LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

Q1: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?
A1: 1520–1566
Q2: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?
A2: 1521
Q3: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?
A3: Battle of Mohács
Q4: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?
A4: Hungary
Q5: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?
A5: the Siege of Güns
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.

Q1: What position did Sultan Quli hold?
A1: governor of Golkonda
Q2: Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?
A2: the Bahmani Sultanate
Q3: In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?
A3: 1518
Q4: When was Hyderabad founded?
A4: 1591
Q5: In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?
A5: Aurangabad
Sumer (History)

Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.

Q1: What is an "ensi"?
A1: priest-king
Q2: What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?
A2: theocratic
Q3: Who assisted the ensi?
A3: a council of elders
Q4: What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?
A4: Uruk
Q5: Over how many people lived in Uruk?
A5: 50,000
Sumer (History)

Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture.

Q1: How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?
A1: two
Q2: What does one myth see creation as being the result of?
A2: a series of hieros gami
Q3: In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?
A3: fresh and salt water
Q4: What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?
A4: the muddy ones
Q5: Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?
A5: Ninhursag
London (Geography and places)

Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

Q1: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
A1: 15 miles west
Q2: What is London's average high temperature in July?
A2: 24 °C (75.2 °F)
Q3: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?
A3: urban heat island effect
Q4: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?
A4: 31
Q5: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?
A5: Snowfall
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 °F (24.2 °C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 °F (29 °C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 °F (2 °C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from −9 °F (−23 °C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 °F (40 °C) on August 7, 1918.[b]

Q1: What is the daily average temperature in July?
A1: 75.6 °F
Q2: Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?
A2: September
Q3: What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?
A3: 35.5 °F
Q4: How many days long is the growing season?
A4: 239 days
Q5: What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?
A5: −9 °F
Tennessee (Geography and places)

Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is −32 °F (−36 °C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.

Q1: What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?
A1: 32
Q2: What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?
A2: 113 °F (45 °C)
Q3: Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?
A3: Perryville
Q4: What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?
A4: −32 °F
Q5: Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?
A5: Mountain City
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.

Q1: What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?
A1: Sunlight
Q2: Who first utilized solar architecture?
A2: Greeks and Chinese
Q3: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?
A3: toward the south
Energy (Natural sciences)

Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.

Q1: What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?
A1: Sunlight
Q2: What do plants release during photosynthesis?
A2: oxygen
Q3: What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?
A3: Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis
Q4: What are two low-energy compounds?
A4: carbon dioxide and water
Energy (Natural sciences)

Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement.

Q1: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?
A1: after it strikes the Earth
Q2: This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.
A2: Sunlight
Q3: What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?
A3: hurricane
Q4: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?
A4: hurricane
Tajikistan (Geography and places)

Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

Q1: What school has been recognized by the government?
A1: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi
Q2: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
A2: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion
Q3: What are the two national Islamic holidays?
A3: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
Q4: What percent of the population is muslim?
A4: 98%
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

Q1: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
A1: thousands
Q2: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
A2: Supercomputers
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.

Q1: Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?
A1: Superscalar
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.

Q1: What boosted support in 1901?
A1: Taff Vale Case
Q2: What was the Taft Vale Case?
A2: a dispute between strikers and a railway company
Q3: From this case, what happened?
A3: made strikes illegal
Q4: How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?
A4: £23,000
War_on_Terror (History)

Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.

Q1: What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?
A1: the "coalition of the willing"
Q2: Which country disavowed the Taliban?
A2: Pakistan
Q3: How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?
A3: tens of thousands
Q4: Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?
A4: North-West
Q5: Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?
A5: northern tribal areas
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Sure South Atlantic Ltd ("Sure") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band.

Q1: What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?
A1: television
Q2: How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?
A2: 17
Q3: What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?
A3: a satellite dish
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead of wire leads to pass through holes. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much smaller PCB assemblies with much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labor costs and greatly increasing production rates. Components can be supplied mounted on carrier tapes. Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components, and passive components much cheaper; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices (SMDs) are determined more by the chip itself than the package, with little price advantage over larger packages. Some wire-ended components, such as 1N4148 small-signal switch diodes, are actually significantly cheaper than SMD equivalents.

Q1: When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?
A1: mid-1990s
Q2: What did the new components with end tabs replace?
A2: wire leads
Q3: What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs?
A3: automation
Q4: What are SMDs?
A4: surface mount devices
Q5: Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more?
A5: chip
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites. Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then renamed the city from Moling (秣陵) to Jianye (建鄴) shortly thereafter.

Q1: What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?
A1: Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake
Q2: What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?
A2: evergreens and oaks
Q3: Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?
A3: Liu Bei
Q4: What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?
A4: Nanjing's impeccable geographic position
Q5: What is Nanjing surrounded by?
A5: the Yangtze River and mountains
Red (Natural sciences)

Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.

Q1: What trait do people most commonly link red with?
A1: courage
Q2: Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?
A2: to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs
Q3: What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?
A3: a red cross on a white field
Q4: What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?
A4: St. George's Cross
Q5: Who was Saint George believed to be?
A5: a Roman soldier
Southampton (Geography and places)

Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.

Q1: Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?
A1: 12th
Q2: What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?
A2: Black Death
Q3: What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?
A3: 1348
Q4: In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?
A4: Canute's Palace
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.

Q1: Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?
A1: Sven-Göran Eriksson
Q2: How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?
A2: five
Q3: What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson?
A3: No.4
Q4: In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated?
A4: 2006
Q5: In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?
A5: 2001
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.

Q1: In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?
A1: northwestern
Q2: What faith does Swayambhu belong to?
A2: Buddhist
Q3: Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?
A3: Hindus
Q4: In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?
A4: four
Q5: In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?
A5: gajur