LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dog (Natural sciences)

Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.

Q1: What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?
A1: Neutering
Q2: According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?
A2: the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
Q3: What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?
A3: testicles
Q4: What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?
A4: ovaries and uterus
Q5: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?
A5: testicles
Q6: In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?
A6: ovaries and uterus
Q7: What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?
A7: neutered
Madrasa (Language and literature)

Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'Chair' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term 'academic circles' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having 'fellows', 'reading' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of aṣḥāb ('companions, as of Muhammad'), qirāʼah ('reading aloud the Qur'an') and ijāzah ('licence [to teach]') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom." The Islamic scholarly system of fatwá and ijmāʻ, meaning opinion and consensus respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day." According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval Madrasa system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the University of Naples Federico II founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1224.

Q1: What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?
A1: European university
Q2: What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?
A2: degree and doctorate
Q3: How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?
A3: eighteen
Q4: What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?
A4: academic
Q5: What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?
A5: wearing academic robes
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

Q1: What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?
A1: between lawful and unlawful hunting
Q2: What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?
A2: all hunting
Q3: Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?
A3: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere
Q4: What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?
A4: not too severe
Q5: Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?
A5: bishop
Q6: Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?
A6: Benedict XIV
Q7: What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?
A7: prohibit all hunting to the clerics
The_Blitz (History)

Nevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pilot), Pilot Officer Geoffrey Morris (Observer) and Flight Sergeant Reginald Leyland (Air Intercept radar operator) of the Fighter Interception Unit became the first pilot and crew to intercept and destroy an enemy aircraft using onboard radar to guide them to a visual interception, when their AI night fighter brought down a Do 17 off Sussex. On 19 November 1940 the famous RAF night fighter ace John Cunningham shot down a Ju 88 bomber using airborne radar, just as Dowding had predicted.

Q1: What was critical in the night battles over Britain?
A1: radar
Q2: What concept eventually became successful?
A2: airborne radar
Q3: On what day did airborne radar help intercept and destroy enemy aircraft for the first time?
A3: the night of 22/23 July 1940
Q4: Who was the RAF night fighter ace that used airborne radar to destroy a Ju 88 bomber?
A4: John Cunningham
Heian_period (History)

Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger shōen and greater wealth during the early tenth century. By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held. Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to shōen holders in return for a share of the harvest. People and lands were increasingly beyond central control and taxation, a de facto return to conditions before the Taika Reform.

Q1: What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?
A1: shōen
Q2: Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?
A2: a share of the harvest
Q3: The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?
A3: early tenth century
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311–1320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, "he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols." And "in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign," according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that "Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it," citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.

Q1: When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?
A1: 1311–1320
Q2: During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? 
A2: a licensed border market
Q3: Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?
A3: the Mongols and other ethnicities
Armenia (History)

Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.

Q1: What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?
A1: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Q2: Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?
A2: 1995
Q3: What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture?
A3: precious-stone processing
Q4: What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy?
A4: economic reforms
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.

Q1: What is the legal status of secondary liability?
A1: subject of ongoing litigation
Q2: What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?
A2: decentralised structure
Q3: What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?
A3: distribute large files effectively
Q4: What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?
A4: to avoid liability as intermediaries
Everton_F.C. (History)

Neville Southall holds the record for the most Everton appearances, having played 751 first-team matches between 1981 and 1997, and previously held the record for the most league clean sheets during a season (15). During the 2008–09 season, this record was beaten by American goalkeeper Tim Howard (17). The late centre half and former captain Brian Labone comes second, having played 534 times. The longest serving player is Goalkeeper Ted Sagar who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953, both sides of the Second World War, making a total of 495 appearances. The club's top goalscorer, with 383 goals in all competitions, is Dixie Dean; the second-highest goalscorer is Graeme Sharp with 159. Dean still holds the English national record of most goals in a season, with 60.

Q1: What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances?
A1: Neville Southall
Q2: Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?
A2: Tim Howard
Q3: Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club?
A3: Brian Labone
Q4: Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC?
A4: Ted Sagar
Q5: How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club?
A5: 23
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi (i/ˌnjuː ˈdɛli/) is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India. In addition, it also serves as the seat of Government of Delhi.

Q1: In what territory is New Delhi located?
A1: Delhi
Q2: What municipality serves as the capital of India?
A2: New Delhi
Q3: For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government?
A3: Delhi
Q4: What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India?
A4: New Delhi
Q5: What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi?
A5: New Delhi
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi has a population of 249,998. Hindi and Punjabi are the most widely spoken languages in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.

Q1: What is the population of New Delhi?
A1: 249,998
Q2: What are the most common languages spoken in New Delhi?
A2: Hindi and Punjabi
Q3: What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi?
A3: English
Q4: What is the literacy rate of New Delhi according to the 2011 census?
A4: 89.38%
Q5: What city in the territory of Delhi has the highest literacy rate?
A5: New Delhi
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.

Q1: How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city?
A1: hundred
Q2: What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities?
A2: Smart Cities Mission
Q3: Who is responsible for India's smart city initiative?
A3: PM Narendra Modi
Q4: What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city?
A4: New Delhi
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India.

Q1: What state-owned organization operates New Delhi's bus transport system?
A1: Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)
Q2: Delhi Transport Company owns the world's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel?
A2: compressed natural gas
Q3: What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India?
A3: New Delhi
Q4: What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India? 
A4: New Delhi
Q5: What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation?
A5: Buses
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.

Q1: What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi's Birthday?
A1: Gandhi Jayanti
Q2: What is the date of India's Independence Day?
A2: 15 August
Q3: On Indian Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location?
A3: the Red Fort
Q4: On Indian Independence Day, kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept?
A4: freedom
Q5: What New Delhi celebration showcases India's cultural diversity and military power?
A5: Republic Day Parade
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla. The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of August 2011, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km (117 mi) and 146 stations, and several other lines are under construction. It carries millions of passengers every day. In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.

Q1: What Indian city is the headquarters of the Northern Railway?
A1: New Delhi
Q2: How many main stations of the Northern Railway serve the New Delhi area?
A2: five
Q3: The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations?
A3: 146
Q4: What organization is responsible for building and operating the Delhi Metro system?
A4: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.

Q1: What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed?
A1: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)
Q2: What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi?
A2: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)
Q3: What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi?
A3: New Delhi
Q4: The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city?
A4: New Delhi
Q5: What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi?
A5: a municipal government
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum.

Q1: What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi?
A1: National Rail Museum
Q2: What is the name of the doll themed museum located in New Delhi?
A2: Shankar's International Dolls Museum
Q3: The Supreme Court of India Museum is located in what major city?
A3: New Delhi
Q4: What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi?
A4: National Gallery of Modern Art
Q5: The National Philatelic Museum is located in which large Indian city?
A5: New Delhi
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.

Q1: On what date was the National Museum formally inaugurated?
A1: 15 August 1949
Q2: How many works of art currently reside in the National Museum?
A2: 200,000
Q3: What length of time do the 200,000 works of art in the National Museum encompass?
A3: 5,000 years
Q4: The National Museum began in 1947 with a display of what type of art?
A4: Indian art
Q5: In the winter of 1947, the National Museum started with a display of Indian art in what location?
A5: Royal Academy in London
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.

Q1: The Buddha Jayanti Park is located in which Indian city?
A1: New Delhi
Q2: A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station?
A2: Jangpura Metro Station
Q3: The gardens of New Delhi are particularly stunning in which season?
A3: spring
Q4: New Delhi is well known for what type of beautifully landscaped feature?
A4: gardens
Q5: What is the name of one of the largest gardens in new Delhi?
A5: Buddha Jayanti Park
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹1595 billion (US$23 billion) in nominal terms and ~₹6800 billion (US$100 billion) in PPP terms. As of 2013, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011-12.

Q1: What was the estimated net State Domestic Product of New Delhi for 2010?
A1: ₹1595 billion
Q2: The per capita income of New Delhi was second only to what Indian municipality?
A2: Goa
Q3: What was the 2012-13 current price estimate for GSDP in Delhi?
A3: Rs 3.88 trillion
Q4: What was the 2011-12 GSDP estimate for Delhi?
A4: Rs 3.11 trillion
Q5: What is the per capita income of Delhi as of 2013?
A5: Rs. 230000
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There has, however, been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.

Q1: What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi?
A1: 5.4 magnitude
Q2: A 4.7 magnitude earthquake that affected New Delhi occurred on what date?
A2: 25 November 2007
Q3: What was the magnitude of the earthquake that affected New Delhi on September 2011?
A3: 4.2-magnitude
Q4: How many earthquakes occurred on March 5, 2012?
A4: twelve
Q5: What is the geographical feature New Delhi lies on that is responsible for frequent earthquakes?
A5: fault lines