LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molecular Entities) were approved and three biologics by the FDA, or 21 in total, which is down from 26 in 2009 and 24 in 2008. On the other hand, there were only 18 approvals in total in 2007 and 22 back in 2006. Since 2001, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (new chemical entity, or NCE), has been estimated at about 1.3 billion USD(not including marketing expenses). Professors Light and Lexchin reported in 2012, however, that the rate of approval for new drugs has been a relatively stable average rate of 15 to 25 for decades.

Q1: How much does it cost to develop a new drug?
A1: about 1.3 billion
Q2: How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?
A2: averaged 22.9 approvals
Q3: Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?
A3: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Q4: How many drugs were approved in 2007?
A4: 18 approvals
Q5: Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?
A5: Professors Light and Lexchin
Q6: What does NMEs stand for?
A6: New Molecular Entities
Q7: How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?
A7: 22.9
Q8: What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?
A8: 1.3 billion USD
Q9: What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?
A9: 15 to 25
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions.

Q1: What is a drug discovery?
A1: the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed
Q2: Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?
A2: universities and research institutions
Q3: What is used to manipulate pathways?
A3: molecular biology or biochemistry
Q4: What is involved in drug discovery?
A4: isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery
Q5: What focuses on metabolic pathways?
A5: biotechnology
Q6: What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?
A6: Drug discovery
Q7: What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?
A7: research institutions
Q8: What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?
A8: biotechnology
Q9: Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?
A9: active ingredient
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.

Q1: What is raised locally for the domestic market?
A1: opium poppy
Q2: What all has helped with the fight against drugs?
A2: with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities
Q3: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?
A3: heroin and raw opium confiscations
Q4: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?
A4: strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
Appalachian_Mountains (Geography and places)

Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.

Q1: What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?
A1: oak
Q2: What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?
A2: The American chestnut
Q3: What does the tree live on?
A3: sapling-sized sprouts
Q4: What trees replaced chestnut trees?
A4: oaks
Paper (Natural sciences)

Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.

Q1: What is the main component of drying the paper?
A1: air
Q2: At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?
A2: 6
Wood (Natural sciences)

Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.

Q1: What will drying often increase in wood?
A1: strength
Q2: What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood?
A2: green
Q3: What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?
A3: spruce
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.

Q1: What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?
A1: Dublin Institute of Technology
Poultry (Natural sciences)

Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.

Q1: How can you identify a duck from other poultry?
A1: medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.
Q2: What do you call a male duck?
A2: drakes
Q3: How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?
A3: larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds
Q4: What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?
A4: aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.
Q5: Do all ducks fly south for the winter?
A5: Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.

Q1: When was Mexico City declared the capital?
A1: November 18, 1824
Q2: How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?
A2: two leagues square (8,800 acres)
Q3: Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?
A3: Palace of the Inquisition
Q4: What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?
A4: Museum of Mexican Medicine
Q5: Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?
A5: Texcoco
Somalis (Geography and places)

Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the jellabiya (jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali), a long white garment common in the Arab world.

Q1: What is the jellabiya?
A1: a long white garment
Q2: Along with jellabiyad, what is the jellabiya called in Somali?
A2: qamiis
Q3: In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya?
A3: the Arab world
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Q1: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?
A1: Oveta Culp Hobby
Q2: Who was Eisenhower's budget director?
A2: Joseph M. Dodge
Q3: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?
A3: Herbert Brownell
Q4: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?
A4: John Foster Dulles
Q5: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
A5: Eight millionaires and a plumber
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Q1: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
A1: great variation
Q2: What is the climate like?
A2: varies from hot and subhumid tropical
Q3: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
A3: summer, winter, and rainy season
Q4: How long does summer last?
A4: mid-April till the end of June
Q5: How long does winter last?
A5: late November till mid March.
51st_state (Language and literature)

Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.

Q1: When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?
A1: from 1903 to 1979
Q2: When did the British Honduras become Belize?
A2: since 1981
Q3: When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?
A3: 2001
Sichuan (History)

Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the Köppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 °C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.

Q1: What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?
A1: humid subtropical climate
Q2: What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?
A2: the Sichuan Basin
Q3: Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?
A3: subarctic climate
Q4: What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?
A4: 2,000 to 3,500 meters
Q5: What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?
A5: 0 to 15 °C
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount.

Q1: What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature?
A1: French literature
Q2: During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?
A2: the latter half of the 19th century
Q3: During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen?
A3: the influence of Romanticism
Q4: The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements?
A4: the Symbolist and Parnassian movements
Q5: Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third?
A5: Naturalist
Detroit (Geography and places)

Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.

Q1: By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?
A1: 25
Q2: The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?
A2: auto
Q3: What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?
A3: entertainment
Q4: What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?
A4: abandonment of properties
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007–08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007–08 season kicked off again with 20 teams.

Q1: In 1995, who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played.
A1: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football
Q2: What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995.
A2: the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995
Q3: Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced?
A3: FIFA
Q4: In 1995, what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to?
A4: 20
Q5: On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18?
A5: 8 June 2006
Q6: In the 2007-08 season, how many teams was the Premier League left with?
A6: 20
Q7: How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?
A7: four
Geography_of_the_United_States (Geography and places)

Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is temperate in most areas, subtropical in the Southern United States, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin. Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation.

Q1: What is the climate like in the Southern United States?
A1: subtropical
Q2: Hawaii has what type of climate?
A2: tropical
Q3: Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate?
A3: California
Q4: What contributed to the rise of the US as a world power?
A4: agricultural climate
Q5: What is the climate like in most areas of the US?
A5: temperate
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.

Q1: What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?
A1: South Pole
Q2: In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?
A2: ice
Q3: What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?
A3: snow
Q4: What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?
A4: giant ice sheet
Q5: What are ice streams otherwise called?
A5: glaciers
Seattle (History)

Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused only one fatality. Other strong quakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4), April 13, 1949 (7.1), and April 29, 1965 (6.5). The 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure. Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.

Q1: What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?
A1: Pacific Ring of Fire
Q2: What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?
A2: 6.8
Q3: On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?
A3: February 28, 2001
Q4: What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?
A4: 9.0 or greater
Q5: What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?
A5: reclaimed land