LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.

Q1: What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?
A1: late medieval period
Q2: What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?
A2: Romanesque architecture
Q3: What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?
A3: Renaissance architecture
Q4: Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?
A4: France
Q5: Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?
A5: private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms
Phonology (Language and literature)

Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include Jonathan Kaye, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, Monik Charette, and John Harris.

Q1: When was Government phonology first seen?
A1: the early 1980s
Q2: Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?
A2: Government
Q3: What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?
A3: restricted variation
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licenses, income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and from the lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Internet Top Level Domain (TLD). In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the use of its area code for premium-rate telephone numbers and from the commercialisation of its ".tv" Internet domain name, which is now managed by Verisign until 2021. The ".tv" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002. Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry.

Q1: How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?
A1: $2.2 million
Q2: What si Tuvalu's tv domain?
A2: Top Level Domain
Q3: What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?
A3: Verisign
Q4: How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?
A4: ten per cent
Q5: What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?
A5: Tuvalu Ship Registry
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Q1: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
A1: Virbhadra Singh
Q2: How many seats did the BJP win?
A2: 41 of the 68 seats
Q3: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
A3: Prem Kumar Dhumal
Q4: When was he sworn in?
A4: 30 December 2007
Q5: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
A5: December 2007
Armenians (Geography and places)

Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)

Q1: Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?
A1: Governments of Republic of Turkey
Q2: What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?
A2: diplomatic conflict
Q3: Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?
A3: the Ottoman Empire
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

Q1: Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
A1: kleptocracy
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates "professional wrestling" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).

Q1: Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?
A1: prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)
Q2: How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?
A2: This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community
Q3: How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?
A3: many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

Graduate schools include the School of Medicine, currently ranked sixth in the nation, and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, currently ranked first. The program in occupational therapy at Washington University currently occupies the first spot for the 2016 U.S. News & World Report rankings, and the program in physical therapy is ranked first as well. For the 2015 edition, the School of Law is ranked 18th and the Olin Business School is ranked 19th. Additionally, the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design was ranked ninth in the nation by the journal DesignIntelligence in its 2013 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools."

Q1: What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University?
A1: sixth in the nation
Q2: What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work?
A2: currently ranked first
Q3: What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings?
A3: The program in occupational therapy
Q4: Where did the School of Law rank in  2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports?
A4: 18th
Q5: What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence?
A5: 2013
Philadelphia (History)

Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, have steadily increased in the last ten years. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number has increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) have trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but have decreased since. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.

Q1: Have grad rates fallen or increased in the last years?
A1: increased
Q2: What was the grad rate in 2005?
A2: 52%
Q3: What was it in 2014?
A3: 65%
Q4: Is that the above or below the national average?
A4: below the national and state averages
Copper (History)

Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.

Q1: What are copper salts sometimes used for?
A1: suicide attempts
Q2: When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?
A2: copper toxicity
Q3: What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?
A3: 3 ppm
Q4: What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?
A4: growth rates
Q5: What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?
A5: 30 mg/kg
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Lipopolysaccharides, also called endotoxins, are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. Most bacteria have the gram-negative cell wall, and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria have the alternative gram-positive arrangement. These two groups were previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed, it is called a protoplast, whereas if it is partially removed, it is called a spheroplast. β-Lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.

Q1: What does gram-positive bacteria have?
A1: thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
Q2: What can be endotoxins called?
A2: Lipopolysaccharides
Q3: Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?
A3: polysaccharides and lipid A
Q4: What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?
A4: differences in antibiotic susceptibility
Q5: What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?
A5: enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.

Q1: What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?
A1: Colombier Bay
Q2: Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?
A2: small
Q3: The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?
A3: visible coral reef
Q4: Reefs are almost always in what type of water?
A4: shallow
Q5: Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?
A5: a marine reserve
Grape (Natural sciences)

Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.

Q1: What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?
A1: Grape juice
Q2: What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?
A2: fermented
Q3: What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?
A3: Concord grapes
Q4: What are Sultana grapes known as in California?
A4: Thompson Seedless
Q5: What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?
A5: Niagara grapes
Grape (Natural sciences)

Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

Q1: What color are white grapes?
A1: green
Q2: What gene makes grapes purple?
A2: anthocyanins
Q3: What shape do grapes usually resemble?
A3: prolate spheroid
Q4: What type of food are grapes?
A4: fruit
Q5: How many grapes are generally in a cluster?
A5: 15 to 300
Education (Philosophy and religion)

Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, there is a way. People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do. They sometimes need more determination and will to improve and to educate themselves with the resources that are abundantly available. They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have, including their teachers and their textbooks. The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks.

Q1: What is one good trait about students from developed countries?
A1: have the will and the way to do many things
Q2: What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?
A2: internet
Q3: What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?
A3: gratitude for the resources they have
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as well corroborated as Newton's upon its initial conception; they both equally well accounted for all the hitherto available evidence. Moreover, since Einstein also explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory, general relativity was immediately deemed suitable for tentative acceptance on the Popperian account. Indeed, Popper wrote, several decades before Gray's criticism, in reply to a critical essay by Imre Lakatos:

Q1: Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?
A1: inductivist
Q2: A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?
A2: Imre Lakatos
Q3: What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?
A3: explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory
Q4: In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?
A4: Einstein's theory
Predation (Natural sciences)

Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Q1: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
A1: Grazing organisms
Q2: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
A2: browsing pressure
Q3: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
A3: mosquitos
Q4: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
A4: zooplankton
Q5: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
A5: female mosquitos
Q6: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
A6: Starfish
Q7: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
A7: seldom
Q8: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
A8: regrows at the base
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

Q1: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
A1: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756
Q2: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
A2: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758
Q3: Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.
A3: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762
Q4: What success did the British have in Cuba?
A4: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba
Q5: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
A5: Manila in the Philippines
London (Geography and places)

Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.

Q1: In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?
A1: five times
Q2: What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?
A2: 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)
Q3: In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?
A3: the south-west to the east
Q4: What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?
A4: 13,709,000
Q5: What is the main geographical landmark in London?
A5: the Thames
London (Geography and places)

Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

Q1: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?
A1: around 6.8 million
Q2: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? 
A2: the Second World War
Q3: The main ports for London were relocated to where?
A3: Felixstowe and Tilbury
Q4: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?
A4: the 1980s
Q5: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?
A5: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea
Economy_of_Greece (Geography and places)

Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year, thus contributing 18.2% to the nation's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report. The same survey showed that the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was $1,073, ranking Greece 10th in the world. The number of jobs directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector were 840,000 in 2008 and represented 19% of the country's total labor force. In 2009, Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists, a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008.

Q1: How many millions of tourists does Greece attract each year?
A1: more than 16 million
Q2: What part of Greece's GDP is accounted for by tourism?
A2: 18.2%
Q3: What did the 2008 OECD report show the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was?
A3: $1,073
Q4: How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were somehow related to the tourism industry?
A4: 840,000
Q5: How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?
A5: over 19.3 million