LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Brain (Natural sciences)

In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality, aggression, or maternal behaviors; but many of them relate to homeostasis. Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels, conveying information about temperature, sodium level, glucose level, blood oxygen level, and other parameters. These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland, a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity.

Q1: The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?
A1: the forebrain
Q2: In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?
A2: the hypothalamus,
Q3: A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?
A3: the hypothalamus,
Q4: The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?
A4: the pituitary gland
Q5: The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?
A5: the bloodstream
Zinc (Unknown)

In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)
2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3)
2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)
2, sulfate ZnSO
4, phosphate Zn
3(PO4)
2, molybdate ZnMoO
4, cyanide Zn(CN)
2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)
2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)
2·8H
2O and the chromate ZnCrO
4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O
2CCH3)
2).

Q1: Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?
A1: zincates
American_Idol (Music)

In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, "A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, From Justin to Kelly, which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally, with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million.

Q1: What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?
A1: A Moment Like This
Q2: What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?
A2: From Justin to Kelly
Q3: How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?
A3: more than 23 million
Q4: What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?
A4: A Moment Like This
Q5: What did Clarkson sing during the finale?
A5: the coronation song
Q6: What was the name of the song?
A6: A Moment Like This
Q7: Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?
A7: The Beatles
Q8: What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?
A8: From Justin to Kelly
Q9: How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?
A9: more than 23 million
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers.

Q1: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?
A1: Town of Greece v. Galloway
Q2: When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?
A2: May 5, 2014
Q3: What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?
A3: 5-4
Q4: Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
A4: Town of Greece
Q5: What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?
A5: sectarian prayers
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s–lower 50s °F (8–12 °C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3–5 in (8–13 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.

Q1: The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season?
A1: winter
Q2: What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont?
A2: upper 40s–lower 50s °F
Q3: What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter?
A3: below the freezing point
Q4: What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte?
A4: 3–5 in
Q5: What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for?
A5: sleet and freezing rain
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched.

Q1: When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?
A1: mid 2015
Q2: What is the third BeiDou system called?
A2: BDS-3
Q3: When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?
A3: 30 September 2015
Q4: How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?
A4: 4
Antibiotics (History)

Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.

Q1: What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?
A1: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse
Q2: What is a common method of misuse?
A2: Self prescription
Q3: What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?
A3: overuse of antibiotics
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

Q1: Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?
A1: less efficient
Q2: What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?
A2: 2.2%
Q3: Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?
A3: LED
Q4: How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?
A4: 1,000 hours
Q5: What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?
A5: The remaining energy is converted into heat.
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

Q1: What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?
A1: prohibited them already
Q2: How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?
A2: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs
Q3: What does the acronym CCFL refer to?
A3: cold cathode fluorescent lamps
Q4: What does the acronym CFL refer to?
A4: compact fluorescent lamps
Q5: What does the acronym LED refer to?
A5: light-emitting diode
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material. For two bulbs of the same voltage, type, color, and clarity, the higher-powered bulb gives more light.

Q1: What does a power factor of 1 mean?
A1: the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal
Q2: What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?
A2: the resistance of the filament
Q3: What determines the resistance of the filament?
A3: the filament's length, thickness, and material
Q4: How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?
A4: Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads
Q5: All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?
A5: the higher-powered bulb gives more light
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38.

Q1: What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?
A1: the shape of the bulb
Q2: What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?
A2: the maximum diameter
Q3: Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?
A3: The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions
Q4: What units are the bulb sizes measured in?
A4: 1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires.

Q1: What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?
A1: the envelope
Q2: What is the filament made of?
A2: tungsten wire
Q3: How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?
A3: two (or more)
Q4: What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?
A4: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base
Q5: What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?
A5: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires
Bird (Natural sciences)

Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young.

Q1: What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs?
A1: inbreeding depression
Q2: What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding?
A2: Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings
Q3: What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young?
A3: 43%
John_Kerry (Warfare)

Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a "very expensive, sophisticated campaign", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with "breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.

Q1: What was Paul Sheehy's job?
A1: attorney
Q2: What was DiFruscia's position?
A2: State Representative
Q3: Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?
A3: Anthony R. DiFruscia
Q4: Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?
A4: they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut
Q5: What is Kerry's younger brother's name?
A5: Cameron
A_cappella (Music)

Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.

Q1: What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?
A1: Harmony Sweepstakes
Q2: Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?
A2: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music
Q3: What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?
A3: Nota
Q4: Who won The Sing-Off final season?
A4: Pentatonix
Q5: In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?
A5: Puerto Rico
Botany (Natural sciences)

Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus had indicated. Adanson (1763), de Jussieu (1789), and Candolle (1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The Candollean system reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later classification by Bentham and Hooker, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach. Darwin's publication of the Origin of Species in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity.

Q1: What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?
A1: Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy
Q2: In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?
A2: 1819
Q3: On what did Candolle base his classification system?
A3: morphological complexity
Q4: What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?
A4: concept of common descent
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals, the Alcázar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.

Q1: What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?
A1: cultural contacts with the Muslim world
Q2: What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?
A2: the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily
Q3: In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?
A3: those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control
Q4: What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?
A4: Cefalù Cathedrals
Q5: What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?
A5: Teruel Cathedral
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

Q1: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
A1: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951
Q2: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
A2: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.
Q3: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
A3: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.
Q4: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
A4: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.
Q5: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
A5: British Petroleum
Q6: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
A6: September 1973
Q7: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
A7: $3.8 billion
Q8: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
A8: 1979
Q9: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
A9: $40
History_of_India (History)

Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.

Q1: What did the shramana movements challenge?
A1: orthodoxy of rituals
Q2: Who was the founder of Jainism?
A2: Mahavira
Q3: What prominent icon founded Buddhism? 
A3: Buddha
Q4: What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?
A4: Middle Way
Q5: What belief system taught the idea of samsara?
A5: Shramana
Pub (History)

Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.

Q1: Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?
A1: video games
Q2: What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?
A2: dance bar
Q3: At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?
A3: sports bar
Q4: Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?
A4: Shove ha'penny
Bird (Natural sciences)

Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of megapodes comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in woodpeckers, cuckoos and passerine birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and kiwis).

Q1: What process optimises temperature for chick development?
A1: Incubation
Q2: When does incubation begin?
A2: after the last egg has been laid
Q3: What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds?
A3: brood patches
Q4: How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers?
A4: 10 days
Q5: How many days is the incubation period for kiwis?
A5: over 80 days