LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Boston (Geography and places)

People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%, about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013, and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans. The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian community in the country.

Q1: What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?
A1: People of Irish descent
Q2: What percentage of the city's population is Irish?
A2: 15.8%
Q3: What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?
A3: Italians
Q4: What percentage of the citys population is italian?
A4: 8.3%
Q5: How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?
A5: Over 27,000
Hellenistic_period (History)

People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Q1: Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?
A1: Peiraikos
Q2: Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?
A2: Galatians
Q3: All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?
A3: Alexander the Great
Q4: Venus de Milo belongs to which period?
A4: Hellenistic
Madrasa (Language and literature)

People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]

Q1: What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?
A1: all ages
Q2: How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?
A2: approximately twelve years
Q3: In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?
A3: people take evening classes and reside in dormitories
Q4: Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?
A4: provide them with education and training
Q5: What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?
A5: they study separately from the men
Pain (Language and literature)

People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points the other way, to chronic pain causing neuroticism. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall, often to normal levels. Self-esteem, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved.

Q1: When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?
A1: psychological disturbance
Q2: What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?
A2: neurotic
Q3: Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?
A3: chronic pain
Q4: If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?
A4: fall
Q5: What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?
A5: Self-esteem
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.

Q1: If you're around someone with active TB, what's the chance you'll contract it expressed as a percentage?
A1: 22%
Q2: Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year?
A2: 10–15
Q3: About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious?
A3: two weeks
Q4: If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others?
A4: three to four weeks
Q5: What term is interchangeable with "active" when talking about tuberculosis infection?
A5: overt
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones).

Q1: A listening environment is also know by which term?
A1: ambient noise
Q2: Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?
A2: sound cards
Q3: Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?
A3: Perceived quality
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".

Q1: What can affect how a person is treated?
A1: Perceived sexual orientation
Q2: What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?
A2: 15.6%
Q3: When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?
A3: 2003,
Q4: Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?
A4: workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation
Classical_music (Music)

Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).

Q1: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
A1: sight-reading
Q2: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
A2: harmonic
Q3: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
A3: classical music
Classical_music (Music)

Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.

Q1: What have classical trained performers done extensively?
A1: studied classical music
Q2: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
A2: individual lessons from professors
Q3: To what level is training for classical music often required?
A3: postgraduate
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.

Q1: What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
A1: Spanish inquisition
Q2: Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?
A2: Jorge Luis Borges
Q3: What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
A3: Christian heresy
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."

Q1: What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?
A1: Cartesian idea
Q2: Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?
A2: an event-based or "process" ontology
Q3: Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?
A3: interrelated and dependent
Q4: Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?
A4: experiential
Q5: Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?
A5: process philosophy
Q6: What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?
A6: reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
Q7: What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?
A7: event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
Q8: How did whitehead define "experience"?
A8: He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
Q9: How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?
A9: two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
Q10: How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?
A10: "philosophy of organism"
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem in Tucson, with its high desert climate, is potable water supply. The state manages all water in Arizona through its Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). The primary consumer of water is Agriculture (including golf courses), which consumes about 69% of all water. Municipal (which includes residential use) accounts for about 25% of use. Energy consumption and availability is another sustainability issue. However, with over 300 days of full sun a year, Tucson has demonstrated its potential to be an ideal solar energy producer.

Q1: How is most of Tucson's water used?
A1: Agriculture (including golf courses)
Q2: How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?
A2: 69%
Q3: How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?
A3: 25%
Q4: How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year?
A4: over 300
Q5: What agency manages Tucson's water?
A5: Arizona Department of Water Resources
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.

Q1: Who created the first electrostatic device?
A1: Andrew Gordon
Q2: Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?
A2: André-Marie Ampère
Q3: In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?
A3: 1821
Q4: What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?
A4: mercury
Police (Social sciences and society)

Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 (Lloyd, et al. 2007) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability capabilities (p. 19). As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement.

Q1: Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?
A1: Lloyd, et al.
Q2: What is the least-accountable IGO?
A2: Interpol
Q3: How accountable is Interpol?
A3: 22%
Q4: Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?
A4: this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement
Estonia (Geography and places)

Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.

Q1: What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?
A1: 1187
Q2: Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?
A2: the Swedish town of Sigtuna
Q3: What important figure was killed in the raid?
A3: Swedish archbishop Johannes
Q4: What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?
A4: the piratica and the liburna
Q5: What type of ship was the liburna?
A5: merchant ship
History_of_science (History)

Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of "man's place in the universe". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project).

Q1: Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?
A1: Charles Darwin
Q2: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?
A2: On the Origin of Species
Q3: What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?
A3: both opposition and support from different parts of society
Q4: Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?
A4: Moravian monk Gregor Mendel
Q5: What was the major break through for the study of genetics?
A5: the basic structure of DNA
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; "I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?

Q1: Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?
A1: not optional but necessary
Q2: Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?
A2: the true Faith
Q3: Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?
A3: outside of the true Faith
Q4: Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?
A4: within you
Q5: Who was the Festal Letter written for?
A5: his Church in Alexandria
Sumer (History)

Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt.

Q1: What type of debt did "clean slate" decrees cancel?
A1: rural
Q2: When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees?
A2: the first full year of their reign
Q3: Who made the first known clean slate decrees?
A3: Enmetena and Urukagina
Q4: Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?
A4: to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force
Q5: What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?
A5: lost the subsistence land or became bondservants
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan.

Q1: What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?
A1: landslides
Q2: How many helicopters were deployed?
A2: 20
Q3: How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?
A3: 15,600
Q4: How many survivors were found?
A4: around 3,000
Q5: How many troops parachuted into Mao County?
A5: 15
Q6: What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?
A6: heavy rain and landslides
Q7: How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?
A7: 20
Q8: By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?
A8: 15,600
Q9: How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?
A9: around 3,000
Q10: How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?
A10: around 9,000