LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.

Q1: What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?
A1: churches and cathedrals
Q2: Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from? 
A2: faith or from civic pride
Q3: A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?
A3: ecclesiastical
Q4: With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?
A4: UNESCO
Q5: Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?
A5: larger churches are considered priceless works of art
Classical_music (Music)

It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape. This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission; without written music, transmission was oral, and subject to change every time it was transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the composer's presence. The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music.

Q1: The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?
A1: staff
Q2: How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?
A2: oral
Q3: What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?
A3: change
Q4: What can a musical scored be performed without?
A4: the composer's presence
Q5: When was the movable-type printing press invented?
A5: the 15th century
A_cappella (Music)

It is not clear exactly where collegiate a cappella began. The Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (formerly known as the RPI Glee Club), established in 1873 is perhaps the oldest known collegiate a cappella group.[citation needed] However the longest continuously-singing group is probably The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, which was formed in 1909 and once included Cole Porter as a member. Collegiate a cappella groups grew throughout the 20th century. Some notable historical groups formed along the way include Princeton University's Tigertones (1946), Colgate University's The Colgate 13 (1942), Dartmouth College's Aires (1946), Cornell University's Cayuga's Waiters (1949) and The Hangovers (1968), the University of Maine Maine Steiners (1958), the Columbia University Kingsmen (1949), the Jabberwocks of Brown University (1949), and the University of Rochester YellowJackets (1956). All-women a cappella groups followed shortly, frequently as a parody of the men's groups: the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College (1936), The Shwiffs of Connecticut College (The She-Whiffenpoofs, 1944), and The Chattertocks of Brown University (1951). A cappella groups exploded in popularity beginning in the 1990s, fueled in part by a change in style popularized by the Tufts University Beelzebubs and the Boston University Dear Abbeys. The new style used voices to emulate modern rock instruments, including vocal percussion/"beatboxing". Some larger universities now have multiple groups. Groups often join one another in on-campus concerts, such as the Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre, a 3-weekend a cappella festival held each February since 1975, where over a hundred collegiate groups have appeared, as well as International Quartet Champions The Boston Common and the contemporary commercial a cappella group Rockapella. Co-ed groups have produced many up-and-coming and major artists, including John Legend, an alumnus of the Counterparts at the University of Pennsylvania, and Sara Bareilles, an alumna of Awaken A Cappella at University of California, Los Angeles. Mira Sorvino is an alumna of the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones of Harvard College where she had the solo on Only You by Yaz.

Q1: What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group?
A1: RPI Glee Club
Q2: What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?
A2: Cole Porter
Q3: What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs?
A3: the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College
Q4: What is the name of the college a capella event that's been held since 1975?
A4: Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre
Q5: What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts?
A5: John Legend
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The Grand Prince ("velikiy kniaz'") of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.

Q1: What year did Sviatoslav pass away?
A1: 972
Q2: How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?
A2: two centuries
Q3: What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?
A3: 980–1015
Wood (Natural sciences)

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

Q1: Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?
A1: quality
Q2: What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?
A2: comparative density
Q3: What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?
A3: strength
Q4: What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?
A4: porous
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]

Q1: Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?
A1: single cell
Q2: By functioning within a single, what is the system?
A2: cell-autonomous
Q3: What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?
A3: endocrine glands
Q4: How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?
A4: biological clock
Q5: What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?
A5: synchronise
Crimean_War (History)

It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

Q1: What did Russia fail to build south?
A1: railroad network
Q2: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?
A2: parades
Q3: What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?
A3: pocketed their men's pay
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.

Q1: What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?
A1: Absecon Island
Q2: In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?
A2: 1854
Q3: What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?
A3: Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township
Q4: How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?
A4: Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City
Q5: Which coast is Atlantic City located on?
A5: Atlantic
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.

Q1: What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?
A1: 62 million
Q2: What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?
A2: About 60%
Q3: What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?
A3: The former Soviet Union and China
Q4: What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?
A4: 16%,
Q5: How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?
A5: 23 million
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw).

Q1: What may have also been in use at the time?
A1: other distinct dialect groups
Q2: Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?
A2: Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian
Q3: What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?
A3: Old Parthian
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

It is possible to use the impedance matching concepts to construct vertical antennas substantially shorter than the 1⁄4 wavelength at which the antenna is resonant. By adding an inductance in series with the antenna, a so-called loading coil, the capacitive reactance of this antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be matched to the transmission line. Sometimes the resulting resonant frequency of such a system (antenna plus matching network) is described using the construct of electrical length and the use of a shorter antenna at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed electrical lengthening.

Q1: What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?
A1: inductance
Q2: What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?
A2: transmission line
Q3: What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?
A3: electrical lengthening
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body. Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded.

Q1: What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?
A1: two incomplete protein sources
Q2: Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?
A2: beans
Q3: What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?
A3: Excess amino acids
Q4: What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?
A4: gluconeogenesis
Q5: What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?
A5: discarded
Wood (Natural sciences)

It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk. The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness. Whatever advantages, however, that sapwood may have in this connection are due solely to its relative age and position.

Q1: What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?
A1: decay
Q2: Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?
A2: the trunk
Q3: What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?
A3: larvae
Q4: What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?
A4: inner heartwood
Q5: What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?
A5: tunnels
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.

Q1: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
A1: checks and balances
Sumer (History)

It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed]

Q1: Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from?
A1: the north
Q2: What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south?
A2: irrigation agriculture
Q3: Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture?
A3: the Samarra
Q4: How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s?
A4: eight
Q5: What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize?
A5: labor
Pitch_(music) (Music)

It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

Q1: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?
A1: snare drum
Q2: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?
A2: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound
Q3: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?
A3: indefinite pitch
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's use in screening. A number of new vaccines are currently in development.

Q1: For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?
A1: ten years
Q2: What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?
A2: 90%
Q3: Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?
A3: uncommon
Q4: In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?
A4: the United Kingdom
Q5: What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?
A5: high risk
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.

Q1: Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?
A1: 13.5%
Q2: Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?
A2: Namibia
Q3: How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?
A3: 40 percent
Q4: About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?
A4: 6.8 million
Q5: Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?
A5: 5 million
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.

Q1: What is the nationality of Pathé?
A1: French
Q2: Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?
A2: Nordisk Film company
Q3: Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?
A3: fourth
Annelid (Natural sciences)

It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head); a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).

Q1: How many sexes of annelids were there originally?
A1: two
Q2: What releases sperm from annelids?
A2: nephridia
Q3: What do annelid eggs become?
A3: trochophore larvae
Q4: What do annelids' larvae live like?
A4: plankton
Q5: What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?
A5: the prostomium (head)
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

Q1: Does anyone ever miss a tournament? 
A1: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition
Q2: What clubs have missed the competition? 
A2: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,
Q3: Why did they miss that competition? 
A3: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.
Q4: How did people feel about Manchester's decision? 
A4: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige
Q5: Did the club later regret their choice? 
A5: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.