LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Iran (Geography and places)

The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

Q1: What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? 
A1: the bas-reliefs of Persepolis
Q2: How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? 
A2: c. 500 BC
Q3: What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?
A3: Persepolis
Q4: In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?
A4: the Sassanid Era
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its "mind-only" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.

Q1: What Indian thinkers were early idealists?
A1: Hindu
Q2: What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?
A2: Neoplatonists
Q3: With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?
A3: Mahayana
Q4: In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?
A4: 4th
Q5: What century did George Berkeley live in?
A5: 18th
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

Q1: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
A1: a Lutheran manuscript
Q2: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
A2: 1524 and 1528
Q3: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
A3: destroyed
Q4: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
A4: immediately after publication
Annelid (Natural sciences)

The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

Q1: When did the Tertiary period begin?
A1: 65 million years ago
Q2: What era did oligochaetes evolve in?
A2: early Cretaceous
Q3: What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?
A3: oligochaetes
Q4: When were the earliest annelid fossils found?
A4: 472 to 461 million years ago
Freemasonry (Unknown)

The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.

Q1: Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?
A1: Pennsylvania
Q2: What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?
A2: 1715
Q3: When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?
A3: 1731
Q4: Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?
A4: Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland
Q5: When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?
A5: after they were confident of their own survival
Q6: Where were the earliest lodges in America?
A6: Pennsylvania
Q7: Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?
A7: John Moore
Q8: A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?
A8: 1731
Q9: The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?
A9: Pennsylvania
Bird (Natural sciences)

The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.

Q1: The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?
A1: late Jurassic period
Q2: How long ago was the late Jurassic period?
A2: about 160 million years ago
Q3: Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?
A3: late Jurassic period
Q4: What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?
A4: hind wings
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.

Q1: When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?
A1: circa 3500–3100 BC
Q2: In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?
A2: Iran
Q3: What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?
A3: Iran
Q4: What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?
A4: 1974
Q5: What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?
A5: mould
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by the Germans, in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia, but Julius Caesar's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today's western France, forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland. In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother, Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii—the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica—first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch, an outskirt of Brugg.

Q1: What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?
A1: Hallstatt and La Tène
Q2: Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?
A2: La Tène
Q3: Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?
A3: the Helvetii
Q4: In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?
A4: 15 BC
Q5: What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?
A5: Vindonissa
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. The Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas was granted by Alfonso IX of León to the town of Burgo, in Castro Caldelas, after the model of the constitutions of the town of Allariz. A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th century important contributions were made to the romance canon in Galician-Portuguese, the most notable those by the troubadour Martín Codax, the priest Airas Nunes, King Denis of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile, Alfonso O Sabio ("Alfonso the Wise"), the same monarch who began the process of establishing the hegemony of Castilian. During this period, Galician-Portuguese was considered the language of love poetry in the Iberian Romance linguistic culture. The names and memories of Codax and other popular cultural figures are well preserved in modern Galicia and, despite the long period of Castilian linguistic domination, these names are again household words.

Q1: The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?
A1: 1228
Q2: During what era did Galician literature emerge?
A2: Middle Ages
Cyprus (Geography and places)

The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914).

Q1: What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?
A1: 10th millennium BC
Q2: What is Cyprus home to of?
A2: the oldest water wells in the world
Q3: Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?
A3: Mycenaean Greeks
Q4: What empires have occupied Cyprus?
A4: empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians
Q5: When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?
A5: between 1571 and 1878
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Brāhmī inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing "reluctantly" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date.

Q1: From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?
A1: first century BCE
Q2: In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?
A2: Brahmi
Q3: In what language was Brahmi first used?
A3: Prakrit
Q4: What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?
A4: Prakrit
Q5: How were early sacred texts offered?
A5: orally
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 million years BP (the Cretaceous period), whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP. However, one study has suggested that the early-middle Jurassic plant Schmeissneria, traditionally considered a type of ginkgo, may be the earliest known angiosperm, or at least a close relative. In addition, circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids. Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.

Q1: When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?
A1: about 125 million years BP
Q2: What is the earliest known angiosperm?
A2: Archaefructus liaoningensis
Q3: What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?
A3: pollen
Q4: How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?
A4: 250 million years ago
Q5: What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?
A5: Gigantopterids
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, "the British Island", and Prettanoi, "the Britons". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the "P" of Pretannia to the "B" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.

Q1: Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?
A1: writings of sea-farers
Q2: What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?
A2: Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)
Q3: What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?
A3: native Celtic-language
Q4: What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?
A4: Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani)
Q5: When did the "P" sound of Pretannia change to the "B" sound of Britannia?
A5: during the time of Julius Caesar
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles, Atlantic archipelago, British-Irish Isles, Britain and Ireland, UK and Ireland, and British Isles and Ireland. Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands". Nonetheless, British Isles is still the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.

Q1: What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?
A1: a work by John Dee
Q2: When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?
A2: 1577
Q3: What is another name that is used for the British Isles?
A3: Anglo-Celtic Isles
Q4: What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?
A4: "these islands
Slavs (History)

The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

Q1: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?
A1: River Danube
Q2: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?
A2: Slavic raids
Q3: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?
A3: c. 600 AD
Q4: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
A4: the Balkans
Christian (Language and literature)

The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.

Q1: What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?
A1: Josephus
Q2: Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?
A2: Tacitus
Q3: Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?
A3: Nero
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in João Freire's Atlas of 1546. It was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America.[dubious – discuss]

Q1: What year did John Rut visit St. John's?
A1: 1527
Q2: Who sent the first known letter from North America?
A2: John Rut
Q3: What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?
A3: Norman, Breton and Portuguese
Q4: Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?
A4: King Henry
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

Q1: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
A1: Ptahhotep
Q2: When do the Vedas date back to?
A2: late 2nd millennium BC
Q3: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
A3: Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy
Q4: What do the Vedas describe?
A4: ancient Hindu cosmology
Q5: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
A5: 4,320,000 years
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

Q1: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?
A1: 4th century B.C.E
Q2: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?
A2: Androsthenes
Q3: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?
A3: tamarind
Q4: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?
A4: medical
Q5: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?
A5: 13th century
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

Q1: What was the first recorded history of this region?
A1: about 500 BCE
Q2: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
A2: the Achaemenid Empire
Q3: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?
A3: Alexander the Great