LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_science (History)

The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus Pauling's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of DNA, the secret of life (in the words of Francis Crick, 1953). In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules.

Q1: What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?
A1: The synthesis of urea
Q2: What scientific field did Wohler discover?
A2: organic chemistry
Q3: Late 19th century is marked by what event?
A3: the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals
Q4: Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?
A4: physiological chemistry
Q5: Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?
A5: Linus Pauling
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. "Recently Played" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.

Q1: How many  different sections does What's New have?
A1: four
Q2: What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?
A2: "Recently Played"
Q3: Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?
A3: Video
Q4: What section of What's New can't show links to websites?
A4: "Recently Played"
Q5: Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?
A5: Games
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder–Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.

Q1: Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?
A1: Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)
Q2: What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?
A2: emulsion speeds
Q3: What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?
A3: comparing with competing products
Q4: What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?
A4: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
Q5: What eliminated comparability?
A5: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

Q1: When was the system originally supposed to be released?
A1: spring of 1985
Q2: Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?
A2: New York City
Q3: When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?
A3: February 1986
Q4: When was the nationwide release of the NES?
A4: September 1986
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.

Q1: What year did the video game market crash?
A1: 1983
Q2: The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?
A2: marketing
Q3: What specifically was misrepresented on game products?
A3: artwork
Q4: Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?
A4: confidence
Szlachta (History)

The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

Q1: What class was slackta in Poland?
A1: noble class
Q2: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
A2: King Casimir III the Great
Q3: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
A3: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland
Q4: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
A4: 1569–1795
Q5: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
A5: Ducal Prussia
Szlachta (History)

The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

Q1: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
A1: Sarmatism
Q2: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
A2: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians
Q3: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
A3: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility
Q4: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
A4: peace and pacifism
Q5: What languages were freely mixed?
A5: Polish and Latin
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a political affair. As E. C. Spary writes, the classifications used by naturalists "slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural, but also the dominance of the natural over the social". The idea of taste (le goût) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class. From this basis, naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works.

Q1: Who was the target audience of natural history?
A1: French polite society
Q2: Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?
A2: erudition
Q3: The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?
A3: taste (le goût)
Q4: Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?
A4: specific discourse of the genre
United_States_Army (History)

The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.

Q1: What year was the U.S. army organized?
A1: 1775
Q2: What group combined with the U.S. Army?
A2: United States Volunteers
Q3: Who raised the United States Volunteers?
A3: various state governments
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]

Q1: What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?
A1: the Four Noble Truths
Q2: What do the Four Noble Truths explain?
A2: the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
Q3: What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?
A3: the Four Noble Truths
Q4: What part of Dukkha deals with pain?
A4: suffering
Q5: What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?
A5: Four Noble Truths
Q6: The four truths explain the nature of what?
A6: dukkha
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League. A further place in the UEFA Europa League is also available via the Fair Play initiative. If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe, the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.

Q1: What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?
A1: The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League
Q2: What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners?
A2: Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;
Q3: Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking?
A3: will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round
Q4: If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League?
A4: that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League.
Q5: How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners?
A5: Two
Q6: To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?
A6: UEFA Europa League
Q7: The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League?
A7: first
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)

Q1: When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?
A1: 1876
Q2: What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? 
A2: 1903 season
Q3: What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?
A3: Atlanta Braves
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface. A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint, but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements. When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.[p] Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii.[p] Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii.

Q1: What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?
A1: swinging gesture
Q2: Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?
A2: NGC Magazine
Q3: What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?
A3: Wii controller
Q4: In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?
A4: 2006
Q5: How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?
A5: a month
Q6: What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?
A6: NGC Magazine
Q7: When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?
A7: E3 2006
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The team's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5–5) and Sanderson. The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians. Joe Carter (who was with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs at the time) and center fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back-up catcher Ron Hassey (.333 with Cubs in 1984). Sutcliffe (5–5 with the Indians) immediately joined Sanderson (8–5 3.14), Eckersley (10–8 3.03), Steve Trout (13–7 3.41) and Dick Ruthven (6–10 5.04) in the starting rotation. Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16–1 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award.

Q1: When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?
A1: June 15
Q2: Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?
A2: due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5–5) and Sanderson
Q3: Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher?
A3: Rick Sutcliffe
Q4: Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs?
A4: the Cleveland Indians
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

Q1: When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?
A1: 1970s
Q2: How many apparatuses are used?
A2: only four types
Q3: What are the types of apparatuses used?
A3: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs
Q4: What apparatuses do groups use?
A4: Groups do not use any apparatus
Q5: When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?
A5: November 27–29, 2003
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government.

Q1: Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?
A1: CBS
Q2: What is the name of the city's public television service?
A2: NYCTV
Q3: What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?
A3: Comedy Central
Q4: What cable news channel is based in New York?
A4: Fox News
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music, fine arts and educational programming, and alternative rock to the airwaves. Another radio station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM. More recently, however, WVFI has been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet.

Q1: Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?
A1: NDtv
Q2: How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?
A2: one show
Q3: Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?
A3: WSND-FM
Q4: Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream?
A4: WVFI
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Q1: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
A1: Early Modern
Q2: The 1800"s are referred to as?
A2: time of the late Enlightenment
Q3: What do the terms "Early Modern" and  'Modern Ages" originate from?
A3: European history
Q4: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
A4: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
Q5: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
A5: 1930s
Q6: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
A6: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment
Q7: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
A7: 1800
Q8: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
A8: European history
Q9: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
A9: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?" ("Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?") the German term became 'Aufklärung' (aufklären = to illuminate; sich aufklären = to clear up). However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Terms like "les Lumières" (French), "illuminismo" (Italian), "ilustración" (Spanish) and "Aufklärung" (German) referred to partly overlapping movements. Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about "the Enlightenment."

Q1: In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?
A1: 1733
Q2: What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?
A2: Aufklärung
Q3: In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?
A3: 19th
Q4: What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?
A4: illuminismo
Q5: Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?
A5: overlapping