LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Samurai (Language and literature)

The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.

Q1: Who was the first Western samurai?
A1: William Adams
Q2: Who made William Adams a samurai?
A2: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
Q3: What was William Adams's Japanese name?
A3: Anjin Miura
Q4: What did hatamoto mean?
A4: bannerman
Q5: How many servants did William Adams have?
A5: eighty or ninety
Comics (Language and literature)

The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

Q1: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?
A1: newspaper comic strips
Q2: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?
A2: non-humorous
Q3: Comic books are what type of books?
A3: periodicals
Q4: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?
A4: manga
Q5: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?
A5: bandes dessinées
Comics (Language and literature)

The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

Q1: French comics are also known as what?
A1: bandes dessinées
Q2: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
A2: when it refers to the medium
Q3: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
A3: recurring characters
Q4: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
A4: images and text
Q5: What are Japanese comics called?
A5: manga
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

Q1: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?
A1: 19th century
Q2: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?
A2: École Polytechnique
Q3: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?
A3: Greek
Translation (Language and literature)

The English word "translation" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning "a carrying across" or "a bringing across"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, "vertaling"—a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.

Q1: What Latin word does the English word translation come from?
A1: translatio
Q2: What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?
A2: Romance
Q3: What does Latin's traducere mean in English?
A3: "to lead across"
Q4: Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?
A4: Latin
Q5: What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?
A5: "re-language-ing"
Alps (Geography and places)

The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

Q1: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word? 
A1: Alpes
Q2: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
A2: Maurus Servius Honoratus
Q3: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp? 
A3: Celtic languages
Slavs (History)

The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

Q1: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?
A1: sclave
Q2: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?
A2: Sklavinoi
Q3: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?
A3: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym
Q4: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?
A4: medieval Arab historiographers
History_of_science (History)

The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

Q1: Who coined the word "scientist"?
A1: William Whewell
Q2: When was the word "scientist" created?
A2: 19th century
Q3: What are people who study nature called?
A3: natural philosophers
Q4: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
A4: the Middle Ages
Q5: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
A5: the scientific revolution
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future." However, its detractors accuse it of 'shallow' rationalism, naïve optimism, unrealistic universalism, and moral darkness. From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions. As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment, because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together.

Q1: What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?
A1: materialism and skepticism
Q2: By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?
A2: Terror during the French Revolution
Q3: Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?
A3: Romantic
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the "consent of the governed" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the "divine right of kings". In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully, and therefore violent revolution was the result. Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government.

Q1: The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?
A1: 1789
Q2: Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?
A2: Locke
Q3: The "divine right of kings" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?
A3: "consent of the governed"
Q4: According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?
A4: governance paradigm shift
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the government was hostile, and the philosophes fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile. The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment's leaders in England and Scotland, although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office.

Q1: In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?
A1: France
Q2: Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?
A2: Isaac Newton
Q3: In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?
A3: France
Q4: Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?
A4: varied
Q5: In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?
A5: middle
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy.

Q1: How was the Enlightenment known in French?
A1: Siècle des Lumières
Q2: Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?
A2: The Enlightenment
Q3: In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?
A3: individual liberty and religious tolerance
Q4: The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?
A4: Roman Catholic Church
Hellenistic_period (History)

The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.

Q1: Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?
A1: Epicurus
Q2: Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?
A2: Diogenes of Sinope
Q3: Which group embraced hedonism?
A3: Cyrenaics
Q4: Who founded Stoicism?
A4: Zeno of Citium
Q5: Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?
A5: Antiochus of Ascalon
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

Q1: How is the Eritrean highway system named?
A1: according to the road classification
Q2: What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?
A2: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)
Q3: What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?
A3: improved earth roads which are occasionally paved
Q4: What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?
A4: single-layered asphalt road
Q5: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?
A5: fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)
Estonia (Geography and places)

The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

Q1: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?
A1: The Estonian Academy of Arts
Q2: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?
A2: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu
Q3: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?
A3: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design
Q4: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?
A4: 245
Estonia (Geography and places)

The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

Q1: What is the main science institution in Estonia?
A1: The Estonian Academy of Sciences
Q2: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?
A2: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
Q3: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?
A3: the late 1950s
Q4: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?
A4: Tartu and Tallinn
Estonia (Geography and places)

The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

Q1: What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?
A1: 1925
Q2: In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?
A2: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law
Q3: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?
A3: more than 3,000 people
Q4: What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?
A4: Germans and Jewish minorities
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.

Q1: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
A1: two
Q2: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
A2: the northern and southern dialects
Q3: What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?
A3: Tallinn
Q4: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
A4: the northeastern coast of Estonia
Q5: What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?
A5: Tartu
Estonia (Geography and places)

The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

Q1: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?
A1: the Northern Crusades
Q2: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?
A2: Germany, Sweden, and Russia
Q3: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?
A3: the 13th century
Q4: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?
A4: The Liber Census Daniae
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.

Q1: What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?
A1: Mario Draghi
Q2: What is the official, central bank for the euro?
A2: The European Central Bank
Q3: What is the Eurozone?
A3: consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world
Q4: Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?
A4: the central banks of all 28 EU member states
Q5: What established The European Central Bank?
A5: The Treaty of Amsterdam