LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.

Q1: Where are the origins of Freemasonry?
A1: local fraternities of stonemasons
Q2: What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?
A2: regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients
Q3: Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?
A3: the three grades of medieval craft guilds
Q4: What are the degrees of Freemasonry?
A4: Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason
Q5: Freemasons trace their origins to what?
A5: the local fraternities of stonemasons
Q6: How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?
A6: three grades
Q7: Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?
A7: Blue Lodge
Q8: Members of Craft Masonry are called what?
A8: Freemasons or Masons
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.

Q1: How large is the membership of Freemasonry?
A1: around six million worldwide
Q2: What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?
A2: United Grand Lodge of England
Q3: How many members does the UGLE have?
A3: around a quarter million
Q4: What are the membership numbers of the United States?
A4: just under two million
Q5: How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?
A5: 150,000
Q6: How many members are in Freemasonry?
A6: around six million worldwide
Q7: What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?
A7: the United Grand Lodge of England
Q8: How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?
A8: around a quarter million
Q9: The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?
A9: approximately 150,000 members
Q10: The United States has how many Freemason members?
A10: just under two million
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution.

Q1: What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?
A1: Tunisia
Q2: Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?
A2: François Darlan
Q3: Who killed François Darlan?
A3: Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle
Q4: Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?
A4: Henri Giraud
Q5: On what day did Darlan die?
A5: December 24
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.

Q1: How many restaurants does the island have?
A1: over 70
Q2: Where are most of the nice restaurants located?
A2: in the hotels
Q3: What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?
A3: les petits creux
Q4: Creole food is often what?
A4: spicier
Q5: What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?
A5: gastronomic
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

Q1: In what year did Louis XIV die?
A1: 1715
Q2: In what year did the French Revolution begin?
A2: 1789
Q3: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
A3: 1620s
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

French infantry were equipped with the breech-loading Chassepot rifle, one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time. With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet, the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) with a short reloading time. French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench-warfare style fighting—the so-called feu de bataillon. The artillery was equipped with rifled, muzzle-loaded La Hitte guns. The army also possessed a precursor to the machine-gun: the mitrailleuse, which could unleash significant, concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile, and thus prone to being easily overrun. The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon.

Q1: What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?
A1: Chassepot rifle
Q2: What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?
A2: 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)
Q3: In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?
A3: trench-warfare
Q4: What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?
A4: the mitrailleuse
Q5: On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?
A5: on an artillery gun carriage
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament—UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens—jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read "Respect for Human Rights in China". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted "Freedom for Tibet!" several times as it passed.

Q1: What did the political parties request a brief stop in?
A1: the National Assembly's session
Q2: What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?
A2: Respect for Human Rights in China
Q3: What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?
A3: Freedom for Tibet!
Q4: Various French politicians started protests including members of what?
A4: Parliament
Q5: All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?
A5: National Assembly's session
Q6: Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?
A6: Respect for Human Rights in China
Q7: What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?
A7: Freedom for Tibet!
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Libération commented: "The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro." Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.

Q1: What did French police take from demonstrators?
A1: Tibetan flags
Q2: Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?
A2: Libération
Q3: Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?
A3: the Trocadéro
Q4: Who was the Minister of the Interior?
A4: Michèle Alliot-Marie
Q5: What did French law enforcement take from protesters?
A5: Tibetan flags
Q6: Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?
A6: the Trocadéro.
Q7: Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?
A7: Michèle Alliot-Marie
Q8: Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?
A8: a police officer
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies. Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.

Q1: What was the objective of le Secret du roi?
A1: goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies
Q2: Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?
A2: his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti,
Q3: What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?
A3: Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests
Q4: What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?
A4: Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,
Q5: What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?
A5: Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.

Q1: Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?
A1: Maurice Duverger
Q2: What are cadre parties?
A2: political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders
Q3: What are mass parties?
A3: Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology
Q4: What is an example of a mass party?
A4: Socialist parties
Q5: What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?
A5: cadre parties
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.

Q1: What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?
A1: Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism
Q2: What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?
A2: The intelligentsia in Russia
Q3: Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?
A3: the Malthusian aspects
Q4: Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?
A4: Leo Tolstoy
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Q1: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?
A1: four bands
Q2: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?
A2: E1, E2, E5B, and E6
Q3: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?
A3: E1 and E2
Q4: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?
A4: E1 and E2
Q5: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?
A5: the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency
Kanye_West (Music)

Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability.

Q1: What band did Kanye tour with for a year?
A1: U2
Q2: What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?
A2: large arenas
Q3: Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?
A3: Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
Q4: Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?
A4: U2
Q5: What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?
A5: 1980s
Q6: Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?
A6: The Rolling Stones
Q7: What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?
A7: Bob Dylan
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Q1: Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus?
A1: courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans
Q2: Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus?
A2: pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines
Q3: Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus?
A3: beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works."

Q1: According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?
A1: Friederike Müller
Q2: Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?
A2: Friederike Müller
Q3: According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?
A3: rhythm.
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

Q1: Who was Hayek's father?
A1: August von Hayek
Q2: What was August von Hayek's occupation?
A2: medical doctor
Q3: What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?
A3: botany
Q4: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?
A4: her mother
Q5: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
A5: three
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

Q1: In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?
A1: Austria-Hungary
Q2: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?
A2: F. A. Hayek
Q3: What award did Hayek receive in 1974?
A3: Nobel Memorial Prize
Q4: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?
A4: Gunnar Myrdal
Q5: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?
A5: philosopher
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "thing-in-itself" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a thing that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter (see above).

Q1: Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?
A1: Friedrich Nietzsche
Q2: Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?
A2: Descartes
Q3: Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?
A3: Descartes
Estonia (Geography and places)

From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

Q1: When was Terra Mariana established?
A1: 2 February 1207
Q2: Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?
A2: Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Q3: What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?
A3: 1237
Q4: What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?
A4: 1346
Q5: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?
A5: German rule