LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.

Q1: Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?
A1: Richard Owen
Q2: What did John Gould announce in 1837?
A2: Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea
Q3: How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?
A3: three separate species
Q4: What type of scientist was John Gould?
A4: ornithologist
Q5: Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?
A5: an ape
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.

Q1: Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?
A1: parton model
Q2: Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?
A2: Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
Q3: In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?
A3: 1965
Q4: Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?
A4: Feynman diagrams
Q5: What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?
A5: ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". He also stated "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'." Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time, and remarked that he found it a "wonderful book" and "valuable".

Q1: What was the date of Feynman's birth?
A1: May 11, 1918
Q2: In what city was Feynman born?
A2: New York City
Q3: Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?
A3: atheist
Q4: What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?
A4: Ashkenazi
Q5: What did Feynam think of the Talmud?
A5: "wonderful book" and "valuable"
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes, black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites, and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation; thus, blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched. He claims that the supposed "beneficiaries" of affirmative action – minorities – do not actually benefit and rather are harmed by the policy. Sander's claims have been disputed, and his empirical analyses have been subject to substantial criticism. A group including some of the country's lead statistical methodologists told the Supreme Court that Sander's analyses were sufficiently flawed that the Court would be wise to ignore them entirely. At the same time many scholars have found that minorities gain substantially from affirmative action.

Q1: Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?
A1: Richard Sander
Q2: What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?
A2: high dropout rates
Q3: Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?
A3: bottom 20 percent
Q4: What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?
A4: four times
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond city government consists of a city council with representatives from nine districts serving in a legislative and oversight capacity, as well as a popularly elected, at-large mayor serving as head of the executive branch. Citizens in each of the nine districts elect one council representative each to serve a four-year term. Beginning with the November 2008 election Council terms was lengthened to 4 years. The city council elects from among its members one member to serve as Council President and one to serve as Council Vice President. The city council meets at City Hall, located at 900 E. Broad St., 2nd Floor, on the second and fourth Mondays of every month, except August.

Q1: How many representatives make up the Richmond city council?
A1: nine
Q2: What official is in charge of Richmond's executive branch?
A2: mayor
Q3: How many years does the term of a Richmond city council representative last?
A3: four
Q4: On what day of the week does the city council meet?
A4: Mondays
Q5: In what month does the city council not meet?
A5: August
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond emerged a decade after the smoldering rubble of the Civil War to resume its position as an economic powerhouse, with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads, allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads, eventually including the site of the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role, boosted by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine, invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81. Contributing to Richmond's resurgence was the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. Designed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague, the trolley system opened its first line in 1888, and electric streetcar lines rapidly spread to other cities across the country. Sprague's system used an overhead wire and trolley pole to collect current, with electric motors on the car's trucks. In Richmond, the transition from streetcars to buses began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949.

Q1: What mode of transportation took over from the canals?
A1: railroads
Q2: What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?
A2: triple
Q3: Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?
A3: James Albert Bonsack
Q4: From what city did James Bonsack originate?
A4: Roanoke
Q5: What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?
A5: Richmond Union Passenger Railway
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters. The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter; Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified, then further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and mild winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 °F (3.3 °C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark. Downtown areas straddle the border between USDA Hardiness zones 7B and 8A, and temperatures seldom lower to 0 °F (−18 °C), with the most recent subzero (°F) reading occurring on January 28, 2000, when the temperature reached −1 °F (−18 °C). The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 °F (26.3 °C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) approximately 43 days out of the year; while 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures are not uncommon, they do not occur every year. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −12 °F (−24 °C) on January 19, 1940 up to 107 °F (42 °C) on August 6, 1918.[a]

Q1: What is Richmond's Köppen climate classification?
A1: Cfa
Q2: How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?
A2: generally cool
Q3: What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?
A3: mountains
Q4: In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?
A4: February
Q5: About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?
A5: 43
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond has a significant arts community, some of which is contained in formal public-supported venues, and some of which is more DIY, such as local privately owned galleries, and private music venues, nonprofit arts organizations, or organic and venueless arts movements (e.g., house shows, busking, itinerant folk shows). This has led to tensions, as the city Richmond City levied an "admissions tax" to fund large arts projects like CentreStage, leading to criticism that it is funding civic initiatives on the backs of the organic local culture. Traditional Virginian folk music, including blues, country, and bluegrass are also notably present, and play a large part in the annual Richmond Folk Festival. The following is a list of the more formal arts establishments (Companies, theaters, galleries, and other large venues) in Richmond:

Q1: What notable project was funded by Richmond's "admissions tax"?
A1: CentreStage
Q2: Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?
A2: country
Q3: Along with busking and itinerant folk shows, what is an example of venueless art?
A3: house shows
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond has several historic churches. Because of its early English colonial history from the early 17th century to 1776, Richmond has a number of prominent Anglican/Episcopal churches including Monumental Church, St. Paul's Episcopal Church and St. John's Episcopal Church. Methodists and Baptists made up another section of early churches, and First Baptist Church of Richmond was the first of these, established in 1780. In the Reformed church tradition, the first Presbyterian Church in the City of Richmond was First Presbyterian Church, organized on June 18, 1812. On February 5, 1845, Second Presbyterian Church of Richmond was founded, which was a historic church where Stonewall Jackson attended and was the first Gothic building and the first gas-lit church to be built in Richmond. St. Peter's Church was dedicated and became the first Catholic church in Richmond on May 25, 1834. The city is also home to the historic Cathedral of the Sacred Heart which is the motherchurch for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond.

Q1: What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond?
A1: First Presbyterian Church
Q2: Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?
A2: Stonewall Jackson
Q3: What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?
A3: Gothic
Q4: On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?
A4: May 25, 1834
Q5: In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?
A5: 1780
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from outside of Main Street Station, with fares starting at $1. Direct service is available to Washington, D.C., Hampton Roads, Charlotte, Raleigh, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Most other connections to Megabus served cites, such as New York, can be made from Washington, D.C. Richmond, and the surrounding metropolitan area, was granted[when?] a roughly $25 million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to support a newly proposed Rapid Transit System, which would run along Broad Street from Willow Lawn to Rocketts Landing, in the first phase of an improved public transportation hub for the region.

Q1: What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond?
A1: 2910 N Boulevard
Q2: How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take?
A2: 7.5 hours
Q3: What is the lowest fare on Megabus?
A3: $1
Q4: How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System?
A4: $25 million
Q5: What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to?
A5: Baltimore
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is also fast-becoming known for its food scene, with several restaurants in the Fan, Church Hill, Jackson Ward and elsewhere around the city generating regional and national attention for their fare. Departures magazine named Richmond "The Next Great American Food City" in August 2014. Also in 2014, Southern Living magazine named three Richmond restaurants – Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt – among its "100 Best Restaurants in the South", while Metzger Bar & Butchery made its "Best New Restaurants: 12 To Watch" list. Craft beer and liquor production is also growing in the River City, with twelve micro-breweries in city proper; the oldest is Legend Brewery, founded in 1994. Three distilleries, Reservoir Distillery, Belle Isle Craft Spirits and James River Distillery, were established in 2010, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Q1: What periodical called Richmond "The Next Great American Food City"?
A1: Departures magazine
Q2: According to Southern Living, what are the three best restaurants in Richmond?
A2: Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt
Q3: How many microbreweries exist in Richmond?
A3: twelve
Q4: What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond?
A4: Legend Brewery
Q5: When was James River Distillery founded?
A5: 2014
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is home to several notable instances of various styles of modernism. Minoru Yamasaki designed the Federal Reserve Building which dominates the downtown skyline. The architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill has designed two buildings: the Library of Virginia and the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building. Philip Johnson designed the WRVA Building. The Richard Neutra-designed Rice House, a residence on a private island on the James River, remains Richmond's only true International Style home. The W.G. Harris residence in Richmond was designed by famed early modern architect and member of the Harvard Five, Landis Gores. Other notable architects to have worked in the city include Rick Mather, I.M. Pei, and Gordon Bunshaft.

Q1: Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building?
A1: Minoru Yamasaki
Q2: Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building?
A2: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Q3: What architectural style was the Rice House designed in?
A3: International
Q4: What university was Landis Gores associated with?
A4: Harvard
Q5: Who did Landis Gores design a home for?
A5: W.G. Harris
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is home to the rapidly developing Virginia BioTechnology Research Park, which opened in 1995 as an incubator facility for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Located adjacent to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, the park currently[when?] has more than 575,000 square feet (53,400 m2) of research, laboratory and office space for a diverse tenant mix of companies, research institutes, government laboratories and non-profit organizations. The United Network for Organ Sharing, which maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list, occupies one building in the park. Philip Morris USA opened a $350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007. Once fully developed, park officials expect the site to employ roughly 3,000 scientists, technicians and engineers.

Q1: How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?
A1: 53,400
Q2: What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?
A2: maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list
Q3: What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
A3: $350 million
Q4: When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?
A4: 2007
Q5: What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
A5: Medical College of Virginia
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is located at 37°32′N 77°28′W﻿ / ﻿37.533°N 77.467°W﻿ / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, −77.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River.

Q1: How many square kilometers is Richmond?
A1: 160
Q2: How many square miles of Richmond is water?
A2: 2.7
Q3: What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?
A3: 4.3
Q4: In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?
A4: Piedmont
Q5: Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?
A5: Appomattox
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.

Q1: How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?
A1: 44
Q2: How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?
A2: 106
Q3: Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?
A3: south
Q4: What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?
A4: Midlothian
Q5: Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?
A5: west
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond is not home to any major league professional sports teams, but since 2013, the Washington Redskins of the National Football League have held their summer training camp in the city. There are also several minor league sports in the city, including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division (third tier of American soccer) and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball (an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants). The Kickers began playing in Richmond in 1993, and currently play at City Stadium. The Squirrels opened their first season at The Diamond on April 15, 2010. From 1966 through 2008, the city was home to the Richmond Braves, a AAA affiliate of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, until the franchise relocated to Georgia.

Q1: What sport do the Washington Redskins play?
A1: Football
Q2: What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?
A2: soccer
Q3: With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?
A3: San Francisco Giants
Q4: What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?
A4: City Stadium
Q5: Where did the Richmond Braves move to?
A5: Georgia
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

Q1: Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?
A1: Charles-Louis Clérisseau
Q2: In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?
A2: 1788
Q3: What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?
A3: Richmond
Q4: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?
A4: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Q5: In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
A5: 1782
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.

Q1: Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?
A1: government
Q2: What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?
A2: Fourth
Q3: How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?
A3: 13
Q4: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?
A4: 12
Q5: Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?
A5: Dominion Resources