LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Q1: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
A1: the Church of England
Q2: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
A2: 12th
Q3: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
A3: common law
Q4: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
A4: Oxford and Cambridge
Q5: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
A5: Henry VIII
Black_people (Language and literature)

In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Q1: Who described slaves as negars?
A1: John Rolfe
Q2: Where was John Rolfe?
A2: Colonial America
Q3: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
A3: Virginia colony
Q4: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
A4: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"
Q5: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
A5: Cemetery of the Negro
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming more powerful. In the Eurasian theater, the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed. A concern for Western world, if not the whole world, was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts.

Q1: In what era were there many socio-technological trends?
A1: Contemporary era
Q2: The 21st century is refereed to as what?
A2: the Information age
Q3: What device was used most during the The Information age?
A3: computers
Q4: What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?
A4: terrorist acts
Q5: In what time were there many socio-technological trends?
A5: Contemporary era
Q6: What is the 21st century also known as?
A6: the Information age
Q7: What device was used most during 21st century?
A7: computers
Q8: What was considered a threat to Western civilization?
A8: terrorist acts
Switzerland (Geography and places)

In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy. The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.

Q1: From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?
A1: the Kings of the Burgundians
Q2: Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?
A2: the Swiss plateau
Q3: Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?
A3: valleys of the Alps
Q4: In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?
A4: Alemannia and Burgundy
Q5: What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?
A5: Frankish Empire
Middle_Ages (History)

In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories.

Q1: Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?
A1: Slavic tribes
Q2: What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?
A2: the Avars
Q3: Near what river were the Avars originally based?
A3: the Danube
Q4: During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?
A4: Heraclius
Q5: In what year did the reign of Maurice end?
A5: 602
God (Philosophy and religion)

In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

Q1: What differentiates God from gods?
A1: the capitalized form of God
Q2: What belief has many gods?
A2: polytheism
Q3: What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?
A3: signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton
Q4: What is the tetragrammaton gor God?
A4: YHWH
Q5: No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?
A5: God
Q6: What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?
A6: gods
Q7: What is the name of God in Judaism?
A7: YHWH
Q8: What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?
A8: YHWH
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt—a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]

Q1: What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?
A1: the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,
Q2: Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?
A2: Bible
Q3: Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.
A3: Mesopotamia and Egypt
Q4: Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?
A4: is, to the devout, taboo.
Q5: Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?
A5: a period of about five millennia
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

Q1: Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?
A1: principle of subsidiarity
Q2: What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?
A2: embezzlement
Q3: Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?
A3: centralized
Plymouth (History)

In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.

Q1: What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?
A1: Royal Australian Air Force
Q2: What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?
A2: Western Approaches Command
Q3: How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?
A3: 59
Q4: How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?
A4: more than 1,000
Q5: How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?
A5: over 3,700
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).

Q1: What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?
A1: Fachhochschule
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to." Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air".

Q1: What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?
A1: magi
Q2: To what did the term magi originally refer?
A2: Persian priests
Q3: Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?
A3: Pliny the Elder
Q4: What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?
A4: "History of magical arts"
Q5: Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?
A5: Apollonius of Tyana
Hellenistic_period (History)

In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

Q1: What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?
A1: Isis
Q2: Zeus was paired with which local god?
A2: Ammon
Q3: Aphrodite was paired with which local god?
A3: Hagne
Q4: Isis was paired with what local god?
A4: Demeter
Greeks (History)

In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

Q1: what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?
A1: Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.
Q2: What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?
A2: the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.
Q3: Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?
A3: A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.
Q4: What  is the origins of the term "old woman " ?
A4: word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).

Q1: Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?
A1: condemned as idolatry
Q2: What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?
A2: gold mosaics with only one great cross
Q3: When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?
A3: 787–797
Q4: When was the Dormition church destroyed? 
A4: 1922
Q5: When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?
A5: after 740
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

Q1: What does IPA stand for?
A1: International Phonetic Alphabet
Q2: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
A2: voiceless consonants
Q3: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?
A3: p
Q4: pʰ represents what?
A4: aspirated bilabial stop
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

Q1: Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?
A1: Islamic
Q2: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?
A2: a Messenger of God
Q3: Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?
A3: Allah
Q4: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?
A4: People of the Book
The_Times (History)

In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

Q1: The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?
A1: The Times
Q2: What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?
A2: James Bond
Q3: In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?
A3: From Russia, with Love
Napoleon (History)

In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.

Q1: What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?
A1: the Walcheren Campaign
Q2: The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?
A2: the Austrians
Q3:  On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?
A3: 30 July
Q4: What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?
A4: "Walcheren Fever."
Q5: When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?
A5: December 1809
Szlachta (History)

In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan.

Q1: Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?
A1: by monarch
Q2: What right was reversed by sijm?
A2: ennoblement
Q3: What would be given to the enobled one?
A3: undifferentiated coat of arms
Q4: After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?
A4: sejm
Q5: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
A5: szlachta clan