LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included the area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River. Modern Downtown Richmond is located slightly farther west, on the slopes of Shockoe Hill. Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom, the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, and Monroe Ward, which contains the Jefferson Hotel. Richmond's East End includes neighborhoods like rapidly gentrifying Church Hill, home to St. John's Church, as well as poorer areas like Fulton, Union Hill, and Fairmont, and public housing projects like Mosby Court, Whitcomb Court, Fairfield Court, and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64.

Q1: What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?
A1: Shockoe Bottom
Q2: What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?
A2: Monroe Ward
Q3: What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?
A3: Church Hill
Q4: What is Fairfield Court?
A4: public housing projects
Q5: In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?
A5: 1737
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this. Some types of capacitors, primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic capacitors, as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current.

Q1: What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?
A1: Ripple current
Q2: What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
A2: changing field strength
Q3: What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
A3: current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte
Q4: What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?
A4: equivalent series resistance (ESR)
Q5: What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?
A5: aluminum electrolytic capacitors
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

Q1: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
A1: 1870
Q2: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
A2: City Hall
Q3: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
A3: bituminous rock
Q4: From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
A4: Ritchie Mines
Q5: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
A5: waterproofing
The_Times (History)

Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.

Q1: Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?
A1: Robert Fisk
Q2: The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?
A2: seven
Q3: The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?
A3: political censorship
Q4: What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?
A4: pro-Israel stance
Q5: What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?
A5: Iran Air Flight 655
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: "Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension."

Q1: What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?
A1: constitution of the United States
Q2: What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?
A2: the specific relation between politics and religion
Q3: Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?
A3: John F. Kennedy
Q4: What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?
A4: God
Q5: What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?
A5: a religious dimension
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.

Q1: What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?
A1: wheel of emotions
Q2: How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
A2: eight
Q3: In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?
A3: surprise
Q4: What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?
A4: contempt
Q5: What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?
A5: trust
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."

Q1: Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?
A1: Robert S. Wood
Q2: What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?
A2: flourish
Q3: Where is the Center for New Religions located?
A3: Toronto
Q4: What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?
A4: a sort of civic religion
Q5: What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?
A5: genius of religious sentiment in the United States
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran.

Q1: In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?
A1: 1143
Q2: Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?
A2: Robert of Ketton
Q3: Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?
A3: Andre du Ryer
Q4: Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?
A4: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Q5: In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?
A5: English
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

Q1: What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?
A1: voluntary
Q2: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
A2: Robots.txt
Q3: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?
A3: Robots.txt
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.

Q1: What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?
A1: Rocket-propelled grenades
Q2: When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?
A2: the user
Q3: An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?
A3: the backblast
Q4: What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?
A4: a steel plate
Q5: What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?
A5: US helicopters
Tibet (Geography and places)

Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

Q1: When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?
A1: 17th and 18th centuries
Q2: When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?
A2: 1624
Q3: When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?
A3: 1626
Green (Language and literature)

Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.

Q1: What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?
A1: green
Q2: What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?
A2: Pentecost
Q3: What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?
A3: evergreens
Q4: What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?
A4: green holly and evergreen
Q5: What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?
A5: Catholics
Germans (Language and literature)

Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.

Q1: In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
A1: 1517
Q2: During what years was the thirty year war?
A2: 1618–1648
Q3: Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?
A3: Roman Catholicism
Q4: Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?
A4: Germany
Q5: Who was the thirty year war between?
A5: Protestants and Catholics
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Q1: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?
A1: December 8
Q2: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
A2: Pope Pius IX
Q3: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
A3: 1854
Q4: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?
A4: in her mother's womb
Q5: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"
A5: ancestral sin
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.

Q1: From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?
A1: educated elite
Q2: What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?
A2: archaic
Q3: What did the ancient Romans expect after death?
A3: afterlife
Q4: With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?
A4: gods
Q5: What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?
A5: monumental endowments
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi ("games," such as chariot races and theatrical performances), with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia, and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the Bona Dea rites.

Q1: How many religious celebrations did Rome have?
A1: forty
Q2:  What type of day were there more of in Rome?
A2: sacred days
Q3: With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?
A3: seasonal
Q4: What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?
A4: local
Q5: Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?
A5: particular groups
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a lustratio exercitus) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum; all within are purified and protected.

Q1: How were Roman camps laid out?
A1: standard pattern
Q2: For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?
A2: defense and religious ritual
Q3: Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?
A3: Rome
Q4: What was in the center of each Roman camp?
A4: commander's headquarters
Q5: What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?
A5: divine templum
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Q1: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
A1: the Presbyterians
Q2: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
A2: 1572
Q3: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
A3: Parliament
Q4: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
A4: 1500 years
Q5: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
A5: bishops
Middle_Ages (History)

Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas.

Q1: About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?
A1: 30,000
Q2: What new use was found for Roman temples?
A2: Christian churches
Q3: What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?
A3: Jews
Hellenistic_period (History)

Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

Q1: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
A1: Roman
Q2: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
A2: Philip V
Q3: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
A3: the Romans
Q4: When was the Battle of Cannae?
A4: 216 BC
Q5: In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
A5: Second Punic War