LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

Q1: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?
A1: Motorola
Q2: What powered the Macintosh II?
A2: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor
Q3: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?
A3: $5500
Q4: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?
A4: The Macintosh II
Q5: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?
A5: the IBM PC
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

Upon being confirmed in 1966, she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Months before her mother died of breast cancer, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason. Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition, and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.

Q1: Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?
A1: Veronica
Q2: Which disease did her mother passed away from?
A2: breast cancer
Q3: Where was Madonna raised?
A3: Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township
Q4: What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?
A4: cry
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure.

Q1: What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?
A1: the amount of light energy that reaches the film
Q2: In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?
A2: between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second
Q3: How is the exposure of film changed?
A3: by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture
Q4: How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?
A4: because reciprocity holds
Q5: What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?
A5: reciprocity failure
Napoleon (History)

Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

Q1: When did Napoleon graduate?
A1: September 1785
Q2: What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?
A2: second lieutenant
Q3: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?
A3: La Fère artillery regiment
Q4: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?
A4: Pasquale Paoli
Q5: When did the Revolution begin?
A5: 1789
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name "Paul" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America.

Q1: What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?
A1: Marian
Q2: What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?
A2: "Paul"
Q3: In what year was the name "Paul" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?
A3: 1605
Q4: What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?
A4: the Second Vatican Council
Q5: What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?
A5: encyclical Humanae vitae
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the "Old States" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways de facto integrated with West Germany under a special status.

Q1: How many states did West Germany have at its founding?
A1: eleven
Q2: What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?
A2: Western Allies
Q3: Which state was West Berlin apart of?
A3: neither a Western German state nor part of one
Q4: When did the Saarland form?
A4: 1957
Q5: How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952
A5: 1952
East_Prussia (History)

Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.

Q1: Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?
A1: Teutonic Knights
Q2: Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?
A2: Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms
Q3: What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?
A3: several wars
Q4: What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?
A4: 1466
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theories can be objectively measured with respect to the amount of truth and falsity that they imply. And, in this way, one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which, Popper emphasises forcefully, has nothing to do with "subjective probabilities" or other merely "epistemic" considerations.

Q1: What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?
A1: truthlikeness
Q2: Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?
A2: subjective
Q3: What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?
A3: epistemic
Q4: What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?
A4: probability
Plymouth (History)

Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named 'TAMARI OSTIA' (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.

Q1: What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?
A1: TAMARI OSTIA
Q2: Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?
A2: Mount Batten
Q3: What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?
A3: mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994.

Q1: What does SWAPO stand for?
A1: South West Africa People's Organisation
Q2: When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?
A2: 1973
Q3: When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?
A3: South-West Africa.
Q4: Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?
A4: internal violence
Q5: When did Namibia obtain full independence?
A5: 1990
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U
2C
3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC
2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN
2), and diuranium trinitride (U
2N
3).

Q1: Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?
A1: diuranium tricarbide
Q2: Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?
A2: 1800 °C
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.

Q1: What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?
A1: U
Q2: What is the atomic number of uranium?
A2: 92
Q3: What color is uranium?
A3: silvery-white
Q4: Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?
A4: actinide
Q5: How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?
A5: 6
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.

Q1: Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?
A1: 51st
Q2: Where is uranium naturally formed?
A2: in supernovae
Q3: Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?
A3: thorium
Q4: In what state is the Earth's outer core?
A4: liquid
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium).

Q1: Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?
A1: molybdenum
Q2: Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?
A2: antimony
Q3: What is the most prevalent uranium ore?
A3: uraninite
Q4: What mineral sometimes contains uranium?
A4: lignite
Q5: What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?
A5: phosphate
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety. See Nuclear proliferation.

Q1: Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?
A1: orange-red
Q2: Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?
A2: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Q3: Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?
A3: Eugène-Melchior Péligot
Q4: Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?
A4: Henri Becquerel
Q5: What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?
A5: Little Boy
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.

Q1: At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?
A1: 482 to 572
Q2: What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?
A2: hydrogen
Q3: Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created?
A3: 250 °C
Q4: Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?
A4: nitride
Q5: How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?
A5: Two
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.

Q1: What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?
A1: noble gases
Q2: Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?
A2: Hydrochloric
Q3: What coats uranium metal in air?
A3: uranium oxide
Q4: What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?
A4: uranium dioxide
Q5: What reacts with finely divided uranium?
A5: cold water
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining). Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.

Q1: What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?
A1: 0.01 to 0.25%
Q2: Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?
A2: borehole
Q3: In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?
A3: Canada
Q4: In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?
A4: Saskatchewan
Q5: What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?
A5: 23%
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.

Q1: What product of uranium was used as toner?
A1: nitrate
Q2: Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?
A2: Uranyl acetate
Q3: What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?
A3: stage
Q4: Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?
A4: wood
Q5: In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?
A5: silk
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.

Q1: How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?
A1: 40
Q2: How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?
A2: 1013
Q3: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?
A3: phosphate fertilizers
Q4: What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?
A4: 3 parts per billion
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).

Q1: What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?
A1: 235
Q2: How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?
A2: two
Q3: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?
A3: an explosion
Q4: What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?
A4: neutron poison
Q5: What does a neutron poison absorb?
A5: free neutrons