LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dog (Natural sciences)

Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.

Q1: What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?
A1: Service dogs
Q2: Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?
A2: medical care.
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough.

Q1: What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?
A1: ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets
Q2: Target area is relatively large at what range?
A2: short range
Q3: How was target lead watched at short range?
A3: by watching the tracers
Q4: At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?
A4: slide rules
Q5: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?
A5: small errors in distance
Kanye_West (Music)

Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to "undermine the commercial", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. Yeezus, West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013 to rave reviews from critics. It became the rapper's sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued "Black Skinhead" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. On September 6, 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support Yeezus, with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way.

Q1: Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?
A1: Paris
Q2: What became the name of his sixth studio album?
A2: Yeezus
Q3: Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?
A3: Kendrick Lamar
Q4: In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?
A4: 2013
Q5: What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?
A5: architecture
Q6: What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?
A6: Yeezus
Q7: On what date was Yeezus released?
A7: June 18, 2013
Q8: What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?
A8: Kendrick Lamar
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.

Q1: Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?
A1: renewable energy policy
Q2: The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?
A2: 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix
Q3: Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?
A3: Australia
Crimean_War (History)

Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415

Q1: How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?
A1: eleven months
Q2: Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?
A2: Russia
Q3: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
A3: Treaty of Paris
Q4: When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
A4: 30 March 1856
Q5: Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?
A5: Orthodox church
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double, namely Preston North End (1889), Aston Villa (1897), Tottenham Hotspur (1961), Arsenal (1971, 1998, 2002), Liverpool (1986), Manchester United (1994, 1996, 1999) and Chelsea (2010). In 1993, Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–1 in both finals. Liverpool (in 2001) and Chelsea (in 2007) have since repeated this feat. In 2012, Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League. In 1998–99, Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble. Two years later, in 2000–01, Liverpool won the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble. An English Treble has never been achieved.

Q1: How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? 
A1: Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double
Q2: Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? 
A2: Preston North End (1889)
Q3: Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? 
A3: Chelsea (2010)
Q4: Has any club won both in a same season? 
A4: Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke, and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu. As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance. Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism – especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible – from which all supernatural aspects were removed.

Q1: Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?
A1: Benjamin Franklin
Q2: Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?
A2: both directions
Q3: As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?
A3: John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)
Q4: Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?
A4: science and religion
Q5: All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?
A5: The Age of Reason
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

Q1: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
A1: the returning of the daylight
Q2: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
A2: on wheels
Q3: Why was the winter driven out?
A3: to make sure that fertility could return in spring
Q4: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
A4: fertility
Q5: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
A5: be consummated
History_of_India (History)

Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.

Q1: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?
A1: Afghanistan and Pakistan
Q2: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? 
A2: trading communities
Q3: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?
A3: western coast
Q4: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?
A4: Arabian peninsula
Q5: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?
A5: Judaism and Christianity
Exhibition_game (Sports and recreation)

Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.

Q1: What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?
A1: regular-season interleague play
Q2: What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?
A2: American League
Q3: What league are the Montreal Expos in?
A3: National League
Q4: What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?
A4: the Pearson Cup
Q5: When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?
A5: 1983
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

Q1: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?
A1: Higher Education Commission
Q2: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?
A2: 5-fold increase
Q3: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
A3: 115
Q4: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?
A4: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Q5: Where is Zayed University?
A5: United Arab Emirates
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.

Q1: What language is used in Macedonia?
A1: Macedonian
Q2: What do people speak in Bulgaria?
A2: Bulgarian
Q3: Slovene is a major language in what country?
A3: Slovenia
Animal (Natural sciences)

Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores. However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals. This result has been controversial, since it would imply that that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes.

Q1: Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?
A1: other animals early in evolution
Q2: Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?
A2: sponges
Q3: How do sponges typically feed?
A3: drawing in water through pores
Q4: During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?
A4: 2008-2015
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.

Q1: What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?
A1: juried fairs
Q2: What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?
A2: Ann Arbor Film Festival
Q3: How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?
A3: 2,500
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz. MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III is restricted to bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.[citation needed] Because of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency, and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction.

Q1: What is the name of the sampling theorem?
A1: Nyquist–Shannon
Q2: In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?
A2: less than half
Q3: What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?
A3: imperfect filters
Q4: Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?
A4: 4 kHz
Q5: A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?
A5: 48
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.

Q1: What was the largest armory in the world?
A1: Kingsbridge Armory
Q2: What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?
A2: Kingsbridge National Ice Center
Q3: Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?
A3: the Mott Haven waterfront
Q4: How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?
A4: 2,000,000 square feet
Q5: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?
A5: US$350–500 million
Armenia (History)

Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.

Q1: When was the capital of Armenia established?
A1: 782 BC
Q2: What is the capital of Armenia?
A2: Yerevan
Q3: Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?
A3: King Argishti I
Q4: The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?
A4: Yerevan
Yale_University (History)

Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Q1: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
A1: 1894
Q2: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
A2: city police officers
Q3: Why was the campus police established?
A3: quell unrest between students and city residents
Q4: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
A4: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.

Q1: With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?
A1: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software
Q2: What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?
A2: testing field is not ready for certification
Q3: What four traits can a certification not measure?
A3: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge
Utrecht (History)

Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

Q1: What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht
A1: The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress
Q2: What began in 1254 
A2: The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire
Q3: Was the cathedral finished 
A3: the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished
Q4: How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral
A4: Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht
Q5: What else was housed in the city 
A5: the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.