LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

Q1: What revived style dominated English country house architecture?
A1: Palladian
Q2: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?
A2: made wide and relatively shallow
Q3: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?
A3: the centre
Q4: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?
A4: basement area
Q5: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?
A5: mezzanine floor
The_Blitz (History)

Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups. The government saw the Communist Party's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939.:34

Q1: What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters? 
A1: anti-war
Q2: Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?
A2: the Communist Party's
Q3: What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?
A3: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church, which were made between 634 and 730, also escaped destruction. Unusually almost all represent Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, often with suppliants before him.

Q1: How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?
A1: Very few
Q2: The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?
A2: Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)
Q3: Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?
A3: hidden behind mortar
Q4: When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?
A4: between 634 and 730
Q5: What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?
A5: almost all represent Saint Demetrius
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

Q1: Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?
A1: Yalamber
Q2: What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?
A2: northern
Q3: Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?
A3: Sino-Tibetan
Q4: Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?
A4: southern half
Q5: What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?
A5: Buddhist
Insect (Natural sciences)

Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have tympanal organs that can perceive airborne sounds. Some species in Hemiptera, such as the corixids (water boatmen), are known to communicate via underwater sounds. Most insects are also able to sense vibrations transmitted through surfaces.

Q1: What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?
A1: low
Q2: Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?
A2: movement
Q3: Low insect sounds can be heard through what?
A3: microscopic stridulatory structures
Q4: Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?
A4: communicate
Q5: Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?
A5: underwater
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps.

Q1: Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?
A1: General Electric
Q2: In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?
A2: 1909
Q3: What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?
A3: ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1
Q4: What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?
A4: Bayonet base lamps
Q5: What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?
A5: bipin base
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home.

Q1: Who was extremely protective over Victoria?
A1: mother
Q2: What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?
A2: Kensington System
Q3: Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?
A3: Sir John Conroy
Q4: What was Victoria's dog's name?
A4: Dash
Q5: During her free time, what did she play with?
A5: dolls
Q6: Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?
A6: her mother
Q7: What languages did Victoria take lessons in?
A7: French, German, Italian, and Latin
Q8: What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?
A8: English
Q9: Who was Victoria's mothers lover?
A9: Sir John Conroy
Q10: What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?
A10: Kensington System
Q11: What system did Victorias mother raise her under?
A11: Kensington System
Q12: Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?
A12: Sir John Conroy
Q13: Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?
A13: Sir John Conroy
Q14: Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?
A14: Sir John Conroy
Q15: What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?
A15: Dash
Q16: What was the Kensington System?
A16: an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess
Q17: How did Victoria describe her childhood?
A17: rather melancholy
Q18: What languages did Victoria study? 
A18: French, German, Italian, and Latin
Q19: What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?
A19: Dash
Q20: What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?
A20: French, German, Italian, and Latin
Q21: What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?
A21: Kensington System
Q22: Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?
A22: Sir John Conroy
Q23: Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?
A23: most of her father's family
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.

Q1: Who did Victoria marry?
A1: Prince Albert
Q2: What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?
A2: the grandmother of Europe
Q3: What year did Prince Albert die?
A3: 1861
Q4: How many children did she have?
A4: nine
Q5: In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?
A5: her popularity recovered
Q6: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A6: nine
Q7: What was the year of Alberts death?
A7: 1861
Q8: Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?
A8: celebration
Q9: What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?
A9: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q10: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?
A10: first cousin
Q11: What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?
A11: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q12: Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?
A12: 1840
Q13: How many children did Victoria and Albert have?
A13: nine
Q14: What year did Prince Albert die?
A14: 1861
Q15: Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?
A15: republicanism
Q16: When did Queen Victoria get married?
A16: 1840
Q17: What was the name of Victoria's husband?
A17: Prince Albert
Q18: What was Queen Victoria's nickname?
A18: the grandmother of Europe
Q19: When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?
A19: After Albert's death in 1861
Q20: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A20: nine
Q21: Who did Victoria marry?
A21: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q22: When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?
A22: 1840
Q23: How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?
A23: nine
Q24: What was Victoria's unofficial title?
A24: the grandmother of Europe
Q25: When did Prince Albert die?
A25: 1861
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen." Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.

Q1: On what date did Victoria turn 18?
A1: 24 May 1837
Q2: On what date did William IV die?
A2: 20 June 1837
Q3: How old was William IV when he died?
A3: 71
Q4: What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?
A4: Alexandrina Victoria
Q5: What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?
A5: 12 minutes past 2
Q6: When did Victoria turn 18?
A6: 24 May 1837
Q7: When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death? 
A7: 20 June 1837
Q8: What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?
A8: Alexandrina Victoria
Q9: How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death? 
A9: 71
Q10: Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England? 
A10: the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham
Q11: What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?
A11: 20 June 1837, William IV died
Q12: Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?
A12: Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham
Q13: What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?
A13: Alexandrina Victoria
Q14: How old was William IV when he died?
A14: 71
Q15: Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?
A15: sitting-room
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."

Q1: Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?
A1: Victoria
Q2: What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?
A2: 1889
Q3: What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?
A3: 1900
Q4: Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?
A4: Ireland
Q5: What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?
A5: 1900
Q6: Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889? 
A6: Biarritz
Q7: What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?
A7: Boer War
Q8: What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? 
A8: Ireland
Q9: Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year? 
A9: her second son Alfred
Q10: Where did Victoria often go for holiday?
A10: mainland Europe
Q11: In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?
A11: set foot in Spain
Q12: Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?
A12: acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war
Q13: Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?
A13: the Boer War
Q14: What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?
A14: her second son Alfred ("Affie") died
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.

Q1: How tall was Queen Victoria?
A1: no more than five feet tall
Q2: The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?
A2: her diary and letters
Q3: What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?
A3: 1964
Q4: What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?
A4: 1972
Q5: How tall was Queen Victoria? 
A5: five feet
Q6: Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? 
A6: Lytton Strachey
Q7: What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?
A7: Elizabeth Longford
Q8: When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria? 
A8: 1972
Q9: What was Victoria like, physically?
A9: stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall
Q10: When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?
A10: after the release of her diary and letters
Q11: Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?
A11: Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith
Q12: When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?
A12: 1964 and 1972
Q13: What kind of person was Victoria?
A13: emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Q1: What year did Gladstone resign?
A1: 1885
Q2: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?
A2: his budget
Q3: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?
A3: General Gordon at Khartoum.
Q4: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?
A4: Lord Salisbury
Q5: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?
A5: a few months
Q6: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?
A6: General Gordon
Q7: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? 
A7: Lord Salisbury
Q8: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? 
A8: granting Ireland home rule
Q9: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?
A9: Salisbury
Q10: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? 
A10: his budget was defeated
Q11: When did Gladstone resign?
A11: 1885
Q12: Why did Gladstone resign?
A12: his budget was defeated
Q13: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?
A13: pleased
Q14: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?
A14: General Gordon
Q15: Who replaced Gladstone?
A15: Lord Salisbury
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Q1: What year did Victorias Father die?
A1: 1820
Q2: What year did King George III die?
A2: 1820
Q3: What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?
A3: German
Q4: How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?
A4: 18
Q5: What was the name of Victoria's father? 
A5: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Q6: When did the Duke of Kent die? 
A6: 1820
Q7: What was Victoria's mother's name?
A7: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q8: At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?
A8: 18
Q9: Who was Victoria's father?
A9: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III
Q10: Who raised Victoria?
A10: mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q11: When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?
A11: aged 18
Q12: Why did Victoria inherit the throne?
A12: her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children
Q13: What kind of government did England have at the time?
A13: constitutional monarchy
Queen_Victoria (History)

Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.

Q1: Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?
A1: uncle Leopold
Q2: Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?
A2: Albert
Q3: Who introduced Albert to Victoria?
A3: uncle Leopold
Q4: What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?
A4: Leopold
Q5: How old was Victoria when she met Albert?
A5: 17
Q6: Who introduced Victoria and Albert?
A6: her uncle Leopold
Q7: What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?
A7: every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy
Q8: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"? 
A8: uncle Leopold
Q9: Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?
A9: Albert
Q10: What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? 
A10: the most pleasing and delightful exterior
Q11: Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?
A11: her uncle Leopold
Q12: What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?
A12: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy
Q13: What were Albert's best qualities?
A13: sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable
Q14: How did Victoria find Albert's looks?
A14: most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance
Q15: How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?
A15: 17