LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.

Q1: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?
A1: copyright laws
Q2: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?
A2: delete pages from its system
Q3: In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
A3: FAQ
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.

Q1: What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?
A1: 59%
Q2: What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?
A2: the Netherlands
Q3: What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?
A3: French Flanders
Q4: What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?
A4: Dutch Language Union
Q5: How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?
A5: 28
Paper (Natural sciences)

In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.

Q1: What ISO sizing system does Europe use?
A1: ISO 216
Q2: If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?
A2: card
Q3: Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?
A3: dimensions
Pub (History)

In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.

Q1: What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?
A1: accommodation
Q2: In what nation's pubs is food often served?
A2: the UK
Q3: Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?
A3: The George
Q4: In what country is "The Welcome Inn" frequently used as a name for pubs?
A4: Scotland
Q5: Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?
A5: horses
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913, its initial focus was tuberculosis research.

Q1: When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point?
A1: 1800s
Q2: When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related?
A2: 25%
Q3: What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?
A3: Medical Research Council
Q4: What year was the Medical Research Council created?
A4: 1913
Q5: About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century?
A5: 90%
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Q1: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
A1: Europe
Q2: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
A2: news generators
Q3: When was the second part of the case decided?
A3: June 2014
Q4: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
A4: temporary web cache of consumers
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Q1: What direction has Europe moved towards?
A1: secularism
Q2: What caused the spread of secularism?
A2: The Enlightenment
Q3: What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?
A3: North America, South America and Australia
Q4: What country is more religious than other developed nations?
A4: United States
Q5: When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?
A5: the 20th and 21st centuries
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion. These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom. In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, it remains one of the most popular religions. Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements, there are only few Protestant adherents; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs, restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 12% of the EU population. According to Pew Research Center, Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 17.8%) of the continent's Christian population in 2010. Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.

Q1: In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion?
A1: the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom
Q2: In 2012, what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant?
A2: 12%
Q3: In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular (but not THE most popular) religions?
A3: Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary
Q4: The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe's Christian population in 2010?
A4: 17.8%
Q5: What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement, but now only has a small number of Protestants?
A5: Czech Republic
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

Q1: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
A1: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children
Q2: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
A2: girls
Q3: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
A3: learn and practice that trade from a very early age
Q4: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
A4: education of girls is less valued
Middle_Ages (History)

In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.

Q1: In what century did the Middle Ages begin?
A1: 5th
Q2: What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?
A2: 15th
Q3: What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?
A3: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire
Q4: Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?
A4: Age of Discovery
Q5: What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?
A5: Antiquity
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

In Evita (1996), Madonna played the title role of Eva Perón. For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Perón and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part. She said later, "This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time..... And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done." After securing the role, she had vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During shooting she became ill several times due to the intense emotional effort required. However, as she told Oprah, she was also pregnant during the filming: "I was winded after every take. I had to lie on the couch every ten minutes so I could recover from dizzy spells, I was worried that I was shaking the baby around too much and that would injure it in some way." Madonna wrote in her personal diary at the time: "Ironically, this feeling of vulnerability and weakness is helping me in the movie. I'm sure Evita felt this way every day of her life once she discovered she was ill."

Q1: In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?
A1: Eva Perón
Q2: Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?
A2: Alan Parker
Q3: When was Madonna pregnant?
A3: During shooting
Q4: After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?
A4: vocal training
Northwestern_University (History)

In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelor's degrees in journalism and communication respectively. The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. In February 2016, Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade, through the 2027-2028 academic year.

Q1: What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, Qatar?
A1: NU-Q
Q2: What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism?
A2: journalism
Q3: Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q?
A3: The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development
Q4: How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016?
A4: through the 2027-2028 academic year
Q5: What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication?
A5: journalism
Crimean_War (History)

In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.

Q1: Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?
A1: Lord Aberdeen
Q2: Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?
A2: Stratford Canning
Q3: Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?
A3: Colonel Rose
Q4: After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?
A4: Constantinople
Q5: Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?
A5: Sultan
Tennessee (Geography and places)

In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government—led by Governor Isham Harris—sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54–46% margin. The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee (which later tried to form a separate Union-aligned state). Following the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops from Tennessee and other states in response, Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. On June 8, 1861, with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last state to do so.

Q1: Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?
A1: Isham Harris
Q2: Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?
A2: East Tennessee
Q3: What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?
A3: 54
Q4: On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?
A4: May 7, 1861
Q5: Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?
A5: Middle Tennessee
Royal_Dutch_Shell (Natural sciences)

In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.

Q1: The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?
A1: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom
Q2: What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?
A2: the need to compete globally with Standard Oil
Q3: In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?
A3: 1907
Q4: In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
A4: 1890
Q5: Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?
A5: to develop an oilfield in Sumatra
George_VI (History)

In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Q1: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
A1: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service
Q2: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
A2: 4
Q3: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
A3: 1919
Q4: Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?
A4: King Albert
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March. Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.

Q1: When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?
A1: February 1925
Q2: Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?
A2: Pietro Gasparri
Q3: When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?
A3: 1925–35
Q4: When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?
A4: 19 March
Q5: Who was he consecrated by?
A5: Giovanni Tacci Porcelli
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff. 

Q1: When did he hear that his mother was dying?
A1: February 1939
Q2: When did Pope Pius XI die?
A2: 10 February 1939
Q3: When did his mother die?
A3: 20 February 1939
Q4: Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?
A4: Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli
Q5: When was Pope Pius XII elected?
A5: 2 March 1939
Elizabeth_II (History)

In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.

Q1: When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?
A1: February 1974
Q2: Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?
A2: Austronesian Pacific Rim
Q3: What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?
A3: fly back to Britain
Q4: What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?
A4: resigned
Q5: Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?
A5: Harold Wilson