LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Treaty (Language and literature)

Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war). Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb (desiring, recognizing, having, and so on).

Q1: What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?
A1: a fairly consistent format
Q2: What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?
A2: a preamble
Q3: Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?
A3: readability
Q4: Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?
A4: a verb
Q5: In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?
A5: any underlying events (such as a war)
Multiracial_American (History)

Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

Q1: The President's father is from what country?
A1: Kenya
Q2: What community still has some effects of slavery?
A2: American slave descendant community
Q3: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
A3: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds
Q4: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
A4: some black writers
Wood (Natural sciences)

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.

Q1: Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?
A1: latewood
Q2: Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?
A2: density
Q3: What category of trees show this difference greatly?
A3: coniferous
Q4: What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?
A4: ring-porous
Q5: With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?
A5: no indication
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Q1: What countries have received grants 
A1: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions
Q2: How much were the grants for 
A2: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase
Q3: What did many investigate 
A3: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
Steven_Spielberg (Media and drama)

Since the mid-1980s, Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Bros. hits Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!, for which he collaborated with Jean MacCurdy and Tom Ruegger. Due to his work on these series, in the official titles, most of them say, "Steven Spielberg presents" as well as making numerous cameos on the shows. Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features, An American Tail and The Land Before Time, which were released by Universal Studios. He also served as one of the executive producers of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its three related shorts (Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, Trail Mix-Up), which were all released by Disney, under both the Walt Disney Pictures and the Touchstone Pictures banners. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ER. In 1989, he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts. He contributed to the project from that time until 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the multimedia game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. The Spielberg name provided branding for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation.

Q1: Which Warner Bros. cartoons did Spielberg produce?
A1: Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!
Q2: What films did Spielberg produce for Don Bluth?
A2: An American Tail and The Land Before Time
Q3: What video game did Spielberg come up with the concept for?
A3: The Dig
Q4: When was 'The Dig' released?
A4: 1995
Q5: What charity did Spielberg's 'Lego Moviemaker' kit fund?
A5: Starbright Foundation
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.

Q1: To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?
A1: industries and property market
Q2: In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?
A2: Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf
Q3: Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?
A3: Australian Bureau of Statistics
Q4: How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?
A4: three
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.

Q1: What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?
A1: TAFE
Q2: What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?
A2: Melbourne Polytechnic
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Since the mid-2000s, the mainstreaming of bands like Wilco and Feist have pushed indie rock into the adult contemporary conversation. In the early 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, The Lumineers and Ed Sheeran also had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts.

Q1: What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?
A1: indie rock
Q2: Along with Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers, what indie artist has had adult contemporary success?
A2: Imagine Dragons
Q3: In what decade did indie musicians first began getting attention from the adult contemporary audience?
A3: 2000s
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

Q1: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?
A1: The fifteenth century
Q2: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?
A2: middle of the 19th century
Q3: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?
A3: fidelity
Q4: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?
A4: Regius Poem
Q5: When was the Regius Poem written?
A5: 1425
Q6: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?
A6: middle of the 19th century
Q7: What are the old Masonic document referred as?
A7: Old Charges
Q8: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?
A8: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century
Q9: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?
A9: ceremonial regalia.
Q10: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?
A10: Old Charges
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province. Besides, there are many other department store groups, such as Pacific, Parkson, Wangfujing，New World，etc., many of them are expanding quickly by listing in the financial market.

Q1: What began the influx of Chinese department stores?
A1: opening policy in 1979
Q2: What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?
A2: Zhejiang province
Q3: What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?
A3: Jinying
Q4: How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? 
A4: by listing in the financial market.
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).

Q1: In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?
A1: the ALU
Q2: Instructions that change the program counter are called what?
A2: "jumps"
Q3: Loops are defined as what?
A3: instructions that are repeated by the computer)
American_Idol (Music)

Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States.

Q1: As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? 
A1: 131
Q2: When did American Idol begin? 
A2: 2002
Q3: What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? 
A3: Southern
Q4: What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?
A4: North Carolina
Q5: What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? 
A5: North Carolina
Q6: How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?
A6: ten
Q7: In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?
A7: Chris Daughtry
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Sponsorship deals run for four years, though – as in the case of E.ON – one-year extensions may be agreed. Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018, renaming the competition as 'The Emirates FA Cup', unlike previous editions, which included 'The FA Cup in association with E.ON' and 'The FA Cup with Budweiser'.

Q1: is the Fa cup sponsered? 
A1: Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored.
Q2: How long does the sponsor remain? 
A2: Sponsorship deals run for four years
Q3: Can they extend their deal? 
A3: one-year extensions may be agreed
Q4: Who is the current sponsor? 
A4: Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018
Q5: What is the competition called now? 
A5: The Emirates FA Cup
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

Since the system's launch, production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the Emotion Engine chip and falling hardware costs. The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process, and Blu-ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture. As of January 2008, each unit cost around $400 to manufacture; by August 2009, Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70%, meaning it only costs Sony around $240 per unit.

Q1: Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?
A1: Emotion Engine chip
Q2: What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process?
A2: Cell
Q3: What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make?
A3: diodes
Q4: As of Summer 2009, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?
A4: $240
Q5: The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost?
A5: 70%
Roman_Republic (History)

Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. One consequence was that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune, to disregard his veto, or to interfere with a tribune. In times of military emergency, a dictator would be appointed for a term of six months. Constitutional government would be dissolved, and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state. When the dictator's term ended, constitutional government would be restored.

Q1: How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?
A1: six months
Q2: What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?
A2: Constitutional government would be dissolved
Q3: What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as?
A3: capital offense
Q4: What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers?
A4: their sacrosanctity
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north—south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.

Q1: Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?
A1: University of Michigan
Q2: Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?
A2: Ann Arbor
Q3: Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?
A3: British
Q4: In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?
A4: 1851
Q5: In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?
A5: Beth Israel Congregation
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.

Q1: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?
A1: late 19th and early 20th centuries
Q2: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?
A2: cross-cultural comparisons
Q3: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?
A3: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
Q4: What did Boas' argue against?
A4: 19th-century racial ideology
Q5: What did Margaret Mead advocate for?
A5: gender equality and sexual liberation
Poultry (Natural sciences)

Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well.

Q1: Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?
A1: with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.
Q2: When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?
A2: By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry
Q3: How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?
A3: light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption
Q4: How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?
A4: can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2-1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2-1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.)

Q1: Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?
A1: Al Smith
Q2: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?
A2: 42.6%
Q3: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?
A3: 42.6%
Q4: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Benson get?
A4: 7.3%
Q5: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1948 did Truman get?
A5: 55%
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.

Q1: Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?
A1: many
Q2: Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?
A2: repeals
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.

Q1: What is the most significant industry in Nepal?
A1: tourism
Q2: Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?
A2: Hindu
Q3: How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?
A3: 6,179
Q4: What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?
A4: end of the Maoist insurgency
Q5: What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?
A5: Himalayas