LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Crimean_War (History)

Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20

Q1: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?
A1: Charlemagne
Q2: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?
A2: London Straits Convention
Q3: Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?
A3: Sultan Abdülmecid I
Q4: Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?
A4: Greek Orthodox Church
Q5: Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?
A5: France and the Roman Catholic Church
Queen_Victoria (History)

Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.

Q1: who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?
A1: Napoleon III
Q2: When did Napoleon iii visit London?
A2: April 1855
Q3: Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?
A3: Dunkirk
Q4: Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?
A4: Paris
Q5: Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?
A5: the Palace of Versailles
Q6: Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?
A6: Napoleon III
Q7: What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit? 
A7: Exposition Universelle
Q8: When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides? 
A8: 1840
Q9: How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?
A9: 1,200
Q10: Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?
A10: Dunkirk
Q11: When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?
A11: 1840
Q12: Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?
A12: Napoleon III
Q13: Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?
A13: Palace of Versailles
Q14: When did Napoleon III visit London?
A14: April 1855
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

Q1: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
A1: Charles Léon
Q2: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
A2: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne
Q3: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
A3: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
Q4:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
A4: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype
Q5: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
A5: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally." That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.

Q1: Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?
A1: the Middle East
Q2: In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?
A2: Selim III
Q3: In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?
A3: 1806
Q4: Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?
A4: Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar
Q5: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?
A5: 1807
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Q1: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
A1: Germany
Q2: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
A2: the Holy Roman Empire
Q3: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
A3: 300
Q4: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
A4: less than 50
Q5: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
A5: 15 million dollars
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

Q1: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
A1: Napoleon
Q2: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A2: slavery
Q3: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
A3: his opponents
Q4: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A4: the Haitian Revolution
Q5: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
A5: His critics
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

Q1: What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?
A1: "dictatorship by plebiscite."
Q2:  What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?
A2: the Constitution of the Year VIII
Q3:   After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?
A3: the Tuileries.
Q4:  What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?
A4: 99.94
Q5:  What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
A5: 1.5 million
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

Q1: What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A1: civil
Q2: What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?
A2: religion
Q3: General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?
A3: Pope Pius VI
Q4: Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?
A4: Juan Cole
Q5: Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?
A5: religious
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

Q1: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?
A1: the Banque de France
Q2: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
A2: the Concordat of 1801
Q3: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
A3: the Organic Articles
Q4: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
A4: public worship
Q5: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
A5: the Holy Roman Empire
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

Q1: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
A1: plunder
Q2: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
A2: the Musée du Louvre
Q3: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
A3: Pieter Geyl
Q4: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
A4: Claude Ribbe
Q5: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?
A5: David G. Chandler
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

Q1: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
A1: the Royal Navy
Q2:  Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
A2: the West Indies.
Q3:  Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
A3: the Western Approaches
Q4:  Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
A4: the Battle of Cape Finisterre
Q5: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
A5: July 1805
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

Q1: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?
A1: luck
Q2:  When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
A2: 1805-06
Q3:  In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
A3: 1812
Q4: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
A4: Dwyer
Q5: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?
A5: cheated
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Q1: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
A1: Joséphine de Beauharnais
Q2: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A2: 1796
Q3: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A3: 26
Q4: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
A4: 32
Q5: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
A5: Rose
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Q1: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
A1: Paris
Q2:  On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
A2: 22 June
Q3:  How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
A3: three days
Q4:  On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
A4: 29 June
Q5:  When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?
A5: Josephine
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.

Q1: After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?
A1: domestic affairs
Q2:  When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
A2: January 1810
Q3: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?
A3: Archduchess Marie Louise
Q4: How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?
A4: 18
Q5:  When did Marie Louise give birth?
A5: 20 March 1811
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.

Q1: Where was Napoleon born?
A1: Corsica
Q2: When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?
A2: 1793
Q3: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?
A3: 26
Q4: Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?
A4: the Austrians and their Italian allies
Q5: When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?
A5: 1798
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

Q1: Who was Napoleon's father?
A1: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte
Q2: Who was Napoleon's mother?
A2: Maria Letizia Ramolino
Q3: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?
A3: Corsica
Q4: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?
A4: Casa Buonaparte
Q5: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
A5: an uncle
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

Q1: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A1: 2 December 1804
Q2:  Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A2: Notre Dame de Paris
Q3: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
A3: Pope Pius VII
Q4: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
A4: 1 April 1810
Q5: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?
A5: the Spanish Inquisition
Napoleon (History)

Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.

Q1: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?
A1: the Austrians
Q2: Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?
A2: 300,000
Q3: During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?
A3: Spain
Q4: By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?
A4: 1814
Q5:  In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?
A5: 1812