LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Digestion (Natural sciences)

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.

Q1: What is digestion?
A1: the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma
Q2: In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?
A2: these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream
Q3: What are the two ways that food is broken down?
A3: mechanical and chemical digestion
Q4: What is mechanical digestion?
A4: the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes
Q5: What is chemical digestion?
A5: enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use
Digestion (Natural sciences)

Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.

Q1: Where does the digestions of some fats start?
A1: in the mouth
Q2: Where are fats mainly digested?
A2: the small intestine
Q3: What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?
A3: produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver
Q4: What does bile from the liver help do?
A4: helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids
Q5: What is one molecule of fat?
A5: a triglyceride
Digestion (Natural sciences)

Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.

Q1: What are the two types of digestion?
A1: internal and external digestion
Q2: When did external digestion develop?
A2: earlier in evolutionary history
Q3: What still uses the external digestion system?
A3: most fungi
Q4: What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?
A4: gastrointestinal tract
Q5: Why is internal digection better than external?
A5: more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled
Digimon (Video games)

Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs (デジタマ, Dejitama?). In the English iterations of the franchise there is another type of Digi-Egg that can be used to digivolve, or transform, Digimon. This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (デジメンタル, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese. (This type of Digi-Egg was also featured as a major object throughout season 2 as a way of Digivolution available only to certain characters at certain points throughout the season.) They age via a process called "Digivolution" which changes their appearance and increases their powers. The effect of Digivolution, however, is not permanent in the partner Digimon of the main characters in the anime, and Digimon who have digivolved will most of the time revert to their previous form after a battle or if they are too weak to continue. Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech. They are able to digivolve by the use of Digivices that their human partners have. In some cases, as in the first series, the DigiDestined (known as the 'Chosen Children' in the original Japanese) had to find some special items such as crests and tags so the Digimon could digivolve into further stages of evolution known as Ultimate and Mega in the dub.

Q1: How do digimon evolve?
A1: Digimental
Q2: How are digimon born?
A2: Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs
Q3: What is the process of aging called for digimon?
A3: Digivolution
Q4: What effect does digivolution have on digimon?
A4: changes their appearance and increases their powers
Q5: Are digimon all mindless monsters?
A5: Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech
Q6: What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?
A6: Digi-Eggs
Q7: What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?
A7: Digimental
Q8: What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?
A8: Digivolution
Q9: What items were used to help the Digimon evolve? 
A9: Digivices
Digimon (Video games)

Digimon started out as digital pets called "Digital Monsters", similar in style and concept to the Tamagotchi. It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26, 1997. The toy began as the simple concept of a Tamagotchi mainly for boys. The V-Pet is similar to its predecessors, with the exceptions of being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets. Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners to see who was stronger. The Digimon pet had several evolution capabilities and abilities too, so many owners had different Digimon. In December, the second generation of Digital Monster was released, followed by a third edition in 1998.

Q1: What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?
A1: planned by WiZ and released by Bandai
Q2: What made digimon different from similar digital pets?
A2: being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets
Q3: What year was the second generation of digimon released?
A3: 1997
Q4: What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay?
A4: Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners
Q5: Who was the main market for the original digimon?
A5: mainly for boys
Q6: What did the Digimon pets originally start out as?
A6: Digital Monsters
Q7: When was the Digimon released by WiZ?
A7: June 26, 1997
Q8: In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?
A8: December
Q9: What year was the third edition released?
A9: 1998
Digimon (Video games)

Digimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and, as such, took influence from Tamagotchis' cute and round designs. The small areas of the screens (16 by 16 pixels) meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable. As such, many of the early Digimon—including Tyrannomon, the first one ever created—were based on dinosaurs. Many further designs were created by Kenji Watanabe, who was brought in to help with the "X-Antibody" creatures and art for the Digimon collectible card game. Watanabe was one influenced by American comics, which were beginning to gain popularity in Japan, and as such began to make his characters look stronger and "cool." The character creation process, however, has for most of the franchise's history been collaborative and reliant on conversation and brainstorming.

Q1: What kind of toy were the original Digimon?
A1: virtual pet toy
Q2: What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?
A2: dinosaurs
Q3: What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture?
A3: stronger and "cool."
Q4: Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design?
A4: Kenji Watanabe
Q5: What was the name of the original Digimon character?
A5: Tyrannomon
Q6: What was the screen size of the Digimon toy?
A6: 16 by 16 pixels
Q7: What animals were the digimon based off of?
A7: dinosaurs
Q8: Who was the designer of the Digimon card game?
A8: Kenji Watanabe
Q9: How did Watanabe get his influence?
A9: American comics
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured, allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware.

Q1: What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?
A1: Digital cameras
Q2: What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?
A2: 409,600
Q3: What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?
A3: Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques
Q4: What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?
A4: prohibitively time consuming to process
Q5: What does the higher speed do for the images produced?
A5: a higher level of refinement
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data-in, data-out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others. They are used where a combination of maximum control and minimum visible electronics are needed such as strings for Christmas and LED matrices. Some even have refresh rates in the kHz range, allowing for basic video applications.

Q1: What makes RGB LEDs different?
A1: contain their own "smart" control electronics
Q2: How are Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?
A2: in a daisy chain
Q3: What object sources the data in of the first LED of a digital rgb LED?
A3: microprocessor
Q4: The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED?
A4: control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others
Q5: What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used?
A5: Christmas
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.

Q1: How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?
A1: three
Q2: What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?
A2: commune, canton and federal levels
Q3: What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?
A3: direct
Q4: What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?
A4: a constitutional initiative and a referendum
Q5: What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?
A5: Direct democracy and federalism
Elevator (History)

Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means "down" and green means "up". Since the color convention is often undermined or overridden by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for "up" and red for "down". Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.

Q1: What is the main function of direction lanterns?
A1: to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator
Q2: What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator?
A2: If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down
Q3: What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator?
A3: arrows or shaped like arrows
Q4: Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose?
A4: to differentiate between directions
The_Blitz (History)

Directive 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmarine gain control of more Luftwaffe units. Raeder's successor—Karl Dönitz—would—on the intervention of Hitler—gain control of one unit (KG 40), but Göring would soon regain it. Göring's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain. Instead, he wasted aircraft of Fliegerführer Atlantik (Flying Command Atlantic) on bombing mainland Britain instead of attacks against convoys. For Göring, his prestige had been damaged by the defeat in the Battle of Britain, and he wanted to regain it by subduing Britain by air power alone. He was always reluctant to cooperate with Raeder.

Q1: What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?
A1: Directive 23
Q2: What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?
A2: control of more Luftwaffe units
Q3: Who was Raeder's successor? 
A3: Karl Dönitz
Q4: What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?
A4: Göring's lack of cooperation
Q5: How did Goring expect to regain prestige?
A5: by subduing Britain by air power alone
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing.

Q1: Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?
A1: the semi-state apartments
Q2: Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?
A2: 1844 Room
Q3: The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?
A3: Emperor Napoleon III of France
Q4: Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?
A4: Bow Room
Q5: Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?
A5: the north wing
Q6: What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?
A6: semi-state apartments
Q7: What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?
A7: less formal entertaining
Q8: Who is the 1844 Room named after?
A8: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia
Q9: Who is the 1855 Room named after?
A9: Emperor Napoleon III of France
Q10: Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?
A10: the north wing
Samoa (Geography and places)

Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world.

Q1: Who made the film O Tamaiti?
A1: Sima Urale
Q2: What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?
A2: Apron Strings
Q3: What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?
A3: The Orator
Q4: Who wrote and directed The Orator?
A4: Tusi Tamasese
Q5: In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?
A5: 2008
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

Disadvantages of electric traction include high capital costs that may be uneconomic on lightly trafficked routes; a relative lack of flexibility since electric trains need electrified tracks or onboard supercapacitors and charging infrastructure at stations; and a vulnerability to power interruptions. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service. The limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. The lethal voltages on contact wires and third rails are a safety hazard to track workers, passengers and trespassers. Overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly.

Q1: What issue can complicate electric railway service?
A1: different supply voltages and frequencies,
Q2: What is a safety hazard to track workers?
A2: voltages on contact wires
Q3: What is a safer alternative to third rails?
A3: Overhead wires
Q4: Why overhead wires are not being widely used?
A4: considered unsightly.
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.

Q1: What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?
A1: stalemate
Q2: What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?
A2: take action on Ethiopia
Q3: Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?
A3: Ethiopia
Q4: What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?
A4: a UN report
Q5: What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?
A5: denied the claims
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

Q1: How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?
A1: two
Q2: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?
A2: a local council
Q3: When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?
A3: December 2006
Q4: The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?
A4: significant disruption
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently only for large integrated circuits). It has solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high-frequency characteristics but lower power rating.

Q1: What is a discrete transistor?
A1: individually packaged transistors
Q2: What are the two most common types of transistor?
A2: through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount
Q3: What is another name for the surface-mount transistor?
A3: surface-mount device (SMD)
Q4: What is the newest surface-mount transistor?
A4: ball grid array (BGA)
Q5: What is a ball grid array composed of?
A5: solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on "Confucian instruments of tribute relations" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was "the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet," that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but "avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat." P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas "was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes."

Q1: What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?
A1: recovery of the Ordos region
Q2: Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? 
A2: the Mongols
Q3: Where were the Mongols trying to raise? 
A3: Ming China
Q4: Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?
A4: to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes