LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself". Le Gazetier cuirassé by Charles Théveneau de Morande was a prototype of the genre. It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment. More importantly, according to Darnton, the Grub Street hacks inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political, moral and religious authority in France.

Q1: What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?
A1: the Grub Street Hacks
Q2: Libelles were generally written in what form?
A2: pamphlets
Q3: Which group inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?
A3: the Grub Street hacks
Q4: Which works by the Grub Street Hacks "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself."?
A4: the libelles
Classical_music (Music)

The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

Q1: What does the written score not usually contain explicitly? 
A1: instructions
Q2: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?
A2: performers
Q3: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?
A3: the work's idiom
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Q1: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
A1: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats
Q2: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
A2: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians
Q3: What happened at Minden in 1757?
A3: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French
Q4: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
A4: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000
Q5: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
A5: Frederick himself lost half his army
Alsace (History)

The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "La Marseillaise" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée and Westermann, who also fought in the Vendée.

Q1: In what year did the division of Alsace take place?
A1: 1789
Q2: Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?
A2: La Marseillaise
Q3: Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?
A3: Kellermann
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

The year 2000 brought heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, which, unlike ESPN, televised regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the AF2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, New York Dragons and Utah Blaze. Some of these teams, including the Crush, Desperados, Kats, and VooDoo, were owned by the same group which owned the NFL teams in their host cities. The NFL purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest the AFL. Of all of these teams, only the Soul still compete in the AFL as of now.

Q1: What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?
A1: Iowa Barnstormers
Q2: Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?
A2: Super Bowl XXXIV
Q3: What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?
A3: St. Louis Rams
Q4: What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?
A4: TNN
Q5: What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?
A5: VooDoo
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC. The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

Q1: What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?
A1: consular year
Q2: What event started the consular year?
A2: consuls first entered office
Q3: What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?
A3: 1 May
Q4: What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?
A4: 15 March
Q5: When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?
A5: 45 BC
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Big Four" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "super clubs" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since 1994–95. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994–95.

Q1: Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?
A1: In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005
Q2: Why was there critcism of the elite clubs?
A2: due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs.
Q3: Since 1994-95, who was the first club out side of the "Big Four" to win the title
A3: Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since 1994–95.
Q4: Which two "Big Four" clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season?
A4: That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four
Q5: In the 2009-10 season, which team was the first to break into the "Big Four" since 2005?
A5: Tottenham
Q6: In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season?
A6: fourth
Q7: In 2011-12, which club was the first non-"Big Four" team to win since 1994-95?
A7: Manchester City
Q8: In 2011-12, how many "Big Four" clubs finished outside the top four places in the league?
A8: two
Q9: In 2005, which was the only non-"Big Four" team to break the top four?
A9: Everton
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.

Q1: What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?
A1: humor
Q2: What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?
A2: father
Q3: What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?
A3: radios
Q4: As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?
A4: home burglar alarm system
Q5: What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?
A5: engineering
History_of_India (History)

The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna Sātakarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states.

Q1: What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?
A1: Śātavāhana Empire
Q2: Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?
A2: Hinduism and Buddhism
Q3: What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?
A3: coins
Q4: When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?
A4: 3rd century CE
Q5: From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?
A5: foreign invaders
Paris (Geography and places)

Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.  of Other famous theaters include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.

Q1: When was the oldest Paris theater founded?
A1: 1680
Q2: What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?
A2: Comédie-Française
Q3: Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?
A3: French government
Q4: What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?
A4: the Louvre
University (Language and literature)

Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

Q1: What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?
A1: Mediterranean universities
Q2: What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?
A2: prince or monarch
Q3: In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?
A3: 10th
Q4: From where did a degree come in a madrasa?
A4: individual teachers
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.

Q1: What did the AEA name their last plane?
A1: Silver Dart
Q2: Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?
A2: J.A.D. McCurdy
Q3: What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?
A3: a doctor
Q4: What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?
A4: Canadian Aerodrome Company
Q5: On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?
A5: February 23
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

Q1: In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?
A1: 1949
Q2: What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?
A2: 7–1
Q3: In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?
A3: 1954
Q4: To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed?
A4: Syd Owen
Q5: After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?
A5: Uruguay
God (Philosophy and religion)

Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

Q1: What is the basis behind Catholic theology?
A1: God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time
Q2: What ways can God interact with the universe?
A2: religious experience and the prayers of humans
Q3: Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?
A3: God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world
Q4: What is the suffix theism used for?
A4: used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods
Q5: What are examples of different types of theism?
A5: monotheism or polytheism
Q6: What three points do most theists agree on?
A6: God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,
Q7: What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?
A7: Catholic
Q8: What does theism mean in general?
A8: belief in a god or gods
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy.

Q1: What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?
A1: 1213–1288
Q2: What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?
A2: science fiction
Q3: What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?
A3: scientific knowledge
History_of_science (History)

Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus. For example, he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond, and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness. His recognition of the importance of crystal shape is a precursor to modern crystallography, while mention of numerous other minerals presages mineralogy. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the crystal habit with the work of lapidaries. He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.

Q1: What classification guide did Theophrastus create?
A1: the first taxonomy
Q2: In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?
A2: 77 AD
Q3: What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?
A3: the octahedral shape
Q4: Who do engravers use diamond dust for?
A4: to cut and polish other gems
Q5: What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?
A5: was a fossilized resin
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.

Q1: What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?
A1: 20%
Q2: What kind of bird flies less efficiently?
A2: a bird that loads itself with food
Q3: What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?
A3: Swainson's thrush
Q4: Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?
A4: far east across North America
Samurai (Language and literature)

Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period. Bushido was an ideal, and it remained fairly uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century — the ideals of Bushido transcended social class, time and geographic location of the warrior class.

Q1: Who were most samurais' lords?
A1: daimyo
Q2: Whose teachings did all samurai read?
A2: Confucius and Mencius
Q3: What did Bushido transcend?
A3: social class, time and geographic location
Q4: When was Bushido formalized?
A4: before the Edo Period
Q5: Who formalized Bushido?
A5: several influential leaders and families
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

Q1: What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
A1: the perceptual theory
Q2: What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?
A2: Gut Reactions
Q3: What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?
A3: Feelings
Q4: What is Laird's job title?
A4: psychologist
Q5: What is Jesse Prinz's profession?
A5: philosopher