LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Palermo (Unknown)

As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following years.

Q1: How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?
A1: occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455
Q2: Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?
A2: Ostrogoths
Q3: How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?
A3: Theodoric supported Roman culture and government
Q4: What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?
A4: Byzantine Empire
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods. By the height of the Empire, numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces, among them Cybele, Isis, Epona, and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus, found as far north as Roman Britain. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only, religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems. The monotheistic rigor of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict. For example, religious disputes helped cause the First Jewish–Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Q1: What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas? 
A1: absorb
Q2: To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability?
A2: preserving tradition
Q3: What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order?
A3: religious heritage
Q4: To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities?
A4: remote provinces
Q5: What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman?
A5: tolerance
Eton_College (History)

As the School grew, more students were allowed to attend provided that they paid their own fees and lived in the town, outside the College's original buildings. These students became known as Oppidans, from the Latin word oppidum, meaning town. The Houses developed over time as a means of providing residence for the Oppidans in a more congenial manner, and during the 18th and 19th centuries were mostly run by women known as "dames". They typically contain about fifty boys. Although classes are organised on a School basis, most boys spend a large proportion of their time in their House. Each House has a formal name, mainly used for post and people outside the Eton community. It is generally known by the boys by the initials or surname of the House Master, the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it.

Q1: What is the term given to students who lived in town, but not on the campus of Eton?
A1: Oppidans
Q2: Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what?
A2: "dames"
Q3: What is a House Master?
A3: the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it
Q4: About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house?
A4: fifty
Heian_period (History)

As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.

Q1: In what century did the Soga family take the throne?
A1: sixth
Q2: A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?
A2: Fujiwara
Q3: Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?
A3: Daigo
Q4: Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?
A4: 897-930
Samurai (Language and literature)

As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.

Q1: In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?
A1: Tokugawa
Q2: What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
A2: intelligence and education as desirable attributes
Q3: What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
A3: philosophical and literary classics
Q4: When had most samurai wives learned to read?
A4: the end of the Tokugawa period
Montevideo (Geography and places)

As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is home to a number of festivals and carnivals including a Gaucho festival when people ride through the streets on horseback in traditional gaucho gear. The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week, celebrated throughout Uruguay, with central activities in the capital, Montevideo. Officially, the public holiday lasts for two days on Carnival Monday and Shrove Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, but due to the prominence of the festival, most shops and businesses close for the entire week. During carnival there are many open-air stage performances and competitions and the streets and houses are vibrantly decorated. "Tablados" or popular scenes, both fixed and movable, are erected in the whole city. Notable displays include "Desfile de las Llamadas" ("Parade of the Calls"), which is a grand united parade held on the south part of downtown, where it used to be a common ritual back in the early 20th century. Due to the scale of the festival, preparation begins as early as December with an election of the "zonal beauty queens" to appear in the carnival.

Q1: What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?
A1: the annual Montevideo Carnaval
Q2: What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?
A2: the national festival of Carnival Week
Q3: What does Tablados mean?
A3: popular scenes
Q4: What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?
A4: Parade of the Calls
Montevideo (Geography and places)

As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is the economic and political centre of the country. Most of the largest and wealthiest businesses in Uruguay have their headquarters in the city. Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization, including two of Uruguay's most important buildings—the World Trade Center Montevideo (1998), and Telecommunications Tower (2000), the headquarters of Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL, increasing the city's integration into the global marketplace.

Q1: What is the economic and political centre of the country?
A1: Montevideo
Q2: What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?
A2: 1998
Q3: What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?
A3: (2000
Nanjing (Geography and places)

As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.

Q1: What Admiral called Nanjing his home?
A1: admiral Zheng He
Q2: What visiting king died in China in 1408?
A2: (Boni 渤泥)
Q3: What country did this visiting king come from?
A3: Borneo
Q4: What stele is at Boni's tomb?
A4: a tortoise stele
Melbourne (Geography and places)

As the centre of Australia's "rust belt", Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism. During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.

Q1: During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn?
A1: 1989 to 1992
Q2: Which city is the center of Australia's "rust belt"?
A2: Melbourne
Q3: The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?
A3: Adelaide
Q4: Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy?
A4: Kennett
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney.

Q1: Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?
A1: John Locke
Q2: Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.
A2: Locke and Algernon Sidney
Q3: Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?
A3: championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power
Q4: Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?
A4: the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.

Q1: When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?
A1: 1931
Q2: What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?
A2: he and his supporters were promptly expelled
Q3: Who won the 1931 election?
A3: National Government
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, especially with keyboard music. Music publishers begin to print music that amateurs could understand and play. The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble. After these initial genres were popularized, from the mid-century on, amateur groups sang choral music, which then became a new trend for publishers to capitalize on. The increasing study of the fine arts, as well as access to amateur-friendly published works, led to more people becoming interested in reading and discussing music. Music magazines, reviews, and critical works which suited amateurs as well as connoisseurs began to surface.

Q1: A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?
A1: musicians
Q2: Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?
A2: middle
Q3: Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?
A3: keyboard
Q4: Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?
A4: keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old.

Q1: What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?
A1: New Hampshire
Q2: How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?
A2: 66
Q3: Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?
A3: too old
Q4: Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?
A4: Thomas E. Dewey
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man then directs his path to that One, and the love for, and of, Christ guides man's very nature to become centered on the One, and on his neighbor as well. Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ, both for and by His follower.

Q1: What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?
A1: Meekness
Q2: According to Christianity, who is the "One"?
A2: God/Christ
Q3: What is Charity to a Christian?
A3: manifestation of the pure love of Christ
Q4: What should man's nature be centered on?
A4: the One
Post-punk (Music)

As the initial punk movement dwindled, vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work. Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas. British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture, with writers like Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense (and often playful) style of criticism that drew on critical theory, radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources.

Q1: When the punk movement started shrinking, what began to fill the void left by their demise?
A1: vibrant new scenes
Q2: What territory did the post-punk bands pursue in their works?
A2: wider conceptual
Q3: What nationality's music magazines had an influential part of post-punk culture?
A3: British
Q4: What professional is Ian Penman known from?
A4: writers
Q5: What kind of background did many of the initial post-punk artists have?
A5: art
Q6: Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era?
A6: Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman
Q7: What were popular post-punk culture media sources?
A7: NME and Sounds
Q8: What were the bands coming in on the heels of post-punk beginning to sound like?
A8: experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory
Q9: What was a common background of post-punk musicians?
A9: backgrounds in art
Q10: What was a common theme to post-punk music?
A10: political or aesthetic agendas
Crimean_War (History)

As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71

Q1: Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?
A1: the newspapers
Q2: The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?
A2: 1857
Q3: What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?
A3: Charge of the Light Brigade
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.

Q1: Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?
A1: agricultural societies
Q2: What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?
A2: first forms of government
Q3: What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?
A3: agricultural centers
Q4: What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?
A4: agriculture-driven
Q5: Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?
A5: agricultural societies increased
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.

Q1: What is the purpose of testing software?
A1: finding software bugs
Q2: Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?
A2: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite
Q3: What can come from one bug being fixed?
A3: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

As the patron of Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst the god's custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of the Muses (Apollon Musegetes) and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry. Hermes created the lyre for him, and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans.

Q1: Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?
A1: Apollo
Q2: What is the name of Apollo's son?
A2: Asclepius
Q3: Who created the lyre for Apollo?
A3: Hermes
Q4: What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo?
A4: paeans
Gramophone_record (Music)

As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium needs to be kept clean, but alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media, not on 78s.[citation needed] The equipment for playback of certain formats (e.g., 16 and 78 rpm) is manufactured only in small quantities, leading to increased difficulty in finding equipment to play the recordings.

Q1: Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings?
A1: alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media
Q2: Is gramophone equipment readily available?
A2: manufactured only in small quantities
Q3: What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity?
A3: transferring them onto other media
Q4: What is a drawback of gramophone use?
A4: gradual degradation
Q5: How are gramophones best stored?
A5: on edge