LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Szlachta (History)

As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.

Q1: What ultimately determined nobility?
A1: hereditary juridical status
Q2: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?
A2: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.
Q3: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?
A3: no
Q4: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?
A4: retained all their constitutional prerogatives
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch "Hans and Franz" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians "girlie men".

Q1: What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?
A1: Willie Brown
Q2: What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians "girlie men"?
A2: Hans and Franz
Cyprus (Geography and places)

As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos and four other bishops. In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place. Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelenting poverty of most of the people, and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century idea of enosis, or union, with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.

Q1: What year did the Greek war of independence break out?
A1: 1821
Q2: How many Greek Cypriots were arrested and executed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus?
A2: 486
Q3: Who was modern Greece's first president?
A3: Ioannis Kapodistrias
Q4: What did Ioannis Kapodistrias call for?
A4: union of Cyprus with Greece
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".

Q1: What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?
A1: sound scholar
Q2: Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?
A2: Australian
Q3: What did the hacker use to acquire the software?
A3: stolen credit card
Q4: The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?
A4: user interface
Q5: How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?
A5: free
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

As sun-god and god of light, Apollo was also known by the epithets Aegletes (/əˈɡliːtiːz/ ə-GLEE-teez; Αἰγλήτης, Aiglētēs, from αἴγλη, "light of the sun"), Helius (/ˈhiːliəs/ HEE-lee-əs; Ἥλιος, Helios, literally "sun"), Phanaeus (/fəˈniːəs/ fə-NEE-əs; Φαναῖος, Phanaios, literally "giving or bringing light"), and Lyceus (/laɪˈsiːəs/ ly-SEE-əs; Λύκειος, Lykeios, from Proto-Greek *λύκη, "light"). The meaning of the epithet "Lyceus" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia (Λυκία) and who was identified with the wolf (λύκος), earning him the epithets Lycegenes (/laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz/ ly-SEJ-ə-neez; Λυκηγενής, Lukēgenēs, literally "born of a wolf" or "born of Lycia") and Lycoctonus (/laɪˈkɒktənəs/ ly-KOK-tə-nəs; Λυκοκτόνος, Lykoktonos, from λύκος, "wolf", and κτείνειν, "to kill"). As god of the sun, Apollo was called Sol (/ˈsɒl/ SOL, literally "sun" in Latin) by the Romans.

Q1: Who was the god of light?
A1: Apollo
Q2: Who was the patron goddess of Lycia?
A2: Leto
Q3: What word literally means "born of a wolf?"
A3: Lukēgenēs
Q4: Since Apollo was known as god of the sun, what was another name for Apollo?
A4: Sol
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Q1: Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?
A1: 10th century
Q2: Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?
A2: Pechenegs
Q3: What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?
A3: livestock
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Q1: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
A1: right
Q2: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?
A2: 1954
Q3: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?
A3: Republicans
Q4: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?
A4: moderate, progressive
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

As the 1990s dawned, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES’s dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin. The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993, when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted. The final Famicom game released in Japan is Takahashi Meijin no Bōken Jima IV (Adventure Island IV), while in North America, Wario's Woods is the final licensed game. In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new software titles, Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995. However, Nintendo kept producing new Famicom units in Japan until September 25, 2003, and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31, 2007, attributing the discontinuation of support to insufficient supplies of parts.

Q1: Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?
A1: 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis
Q2: When did the demand for new NES software dry up?
A2: late 1993
Q3: What was the final Famicom game released in North America?
A3: Wario's Woods
Q4: What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?
A4: 1995
Q5: How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?
A5: October 31, 2007
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

As the 20th century came to a close, Gaddafi increasingly rejected Arab nationalism, frustrated by the failure of his Pan-Arab ideals; instead he turned to Pan-Africanism, emphasising Libya's African identity. From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa. He became one of the founders of the African Union (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU; at the opening ceremonies, he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki. At the third AU summit, held in Libya in July 2005, he called for a greater level of integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system and a single currency, utilising the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." In June 2005, Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed "King of Kings" by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders. On 1 February 2009, his "coronation ceremony" was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, coinciding with Gaddafi's election as AU chairman for a year.

Q1: What organization did Libya join in 1999?
A1: Community of Sahel-Saharan States
Q2: Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?
A2: Algiers
Q3: What organization was founded in July of 2002?
A3: African Union
Q4: What is COMESA?
A4: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Q5: Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?
A5: Thabo Mbeki
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920, Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party, including "Rudi", "Walter", and "Tito." Broz himself explains:

Q1: Starting in what year was the Communist Party outlawed in Yugoslavia?
A1: 1920
Q2: What party was outlawed in Yugoslavia in 1920?
A2: Communist
Q3: "Rudi", "Walter" and "Tito" are names that what person assumed?
A3: Josip Broz
Q4: On what date in 1920 was the Communist party outlawed in Yugoslavia?
A4: 30 December
Q5: What was Tito's former name?
A5: Josip Broz
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

Q1: When did the French Jacquerie take place?
A1: 1358
Q2: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?
A2: Statute of Laborers
Q3: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?
A3: 1351
Q4: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
A4: 1381
Q5: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?
A5: serfdom
Russian_language (Language and literature)

As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland. There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns, amounting to 0.6% of the population. Five thousand (0.1%) of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants, and the remaining majority are recent immigrants who moved there in the 1990s and later.[citation needed] Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population of Finland according to a 2014 estimate from the World Factbook.

Q1: When did Finland join the Russian Empire?
A1: 1809
Q2: When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?
A2: 1918
Q3: What percent of Finns speak Russian?
A3: 0.6%
Q4: How many Finns speak Russian?
A4: 33,400
Q5: How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants?
A5: Five thousand
Red (Natural sciences)

As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.

Q1: What was Turkey red called in France?
A1: rouge d'Adrinople
Q2: In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?
A2: the 1740s
Q3: What did turkey red get its color from?
A3: madder
Q4: What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?
A4: carmine
Q5: In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?
A5: 19th
Portugal (Geography and places)

As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

Q1: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?
A1: increased
Q2: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
A2: Prime Minister
Q3: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
A3: British
Q4: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
A4: Sebastião de Melo
Q5: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
A5: Sebastião de Melo
Royal_Dutch_Shell (Natural sciences)

As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that "A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season."

Q1: Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?
A1: to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season
Q2: What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?
A2: a winter storm
Q3: On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?
A3: Sitkalidak
Q4: Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?
A4: Fortune
Q5: Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?
A5: wipe out the entire drilling season
Association_football (History)

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.

Q1: Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?
A1: football pitch
Q2: Laws were formulated in what country?
A2: England
Q3: What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?
A3: metric
Q4: The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?
A4: English-speaking
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today.

Q1: Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?
A1: Blockbuster Video
Q2: According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?
A2: would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games
Q3: Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?
A3: copyrighted instruction booklets
Q4: What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?
A4: produced their own short instructions
Ottoman_Empire (History)

As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (European Turkey). This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies (with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers), and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule. Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans, with the expulsion of a similar number.

Q1: Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?
A1: Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
Q2: When did the Balkan Wars take place?
A2: 1912–13
Q3: What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?
A3: East Thrace (European Turkey)
Q4: How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?
A4: 400,000
Q5: Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?
A5: Justin McCarthy
Ottoman_Empire (History)

As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the nineteenth century "was not the armies of Europe but its banks." The Ottoman state, which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War, was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875. By 1881, the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain. The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.

Q1: What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? 
A1: Eugene Rogan
Q2: In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?
A2: 1875
Q3: What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?
A3: Ottoman Public Debt Administration
Q4: Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?
A4: European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.
Q5: European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?
A5: the detriment of local Ottoman interests
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

As the President, Tito had access to extensive (state-owned) property associated with the office, and maintained a lavish lifestyle. In Belgrade he resided in the official residence, the Beli dvor, and maintained a separate private home. The Brijuni islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on. The pavilion was designed by Jože Plečnik, and included a zoo. Close to 100 foreign heads of state were to visit Tito at the island residence, along with film stars such as Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Sophia Loren, Carlo Ponti, and Gina Lollobrigida.

Q1: What is the name of the official residence in Belgrade?
A1: Beli dvor
Q2: What islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on?
A2: Brijuni
Q3: Who designed the pavilion at the State Summer Residence?
A3: Jože Plečnik
Q4: In what city was the official residence for Tito?
A4: Belgrade
Q5: Film stars including Elizabeth Taylor visited what island residence of Tito?
A5: State Summer Residence
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent, in Scotland 65 per cent, and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write. Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including Yale (1701). Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning.

Q1: What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?
A1: education
Q2: In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?
A2: eight of ten men and women
Q3: Who founded Harvard College?
A3: the Puritans
Q4: When was Yale founded?
A4: 1701
Q5: What state became a hub of learning?
A5: Pennsylvania