LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gene (Natural sciences)

Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase, or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.:7

Q1: What does transcription produce?
A1: a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA
Q2: How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?
A2: complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed
Q3: What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?
A3: The gene's DNA
Q4: Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?
A4: because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand
Q5: What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?
A5: an RNA polymerase
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another. It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.

Q1: What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?
A1: Transduction of bacterial genes
Q2: What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?
A2: Conjugation
Q3: How does conjugation take place?
A3: conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome
Q4: Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?
A4: It is seldom
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube.[o] At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess. They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed "Revolution"), but it was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game.

Q1: What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?
A1: GameCube
Q2: Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?
A2: E3 2005
Q3: At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?
A3: Wii
Q4: When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?
A4: At E3 2005
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence). In Bacillus subtilis, about 40 genes are required for the development of competence. The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome. Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation. The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.

Q1: What does transformation of bacteria depends on?
A1: numerous bacterial gene products
Q2: How simple is the process of transformation?
A2: this complex process
Q3: What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA
A3: enter a special physiological state termed competence
Q4: How big can be the transformation level?
A4: between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome
Q5: How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?
A5: common
Translation (Language and literature)

Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

Q1: What has served as a school of writing for many authors?
A1: Translation
Q2: Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?
A2: monks
Q3: What did translators shape in the course of their work?
A3: languages
Q4: What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?
A4: bridges
Q5: Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?
A5: source languages
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

Q1: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?
A1: Translation
Q2: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?
A2: Language
Q3: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?
A3: mass media
Q4: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?
A4: New words
Q5: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?
A5: Translation
Q6: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?
A6: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.
Q7: What problems can arise due to translation issues?
A7: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation
Q8: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?
A8: Language
Gene (Natural sciences)

Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must folds to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.:3

Q1: What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?
A1: Translation
Q2: What does a ribosome consist of?
A2: large complexes of RNA and protein
Q3: What is a ribosome responsible for?
A3: carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain
Q4: How is the genetic code read?
A4: via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)
Q5: How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?
A5: three
Translation (Language and literature)

Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

Q1: What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?
A1: poetry
Q2: What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?
A2: verse
Q3: What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?
A3: stanzaic
Q4: What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?
A4: church hymns
Q5: Who translated German chorales into English?
A5: Catherine Winkworth
Translation (Language and literature)

Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.

Q1: When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?
A1: 5th century
Q2: What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?
A2: creation of Arabic script
Q3: What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?
A3: politics
Q4: What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?
A4: Greek and Persian
Q5: What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?
A5: Arabic
Translation (Language and literature)

Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

Q1: How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?
A1: more restrictive
Q2: Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?
A2: little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation
Q3: What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?
A3: assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical
Q4: How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?
A4: by subdividing or combining notes
Translation (Language and literature)

Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Q1: Who can translations of a sung text aid?
A1: audiences, singers and conductors
Q2: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?
A2: subtitles or surtitles
Q3: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?
A3: works in languages they do not know
Q4: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
A4: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

Q1: How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?
A1: three
Q2: What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?
A2: Bribe Payers Index
Q3: What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?
A3: CPI
Q4: When was the CPI first released?
A4: 1995
Q5: Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?
A5: Government Defence Anti-corruption Index
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.

Q1: What forms of transport are available in the Congo?
A1: land, air and water
Q2: When was the Congo's train system built?
A2: 1930s
Q3: What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?
A3: Paris
Q4: On what ocean is a major port located?
A4: Atlantic Ocean
London (Geography and places)

Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.

Q1: Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?
A1: the Mayor of London
Q2: London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?
A2: Transport for London (TfL)
Q3: Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?
A3: the London Overground network
Portugal (Geography and places)

Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.

Q1: Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?
A1: increase
Q2: With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?
A2: Eastern European destinations
Q3: How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?
A3: focus upon its niche attractions
Q4: What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?
A4: health, nature and rural tourism
Treaty (Language and literature)

Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to withdraw as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless:

Q1: Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?
A1: consent
Q2: What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?
A2: procedures of notification
Q3: Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?
A3: not necessarily
Q4: What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?
A4: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
Q5: Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?
A5: Article 56
Treaty (Language and literature)

Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

Q1: What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?
A1: live up to their obligations
Q2: What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?
A2: contracts
Q3: Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?
A3: international law
Q4: What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?
A4: willing
Q5: What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?
A5: obligations
Treaty (Language and literature)

Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing.

Q1: What formed an important part of European colonization?
A1: Treaties
Q2: With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?
A2: indigenous peoples
Q3: What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?
A3: extremely disadvantageous terms
Q4: What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?
A4: the implications
Q5: What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?
A5: their sovereignty
Treaty (Language and literature)

Treaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would be one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes.

Q1: A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?
A1: self-executing
Q2: What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?
A2: implementing legislation
Q3: What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?
A3: a change in the domestic law of a state party
Q4: A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?
A4: non-self-executing
Q5: Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?
A5: puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action
Treaty (Language and literature)

Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under certain conditions.[citation needed]

Q1: Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?
A1: self-termination
Q2: What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?
A2: set to expire on a given date
Q3: In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?
A3: certain defined conditions are met
Q4: What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?
A4: automatically terminated
Q5: What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?
A5: temporarily binding