LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market.

Q1: What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?
A1: slightly over 14%
Q2: Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?
A2: a budget PC
Q3: Apple has remained profitable since what time?
A3: Steve Jobs' return
Q4: According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?
A4: a higher-income demographic
Q5: Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?
A5: Steve Jobs
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.

Q1: How much did Yao Ming donate?
A1: $214,000 and $71,000
Q2: How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?
A2: $26 million
Q3: How much money had been donated by May 14?
A3: 10.7 billion yuan
Q4: What group donated the 10.7 yuan?
A4: the Chinese public
Q5: What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?
A5: Yao Ming
Q6: How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?
A6: 26 million
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history.

Q1: What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?
A1: the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters
Q2: How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?
A2: 60
Q3: How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?
A3: 30
Q4: How many aircraft were there in total?
A4: over 150
Q5: What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?
A5: over 150
Q6: How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?
A6: 60
Q7: Who provided the other 30 helicopters?
A7: civil aviation industry
Q8: What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?
A8: non-combat airlifting
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.

Q1: How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?
A1: over 20%
Q2: When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?
A2: mid-2006
Q3: How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?
A3: nearly 1.3 million
Q4: What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?
A4: 81%
Q5: How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?
A5: 14.4%
Gramophone_record (Music)

By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them.

Q1: When could record album covers first be found?
A1: 1910
Q2: What were early record album covers made of?
A2: empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover
Q3: What sizes were record album covers available in?
A3: 10-inch and 12-inch sizes
Q4: How were record album covers intended to be stored?
A4: upright
Q5: What was the purpose of record album covers?
A5: protecting them
Egypt (Geography and places)

By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Q1: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?
A1: Nile Valley
Q2: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?
A2: Badarian culture
Q3: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?
A3: 3200 BC
Q4: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?
A4: more than two thousand years
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, the New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."

Q1: Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?
A1: Tom Wolfe
Q2: When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?
A2: 1987
Q3: Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?
A3: Sherman McCoy
Q4: What race was Sherman McCoy?
A4: white
Q5: Where did McCoy get lost?
A5: off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx
Ottoman_Empire (History)

By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595–1610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603–1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.

Q1: What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?
A1: The Long War
Q2: During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?
A2: 1593–1606
Q3: What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?
A3: Sekban
Q4: What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?
A4: 30 million people
Q5: A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?
A5: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
USB (Engineering and technology)

By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug, which "...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process." The specification also shows that the "recommended" "Manufacturer's logo" ("engraved" on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon. The specification further states, "The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process." However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is "visible" when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.

Q1: What is difficult to do with a USB plug?
A1: to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly
Q2: The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?
A2: embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug
Q3: How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?
A3: adjacent
Q4: Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?
A4: to be visible during the mating process
Ottoman_Empire (History)

By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.

Q1: The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?
A1: commercial centres and routes
Q2: What dominated all economic and political interests?
A2: interests of the state
Q3: What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?
A3: capitalist and mercantile economies
Q4: The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?
A4: developing commercial centres and routes
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812. With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain.

Q1: What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?
A1: the War of 1812
Q2: What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?
A2: a major war with Napoleon's France
Q3: What uprising did Britain support in North America?
A3: Indian insurrection
Q4: What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?
A4: the United Kingdom
Q5: What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?
A5: invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.

Q1: What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?
A1: an isolated testing environment
Q2: What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?
A2: SQL statements
Q3: What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?
A3: intelligent test scenarios
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

Q1: What do religions communities have to register with?
A1: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
Q2: What does the SCRA require?
A2: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
Q3: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?
A3: a physical structure
Q4: What can happen if you do not register?
A4: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship
Pacific_War (History)

By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

Q1: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?
A1: USS Lexington
Q2: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?
A2: Admiral Fletcher
Q3: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?
A3: May 1942
Q4: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
A4: Lexington
Q5: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
A5: Shōhō
Korean_War (Warfare)

By mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, some 150 Yak fighter planes, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies.

Q1: How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?
A1: 10
Q2: What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?
A2: 200,000
Q3: How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?
A3: 30,000
Q4: What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?
A4: small warships
The_Blitz (History)

By mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool, but no major raids. The London docks and railways communications had taken a heavy pounding, and much damage had been done to the railway system outside. In September, there had been no less than 667 hits on railways in Great Britain, and at one period, between 5,000 and 6,000 wagons were standing idle from the effect of delayed action bombs. But the great bulk of the traffic went on; and Londoners—though they glanced apprehensively each morning at the list of closed stretches of line displayed at their local station, or made strange detours round back streets in the buses—still got to work. For all the destruction of life and property, the observers sent out by the Ministry of Home Security failed to discover the slightest sign of a break in morale. More than 13,000 civilians had been killed, and almost 20,000 injured, in September and October alone, but the death toll was much less than expected. In late 1940, Churchill credited the shelters:

Q1: By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?
A1: 1,000,000
Q2: What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?
A2: Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool
Q3: In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?
A3: no less than 667
Q4: What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?
A4: the slightest sign of a break in morale
Q5: About how many civilians were injured in September and October?
A5: 20,000
Korean_War (Warfare)

By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea—which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty.

Q1: When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?
A1: 1949
Q2: What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?
A2: Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty
Q3: What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?
A3: US
Q4: Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?
A4: Stalin
Q5: Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?
A5: Asia
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918.

Q1: What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?
A1: doughboys
Q2: What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?
A2: American Expeditionary Forces
Q3: Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?
A3: John J. Pershing
Q4: When did fighting on the western front end?
A4: November 11, 1918
Q5: What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?
A5: the Armistice