
A3: Vulgar Latin
Q4: How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin?
A4: pronunciation
Q5: Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin?
A5: English
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?

Q1: What is hyle?
A1: matter
John,_King_of_England (History)

The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or "force and will", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of "divine majesty"; John continued this trend and claimed an "almost imperial status" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of "royal schizophrenia" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.

Q1: What principle did John's predecessors use?
A1: vis et voluntas
Q2: What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?
A2: divine majesty
Q3: What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?
A3: 12th century
Q4: What did John suffer from?
A4: royal schizophrenia
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.

Q1: Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?
A1: necessity and inerrancy
Q2: What is the term for how the church as a whole works?
A2: ecclesiology
Q3: What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?
A3: Catholics
Q4: At what period was inerrancy debated?
A4: the Enlightenment
Q5: What item could be learned to gain salvation?
A5: the Bible
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

Q1: What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?
A1: Thamel
Q2: What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?
A2: Jhamsikhel
Q3: What is the traditional name for Freak Street?
A3: Jhochhen Tol
Q4: What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?
A4: hippies
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori). On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems.

Q1: When was Bertrand Russell born?
A1: 1872
Q2: When did Bertrand Russell die?
A2: 1970
Q3: What did Frege say about math?
A3: all mathematical truths are logical
Q4: What did Wittgenstein say about logic?
A4: all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies
Q5: What are pseudoproblems?
A5: most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems
Bird (Natural sciences)

The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with notable exceptions including kiwis, New World vultures and tubenoses. The avian visual system is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual fovea. Birds are tetrachromatic, possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. This allows them to perceive ultraviolet light, which is involved in courtship. Birds have specialized light-sensing cells deep in their brains that respond to light without input from eyes or other sensory neurons. These photo-receptive cells in the hypothalamus are involved in detecting the longer days of spring, and thus regulate breeding activities.

Q1: Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size?
A1: nervous system
Q2: What is tetrachromatic?
A2: possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones
Q3: Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?
A3: courtship
Q4: What regulates breeding activities?
A4: photo-receptive cells in
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The net quality of a ground reflection depends on the topography of the surface. When the irregularities of the surface are much smaller than the wavelength, we are in the regime of specular reflection, and the receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection. But if the ground has irregularities not small compared to the wavelength, reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases. With shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), this is generally the case.

Q1: What is the net quality of the ground dependent of?
A1: topography
Q2: What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?
A2: reflection
Q3: What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?
A3: higher frequencies
Q4: When will reflections not be coherent?
A4: ground has irregularities
Turner_Classic_Movies (History)

The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.

Q1: What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?
A1: 31 Days of Oscar
Q2: When does TCM's programming season begin?
A2: February
Q3: On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?
A3: letterboxed
Q4: Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?
A4: Humphrey Bogart
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Q1: Why did the Kievan state prosper?
A1: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export
Q2: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?
A2: three
Q3: Which route was a central post in Kiev?
A3: Dnieper route
Q4: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?
A4: money-lending system
USB (Engineering and technology)

The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.

Q1: What provides a fourth transfer mode?
A1: The new SuperSpeed bus
Q2: How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?
A2: 5.0 Gbit/s
Q3: What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?
A3: Communication
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.

Q1: When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?
A1: 2004
Q2: What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?
A2: purely appellate
Q3: What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?
A3: Court of Appeal of New Zealand
Q4: New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?
A4: the High Court
Q5: Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?
A5: the District Court
Egypt (Geography and places)

The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

Q1: When was new constitution drafted?
A1: 1923
Q2: What system of government was constitution based on?
A2: parliamentary system
Q3: Who was elected in 1924?
A3: Saad Zaghlul
Q4: Who succeeded King Farouk?
A4: his son Fuad
Q5: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?
A5: 1954
Nigeria (History)

The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country.

Q1: Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?
A1: Ibrahim Babangida
Q2: What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?
A2: International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program
Q3: What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?
A3: debt
Q4: What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?
A4: Organisation of the Islamic Conference
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Q1: What were interiors seeking to recreate?
A1: authentically Roman
Q2: What colors were utilized for interiors?
A2: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours
Q3: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?
A3: Marie Antoinette
Q4: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?
A4: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones
Q5: What were styles in France initially?
A5: Parisian