LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do, however, appear effective.

Q1: What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?
A1: wall
Q2: Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?
A2: rifampicin
Q3: What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?
A3: antibiotic resistance
Q4: What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?
A4: Directly observed therapy
Q5: What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?
A5: WHO
Tristan_da_Cunha (Geography and places)

Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

Q1: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
A1: volcanic
Q2: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?
A2: south Atlantic Ocean
Q3: how many square kilometres  is the island?
A3: 98
Q4: what type of island group are the islands?
A4: archipelago
Tristan_da_Cunha (Geography and places)

Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

Q1: what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?
A1: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena
Q2: What is the population of the island?
A2: 267
Q3: what other island is included in the territory?
A3: Ascension Island
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Q1: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
A1: True aspirated voiced consonants
Q2: True aspirated consonants are considered what?
A2: rare
Q3: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
A3: Kx'a languages
Exhibition_game (Sports and recreation)

True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.

Q1: What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?
A1: opinion polling
Q2: What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?
A2: Intramural
Q3: Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?
A3: Football Bowl Subdivision
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this "tribute-related trade" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses—while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants—"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021–1086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.

Q1: Why did Yongle order the construction?
A1: to facilitate trade with Tibet
Q2: What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?
A2: tea, horses, and salt
Q3: where did the trade route pass through?
A3: through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

Q1: What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?
A1: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Q2: What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?
A2: lungs
Q3: Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?
A3: 10%
Q4: What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?
A4: consumption
Q5: Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?
A5: fever
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916).

Q1: What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?
A1: consumption
Q2: How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?
A2: one
Q3: In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?
A3: 1880s
Q4: What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?
A4: spitting
Q5: What were the "treatment" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?
A5: sanatoria
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution.

Q1: What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?
A1: bison
Q2: What does MTBC stand for?
A2: M. tuberculosis complex
Q3: During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?
A3: Neolithic Revolution
Q4: In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?
A4: Wyoming
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.

Q1: What specific type of disease is TB?
A1: granulomatous inflammatory
Q2: What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?
A2: lymphocytes
Q3: What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?
A3: multinucleated
Q4: What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?
A4: necrosis
Q5: What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?
A5: immune response
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004–2014. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.

Q1: What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?
A1: HIV/AIDS
Q2: When did new cases of TB infection start going down?
A2: 2002
Q3: What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?
A3: China
Q4: In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?
A4: 1980s
Q5: How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?
A5: 80%
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Q1: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
A1: Phoenix
Q2: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
A2: 60
Q3: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
A3: Optics Valley
Q4: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? 
A4: 520,116
Q5: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? 
A5: 996,544
Q6: Which county is Tucson in?
A6: Pima County
Q7: Which university is in Tucson?
A7: University of Arizona
Q8: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
A8: 108 miles (174 km)
Q9: How far is Tucson from Mexico?
A9: 60 mi (97 km)
Q10: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
A10: Optics Valley
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.

Q1: What kind of climate is Tuscon?
A1: desert
Q2: What is the average amount of  yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?
A2: 11.8
Q3: What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?
A3: Alice Springs
Q4: What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?
A4: precipitation
Q5: What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?
A5: water
Q6: What is Tucson's climate type?
A6: desert
Q7: How much rain does Tucson get each year?
A7: 11.8 inches (299.7 mm)
Q8: What is evapotranspiration?
A8: net loss of water
Q9: Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?
A9: Alice Springs
Q10: What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?
A10: 11 inches (279.4 mm)
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit independent online news organization. Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, Lovin' Life News, DesertLeaf, and Zócalo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper. The New Vision is the newspaper for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, and the Arizona Jewish Post is the newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona.

Q1: What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?
A1: Arizona Daily Star
Q2: What is Tucson's daily legal paper?
A2: The Daily Territorial
Q3: Who publishes Tucson Weekly?
A3: 10/13 Communications
Q4: Where is 10/13 based?
A4: Boulder, Colo.
Q5: What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?
A5: The Arizona Daily Wildcat
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo". This in turn transformed into the current form of "The Old Pueblo".

Q1: Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?
A1: Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood
Q2: When did Tucson get a railroad?
A2: March 20, 1880
Q3: What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?
A3: "ancient and honorable pueblo"
Q4: How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?
A4: "A. and H. Pueblo"
Q5: Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?
A5: the President of the United States and the Pope
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Q1: When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?
A1: 1985
Q2: What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?
A2: 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter
Q3: What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?
A3: 64¢ per registered voter
Q4: What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?
A4: San Francisco and New York City
Q5: How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?
A5: 200
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Q1: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?
A1: 118
Q2: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?
A2: 60
Q3: What is the second largest city in Arizona?
A3: Tucson
Q4: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? 
A4: 32nd
Q5: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?
A5: Greater Tucson Metro
Q6: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?
A6: 520,116
Q7: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?
A7: 980,263
Q8: How does Tucson rank among US cities?
A8: 32nd largest
Q9: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?
A9: 52nd largest
Q10: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?
A10: 1 million
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Q1: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?
A1: southern Arizona
Q2: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
A2: Hohokam
Q3: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? 
A3: Santa Cruz River
Q4: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
A4: Paleo-Indians
Q5: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
A5: 12,000 years ago
Q6: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
A6: about 12,000 years ago
Q7: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
A7: 2100 BC
Q8: When was the Early Agricultural period?
A8: 1200 BC to AD 150
Q9: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
A9: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage
Q10: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
A10: from AD 600 to 1450
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.

Q1: How long is the Sun Link?
A1: 3.9-mile
Q2: What is Tucson's bus system called?
A2: Sun Tran
Q3: What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?
A3: the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service
Q4: When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?
A4: 1988 and 2005
Q5: What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?
A5: streetcar