LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.

Q1: In what decade were community schools conceived?
A1: 1970s
Q2: Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?
A2: The state
Pub (History)

In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ("tavernhouse") or teach óil ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of "The Troubles" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.

Q1: What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?
A1: craic
Q2: What does teach tábhairne mean in English?
A2: tavernhouse
Q3: What Irish term means "drinkinghouse"?
A3: teach óil
Q4: Vis-à-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?
A4: spirit grocers
Q5: What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?
A5: New Zealand
Dog (Natural sciences)

In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in Lérida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.

Q1: How are dogs viewed in Islam?
A1: as unclean
Q2: Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?
A2: scavengers
Q3: What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?
A3: The Hague
Q4: In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?
A4: leather dog booties
Q5: Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?
A5: scavengers
Q6: When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?
A6: 2015
Q7: Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?
A7: Lérida, Spain
Q8: What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?
A8: their luggage
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no connection with the Iberian Peninsula, have similarly come to be lumped together as Sephardic. Jews of mixed background are increasingly common, partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews.

Q1: In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?
A1: in a manner unrelated to its original meaning
Q2: In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?
A2: all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic
Q3: Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?
A3: Jews of mixed background are increasingly common
Freemasonry (Unknown)

In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.

Q1: Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?
A1: Propaganda Due lodge
Q2: The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?
A2: Grande Oriente d'Italia
Q3: When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?
A3: 1877
Q4: The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?
A4: P2
Q5: When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?
A5: 1976
Edmund_Burke (History)

In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal "Rights of Men". Price argued that love of our country "does not imply any conviction of the superior value of it to other countries, or any particular preference of its laws and constitution of government". Instead, Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves "more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community".

Q1: When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?
A1: 4 November 1789
Q2: What was the Revolution Society commemorating?
A2: the Glorious Revolution of 1688
Q3: Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?
A3: Englishmen
Q4: What philosophy did Price support?
A4: universal "Rights of Men"
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.

Q1: What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?
A1: claimed it included false metaphysics
Q2: Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?
A2: George Jackson Mivart
Q3: When did Charles Darwin first use the word "evolution" in On the Origin of Species?
A3: the sixth edition
Q4: What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?
A4: added a new chapter VII,
Q5: What was chapter VII entitled?
A5: Miscellaneous objections
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:

Q1: In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?
A1: January 1915
Q2: What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?
A2: AT&T
Q3: What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?
A3: New York
Q4: What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?
A4: San Francisco
Q5: Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?
A5: Thomas Watson
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.

Q1: Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?
A1: Joseph Franklin Rutherford
Q2: What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?
A2: legal representative
Q3: When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?
A3: June 1917,
Q4: Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? 
A4: Catholic and Protestant clergy
Q5: What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?
A5: sedition
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In January 1920, Tito and his wife made a long and difficult journey home to Yugoslavia where he arrived in September. Upon his return, Broz joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The CPY's influence on the political life of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections the Communists won 59 seats in the parliament and became the third strongest party. Winning numerous local elections, they gained a stronghold in the second largest city of Zagreb, electing Svetozar Delić for mayor. After the assassination of Milorad Drašković, the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, by a young communist on 2 August 1921, the CPY was declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921. During 1920 and 1921 all Communist-won mandates were nullified. Broz continued his work underground despite pressure on Communists from the government. As 1921 began he moved to Veliko Trojstvo near Bjelovar and found work as a machinist. In 1925, Broz moved to Kraljevica where he started working at a shipyard. He was elected as a union leader and a year later he led a shipyard strike. He was fired and moved to Belgrade, where he worked in a train coach factory in Smederevska Palanka. He was elected as Workers' Commissary but was fired as soon as his CPY membership was revealed. Broz then moved to Zagreb, where he was appointed secretary of Metal Workers' Union of Croatia. In 1928, he became the Zagreb Branch Secretary of the CPY. In the same year he was arrested, tried in court for his illegal communist activities, and sent to jail. During his five years at Lepoglava prison he met Moša Pijade, who became his ideological mentor. After his release, he lived incognito and assumed numerous noms de guerre, among them "Walter" and "Tito".

Q1: How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia?
A1: 59
Q2: Who was elected mayor of Zagreb after the Communists won 59 parliamentary seats?
A2: Svetozar Delić
Q3: Where did Broz move in 1921?
A3: Veliko Trojstvo
Q4: How long was he in prison at Lepoglava for?
A4: five years
Q5: Who became his ideological mentor in prison?
A5: Moša Pijade,
Gramophone_record (Music)

In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the extra length: "Carnegie Drag" was 3:15; "Carnegie Jump", 2:41. But at the second session, on April 30, the two 12-inch recordings were longer: "Embraceable You" was 4:05; "Serenade to a Shylock", 4:32. Another way around the time limitation was to issue a selection on both sides of a single record. Vaudeville stars Gallagher and Shean recorded "Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean", written by Irving and Jack Kaufman, as two sides of a 10-inch 78 in 1922 for Cameo. An obvious workaround for longer recordings was to release a set of records. An early multi-record release was in 1903, when HMV in England made the first complete recording of an opera, Verdi's Ernani, on 40 single-sided discs. In 1940, Commodore released Eddie Condon and his Band's recording of "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" in four parts, issued on both sides of two 12-inch 78s. This limitation on the duration of recordings persisted from 1910 until the invention of the LP record, in 1948. In popular music, this time limitation of about 3:30 on a 10-inch 78 rpm record meant that singers usually did not release long pieces on record. One exception is Frank Sinatra's recording of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Soliloquy", from Carousel, made on May 28, 1946. Because it ran 7:57, longer than both sides of a standard 78 rpm 10-inch record, it was released on Columbia's Masterwork label (the classical division) as two sides of a 12-inch record. The same was true of John Raitt's performance of the song on the original cast album of Carousel, which had been issued on a 78-rpm album set by American Decca in 1945.

Q1: On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?
A1: Columbia's Masterwork label
Q2: What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?
A2: about 3:30
Q3: What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?
A3: release a set of records
Q4: How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?
A4: two sides
Cyprus (Geography and places)

In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation, where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis, The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time (census 1946). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight. The British had also adopted at the time a policy of "divide and rule". Woodhouse, a British official in Cyprus, revealed that then British Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan "urged the Britons in Cyprus to stir up the Turks in order to neutralise Greek agitation". British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation T.M.T. The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against T.M.T despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.

Q1: In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum?
A1: 1950
Q2: In 1946, the Greeks made up what percent of Cyprus' population?
A2: 80.2%
Q3: In what year was the EOKA organization founded?
A3: 1955
Q4: What is the name of the policy that the British adopted?
A4: "divide and rule"
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.

Q1: What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?
A1: secretary-general
Q2: What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?
A2: all political parties
Q3: What was Nasser alone in supporting?
A3: parliamentary elections
Q4: What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?
A4: British withdrawal from the Suez Canal
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

Q1: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?
A1: 1956
Q2: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?
A2: single-party system
Q3: What was the dominant political party? 
A3: National Union
Q4: From what group did the National Union originate?
A4: Liberation Rally
Q5: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?
A5: citizens
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.

Q1: What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?
A1: Eisenhower Doctrine
Q2: When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?
A2: 1957
Q3: What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?
A3: King Saud
Q4: What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?
A4: Jordan
Q5: Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?
A5: pan-Arabism
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

Q1: What river did the Israelis want to divert?
A1: Jordan River
Q2: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?
A2: act of war
Q3: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?
A3: King Hussein
Q4: What organization was formed as a result of the talks?
A4: Palestine Liberation Organization
Q5: Who was set to lead the PLO?
A5: Ahmad Shukeiri
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney, essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease). As First Assistant, Kerry tried cases, which included winning convictions in a high-profile rape case and a murder. He also played a role in administering the office, including initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and witnesses, and managing trial calendars to reflect case priorities. It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke, regarding "misstatements" in his first divorce trial. The inquiry ended with no charges being brought after investigators and prosecutors determined that Brooke's misstatements were pertinent to the case, but were not material enough to have affected the outcome.

Q1: When did Kerry become an ADA?
A1: January 1977
Q2: What condition did Droney have?
A2: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Q3: What is ALS's nickname?
A3: Lou Gehrig's Disease
Q4: What senator did Kerry investigate in 1978?
A4: Edward Brooke
Q5: Why was Brooke being investigated?
A5: "misstatements" in his first divorce trial
House_music (Music)

In January 1987, Chicago artist Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body" reached number one in the UK, showing it was possible for house music to cross over. The same month also saw Raze enter the top 20 with "Jack the Groove", and several further house hits reached the top ten that year. Stock Aitken Waterman's productions for Mel and Kim, including the number-one hit "Respectable", added elements of house to their previous Europop sound, and session group Mirage scored top-ten hits with "Jack Mix II" and "Jack Mix IV", medleys of previous electro and Europop hits rearranged in a house style. Key labels in the rise of house music in the UK included:

Q1: What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?
A1: Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body"
Q2: What year did "Jack Your Body" hit #1 in the UK?
A2: 1987
Q3: Who had a hit single with "jack the groove"?
A3: Raze
Q4: what group's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound?
A4: Stock Aitken Waterman
Q5: what was the name of mel and kim's number-one hit single in the UK?
A5: Respectable
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer, Pepsi. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song "Like a Prayer". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning, and a dream of making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, Like a Prayer, which was co-written and co-produced by Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray. Madonna received positive feedback for the album, with Rolling Stone writing that it was "as close to art as pop music gets". Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide, with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone. Six singles were released from the album, including "Like a Prayer", which reached number one, and "Express Yourself" and "Cherish", both peaking at number two. By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by MTV, Billboard and Musician magazine.

Q1: When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi?
A1: January 1989
Q2: With Madonna's new video, Like A Prayer, the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences?
A2: canceled her sponsorship contract
Q3: Who co-written and co-produced the song, Like A Prayer?
A3: Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray.
Q4: How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide?
A4: 15 million copies
Q5: When was Madonna named "Artist of the Decade" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine?
A5: end of the 1980s