LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.

Q1: What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?
A1: uranium-234
Q2: What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?
A2: 0.71%
Q3: What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?
A3: uranium-239
Q4: When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?
A4: uranium-233
Q5: What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?
A5: thorium-232
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.

Q1: Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?
A1: Alberta, Canada
Q2: How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?
A2: 140,000 square kilometres
Q3: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?
A3: second-largest
Q4: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?
A4: Athabasca oil sands
Q5: What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?
A5: 310 billion barrels
Glass (Art and architecture)

Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or ancient Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid third millennium BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.

Q1: What kind of glass exists in nature?
A1: obsidian
Q2: Obsidian is what type of glass?
A2: volcanic
Q3: What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times?
A3: cutting tools
Q4: When are the oldest beads thought to have been made?
A4: mid third millennium BCE
Q5: What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing?
A5: faience
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetoception), use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues.

Q1: What is navigation based on?
A1: a variety of senses
Q2: What do many birds use as a compass?
A2: sun
Q3: What does using the sun for direction involve?
A3: the need for making compensation based on the time
Q4: What else is navigation based on?
A4: use visual landmarks
Q5: What is magnetoception?
A5: the ability to detect magnetic fields
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.

Q1: Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?
A1: Soviet positions in eastern Poland
Q2: How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?
A2: 4.3 million casualties
Q3: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?
A3: three million Soviet prisoners
Q4: How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?
A4: matter of weeks
Near_East (Geography and places)

Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East.

Q1: What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?
A1: Near East (French: Proche-Orient)
Q2: The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?
A2: Ottoman Empire
Q3: The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?
A3: English
Q4: What has replaced the term Near East?
A4: Middle East
New_Haven,_Connecticut (Geography and places)

Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven—one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School, one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building, and one at City Hall. According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, each fuel cell may save the city up to $1 million in energy costs over a decade. The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power, formerly UTC Power.

Q1: What static inverter plant lies near New Haven? 
A1: HVDC Cross Sound Cable
Q2: How many PureCell Model 400 fuel cells can be found in New Haven?
A2: three
Q3: How much money is each PureCell Model 400 fuel cell projected to save the city of New Haven in energy costs over the course of a decade?
A3: $1 million
Q4: What company provided New Haven with the fuel cells currently in place throughout the city? 
A4: ClearEdge Power
Q5: The Cross Sound Cable company has what sort of structure located near New Haven?
A5: static inverter plant
Q6: How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven?
A6: three
Q7: What was the former name of the company that provided the fuel cells to the city?
A7: UTC Power
Q8: In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system?
A8: $1 million in energy costs
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape. In addition, the AV Famicom joined its international counterpart and dropped the hardwired controllers in favor of detachable controller ports. However, the controllers included with the Famicom AV had cables which were 90 cm (3 feet) long, as opposed to the standard 180 cm(6 feet) of NES controllers.

Q1: Which console featured a top-loading design?
A1: NES 2
Q2: The design of what was modified slightly?
A2: game controllers
Q3: the original design of the controller was what shape?
A3: brick
Q4: What was the new design shape of the controller?
A4: dog bone
Q5: How long were standard NES controller cables?
A5: 6 feet
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

Near the end of the first decade of the double-Bills' guidance, the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years, following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932, 1935, and 1938. Unfortunately, their success did not extend to the Fall Classic, as they fell to their AL rivals each time. The '32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth's "called shot" at Wrigley Field in Game 3. There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well; In 1930, Hack Wilson, one of the top home run hitters in the game, had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history, hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs-batted-in record of 191. That 1930 club, which boasted six eventual Hall of Famers (Wilson, Gabby Hartnett, Rogers Hornsby, George "High Pockets" Kelly, Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy) established the current team batting average record of .309. In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion, winning a record 21 games in a row in September. The '38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late-season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk-off home run by Gabby Hartnett, which became known in baseball lore as "The Homer in the Gloamin'".

Q1: What year did Hack Wilson have one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history?
A1: 1930
Q2: How many games in a row did the Cubs win in a row during 1935?
A2: 21
Q3: What year did the Cubs win the NL pennant?
A3: 1929
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Roads are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods. In 1891, the Fort was abandoned and much of the interior was stripped of their useful components and it quickly fell into ruin. In 1900, three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium. The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928. The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort – transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drew on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience. Other artists and academics throughout the middle of the 20th century, including: Win Ellis, Jack Maul, Madame Cheruy, Giorgio Belloli, Charels Bode, Veronica Hughart, Edward and Rosamond Spicer, Hazel Larson Archer and Ruth Brown, renovated adobes, built homes and lived in the area. The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road. This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel.

Q1: Who bought The sanitarium in 1928?
A1: Harvey Adkins
Q2: Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?
A2: On the Road
Q3: What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium?
A3: 1900
Q4: Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation?
A4: beat generation
Q5: Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?
A5: February
Q6: When was Fort Lowell shut down?
A6: 1891
Q7: What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900?
A7: a sanitarium
Q8: Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928?
A8: Harvey Adkins
Q9: Who renovated Fort Lowell's adobe buildings?
A9: The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius
Q10: In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson?
A10: On the Road
Greece (Geography and places)

Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s.

Q1: Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?
A1: northern Greek borders
Q2: Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?
A2: 200,000 to 400,000
Q3: Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?
A3: Ladino
Q4: The Urums are known to speak what dialect?
A4: Greco-Turkic
Infrared (Natural sciences)

Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately, international standards for these specifications are not currently available.

Q1: What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?
A1: Near-infrared
Q2: Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?
A2: water absorption
Q3: In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?
A3: 1,050
Q4: What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?
A4: 950
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed during lautering, when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material. Other malted and unmalted grains (including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, corn and sorghum) may be used. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.

Q1: What is the main source of starch and most beer?
A1: barley malt
Q2: At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?
A2: After malting
Q3: What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?
A3: sorghum
Q4: When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?
A4: during lautering
Q5: Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?
A5: wheat
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills.

Q1: What are cirri?
A1: fused bundles of cilia
Q2: What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?
A2: ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae
Q3: What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?
A3: polychaetes
Q4: What are parapodia?
A4: unjointed paired extensions of the body wall
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.

Q1: Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?
A1: 10 percent
Q2: What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?
A2: The Energy Policy Act of 2005
Q3: Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?
A3: GM
Zinc (Unknown)

Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Q1: What are two billion people in the world deficient in?
A1: zinc
Q2: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?
A2: deficient in zinc
Q3: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?
A3: zinc supplementation
Q4: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?
A4: zinc interacts with other micronutrients.
Detroit (Geography and places)

Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).

Q1: What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?
A1: two-thirds
Q2: What is Detroit's rate of property crime?
A2: 62.18 per 1,000
Q3: What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?
A3: 5 per 1,000
Q4: What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?
A4: 16.73 per 1,000
John,_King_of_England (History)

Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed. Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. Innocent obliged; he declared the charter "not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust" and excommunicated the rebel barons. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons' War.

Q1: Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?
A1: rebel barons
Q2: John appealed to who for help?
A2: Innocent
Q3: The failure of the agreement lead to what?
A3: First Barons' War
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).

Q1: When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?
A1: late 18th century
Q2: What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?
A2: Hospitaller
Q3: When was RNH Bighi built?
A3: 1832
Q4: In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? 
A4: 1844
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

Q1: What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?
A1: ancient Romans
Q2: What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?
A2: grid system
Q3: What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?
A3: very logical and orderly