LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

Q1: How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?
A1: as early as 1917
Q2: How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?
A2: Nine
Q3: What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?
A3: the death penalty
Q4: When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?
A4: 1965
Q5: When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?
A5: 1923
Q6: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?
A6: 1917
Q7: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?
A7: the United Grand Lodge of England
Q8: When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?
A8: 1923
Q9: All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?
A9: 1965
Q10: Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?
A10: Saddam Hussein
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison." She defines it further as "a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.

Q1: What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?
A1: Mass incarceration
Q2: Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?
A2: Michelle Alexander
Q3: What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?
A3: virtual
Q4: Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?
A4: people of color
Q5: What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?
A5: racial
Glass (Art and architecture)

Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness.

Q1: What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?
A1: bull's-eyes
Q2: In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?
A2: the center
Q3: Currently window glass is made as what?
A3: float glass
Q4: How was the bull's-eye used?
A4: for decorative effect
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Q1: What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?
A1: two-thirds
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

Q1: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?
A1: 7–10%
Q2: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?
A2: 5%
Q3: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?
A3: waterproofing
Q4: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?
A4: 210 °C
Q5: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?
A5: 20 millimeters
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement.

Q1: What material is within a wrestling ring?
A1: an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.
Q2: What is used for protection in the ring?
A2: For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.
Q3: What is around the ring?
A3: Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,
Elevator (History)

Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers

Q1: An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?
A1: Material transport elevators
Q2: What do the partians do on the conveyor?
A2: ensure that the material moves forward
Q3: What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?
A3: industrial and agricultural applications
Q4: What are spiral screws used for?
A4: to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos
Q5: What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?
A5: Belt elevators
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

Q1: What class does materialism belong to?
A1: monist ontology
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).

Q1: Who coined the Axial Age?
A1: Karl Jaspers
Q2: In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?
A2: Eurasia
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

Q1: What is materialism?
A1: a form of philosophical monism
Q2: In nature, this is an essential substance?
A2: matter
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

Q1: What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?
A1: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter
Q2: Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?
A2: Materialism
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.

Q1: Materialism is linked to what?
A1: reductionism
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.

Q1: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
A1: Maternal factors
Q2: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
A2: breast milk
Q3: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
A3: up to 18 months
Q4: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
A4: glycoproteins
Q5: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
A5: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[›] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[›] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[›] The Jordan–Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group—the "monster group"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.

Q1: What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? 
A1: complete classification
Q2: What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?
A2: finite groups
Q3: What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?
A3: Lagrange's theorem
Q4: What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?
A4: Computer algebra systems
Q5: What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?
A5: The Jordan–Hölder theorem
History_of_science (History)

Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1st century BC, negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras' theorem. Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch'in Chiu-shao. Pascal's triangle for binomial coefficients was described around 1100 by Jia Xian.

Q1: What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?
A1: a positional decimal system on counting boards
Q2: One rod in the second box from the right is what number?
A2: 10
Q3: When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?
A3: 1st century BC
Q4: What text includes Horner's method?
A4: The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
Q5: What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?
A5: Cubic equations
History_of_science (History)

Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.

Q1: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?
A1: mathematical knowledge
Q2: What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?
A2: 4:2:1
Q3: What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?
A3: stability
Q4: What was the name of the ruler that they created?
A4: the Mohenjo-daro ruler
Q5: How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?
A5: 1.32 inches
Red (Natural sciences)

Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

Q1: During which century did Matisse work?
A1: 20th
Q2: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?
A2: strengthened
Q3: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?
A3: blue
Q4: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?
A4: red
Q5: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?
A5: the central element
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.

Q1: What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?
A1: Matrix groups
Q2: What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?
A2: The general linear group
Q3: What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?
A3: matrix groups
Q4: What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?
A4: the special orthogonal group SO(n)
Q5: Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?
A5: Euler angles
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal, Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties, but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont.

Q1: What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?
A1: 80%
Q2: To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?
A2: Seagram
Q3: How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?
A3: $5.7 billion
Q4: What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?
A4: its stake in DuPont
Q5: What company did Seagram buy in 1999?
A5: PolyGram
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper, thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface. This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm germanium.

Q1: What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?
A1: oxidizes
Q2: What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?
A2: benzimidazolethiol
Q3: What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?
A3: hot air solder levelling
Q4: What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?
A4: solderable surface
Q5: What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?
A5: tin-lead
Energy (Natural sciences)

Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since  is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of ordinary amount of matter (for example, 1 kg) to other forms of energy (such as heat, light, and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of energy transformation into matter (i.e., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in high-energy nuclear physics.

Q1: Matter may be converted to what?
A1: energy
Q2: Energy may be converted to what?
A2: Matter
Q3: Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?
A3: mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule
Q4: Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?
A4: high-energy nuclear physics
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Q1: How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?
A1: anarchy
Q2: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?
A2: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q3: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?
A3: Native Americans
Q4: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?
A4: "civilized" and "uncivilized."
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

Q1: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
A1: Maximilian
Q2: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
A2: 500
Q3: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?
A3: four
Q4: Which four states opposed the French?
A4: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California
Q5: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
A5: 1865