LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

Q1: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
A1: 23,868
Q2: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
A2: 14,503
Q3: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
A3: Estonian
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

Q1: For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?
A1: twenty-one years
Q2: What party did Walpole belong to?
A2: Whig
Q3: What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?
A3: doctrine of cabinet solidarity
Q4: What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?
A4: resign
Q5: Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?
A5: Lord Melbourne
United_States_dollar (History)

From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

Q1: When was the Mint Act passed?
A1: 1792
Q2: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?
A2: 371.25
Q3: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?
A3: Alexander Hamilton
Q4: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?
A4: Congressional standard of the silver dollar
Q5: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
A5: 1834
Detroit (Geography and places)

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

Q1: In which War was Detroit captured by the British?
A1: War of 1812
Q2: In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?
A2: Battle of Frenchtown
Q3: In which year was Detroit recaptured?
A3: 1813
Q4: In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?
A4: Monroe County
Palermo (Unknown)

From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

Q1: Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?
A1: Giuseppe La Masa
Q2: Who was the first president of Palermo?
A2: Ruggero Settimo
Q3: Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?
A3: The Bourbons
Q4: Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?
A4: Kingdom of Italy
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.

Q1: In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?
A1: 1842
Q2: To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?
A2: Grzymała
Q3: What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?
A3: Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
Q4: What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him?
A4: piano
Q5: What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?
A5: temporal lobe epilepsy
Q6: Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?
A6: 1842
Q7: What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?
A7: Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement
Q8: What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?
A8: temporal lobe epilepsy
Q9: When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?
A9: From 1842 onwards
Q10: Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?
A10: mouth and tonsils
Q11: Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?
A11: Alkan
Q12: Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?
A12: Charles Hallé
Q13: Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?
A13: temporal lobe epilepsy.
Samurai (Language and literature)

From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.

Q1: When was the samurai military modernized?
A1: 1854
Q2: Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?
A2: Nagasaki
Q3: What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?
A3: Naval
Q4: What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?
A4: tradition
Q5: How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?
A5: eight
Seattle (History)

From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City". Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, "Rain City" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and "Jet City" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: "The City of Flowers", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and "The City of Goodwill", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.

Q1: What is Seattle's present nickname?
A1: Emerald City
Q2: To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?
A2: evergreen forests
Q3: Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?
A3: Gateway to Alaska
Q4: From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?
A4: Boeing
Q5: What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?
A5: The City of Goodwill
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Q1: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? 
A1: August 19, 1878
Q2: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
A2: Charles A. Shibell
Q3: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
A3: Frank Stilwell
Q4: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
A4: Deputy U.S. Marshal
Q5: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
A5: Wyatt Earp
Q6: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
A6: stagecoach robberies
Q7: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
A7: William Whitney Brazelton
Q8: When was Brazelton killed?
A8: August 19, 1878
Q9: Who killed Brazelton?
A9: Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse
Q10: What was Shibell's job?
A10: Pima County Sheriff
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.

Q1: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?
A1: From 1879
Q2: How many congregations were founded?
A2: Thirty
Q3: When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?
A3: during 1879 and 1880
Q4: What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?
A4: self-administrative
Q5: Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?
A5: William Henry Conley
Qing_dynasty (History)

From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, to 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace. On November 1, 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province (the Juye Incident). In response, Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of Jiaozhou Bay. The occupation prompted a "scramble for concessions" in 1898, which included the German lease of Jiazhou Bay, the Russian acquisition of Liaodong, and the British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong.

Q1: Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?
A1: Summer Palace
Q2: When were two missionaries killed?
A2: November 1, 1897,
Q3: Where were the missionaries killed?
A3: Shandong Province
Q4: What was the murders of the missionaries called?
A4: Juye Incident
London (Geography and places)

From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.

Q1: Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?
A1: Celtic
Q2: What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?
A2: 'river too wide to ford
Q3: What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?
A3: Llundain
Q4: Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions
A4: Richard Coates
Q5: In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?
A5: 1998
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, the 'first genocide of the Twentieth Century' was committed. In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered. The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation and discrimination in a system that in many ways anticipated apartheid.

Q1: Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?
A1: Namaqua
Q2: When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?
A2: 1904 to 1907
Q3: What was the war against the German occupiers considered?
A3: first genocide of the Twentieth Century
Q4: How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
A4: 65,000
Q5: How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?
A5: 10,000
History_of_India (History)

From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.

Q1: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?
A1: Mahatma Gandhi
Q2: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?
A2: peaceful
Q3: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?
A3: Indian National Army
Q4: On what date did India gain its independence?
A4: 15 August 1947
Q5: What action did the movements combine to produce?
A5: Government of India Act 1935
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met." On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.

Q1: What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?
A1: executive officer
Q2: Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?
A2: Panama Canal Zone
Q3: What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?
A3: On War
Q4: During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?
A4: 1925–26
Q5: How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?
A5: 245
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

From 1932, it was taught that the "little flock" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 "anointed" who would be resurrected—or transferred at death—to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the "great multitude," would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each moved to 1914.

Q1: From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?
A1: 1932
Q2: What was the number of the little flock set at?
A2: 144,000
Q3: Where would the great multitude live?
A3: a paradise restored on earth
Q4: All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?
A4: great multitude
Q5: When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?
A5: 1914
Federalism (History)

From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.

Q1: What happened between 1938 to 1995?
A1: the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause.
Q2: What are most actions in the federal government known as?
A2: Commerce Clause
Q3: What did the court reject in 1995?
A3: the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision
Q4: What did the court reject in 1994?
A4: rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act
Q5: What does the commerce clause include?
A5: include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision
Order_of_the_British_Empire (History)

From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.

Q1: From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?
A1: 1940
Q2: Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
A2: below the level required for the George Medal
Q3: What grade was determined?
A3: same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry
Q4: When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
A4: 14 January 1958
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.

Q1: During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?
A1: 1946 to 1964
Q2: What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?
A2: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence
Q3: When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?
A3: 1971
Q4: All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?
A4: 1964
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: "It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human population through the 20th century has had more impact on biodiversity than any other single factor." At least until the middle of the 21st century, worldwide losses of pristine biodiverse land will probably depend much on the worldwide human birth rate.

Q1: What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?
A1: world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion
Q2: What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?
A2: From 1950
Q3: What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?
A3: more than 9 billion
Q4: Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?
A4: Sir David King