LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Royal_assent (History)

If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.

Q1: If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?
A1: the next person of age in the line of succession
Q2: Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?
A2: not be possible under the current constitution
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

Q1: What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
A1: VTOL-capable or helicopters
Q2: What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
A2: the launch area
Q3: What does V/STOL refer to?
A3: aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing
Q4: What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?
A4: hover
Q5: What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?
A5: arresting gear
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.

Q1: What varies with time?
A1: voltage
Q2: What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? 
A2: data
Q3: What does "A/D" stand for?
A3: analog-to-digital
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

Q1: What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?
A1: kleptocracy
Q2: What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?
A2: diamonds and oil
Q3: Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?
A3: foreign aid
Q4: Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?
A4: armaments
Wood (Natural sciences)

If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood (see below).

Q1: If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?
A1: wider
Q2: What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?
A2: earlywood
Q3: If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?
A3: latewood
Q4: Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?
A4: lighter
Q5: Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?
A5: outer
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.” In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus’, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus’, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus’ merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.

Q1: Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?
A1: Slavs and Pecheneg allies
Q2: When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?
A2: 944
Q3: IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.
A3: 945
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal. Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee (as they have to see if their shoulders are down) and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches. Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway.

Q1: What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?
A1: using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,
Q2: How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?
A2: Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee
Q3: What are the illegal pinning methods called?
A3: cheating
Q4: Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? 
A4: it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification
Q5: What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? 
A5: results in nullification of the pin attempt,
Comics (Language and literature)

Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

Q1: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
A1: The Glasgow Looking Glass
Q2: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
A2: 1825
Q3: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?
A3: Punch
Q4: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
A4: Ally Sloper
Q5: When did Ally Sloper first appear?
A5: 1884
Comics (Language and literature)

Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

Q1: When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?
A1: 1890s
Q2: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?
A2: Western expatriates
Q3: When did Jiji Manga debut?
A3: 1900
Q4: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?
A4: Rakuten Kitazawa
Q5: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
A5: 1930s
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.

Q1: What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?
A1: Imamah
Q2: Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?
A2: Imams
Q3: What is the role of Imams?
A3: providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran
Q4: Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?
A4: Imams
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Q1: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".
A1: Immanuel Kant
Q2: What does the term Sapere aude mean?
A2: Dare to be wise
Q3: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
A3: Johann Gottfried Herder
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791).

Q1: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?
A1: 20th
Q2: In what year was Immanuel Kant born?
A2: 1724
Q3: For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?
A3: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)
Q4: In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?
A4: 1791
Q5: Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?
A5: reason
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category.

Q1: In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?
A1: the Critique of Pure Reason
Q2: What did Kant portray space and time to be?
A2: both are elements of a systematic mental framework
Q3: Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?
A3: an abstract conceptual framework
Q4: What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?
A4: temporal measurements
Q5: What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?
A5: Spatial measurements
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

Q1: What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
A1: exoheretic
Q2: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
A2: scientific journals
Q3: What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
A3: extinction event and punctuated equilibrium
Edmund_Burke (History)

Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Gaëton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.

Q1: Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?
A1: Reflections on the Revolution in France
Q2: When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?
A2: 1790
Q3: How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?
A3: 17,500
Q4: Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?
A4: Pierre-Gaëton Dupont
Q5: When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?
A5: June 1791
Paris (Geography and places)

Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. 

Q1: When did most of the jazz clubs close down?
A1: 1960s
Q2: Why did the jazz clubs close down?
A2: musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll
Q3: Where were most jazz clubs located?
A3: cellars
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages.

Q1: What kinds of telecommunications were cut?
A1: mobile and terrestrial
Q2: What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?
A2: internet
Q3: How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?
A3: months
Q4: What was cut after the earthquake?
A4: telecommunications
Q5: Where were the internet cut?
A5: Sichuan area
Q6: Who restored communications over a period of months?
A6: the government
Q7: What internet services were decreased in the area?
A7: news and media websites
Q8: What services were finally online again?
A8: major news and media
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s".

Q1: What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?
A1: LA Weekly
Czech_language (Language and literature)

Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).

Q1: Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?
A1: 1914
Q2: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?
A2: a Less Commonly Taught Language
Q3: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?
A3: Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin
Q4: What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?
A4: Spanish
Q5: How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?
A5: 70,500
Israel (History)

Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan.

Q1: Who aided the immigration to Israel?
A1: Israeli Immigration Department
Q2: The immigration was in accordance to what?
A2: One Million Plan
Q3: When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?
A3: 1953
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States (Language and literature)

Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Q1: Why did Cubans come to the United States?
A1: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability
Q2: What year did most Cubans start coming to America?
A2: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States
Q3: Where do most Cuban Americans live?
A3: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States
Q4: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?
A4: most are fluent in Spanish
Q5: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?
A5: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.
Diarrhea (Natural sciences)

Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.

Q1: What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?
A1: it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination
Q2: What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?
A2: Rotavirus
Q3: What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?
A3: 20%
Q4: What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?
A4: (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence
Q5: What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?
A5: 1985