LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. "It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived," wrote Miklós Rédei in "Selected Letters." James Glimm wrote: "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics". The mathematician Jean Dieudonné called von Neumann "the last of the great mathematicians", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the "most scintillating intellect of this century".

Q1: What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability?
A1: I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man
Q2: What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?
A2: he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics
Q3: What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann?
A3: most scintillating intellect of this century
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Q1: What do 'to-min' mean?
A1: idle people
Q2: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
A2: music people
Q3: What does 'si-min' mean?
A3: small people
Q4: What does Tanka mean? 
A4: egg-people
Q5: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
A5: Zhejiang
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

"Junior" Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat (1929), the lavish musical Broadway (1929) which included Technicolor sequences; and the first all-color musical feature (for Universal), King of Jazz (1930). The more serious All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), won its year's Best Picture Oscar.

Q1: What was Carl Laemmle Jr.'s nickname?
A1: Junior
Q2: What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel?
A2: Show Boat
Q3: In what year was the musical Broadway produced?
A3: 1929
Q4: What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture?
A4: All Quiet on the Western Front
Q5: What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930?
A5: King of Jazz
Detroit (Geography and places)

"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period," said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems." John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, "Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then."

Q1: What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?
A1: Milliken
Q2: What school does John Mogk teach at?
A2: Wayne State University
Q3: At which school did Myron Orfield teach?
A3: University of Minnesota
Near_East (Geography and places)

"Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the Biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became Biblical archaeology attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology.

Q1: What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?
A1: "Near East"
Q2: What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?
A2: "the Nearer East,"
Q3: There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?
A3: the Biblical lands
Q4: What did the Christians see the country as?
A4: the land of the Old and New Testaments
Q5: How did the scholars attempt their definition? 
A5: on the basis of archaeology
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

"New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. "New Labour" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as "Old Labour".

Q1: What was the other name for the Labout Party?
A1: "New Labour"
Q2: When was this branding first used?
A2: 1994
Q3: When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?
A3: 1996
Q4: What was this manifesto called?
A4: New Labour, New Life For Britain
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

"Old Style" (OS) and "New Style" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS).

Q1: What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? 
A1: "Old Style" (OS) and "New Style"
Q2: When was the Calendar act enacted?
A2: 1750
Q3: With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?
A3: Gregorian calendar
Q4: What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?
A4: confusion
Q5: What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?
A5: Calendar Act of 1750
Poultry (Natural sciences)

"Poultry" is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes). "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. In colloquial speech, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "domesticated chicken" (Gallus gallus), or with "poultry" or even just "bird", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from "game", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten.

Q1: What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?
A1: guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)
Q2: Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?
A2: R. D. Crawford
Q3: What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?
A3: frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.
Q4: Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?
A4: peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams
Q5: Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?
A5: many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

"Race" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept "race" out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional ancestry. He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa, categorizing that skeletal as being "black" is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States, and which is not itself scientifically valid.

Q1: What type of anthropology is "race" sometimes still used within?
A1: forensic
Q2: What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?
A2: regional ancestry
Q3: What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?
A3: specific region
Q4: What does Brace feel the term "black" in meaningful in?
A4: particular context
Q5: Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?
A5: is not itself scientifically valid
Red (Natural sciences)

"So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus.

Q1: How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?
A1: seven heads
Q2: The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?
A2: ten
Q3: What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?
A3: golden
Q4: What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?
A4: a name
Q5: Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?
A5: the blood of the martyrs of Jesus
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

"Superstorm Sandy" struck Atlantic City on October 29, 2012, causing flooding and power-outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts, despite widespread belief that the city's boardwalk had been destroyed. The source of the misinformation was a widely circulated photograph of a damaged section of the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm, and incorrect news reports at the time of the disaster. The storm produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of 943 mb (27.85") for not only Atlantic City, but the state of New Jersey.

Q1: When did "Superstorm Sandy" strike Atlantic City?
A1: October 29, 2012
Q2: "Superstorm Sandy" produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what?
A2: 943 mb
Q3: Although "Superstorm Sandy" left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas it did cause what two other things to occur?
A3: flooding and power-outages
Q4: What was the source of the misinformation concerning damage to the city's boardwalk?
A4: photograph
Q5: Why was there a photo of the Boardwalk if it wasn't actually damaged in the storm?
A5: the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm
Madrasa (Language and literature)

"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through globalization is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madaris are the ones built by Mehmed the Conqueror. He built eight madaris that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madaris and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.

Q1: Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?
A1: Ottomans
Q2: How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?
A2: eight
Q3: How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?
A3: complete the classes in the lower one
Q4: Where were Ottoman madaris built?
A4: near mosques
Q5: When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?
A5: 1331
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environment from which the world of physics is constructed, has entered in the form of messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness.... Consciousness is not sharply defined, but fades into subconsciousness; and beyond that we must postulate something indefinite but yet continuous with our mental nature.... It is difficult for the matter-of-fact physicist to accept the view that the substratum of everything is of mental character. But no one can deny that mind is the first and most direct thing in our experience, and all else is remote inference."

Q1: How do receive information from the physical world?
A1: messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness
Q2: What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?
A2: subconsciousness
Q3: What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?
A3: mental
Q4: According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?
A4: physicist
Q5: What is the main thing that we experience?
A5: mind
Dog (Natural sciences)

"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.

Q1: A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?
A1: puppy
Q2: What two species have the most widespread bonding?
A2: humans and dogs
Q3: When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?
A3: after World War II
Q4: What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?
A4: 1980s
Q5: In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?
A5: outside
Q6: Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?
A6: elites
Q7: Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?
A7: outside
Q8: When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?
A8: 1980s
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.

Q1: What options do minority party have in amendment phase?
A1: offer our program as a substitute
Q2: If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?
A2: motion to recommit and get a vote on that
Q3: If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?
A3: say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument
Pub (History)

"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."

Q1: How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?
A1: 20 to 30
Q2: What location did John Lofting live near?
A2: St Thomas Apostle London
Q3: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?
A3: Islington
Q4: What was William Tillcar's profession?
A4: Turner
Q5: What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?
A5: Sun Tavern
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

(The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault. See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details.)

Q1: When did this earthquake occur?
A1: August 30, 2008
Q2: Where did this earthquake occur?
A2: southern Sichuan
Q3: Why was it not included in the series?
A3: because it was caused by a different fault.
Q4: Where should you look for more details?
A4: 2008 Panzhihua earthquake
Q5: Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?
A5: southern Sichuan
Q6: What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?
A6: Ms 6.1
Q7: What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?
A7: Panzhihua earthquake
Digimon (Video games)

(デジモン Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for "Digital Monsters" (デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which are monsters living in a "Digital World", a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks. In many incarnations, Digimon are raised by humans called "Digidestined" or "Tamers", and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world.

Q1: What does Digimon stand for?
A1: Digital Monsters
Q2: What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?
A2: virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game
Q3: What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?
A3: a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks
Q4: What are the people who raise Digimon called?
A4: "Digidestined" or "Tamers"
Q5: What are the Digimon villians main goals?
A5: trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

Q1: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
A1: Charles de Gaulle
Q2: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?
A2: the French Navy
Q3: What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
A3: Aster
Q4: What is another name for the French Navy?
A4: Marine Nationale
Q5: What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?
A5: CATOBAR