LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

It is a fundamental property of antennas that the electrical characteristics of an antenna described in the next section, such as gain, radiation pattern, impedance, bandwidth, resonant frequency and polarization, are the same whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving. For example, the "receiving pattern" (sensitivity as a function of direction) of an antenna when used for reception is identical to the radiation pattern of the antenna when it is driven and functions as a radiator. This is a consequence of the reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics. Therefore, in discussions of antenna properties no distinction is usually made between receiving and transmitting terminology, and the antenna can be viewed as either transmitting or receiving, whichever is more convenient.

Q1: Are essential properties of an antenna changed based on what fungtion they are performing
A1: the same
Q2: What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna?
A2: reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics
Q3: Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time?
A3: either transmitting or receiving
Q4: What is one electrical trait of an antenna?
A4: radiation pattern
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is "the earth before it was accursed". The well-known words of St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin." It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort" (omni ex parte).

Q1: What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?
A1: include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "
Q2: What phrases were used to describe Mary ?
A2: in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her
Q3: Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?
A3: Eve before the fall
Q4: Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?
A4: St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin.
Q5: What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?
A5: his argument is that all men are sinners;
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: 汶川大地震; pinyin: Wènchuān dà dìzhèn; literally: "Great Wenchuan earthquake"), after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County, Sichuan. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of 19 km (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai—1,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away—where office buildings swayed with the tremor. Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.

Q1: Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?
A1: Beijing and Shanghai
Q2: What was the focal depth of the earthquake?
A2: 19 km
Q3: How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?
A3: months after
Q4: What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?
A4: the Wenchuan earthquake
Q5: Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?
A5: Wenchuan County, Sichuan
Q6: How far was it from Chengdu?
A6: 80 kilometres
Q7: What was the focal depth of the quake?
A7: 19 km
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

It is also possible to use multiple active elements and combine them together with transmission lines to produce a similar system where the phases add up to reinforce the output. The antenna array and very similar reflective array antenna consist of multiple elements, often half-wave dipoles, spaced out on a plane and wired together with transmission lines with specific phase lengths to produce a single in-phase signal at the output. The log-periodic antenna is a more complex design that uses multiple in-line elements similar in appearance to the Yagi-Uda but using transmission lines between the elements to produce the output.

Q1: What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output?
A1: active elements
Q2: What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal?
A2: half-wave dipoles
Q3: What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?
A3: phase lengths
Q4: What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna?
A4: log-periodic
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace, nine yards (8 m) long, of amber. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. Apollo was born on the seventh day (ἑβδομαγενής, hebdomagenes) of the month Thargelion —according to Delian tradition—or of the month Bysios—according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him.

Q1: Who kidnapped Eileithyia?
A1: Hera
Q2: Who was the goddess of childbirth?
A2: Eileithyia
Q3: How long was the necklace offered to Hera?
A3: nine yards
Q4: What was the necklace made of?
A4: amber
Q5: What was the day of the new moon?
A5: The seventh
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Q1: What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?
A1: passive solar or active solar
Q2: What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?
A2: photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating
Q3: What is an example of a passive solar technique?
A3: orienting a building to the Sun
Nanjing (Geography and places)

It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing.

Q1: When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?
A1: from 1358 to 1425
Q2: What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?
A2: 487,000
Q3: When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?
A3: 1421
Q4: Where was the capital moved to?
A4: Beijing
Q5: Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A5: the Yongle Emperor
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

It is best for the receiving antenna to match the polarization of the transmitted wave for optimum reception. Intermediate matchings will lose some signal strength, but not as much as a complete mismatch. A circularly polarized antenna can be used to equally well match vertical or horizontal linear polarizations. Transmission from a circularly polarized antenna received by a linearly polarized antenna (or vice versa) entails a 3 dB reduction in signal-to-noise ratio as the received power has thereby been cut in half.

Q1: What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception?
A1: match the polarization
Q2: What loses signal strength?
A2: Intermediate matchings
Q3: What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations?
A3: circularly polarized
Q4: A transmission can cause reduction in what?
A4: signal-to-noise ratio
Montevideo (Geography and places)

It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million.

Q1: What is Montevideo classified as?
A1: a Beta World City
Q2: What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?
A2: 8th
Q3: Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?
A3: Uruguay
Q4: Montevideo is the chief port of what area?
A4: Uruguay
Q5: What is the population of Montevideo?
A5: around 2 million
Wood (Natural sciences)

It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than many hardwoods.

Q1: What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?
A1: softwood
Q2: What kind of wood does an oak tree have?
A2: hardwood
Q3: Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?
A3: hardwood
Q4: What's an example of a softwood that isn't "soft," and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?
A4: yew
Q5: What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?
A5: dicotyledons
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found, the cheaper it is to fix it. The following table shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the stage it was found. For example, if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release, then it would cost 10–100 times more to fix than if it had already been found by the requirements review. With the advent of modern continuous deployment practices and cloud-based services, the cost of re-deployment and maintenance may lessen over time.

Q1: What determines the cost of fixing a bug?
A1: the earlier a defect is found
Q2: Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?
A2: 10–100 times more
Q3: What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?
A3: cloud-based services
Beer (Agriculture, food, and drink)

It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.

Q1: In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?
A1: overeating
Q2: What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?
A2: beer belly
Q3: What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?
A3: 110
Q4: What is the glycemic index in maltose?
A4: 110
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.

Q1: What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?
A1: Western values
Q2: Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?
A2: women
Q3: What group members are the big game hunters?
A3: men
Q4: What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?
A4: arrangement oppresses women
Q5: How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?
A5: childcare is collective
Uranium (Natural sciences)

It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.

Q1: How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?
A1: 5.5
Q2: How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?
A2: 35
Q3: What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?
A3: $10
Q4: In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?
A4: US$200 million
Q5: How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?
A5: $774 million
Iran (Geography and places)

It is estimated that in 480 BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. The empire at its peak ruled over 44% of the world's population, the highest such figure for any empire in history. In Greek history, the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states, for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, building infrastructures such as road and postal systems, and the use of an official language, the Imperial Aramaic, throughout its territories. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the emperor, a large professional army, and civil services, inspiring similar developments in later empires. Furthermore, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC.

Q1: The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?
A1: the Greek city states
Q2: How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?
A2: 50 million people
Q3: The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?
A3: 44% of the world's population
Q4: What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?
A4: Imperial Aramaic
Q5: What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?
A5: the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.

Q1: By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?
A1: 92 percent
Q2: From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?
A2: three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent
Q3: Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?
A3: Sergio DellaPergola
Q4: The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?
A4: 10 million and 11.2 million
Q5: How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?
A5: 16.7 million
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray.

Q1: How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?
A1: around 100
Q2: What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?
A2: deadly
Q3: Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?
A3: widespread
Q4: Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?
A4: coastal areas
Q5: Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?
A5: African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
Predation (Natural sciences)

It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.

Q1: What do predators depend on for survival?
A1: prey
Q2: Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?
A2: carrying capacity
Q3: Predators lower what aspects of their prey?
A3: survival and fecundity
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad.[citation needed] According to Ali al-Ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad’s enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma’eet.[original research?] However, Muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult.[original research?] And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility.[original research?] For none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family.[citation needed] It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. [a][citation needed] Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary: O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste."[b][improper synthesis?]

Q1: What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?
A1: their nobility
Q2: What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?
A2: Muslims
Q3: Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?
A3: Jesus
Q4: What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?
A4: not to be from the family of Muhammad
Q5: What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?
A5: his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad
Pacific_War (History)

It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]

Q1: When do most people believe the Pacific War began?
A1: early December 1941
Q2: On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
A2: 7/8 December 1941
Q3: When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?
A3: 7 July 1937
Q4: Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?
A4: Empire of Japan and the Republic of China
Q5: Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?
A5: Japan invaded Thailand
Q6: What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?
A6: 7/8 December 1941
Q7: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
A7: 19 September 1931
Q8: What nation initiated hostilities?
A8: Japan
Q9: What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?
A9: World War II
Q10: When did Japan invade China?
A10: 7 July 1937