LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Cotton (Natural sciences)

The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.

Q1: In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?
A1: China and India
Q2: How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?
A2: largest exporters
Q3: What is the combined international trade in cotton?
A3: $12 billion
Q4: What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?
A4: Dunavant Enterprises
Q5: Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?
A5: Memphis, Tennessee
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke. Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007. Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016. Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%). In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%. As of June 2015, Kroenke owns 41,698 shares (67.02%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief Executive since 2009.

Q1: What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board?
A1: Stan Kroenke
Q2: What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011?
A2: 62.89%
Q3: Who is Arsenal's Chief Executive?
A3: Ivan Gazidis
Q4: Who is Kroenke's chief competitor for Arsenal stock?
A4: Red & White Securities
Q5: In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock?
A5: April 2011
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court.

Q1: How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?
A1: 38
Q2: On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?
A2: December 26, 1862
Q3: In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?
A3: Minnesota
Q4: What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?
A4: African-American
Q5: In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?
A5: 1723
Southampton (Geography and places)

The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre (formerly known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London, has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables, The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet. There is also the Nuffield Theatre based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre in 2015. It also hosts touring companies and local performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the University Players).

Q1: What's the biggest theatre in Southampton?
A1: Mayflower Theatre
Q2: How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold?
A2: 2,300
Q3: What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?
A3: the Gaumont
Q4: What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower?
A4: English National Ballet
Q5: Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015?
A5: Nuffield Theatre
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe.

Q1: What is the biggest use of asphalt?
A1: road surfaces
Q2: How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?
A2: 85%
Q3: How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?
A3: 5%
Q4: What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?
A4: 95%
Q5: How many concrete plants are in the US?
A5: 4,000
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered "other", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:

Q1: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?
A1: 1921
Q2: According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?
A2: 50.09%
Q3: The second largest group of people were whom?
A3: whites
God (Philosophy and religion)

The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is "properly basic", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position. Some theists agree that none of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know." A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.

Q1: How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?
A1: "properly basic"
Q2: Who stated "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know"?
A2: Pascal
Q3: Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?
A3: Richard Swinburne
Q4: Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?
A4: Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

Q1: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? 
A1: civil unrest and foreign invasions.
Q2: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? 
A2: attempt to reform the government in various
Q3: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? 
A3: either imprisoned or executed outright.
Q4: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?
A4: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization
British_Empire (History)

The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister, William Gladstone, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break-up of the empire. A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons. A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising.

Q1: Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland?
A1: William Gladstone
Q2: The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?
A2: Canada
Q3: When was the Easter Rising?
A3: 1916
Q4: When was a Home Rule bill passed?
A4: 1914
Q5: The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?
A5: the First World War
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

Q1: How long ago did the last glacial period end?
A1: about 10,000 years ago
Q2: By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?
A2: 35 metres (115 ft)
Q3: During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?
A3: Holocene
Q4: Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?
A4: Pleistocene
Q5: What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?
A5: Tyrrell Sea
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The last great period of Roman mosaic art was the 12th–13th century when Rome developed its own distinctive artistic style, free from the strict rules of eastern tradition and with a more realistic portrayal of figures in the space. Well-known works of this period are the floral mosaics of the Basilica di San Clemente, the façade of Santa Maria in Trastevere and San Paolo fuori le Mura. The beautiful apse mosaic of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1140) depicts Christ and Mary sitting next to each other on the heavenly throne, the first example of this iconographic scheme. A similar mosaic, the Coronation of the Virgin, decorates the apse of Santa Maria Maggiore. It is a work of Jacopo Torriti from 1295. The mosaics of Torriti and Jacopo da Camerino in the apse of San Giovanni in Laterano from 1288–94 were thoroughly restored in 1884. The apse mosaic of San Crisogono is attributed to Pietro Cavallini, the greatest Roman painter of the 13th century. Six scenes from the life of Mary in Santa Maria in Trastevere were also executed by Cavallini in 1290. These mosaics are praised for their realistic portrayal and attempts of perspective. There is an interesting mosaic medaillon from 1210 above the gate of the church of San Tommaso in Formis showing Christ enthroned between a white and a black slave. The church belonged to the Order of the Trinitarians which was devoted to ransoming Christian slaves.

Q1: When was the last period of Roman mosaic art?
A1: the 12th–13th century
Q2: Where is the church of Santa maria?
A2: Trastevere
Q3: Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict?
A3: Christ and Mary
Q4: When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored?
A4: in 1884
Q5: What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso?
A5: 1210
Roman_Republic (History)

The last king of the Roman Kingdom, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus. Tarquin made a number of attempts to retake the throne, including the Tarquinian conspiracy, the war with Veii and Tarquinii and finally the war between Rome and Clusium, all of which failed to achieve Tarquin's objectives. The most important constitutional change during the transition from kingdom to republic concerned the chief magistrate. Before the revolution, a king would be elected by the senators for a life term. Now, two consuls were elected by the citizens for an annual term. Each consul would check his colleague, and their limited term in office would open them up to prosecution if they abused the powers of their office. Consular political powers, when exercised conjointly with a consular colleague, were no different from those of the old king.

Q1: Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?
A1: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Q2: When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?
A2: 509 BC
Q3: Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?
A3: senators
Q4: What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?
A4: life term
Q5: Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?
A5: old king
The_Blitz (History)

The last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westminster Abbey and the Law Courts were damaged, while the Chamber of the House of Commons was destroyed. One-third of London's streets were impassable. All but one railway station line was blocked for several weeks. This raid was significant, as 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers, indicating the growing effectiveness of RAF night fighter defences.

Q1: When was the last major attack London saw?
A1: 10/11 May 1941
Q2: How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London?
A2: 800 tonnes
Q3: How many casualties were inflicted?
A3: 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured
Q4: What was the damage done to London's streets?
A4: One-third of London's streets were impassable
Q5: What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing?
A5: 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal façade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria, placed outside the main gates. George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties. He arranged a series of command performances featuring jazz musicians such as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1919) – the first jazz performance for a head of state, Sidney Bechet, and Louis Armstrong (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom. George V's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts, and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble Empire-style chimneypieces by Benjamin Vulliamy, dating from 1810, which the Queen had installed in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden façade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room. This room, 69 feet (21 metres) long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed specially by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets.

Q1: Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?
A1: King George V
Q2: The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?
A2: Portland stone
Q3: Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?
A3: George V
Q4: Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?
A4: Queen Mary
Q5: Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?
A5: Queen Mary
Q6: Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?
A6: Sir Aston Webb
Q7: The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?
A7: Portland stone
Q8: Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?
A8: George V
Q9: What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?
A9: Royal Collection of furniture and art
Q10: Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?
A10: Queen Mary
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.

Q1: What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?
A1: 65
Q2: Who was Chopin's musical executor?
A2: Julian Fontana
Q3: How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?
A3: 23
Q4: Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?
A4: 17
Q5: What is the last opus number that Chopin used?
A5: 65
Q6: Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?
A6: Julian Fontana
Q7: When was Op. 74 published?
A7: 1857
Bern (Geography and places)

The last regular election of the City Parliament was held on 25 November 2012 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur, French: la législature) from 2013 to 2016. Currently the City Parliament consist of 23 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), 11 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 Green Alliance of Berne (GB), 8 Grüne Freie Liste (GFL) (Green Free List), 7 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 7 Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), 7 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PEV), 1 Junge Alternative (JA!) (or Young Alternatives), 1 Grüne Partei Bern - Demokratische Alternative (GPB-DA) (or Green Party Bern - Democratic Alternative), 1 Swiss Party of Labour (PdA), 1 Alternative Linke Bern (AL) and finally one independent. The following parties combine their parliamentary power in parliamentary groups (German: Fraktion(en)): Independent and AL and GPB-DA and PdA (4), SP (23), GB and JA! (9), GFL and EVP (10), GLP (7), BDP and CVP (9), FDP (7), and SVP (11). This gives the left parties an absolute majority of 46 seats.

Q1: Which party has the absolute majority of the seats?
A1: left parties
Q2: How many seats are there?
A2: 46
Q3: Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament?
A3: Social Democratic Party
Egypt (Geography and places)

The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

Q1: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?
A1: Cleopatra VII
Q2: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?
A2: Octavian
Q3: How did Mark Anthony's love die?
A3: suicide
Q4: What culture annexed Egypt?
A4: Rome
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132 the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focussing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as the Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities.

Q1: Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?
A1: Mstislav the Great
Q2: When did Mstislav die?
A2: 1169
Q3: When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?
A3: 12th century,