LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).

Q1: Who was the principal fighting between?
A1: Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.
Q2: In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?
A2: 1918 to 1920
Q3: When did the major military operation end?
A3: 25 October 1922
Q4: What general was defeated in 1920?
A4: General Pyotr Wrangel
Q5: Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?
A5: Far East
Greece (Geography and places)

The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon, or the Twelve Gods, who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures.

Q1: Where did the mythical Greek gods live?
A1: Mount Olympus
Q2: The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?
A2: Dodekatheon
Q3: The most important of the ancient gods was who?
A3: Zeus
Q4: Zeus was married to which goddess?
A4: Hera
Q5: Who was Zeus's sister?
A5: Hera
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billette from French), from similar term in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German, is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.

Q1: What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?
A1: Helvetisms
Q2: Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?
A2: vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation
Q3: What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?
A3: Helvetisms
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. He proved that some such machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the Entscheidungsproblem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt.

Q1: Who wrote the paper "On Computable Numbers"?
A1: Alan Turing
Q2: When did Alan Turing write the paper, "On Computable Numbers"?
A2: 1936
Q3: Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931?
A3: Kurt Gödel
Phonology (Language and literature)

The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds.

Q1: Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?
A1: general analytical tools
Q2: What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to?
A2: sign languages
Q3: What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from?
A3: modality
Q4: In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds?
A4: sub-lexical units
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 μm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resistance to thermal strains. Heavy copper plated vias transfer heat to external heat sinks. IPC 2152 is a standard for determining current-carrying capacity of printed circuit board traces.

Q1: What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered "heavy copper"?
A1: three ounces
Q2: About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?
A2: 0.0042 inches
Q3: What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?
A3: current
Q4: What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?
A4: thermal strains
Q5: Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?
A5: external heat sinks
British_Empire (History)

The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: that of Indian independence. India's two major political parties—the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League—had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.

Q1: Who led the British government elected in 1945?
A1: Clement Attlee
Q2: What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?
A2: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
Q3: What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?
A3: Hindu
Q4: When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?
A4: Pakistan
Q5: When did Burma get its independence?
A5: 1948
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.

Q1: How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?
A1: two
Q2: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?
A2: fundamental
Q3: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?
A3: physically possible process
Q4: How is our experience of time at the macro level?
A4: not time-reversal invariant
Q5: What do we not have memories of?
A5: the future
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.

Q1: Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
A1: J. M. E. McTaggart
Q2: How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?
A2: two
Q3: What was McTaggart's first series called?
A3: the A-series
Q4: The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?
A4: each other
Q5: What is McTaggart's second series called?
A5: The B-series
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status. In spring 1949, a Washington University student group, the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN), began campaigning for full racial integration. In May 1952, the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.

Q1: When did Washington University begin desegregation?
A1: 1947
Q2: What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University? 
A2: the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work
Q3: What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?
A3: the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)
Q4: What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?
A4: the NAACP
Q5: When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division? 
A5: May 1952
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836, the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence. On 27 May 1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time.

Q1: When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?
A1: 11 June 1833
Q2: Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?
A2: Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga
Q3: When was the House of General Studies formed?
A3: 1836
Q4: When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?
A4: 27 May 1838
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

Q1: What is the process of making beer called?
A1: brewing
Q2: What is a building called that is used for making beer?
A2: a brewery
Q3: What is company that makes beer typically known as? 
A3: a brewing company
Q4: What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? 
A4: homebrewing
Q5: In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
A5: 1963
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Q1: What is common in Romance languages?
A1: agglutination
Q2: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
A2: morphological
Q3: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
A3: Prefixes
Q4: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
A4: sound alternations
Q5: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
A5: affixes
Szlachta (History)

The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising. After the January Uprising the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and began to intensify russification, and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language.

Q1: WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
A1: the highest members of the nobility
Q2: Who imposed various sanction on the people?
A2: Russian Empire
Q3: What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
A3: removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas
Q4: What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?
A4: "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism"
Q5: What language was banned from printing on books?
A5: Lithuanian language.
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be determined but only approximated. If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text, then copy text editing is appropriate, and if it seems that a group of manuscripts are good, then eclecticism on that group would be proper.

Q1: Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?
A1: examinatio and emendatio
Q2: What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?
A2: copy text editing
Q3: What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?
A3: eclecticism
Greece (Geography and places)

The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.

Q1: What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?
A1: Augustus
Q2: What saying by Horace became famous?
A2: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"
Q3: What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?
A3: Nero
Q4: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?
A4: Homer
Q5: What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?
A5: Scipio Africanus
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.

Q1: How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?
A1: 57,5%
Q2: How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?
A2: 55%
Q3: What company made The End of History beer in 2010?
A3: BrewDog
Q4: What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?
A4: fractional freezing
Q5: How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?
A5: 41%
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. The inexpensive Francis (1950), the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle (1949), part of a series, became mainstays of the company. Once again, the films of Abbott and Costello, including Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), were among the studio's top-grossing productions. But at this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil, whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952. Besides Abbott and Costello, the studio retained the Walter Lantz cartoon studio, whose product was released with Universal-International's films.

Q1: In what year was The Killers produced?
A1: 1946
Q2: What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?
A2: Francis
Q3: In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?
A3: 1949
Q4: What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?
A4: Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
Q5: Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?
A5: Milton Rackmil
Zinc (Unknown)

The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

Q1: Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?
A1: The production for sulfidic zinc ores
Q2: Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?
A2: heavy metals
Q3: Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?
A3: mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium
Q4: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?
A4: 20 to 1
Bermuda (History)

The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys. Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere, with an army garrison to match, ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including cricket, football, Rugby football, and even tennis and rowing (rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic. The officers soon switched to sail racing, founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Once these sports reached Bermuda, they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians.

Q1: What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?
A1: professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys
Q2: How were sports introduced in Bermuda?
A2: Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,
Q3: Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?
A3: rowing
Q4: Which sport was quickly adopted?
A4: sail racing