LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

Q1: Which countries owned Mexican debt?
A1: Spain, England, and France
Q2: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?
A2: President Juárez
Q3: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?
A3: Manuel Doblado
Q4: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?
A4: General Juan Prim of Spain
Q5: Which country refused to accept?
A5: France
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Q1: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
A1: workmanship
Q2: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
A2: kickbacks
Q3: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
A3: exclusion
Q4: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
A4: forced to give sexual favors
Q5: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
A5: statistics
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose "anything but intercourse" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.

Q1: What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?
A1: One in four
Q2: What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?
A2: 15
Q3: Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?
A3: gonorrhea
Q4: What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?
A4: One-quarter
Q5: According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?
A5: eighty-one percent
Freemasonry (Unknown)

In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

Q1: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?
A1: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism
Q2: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?
A2: rationalism and naturalism
Q3: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?
A3: No one voice
Q4: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?
A4: Albert Pike
Q5: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?
A5: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA
Q6: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?
A6: Protestant
Q7: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? 
A7: Catholic
Q8: Who was controversial among Freemasons?
A8: Albert Pike
Q9: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?
A9: No one
Q10: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?
A10: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i.e. bonds are used as collaterals for loans, the difference being of legal nature. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid.

Q1: Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?
A1: ECB
Q2: Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?
A2: refinancing facilities
Q3: What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?
A3: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans
Q4: Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?
A4: the Fed
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.

Q1: What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?
A1: metamorphized deep-water sediments
Q2: What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?
A2: Greenstone
Q3: From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?
A3: volcanic island arcs
Q4: Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?
A4: deep-sea sediments
Q5: What is a greenstone belt?
A5: sutured protocontinents
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient areas, such as out-of-focus backgrounds, skies, or light casts from spotlights) that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD. Early DVD releases held the potential to surpass their LaserDisc counterparts, but often managed only to match them for image quality, and in some cases, the LaserDisc version was preferred. However, proprietary human-assisted encoders manually operated by specialists can vastly reduce the incidence of artifacts, depending on playing time and image complexity. By the end of LaserDisc's run, DVDs were living up to their potential as a superior format.

Q1: Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?
A1: LaserDiscs
Q2: Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?
A2: entirely
Q3: What is contrast banding?
A3: subtle visible lines in gradient areas
Q4: What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?
A4: MPEG-2 encoding process
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

Q1: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
A1: 1.9 children
Q2: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
A2: 4.1 children
Q3: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
A3: 2%
Q4: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
A4: 71%
Q5: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
A5: half
Neptune (Natural sciences)

In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

Q1: What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? 
A1: Great Dark Spot
Q2: What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? 
A2: sustained winds
Q3: What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? 
A3: 2,100 kilometres per hour
Q4: What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? 
A4: 55 K (−218 °C).
Q5: What is Neptune's planet center temperature? 
A5: 5,400 K (5,100 °C)
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication)).

Q1: What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?
A1: latency
Q2: What has zero samples in a minimum case?
A2: latency
Q3: What often has low latencies?
A3: LPC
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest. The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients.

Q1: Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?
A1: World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration
Q2: When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?
A2: May 2015
Q3: What was the reason behind these interactions?
A3: bring greater benefits to patients
Q4: What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?
A4: moral outrage over industry malfeasance
Q5: Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?
A5: New England Journal of Medicine
Q6: What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?
A6: New England Journal of Medicine
Q7: When was the editorial published?
A7: May 2015
Q8: Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?
A8: encouraged greater interactions
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Q1: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
A1: many monosyllabic words
Q2: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
A2: consonant clusters
Q3: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
A3: obstruent
Q4: What do many words feature?
A4: couplets
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

Q1: Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?
A1: a precipitous wildlife decline
Q2: What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?
A2: antelope
Q3: What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?
A3: hippopotamus
Q4: What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?
A4: poaching, drought and habitat loss
Q5: What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?
A5: Uganda
Q6: What Botswana was resently forced to do?
A6: ban trophy hunting
Q7: What animal declined across Botswana?
A7: antelope
Q8: What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?
A8: hippopotamus
Q9: What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?
A9: elephant
Q10: What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? 
A10: poaching
Federalism (History)

In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

Q1: Who has a greater history of unitary states? 
A1: Europe
Q2: What does federalism mean in Europe? 
A2: weaker central government, relative to a unitary state
Q3: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? 
A3: judiciary
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.

Q1: Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?
A1: simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical
Q2: Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?
A2: Christians
Roman_Republic (History)

In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt. In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome could fill. This had some important similarities to (and important differences from) the events in Italy centuries earlier, but this time on a global scale.

Q1: What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?
A1: destabilisation
Q2: Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?
A2: Polybius
Q3: Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?
A3: alliance-seeking
Q4: Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?
A4: Greek
Memory (Social sciences and society)

In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remember how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed, but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

Q1: What is another term for procedural memory?
A1: implicit memory
Q2: If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?
A2: procedural memory
Q3: What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?
A3: motor skills
Q4: If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?
A4: no new explicit memories have been formed,
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.  

Q1: Which two current movements adhere to the "test-driven software development"?
A1: extreme programming and the agile software development
Q2: Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?
A2: unit tests are written first
Q3: What is the goal of Unit testing?
A3: achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently
Korean_War (Warfare)

In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion, but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan.

Q1: What was the problem with the ROK Army?
A1: Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped
Q2: Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?
A2: U.S. military
Q3: In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?
A3: Japan
Q4: Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?
A4: R.E. Appleman