LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.

Q1: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?
A1: potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form
Q2: What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?
A2: cracks and explosions
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.

Q1: What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?
A1: The Solzinc process
Q2: The Solznic process produces what?
A2: pure zinc
Q3: What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?
A3: Hydrogen production technologies
Q4: What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?
A4: uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures
Q5: What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?
A5: Solzinc process
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. François Isaac de Rivaz built the first de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The Döbereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.

Q1: Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?
A1: James Dewar
Q2: In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?
A2: 1898
Q3: What year was Deuterium discovered?
A3: 1931
Q4: Who was the first to discover deuterium?
A4: Harold Urey
Q5: What year was tritium discovered?
A5: 1934
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints.

Q1: What isotope is used in nuclear fission?
A1: Deuterium
Q2: Where is tritium produced?
A2: nuclear reactors
Q3: What is tritium used for?
A3: production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy). This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle nuclear fusion.

Q1: What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?
A1: 75%
Q2: What percent of atoms is hydrogen?
A2: 90%
Q3: What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?
A3: dark matter and dark energy
Q4: Clouds of H2 form what?
A4: stars
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

Q1: Hydropower is produced in how many countries?
A1: 150
Q2: Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?
A2: China
Q3: How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?
A3: three
Q4: What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?
A4: 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.

Q1: Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?
A1: its high density and low vapour pressure
Q2: What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?
A2: Hydrostatic gauges
Q3: What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?
A3: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric
Q4: Why is the McLeod gauge special?
A4: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr
Q5: An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?
A5: McLeod gauge
New_York_City (Geography and places)

I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York.

Q1: What English phrase does I ❤ NY represent?
A1: I Love New York
Q2: When was I ❤ NY first used in advertisements?
A2: 1977
Q3: Who owns the trademark to I ❤ NY?
A3: New York State Empire State Development
Q4: What is the state song of New York?
A4: I Love New York
Q5: I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?
A5: 1977
Q6: What is the state song of New York?
A6: I Love New York
Detroit (Geography and places)

I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.

Q1: Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?
A1: I-375
Q2: What is I-696 called?
A2: Reuther Freeway
Q3: Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?
A3: I-696
Q4: Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?
A4: M
Q5: Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?
A5: I-275
Detroit (Geography and places)

I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.

Q1: What is I-94 called?
A1: Edsel Ford Freeway
Q2: Who built I-94?
A2: Henry Ford
Q3: A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?
A3: limited-access
Q4: During which conflict was I-94 built?
A4: World War II
Computer (Engineering and technology)

I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

Q1: Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
A1: peripherals
Q2: A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
A2: input
Q3: A printer is what type of peripheral device?
A3: output
Q4: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
A4: input and output
Q5: A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
A5: input
IBM (History)

IBM acquired Kenexa (2012) and SPSS (2009) and PwC's consulting business (2002), spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo (2005, 2014). In 2014, IBM announced that it would go "fabless" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale. This transition had progressed as of early 2015[update].

Q1: In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?
A1: 2012
Q2: IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.
A2: SPSS
Q3: IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?
A3: Lexmark
Q4: IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.
A4: personal computer and x86 server
Q5: What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?
A5: GlobalFoundries
Database (Engineering and technology)

IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update].

Q1: What was the DBMS created by IBM called?
A1: Information Management System (IMS)
Q2: What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?
A2: the Apollo program
Q3: What is the classification of IMS?
A3: hierarchical database
Q4: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?
A4: The Programmer as Navigator
IBM (History)

IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card. Customers donate just a few pence (1p-99p) a time and every donation goes to UK charities.

Q1: What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?
A1: SmartCamp
Q2: How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?
A2: 17
Q3: Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?
A3: Pennies
Q4: Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?
A4: UK
Q5: What company is known for the electronic charity box?
A5: Pennies
IBM (History)

IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.

Q1: What will Open Client Offering run on?
A1: Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X
Q2: What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?
A2: Open Document Format software
Q3: What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?
A3: 5%
Q4: Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?
A4: Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Q5: What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?
A5: Mozilla Firefox
IBM (History)

IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science. Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), copper wiring in semiconductors, the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, and Watson artificial intelligence.

Q1: Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?
A1: IBM Research
Q2: How many research labs does IBM have world wide?
A2: 12 research laboratories worldwide
Q3: In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?
A3: 22 consecutive years
Q4: How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?
A4: five Nobel Prizes
Q5: This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?
A5: Universal Product Code
IBM (History)

IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).

Q1: IBM began supporting this in 1998.
A1: Linux
Q2: 300 Linux kernel developers work here.
A2: the IBM Linux Technology Center
Q3: IBM created the software framework known as?
A3: Eclipse
Q4: What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?
A4: SCO v. IBM
Q5: What does RDBMS refer to?
A5: relational database management system
IBM (History)

IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, cloud computing, virtualization and green solutions, resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.

Q1: What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?
A1: 16.8%
Q2: What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?
A2: 9.0%
Q3: IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?
A3: 2013
Q4: IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?
A4: 24.3%
Q5: IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?
A5: exiting commoditizing markets
Database (Engineering and technology)

IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a single large "chunk". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized query language – SQL[citation needed] – had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2).

Q1: What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?
A1: System R
Q2: When was IBM's system released?
A2: 1974/5
Q3: What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?
A3: multi-table systems
Q4: When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? 
A4: SQL
Q5: What was the name of the database product created by IBM?
A5: SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)
IBM (History)

IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.

Q1: In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?
A1: 1934
Q2: IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?
A2: IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott
Q3: IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?
A3: Think
Q4: What program did IBM launch in 1942?
A4: program to train and employ disabled people
Q5: What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?
A5: 1946
IBM (History)

IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional company rugby and American football teams. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of Business Machines, IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Q1: Who was the CEO in 1914?
A1: Thomas J. Watson
Q2: The Quarter Century Club began in this year.
A2: 1924
Q3: What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?
A3: Business Machines
Q4: In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.
A4: Hundred Percent Club
Q5: What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?
A5: IBM salesmen who meet their quotas
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

IMF's forecast said that Greece's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014.  But in fact, the Greek economy suffered a prolonged high unemployemnt. The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013. In 2015, Greece's jobless rate is around 24 per cent. It is thought that Greece's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects.

Q1: What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?
A1: 14.8 percent
Q2: What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?
A2: 9 per cent and 11 per cent
Q3: What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?
A3: 28 per cent
Q4: What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?
A4: 24 per cent
Q5: What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?
A5: prolonged massive unemployment