LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gramophone_record (Music)

The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound.

Q1: What was the original intent of the phonautograph?
A1: visual analysis
Q2: In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?
A2: 2000s
Q3: What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?
A3: 1857
Q4: By whom was the phonautograms patented?
A4: Léon Scott
Q5: In what year was phonautograms patented?
A5: 1857
Gramophone_record (Music)

The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. From the 1990s to the 2010s, records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale, and were especially used by disc jockeys (DJ)s, released by artists in some genres, and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century – 9.2 million records were sold in the U.S. in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014.

Q1: What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record?
A1: music reproduction
Q2: Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?
A2: 1991
Q3: From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?
A3: disc jockeys (DJ)s
Q4: Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?
A4: 9.2 million
Q5: What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?
A5: audiophiles
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.

Q1: Who first observed the photoelectric effect?
A1: Alexandre Edmond Becquerel
Q2: When was the photoelectric effect first observed?
A2: 1839
Q3: Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?
A3: Heinrich Hertz
Q4: Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?
A4: Einstein
Q5: What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?
A5: his work on the photo-electric effect
Q6: What is the photoelectric effect?
A6: the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it
Q7: Who first observed the photoelectric effect?
A7: Alexandre Edmond Becquerel
Q8: Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?
A8: 1921
Q9: Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?
A9: relativity
51st_state (Language and literature)

The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

Q1: What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?
A1: excessive American cultural or military influence or control
Q2: Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?
A2: their local or national culture has become too Americanized
Q3: What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?
A3: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state
Q4: What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?
A4: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States
Q5: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?
A5: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control
Q6: If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?
A6: their local or national culture has become too Americanized
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):

Q1: Who was Roger Williams?
A1: Baptist theologian
Q2: What phrase did Roger Williams first use?
A2: "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"
Q3: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?
A3: Rhode Island
Q4: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?
A4: 1644
Q5: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
A5: Thomas Jefferson
Genocide (History)

The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole." The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.

Q1: Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?
A1: "in whole or in part"
Q2: What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?
A2: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic
Q3: In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?
A3: entire human groups
Q4: In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?
A4: that group
Q5: Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?
A5: opinions of respected commentators
51st_state (Language and literature)

The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

Q1: Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?
A1: Liberals
Q2: When was this campaign ran?
A2: In the 1988 federal election
Q3: Who erased the border in the ad?
A3: Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists
Q4: What was the slogan of this ad?
A4: "Here's where we draw the line."
Cyprus (Geography and places)

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate.

Q1: What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus?
A1: Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range
Q2: What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?
A2: the Mesaoria
Q3: Which river drains the Mesaoria plain?
A3: Pedieos River
Q4: What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?
A4: Mount Olympus
Q5: How tall is Mount Olympus?
A5: 1,952 m (6,404 ft)
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The physicist Abdus Salam, in his Nobel Prize banquet address, quoted a well known verse from the Quran (67:3-4) and then stated: "This in effect is the faith of all physicists: the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement of our gaze". One of Salam's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe. Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development. Salam highlights, in particular, the work of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach, breaking way from Aristotle's influence, and thus giving birth to modern science. Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics, and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which "physics is silent and will remain so," such as the doctrine of "creation from nothing" which in Salam's view is outside the limits of science and thus "gives way" to religious considerations.

Q1: Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize?
A1: Abdus Salam
Q2: Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet?
A2: 67:3-4
Q3: Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods?
A3: Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni
Q4: Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion?
A4: metaphysics
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

The physics of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the non-commutativity of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a Self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied "Eh? What is the difference?"

Q1: What are the physics of quantum mechanics?
A1: mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them
Q2: What is the uncertainty principle?
A2: determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa
Q3: The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?
A3: formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger
London (Geography and places)

The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London – specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work—most notably his play The Alchemist—was set in the city. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.

Q1: What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?
A1: William Shakespeare
Q2: What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?
A2: Ben Jonson
Q3: What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?
A3: Daniel Defoe
Q4: The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?
A4: the Tabard inn
Q5: Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?
A5: Sherlock Holmes
Pitch_(music) (Music)

The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

Q1: The pitch of complex tones can be?
A1: ambiguous
Q2: A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
A2: two
Q3:  The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
A3: the missing fundamental
Q4: the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?
A4: divisor of the frequencies present
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).

Q1: What type of encoding do CDs implement?
A1: non-return-to-zero
Q2: Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?
A2: Red Book
Q3: What type of result from a CD will return a one?
A3: change from pit to land or land to pit
Q4: What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?
A4: eight-to-fourteen
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

Q1: Where were the nails placed?
A1: the hands, or the wrists
Q2: Who claims the hands were pierced?
A2: the Greek
Q3: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?
A3: without fracturing any bones
Q4: What other location is offered by the Greek?
A4: forearm
Q5: What other way to affix to the cross is there?
A5: Ropes
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.

Q1: Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?
A1: July, August, and September
Q2: The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?
A2: 100 °F
Q3: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?
A3: canals
Q4: The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?
A4: western
Egypt (Geography and places)

The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

Q1: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?
A1: 2426
Q2: How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?
A2: 627
Q3: How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?
A3: 1483
Q4: How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?
A4: 15,000
Q5: How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?
A5: 371
Gramophone_record (Music)

The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because a 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side and the 10-inch size was the standard size for popular music, almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52–2:59.

Q1: What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?
A1: turntable speed and the groove spacing
Q2: What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?
A2: two minutes
Q3: How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?
A3: 13
Q4: What was the normal size disc for popular music?
A4: 10-inch
Q5: What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?
A5: three and a half minutes
Roman_Republic (History)

The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians. However, the plight of the average plebeian had not changed. A small number of plebeian families achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had always had, but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in the plight of the average plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been. The plebeians rebelled by leaving Rome and refusing to return until they had more rights. The patricians then noticed how much they needed the plebeians and accepted their terms. The plebeians then returned to Rome and continued their work.

Q1: Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians?
A1: patricians
Q2: Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome?
A2: The plebeians
Q3: How many plebeian families had an identical standing as the old aristocratic patrician families?
A3: A small number
Q4: What did the rebelling plebeians want before they returned to Rome?
A4: more rights
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy. As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry "is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture. This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada." Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, Éluard and himself, Reverdy was "our immediate elder, the exemplary poet." Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work. Wallace Stevens' "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry.

Q1: Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?
A1: Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy
Q2: What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
A2: Kenneth Rexroth
Q3: Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
A3: John Ashbery and Ron Padgett
Q4: What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? 
A4: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird