LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Northwestern_University (History)

Admissions are characterized as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report. There were 35,099 applications for the undergraduate class of 2020 (entering 2016), and 3,751 (10.7%) were admitted, making Northwestern one of the most selective schools in the United States. For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2019, the interquartile range (middle 50%) on the SAT was 690–760 for critical reading and 710-800 for math, ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 31–34, and 91% ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class.

Q1: How selective are admissions at Northwestern characterized by U.S. News & World Report?
A1: most selective
Q2: What percentage of applications were admitted for the undergraduate class entering in 2016?
A2: 10.7%
Q3: What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10% of their high school class?
A3: 91%
Q4: For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for critical reading?
A4: 690–760
Q5: For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for math?
A5: 710-800
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning "to grow up") is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, though its physical, psychological and cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of adolescent development, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and there has been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence, particularly in females (see precocious puberty). Physical growth, as distinct from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can also extend into the early twenties. Thus chronological age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence.

Q1: From which language does the word "adolescence" originate?
A1: Latin
Q2: What is the Latin meaning of the word "adolescere"?
A2: to grow up
Q3: What is another term for legal adulthood?
A3: age of majority
Q4: Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age?
A4: early twenties
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor, enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography. In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.

Q1: In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?
A1: 1989
Q2: What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?
A2: U.S. and South Sudan
Q3: A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?
A3: legal emancipation
Q4: What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?
A4: regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.

Q1: Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?
A1: Piaget
Q2: What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?
A2: executive functions
Q3: Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?
A3: prefrontal cortex
Q4: Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?
A4: decrease
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments. While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in. This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or rite of passage.

Q1: Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?
A1: interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments
Q2: The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?
A2: Adolescence
Q3: What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?
A3: themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in
Q4: Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?
A4: cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with his or her parents. When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent–child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the adolescent's right to privacy, which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority. Parent-adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents' values. Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreements. While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, the unknowns to parents of what their child is doing on social media sites is a challenging subject, due to the increasing amount of predators on social media sites. Many parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites in the first place and this further increases their mistrust. An important challenge for the parent–adolescent relationship is to understand how to enhance the opportunities of online communication while managing its risks. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, these are just relatively minor issues. Regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents.

Q1: At what stage do parents see their children as equals?
A1: early adolescence
Q2: During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond?
A2: puberty
Q3: During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents?
A3: same
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation, which manifests in social interactions as well. While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters (often referred to as hookups), most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships. Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration. From these social media encounters, a further relationship may begin. Kissing, hand holding, and hugging signify satisfaction and commitment. Among young adolescents, "heavy" sexual activity, marked by genital stimulation, is often associated with violence, depression, and poor relationship quality. This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship. Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for delinquency, suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress. For old adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups)

Q1: Casual sexual encounters are often referred to as what?
A1: hookups
Q2: Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships?
A2: within
Q3: Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships, try out dating and indentity exploration?
A3: social media
Q4: What seperates "heavy" sexual activity from other forms of affection?
A4: genital stimulation
Q5: For older adolescents, is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior?
A5: lower
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescents can conceptualize multiple "possible selves" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.

Q1: How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?
A1: who the adolescent wishes to be
Q2: How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?
A2: who the adolescent does not want to be
Q3: Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?
A3: ideal
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a "collective parent," i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-determined crowds. While crowds are very influential during early and middle adolescence, they lose salience during high school as students identify more individually.

Q1: Do adolescents associate with "cliques" on a large or small scale?
A1: small
Q2: How are cliques defined?
A2: exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close
Q3: What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?
A3: help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity
Q4: Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale?
A4: larger
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.

Q1: Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?
A1: children
Q2: Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?
A2: hypothetical
Q3: What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?
A3: hypothetical
Q4: Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?
A4: probability
The_Blitz (History)

Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit".

Q1: What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?
A1: 1930s
Q2: Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing? 
A2: Adolf Hitler
Q3: Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?
A3: inability to damage industries
Q4: In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?
A4: the moment was right
Q5: Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?
A5: prescribed targets are not hit
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC. It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication. As the use of drum machines, synthesizers, and sequencers dominates R&B-rooted music, adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul, such as smooth soul, Philly soul and quiet storm. Classic songwriting touches and organic-leaning instrumentation, often featuring string arrangements and horn charts, were constants.

Q1: Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?
A1: urban AC
Q2: What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?
A2: songcraft and sophistication
Q3: Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?
A3: Philly soul
Q4: During what decade was smooth soul popular?
A4: 1970s
Q5: Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?
A5: sequencers
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments (though bass guitar is usually used) such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched. However, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).

Q1: What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?
A1: romantic sentimental ballads
Q2: Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?
A2: drum machines
Q3: What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?
A3: acoustic
Q4: What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?
A4: bass guitar
Q5: Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?
A5: high-pitched
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Adult contemporary music (AC) is a style of music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock influence. Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music.

Q1: Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?
A1: easy listening
Q2: What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?
A2: soft rock
Q3: What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s?
A3: vocal
Q4: What does the acronym AC stand for?
A4: Adult contemporary
Q5: Along with easy listening, adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music?
A5: soft rock
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure.

Q1: Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?
A1: melody
Q2: What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?
A2: verse–chorus structure
Q3: With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure?
A3: pop music
Q4: Along with being pleasurable, what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music?
A4: inoffensive
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as "rock and roll" stations. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was "Boll Weevil Song" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as "not too far out in either direction".

Q1: From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?
A1: 1960s
Q2: Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?
A2: 70-80%
Q3: On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published?
A3: July 17, 1961
Q4: How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart?
A4: 20
Q5: Who performed the first #1 on the easy listening chart?
A5: Brook Benton
Insect (Natural sciences)

Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.

Q1: What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?
A1: tripedal
Q2: What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?
A2: gills
Q3: What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?
A3: water striders
Q4: What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?
A4: stridulate
Q5: What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?
A5: Lampyridae
Q6: Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?
A6: swimming
Q7: Which insects walk, fly, and swim?
A7: Adult
Q8: Insects walk the ground in alternating what?
A8: triangles
Q9: Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?
A9: tripedal gait
Q10: What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?
A10: communicate
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaça de les Cols. In the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer (the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire) accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer) who insults the crowd. In the King's precession he and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior. A correfoc (fire run) or Devil's dance (Ball de diables, features dancing youth amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils. Other items includes bed races in the streets, the debauched Nit dels Mascarots, Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's party, Vidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats) and the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites.

Q1: What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?
A1: meringue
Q2: Who throws insults at the crowd?
A2: the Xerraire
Q3: What behavior scandalizes the town?
A3: sexual
Q4: Who creates sparks and explosions?
A4: ritual crew of devils
Q5: Who is the children's King?
A5: Caramel