LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Geography_of_the_United_States (Geography and places)

In the east, while snowfall does not approach western levels, the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most. Along the northwestern Pacific coast, rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S., with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches (348 cm). Hawaii receives even more, with 460 inches (1,168 cm) measured annually on Mount Waialeale, in Kauai. The Mojave Desert, in the southwest, is home to the driest locale in the U.S. Yuma, Arizona, has an average of 2.63 inches (6.7 cm) of precipitation each year.

Q1: Which regions in the East receives the most amount of snowfall?
A1: Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast
Q2: Which region of the US receives the most amount of rainfall?
A2: northwestern Pacific coast
Q3: What is the average amount of rainfall that the Quinault rainforest in Washington receives?
A3: 137 inches
Q4: Which state receives an average of 460 inches of rainfall per year?
A4: Hawaii
Q5: What is the name of the desert that is located in the driest region in the US?
A5: Mojave Desert
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:

Q1: Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?
A1: third
Q2: What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?
A2: a precept of celibacy
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect. So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit, subversive or magical purposes. Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times, notably in 139 BC and 33 BC. In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death. "Egyptian rites" were particularly suspect: Augustus banned them within the pomerium to doubtful effect; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19. Despite several Imperial bans, magic and astrology persisted among all social classes. In the late 1st century AD, Tacitus observed that astrologers "would always be banned and always retained at Rome".

Q1: What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?
A1: private diviners
Q2: What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?
A2: will of the gods
Q3: What action was not to be sought by state diviners?
A3: foretelling the future
Q4: What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?
A4: Astrologers and magicians
Q5: What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?
A5: death
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270° for 90°, 180° for 180°, and 90° for 270° (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g−1h ∈ H for all elements g, h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[›]

Q1: What is composed of two rotations?
A1: a rotation
Q2: What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?
A2: inverse
Q3: What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?
A3: The subgroup test
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics. That is, instead of translating sentences about physical objects into sense-data, such sentences were to be translated into so-called protocol sentences, for example, "X at location Y and at time T observes such and such." The central theses of logical positivism (verificationism, the analytic-synthetic distinction, reductionism, etc.) came under sharp attack after World War II by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty. By the late 1960s, it had become evident to most philosophers that the movement had pretty much run its course, though its influence is still significant among contemporary analytic philosophers such as Michael Dummett and other anti-realists.

Q1: Who were extreme empiricists?
A1: neopositivists
Q2: Who attacked logical positivism?
A2: Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty
Q3: What position does Dummett take?
A3: anti-realists
Q4: Who abandoned phenomenalism?
A4: Carnap and Neurath
Estonia (Geography and places)

In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut. On 12 January 1949, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree "on the expulsion and deportation" from Baltic states of "all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists", and others.

Q1: How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?
A1: tens of thousands
Q2: Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?
A2: Finland or Sweden
Q3: What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?
A3: the SS Walnut
Q4: What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?
A4: 12 January 1949
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese–Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.

Q1: Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?
A1: Sarraj
Q2: What was Syria like under Sarraj?
A2: police state
Q3: Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?
A3: Fuad Chehab
Q4: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?
A4: improved considerably
Q5: In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?
A5: 1959
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.

Q1: Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?
A1: Nikolai Ryzhkov
Q2: Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?
A2: Nikolai Tikhonov
Q3: How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?
A3: 79-year-old
Q4: What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?
A4: chairman of the State Planning Committee
Q5: Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?
A5: Nikolai Talyzin
Northwestern_University (History)

In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment.

Q1: In the fall of 2014, which school did 40.6% of undergraduates enroll in?
A1: Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences
Q2: In the fall of 2014, which school did 21.3% of undergraduates enroll in?
A2: McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science
Q3: In the fall of 2014, which school did 14.3% of undergraduates enroll in?
A3: School of Communication
Q4: In the fall of 2014, which school did 11.7% of undergraduates enroll in?
A4: Medill School of Journalism
Q5: In the fall of 2014, which school did 5.7% of undergraduates enroll in?
A5: Bienen School of Music
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.

Q1: What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?
A1: Desert
Q2: Which city is known for its sand dunes?
A2: Samalayuca
Q3: Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?
A3: Desert
Q4: The transition zone between east and west is called what?
A4: the Steppe
Mali (Geography and places)

In the far north, there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due the historical spread of slavery in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. Slavery in Mali has persisted for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by French authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.

Q1: Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves?
A1: 800,000
Q2: What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement?
A2: 200,000
Q3: What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century?
A3: Arabic population
Q4: The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name?
A4: Tamasheq
Q5: What region of the country is historical slavery well known?
A5: far north
Germans (Language and literature)

In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, Händel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.

Q1: From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?
A1: Germany
Q2: In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?
A2: Austro-German
Q3: Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?
A3: Beethoven
Strasbourg (Geography and places)

In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.

Q1: What Empire split to create France and Germany?
A1: Carolingian Empire
Q2: What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?
A2: Alsatian
Q3: What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?
A3: Straßburg
Q4: What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?
A4: Strazburg
Q5: In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?
A5: fifth century
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

In the film Knute Rockne, All American, Knute Rockne (played by Pat O'Brien) delivers the famous "Win one for the Gipper" speech, at which point the background music swells with the "Notre Dame Victory March". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname "The Gipper" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie Airplane! with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie Rudy, with Sean Astin as Daniel "Rudy" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles.

Q1: Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?
A1: The Gipper
Q2: In what film did a parody of the "Win one for the Gipper" speech appear?
A2: Airplane!
Q3: Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?
A3: Sean Astin
Q4: Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?
A4: George Zipp
Q5: Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?
A5: Knute Rockne
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting "in the sternest language" the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.

Q1: Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? 
A1: Tito
Q2: Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?
A2: Tito
Q3: In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?
A3: Partisans
Q4: What did Tito offer to the retreating column?
A4: amnesty
Q5: Where were possible suspects transferred to?
A5: military court.
Roman_Republic (History)

In the final decades of this era many plebeians grew poorer. The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to fight, while their farms fell into disrepair. The landed aristocracy began buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices. As commodity prices fell, many farmers could no longer operate their farms at a profit. The result was the ultimate bankruptcy of countless farmers. Masses of unemployed plebeians soon began to flood into Rome, and thus into the ranks of the legislative assemblies. Their poverty usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered them the most. A new culture of dependency was emerging, in which citizens would look to any populist leader for relief.

Q1: What had caused citizens to vacate their farms?
A1: long military campaigns
Q2: How could a candidate assure the vote of a poverty stricken plebeian?
A2: offered them the most
Q3: What type of culture was a side effect of the rampant poverty of the average plebeian?
A3: culture of dependency
Q4: What caused the bankruptcy of many farmers during this era?
A4: commodity prices fell
Q5: Who had bought the now bankrupt farms?
A5: landed aristocracy
Imperial_College_London (History)

In the financial year ended 31 July 2013, Imperial had a total net income of £822.0 million (2011/12 – £765.2 million) and total expenditure of £754.9 million (2011/12 – £702.0 million). Key sources of income included £329.5 million from research grants and contracts (2011/12 – £313.9 million), £186.3 million from academic fees and support grants (2011/12 – £163.1 million), £168.9 million from Funding Council grants (2011/12 – £172.4 million) and £12.5 million from endowment and investment income (2011/12 – £8.1 million). During the 2012/13 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of £124 million (2011/12 – £152 million).

Q1: What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?
A1: £822.0 million
Q2: What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?
A2: £754.9 million
Q3: How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013?
A3: £329.5 million
Q4: Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants?
A4: Funding Council
Q5: What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?
A5: £124 million
Black_people (Language and literature)

In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

Q1: How did black people identify in early America?
A1: by their specific ethnic group
Q2: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
A2: individual ethnic affiliations
Q3: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
A3: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast
Q4: How was the new African American identity defined?
A4: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status
Q5: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
A5: French and Spanish colonists
Estonia (Geography and places)

In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Läänemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järvamaa and Virumaa.

Q1: When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?
A1: first centuries AD
Q2: What subdivision was associated with the province?
A2: kihelkond
Q3: What subdivision was associated with the land?
A3: maakond
Q4: What type of structure did most provinces have?
A4: fortress
Q5: Who commanded the defense of an area?
A5: The king or other highest administrative official elder
Philadelphia (History)

In the first decades of the 19th century, Federal architecture and Greek Revival architecture were dominated by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan. Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century, but his contemporaries included John McArthur, Jr., Addison Hutton, Wilson Eyre, the Wilson Brothers, and Horace Trumbauer. In 1871, construction began on the Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall. The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.

Q1: Name 6 important Philadelphia architects?
A1: Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan
Q2: Who is Philadelphia's greatest architect of the later 19th century?
A2: Frank Furness
Q3: When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall?
A3: 1871
Q4: What commission was created in 1955?
A4: Philadelphia Historical Commission
Q5: What does this commission control?
A5: Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz. During the 12th century, the word appears quite frequently. In the Mahzor Vitry, the kingdom of Ashkenaz is referred to chiefly in regard to the ritual of the synagogue there, but occasionally also with regard to certain other observances.

Q1: When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?
A1: the first half of the 11th century
Q2: Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?
A2: Germany
Q3: In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?
A3: both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz