LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Mancus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper. Schoppa, the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues, "A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

Q1: What was founded after the fall of the Ming?
A1: The Qing dynasty
Q2: The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?
A2: 1644–1911
Q3: What were the Manchus originally known as?
A3: the Jurchens
Q4: Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?
A4: Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels
Q5: Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?
A5: former Ming general Wu Sangui
Q6: The Qing dynasty formed after what event?
A6: after the fall of the Ming
Q7: During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?
A7: 1644–1911
Q8: What were the Manchus originally named?
A8: Jurchens
Q9: Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?
A9: Li Zicheng's peasant rebels
Q10: Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?
A10: former Ming general Wu Sangui
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

Q1: What was the last Chinese dynasty?
A1: Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty
Q2: When did the Manchu dynasty rule?
A2: 1644 to 1912
Q3: What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?
A3: Ming
Q4: What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?
A4: Republic of China
Q5: What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?
A5: Qing
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people, which they were not. What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe – the Aisin Gioro – in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhachi embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to unify the nearby tribes. By 1616, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself Khan of the Great Jin in reference to the previous Jurchen dynasty.

Q1: What ethnic group make up the most people in China?
A1: Han Chinese
Q2: Who founded the Qing dynasty?
A2: Jurchen
Q3: What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?
A3: sedentary farming
Q4: What parts of China did they come from?
A4: Jilin and Heilongjiang
Q5: Were the Manchu's nomadic?
A5: farming people
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu, completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, Zhang Zeduan's Along the River During the Qingming Festival whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion. Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.

Q1: What arts were the Qing emperors good at?
A1: poetry and often skilled in painting
Q2: What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?
A2: Peiwen Yunfu
Q3: When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?
A3: 1716
Q4: When was the Siku Quanshu finished?
A4: 1782
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han Chinese (non-Banner) instead of the Eight Banners, to fight and crush the Three Feudatories. Wu Sangui's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army, made out of defected Ming soldiers.

Q1: When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?
A1: 1673-1674
Q2: How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?
A2: 900,000
Q3: What happened to Wu's army?
A3: crushed by the Green Standard Army
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and censorate, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a governor (巡撫, xunfu) and a provincial military commander (提督, tidu). Below the province were prefectures (府, fu) operating under a prefect (知府, zhīfǔ), followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a county magistrate. The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of viceroy or governor-general (總督, zongdu) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.

Q1: What two provinces were formed from Huguang?
A1: Hubei and Hunan
Q2: What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?
A2: governor
Q3: What were provinces broken up into?
A3: prefectures
Q4: What is another name for the main 18 provinces?
A4: China proper
Q5: How many viceroys were there in China Proper?
A5: eight
Qing_dynasty (History)

The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests. Normally the Manchu Bannermen acted only as reserve forces or in the rear and were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimize ethnic Manchu losses; instead, the Qing used defected Han Chinese troops to fight as the vanguard during the entire conquest of China.

Q1: Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?
A1: Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde
Q2: What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?
A2: southern China
Q3: What was the three Han Bannermen position called?
A3: viceroys
Elizabeth_II (History)

The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.

Q1: When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?
A1: 2010
Q2: Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?
A2: Ban Ki-moon
Q3: As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?
A3: "an anchor for our age"
Q4: For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?
A4: British victims
Q5: When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?
A5: October 2011
Elizabeth_II (History)

The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

Q1: Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?
A1: Queen Victoria
Q2: What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?
A2: great-great-grandmother
Q3: When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?
A3: 9 September 2015
Q4: In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?
A4: world's oldest
Q5: What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?
A5: King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Elizabeth_II (History)

The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.

Q1: When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?
A1: 1976
Q2: When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?
A2: 2012
Q3: For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?
A3: London Olympics
Q4: What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?
A4: Daniel Craig
Q5: For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?
A5: patronage
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism.

Q1: What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?
A1: Structural Expressionism
Q2: The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?
A2: cantilever
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune: when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton's laws, the theory "There are seven planets in the solar system" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of naïve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery. For Popper, theories are accepted or rejected via a sort of selection process. Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not; the more generally applicable a theory is, the greater its value. Thus Newton's laws, with their wide general application, are to be preferred over the much more specific "the solar system has seven planets".[dubious – discuss]

Q1: What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?
A1: Quine-Duhem
Q2: Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?
A2: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Q3: The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?
A3: Neptune
Q4: According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?
A4: more generally applicable
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.

Q1: By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?
A1: Maryam
Q2: Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?
A2: 19
Q3: In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?
A3: two
Q4: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? 
A4: Luke
Q5: Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?
A5: Zakariya
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman–Persian Wars and the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position.

Q1: Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?
A1: Persian Sassanid Empire
Q2: Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?
A2: Byzantine Empire
Q3: Who was the second caliph?
A3: Umar
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.

Q1: In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?
A1: Arabic
Q2: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?
A2: sharia
Q3: What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?
A3: Biblical scriptures
Q4: Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?
A4: Quran
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sura. Suras are classified as Meccan or Medinan, depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina. However, a sura classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sura titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sura. Suras are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. The sura arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sura except the ninth starts with the Bismillah (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم), an Arabic phrase meaning "In the name of God". There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.

Q1: What is a chapter of the Quran called?
A1: sura
Q2: How many suras are in the Quran?
A2: 114
Q3: What two city-related categories divide the Quran's suras?
A3: Meccan or Medinan
Q4: What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran?
A4: size
Q5: Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras?
A5: Bismillah
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quran describes Muhammad as "ummi", which is traditionally interpreted as "illiterate," but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as Al-Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of "ummi" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.

Q1: What is the most common interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?
A1: illiterate
Q2: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?
A2: earlier sacred texts
Q3: What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?
A3: ummi
Q4: What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?
A4: writing and reading
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quran describes itself as "the discernment" (al-furqān), "the mother book" (umm al-kitāb), "the guide" (huda), "the wisdom" (hikmah), "the remembrance" (dhikr) and "the revelation" (tanzīl; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). Another term is al-kitāb (The Book), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The adjective of "Quran" has multiple transliterations including "quranic", "koranic", and "qur'anic", or capitalised as "Qur'anic", "Koranic", and "Quranic". The term mus'haf ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books. Other transliterations of "Quran" include "al-Coran", "Coran", "Kuran", and "al-Qurʼan".

Q1: Which term meaning "the mother book" does the Quran apply to itself?
A1: umm al-kitāb
Q2: What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?
A2: mus'haf
Q3: What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?
A3: al-kitāb
Q4: What is an English translation of huda?
A4: the guide
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established." Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.

Q1: Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?
A1: his companions
Q2: What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?
A2: standardized
Q3: Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?
A3: University of Chicago
Q4: The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?
A4: Muhammad
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.

Q1: Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents?
A1: natural
Q2: What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings?
A2: historical
Q3: Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books?
A3: Muhammad's
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression – its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase – is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated. Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.

Q1: What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?
A1: continuity
Q2: To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?
A2: Norman O. Brown
Q3: How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?
A3: a literary device
Q4: Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?
A4: Michael Sells