LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dog (Natural sciences)

Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.

Q1: How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?
A1: 4.5 million
Q2: During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?
A2: 17
Q3: In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?
A3: 26
Q4: According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?
A4: 4.5 million
Q5: What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?
A5: 2000s
Korean_War (Warfare)

Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.

Q1: What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?
A1: hold an election
Q2: Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?
A2: it would not be fair
Q3: When was the South Korean general election held?
A3: 10 May 1948
Q4: What problems did the elections face?
A4: terrorism and sabotage
Q5: Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?
A5: North Korea
Roman_Republic (History)

Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries. The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers (consuls and praetors). It also elected censors. Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war, and ratify the results of a census. It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases.

Q1: What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?
A1: Comitia Centuriata
Q2: What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?
A2: centuries
Q3: Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?
A3: It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases
Q4: Which elected official had imperium powers?
A4: magistrates
Imperial_College_London (History)

City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

Q1: When was the City and Guilds College founded?
A1: 1876
Q2: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?
A2: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers
Q3: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?
A3: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects
Q4: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?
A4: GBP 342,500
Q5: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?
A5: CGLI Central Technical College
Q6: Which college was founded in 1876?
A6: City and Guilds College
Q7: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?
A7: 16
Q8: What does CGLI stand for?
A8: Advancement of Technical Education
Q9: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?
A9: to create a Central Institution in London
Q10: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?
A10: eighty-seven
Strasbourg (Geography and places)

City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop'. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962.

Q1: What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? 
A1: 1994
Q2: Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?
A2: regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois
Q3: How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?
A3: 6
Q4: What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?
A4: 55.8 km
Q5: How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?
A5: 500 km
Somalis (Geography and places)

Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.

Q1: What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?
A1: Civil strife
Q2: Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?
A2: Europe
Q3: Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?
A3: Toronto
Q4: As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?
A4: 69th
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"—which manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose.

Q1: What is the biological basis for Cladistics?
A1: to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species
Q2: How is evolution applied to textual criticism?
A2: manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics
Q3: How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?
A3: cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree
Q4: What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?
A4: does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonomy of living organisms based on anatomical similarities and differences, cladistics seeks to establish a taxonomy—the phylogenetic tree—based on genetic similarities and differences and tracing the process of acquisition of multiple characteristics by single organisms. Some researchers have tried to clarify the idea of race by equating it to the biological idea of the clade. Often mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths. These single-locus sources of DNA do not recombine and are inherited from a single parent. Individuals from the various continental groups tend to be more similar to one another than to people from other continents, and tracing either mitochondrial DNA or non-recombinant Y-chromosome DNA explains how people in one place may be largely derived from people in some remote location.

Q1: What is cladistics a method of?
A1: classification
Q2: What is a clade a taxonomic group of?
A2: organisms
Q3: How many common ancestors does a clade have?
A3: single
Q4: What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?
A4: taxonomy
Q5: Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?
A5: Y
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.

Q1: Who claimed the right to name Neptune? 
A1: Le Verrier
Q2: What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? 
A2: Le Verrier
Q3: What country approved Neptune's first name? 
A3: France
Q4: What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? 
A4: French almanacs
Q5: Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? 
A5: French Bureau des Longitudes
History_of_India (History)

Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.

Q1: By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?
A1: Classical India
Q2: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?
A2: c. 320–550 CE
Q3: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?
A3: Golden Age of India
Q4: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?
A4: Hindu culture
Q5: What numeral system originated in India?
A5: Hindu-Arabic
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.

Q1: Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
A1: epidemiology and medicine
Q2: Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
A2: the body systems, pathogens, and immunity
Q3: When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
A3: 430 BCE
Q4: Which Greek historian made that notation?
A4: Thucydides
Q5: When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
A5: 19th and 20th centuries
Classical_music (Music)

Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.

Q1: Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?
A1: Classical music
Q2: What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?
A2: student drinking songs
Q3: What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?
A3: jazz
Q4: Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?
A4: Kurt Weill
Q5: What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?
A5: popular
Classical_music (Music)

Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500–1400) and the Renaissance (1400–1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), and Romantic eras (1804–1910); and the 20th century (1901–2000) which includes the modern (1890–1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975–2015) eras.[citation needed]

Q1: What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?
A1: the Classical period
Q2: What years are termed the Renaissance period?
A2: 1400–1600
Q3: What years are termed the Baroque period? 
A3: 1600–1750
Q4: From 1804-1910 was called what era?
A4: Romantic
Q5: Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? 
A5: Western music
Q6: Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?
A6: Western
Q7: What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?
A7: the Classical period
Q8: What time period is known at the common practice period?
A8: between 1550 and 1900
Q9: When was the modern era?
A9: 1890–1930
Classical_music (Music)

Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.

Q1: Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?
A1: Baroque
Q2: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?
A2: rackett
Q3: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?
A3: the violin
Q4: What did the Baroque trumpet become?
A4: the regular valved trumpet
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the "quantum of action", now called the Planck constant. Classical physics cannot explain this fact. In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.

Q1: Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?
A1: h
Q2: What was realized after Planck's discovery?
A2: that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value
Q3: What is the Planck constant formerly known as?
A3: quantum of action
Q4: Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?
A4: that only certain energy levels are allowed
Q5: Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?
A5: forbidden
Q6: Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?
A6: physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value
Q7: The Planck constant initially was given what name?
A7: the "quantum of action"
Q8: How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?
A8: Classical physics cannot explain this fact
Q9: For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?
A9: only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.
Predation (Natural sciences)

Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

Q1: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? 
A1: Two factors
Q2: Proximity and the ending of life is called? 
A2: true predation
Q3: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? 
A3: parasitoidism
Q4: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?
A4: the way in which they eat
Q5: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?
A5: parasitoidism
Q6: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?
A6: predation
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. While these schemes allowed the identification and classification of bacterial strains, it was unclear whether these differences represented variation between distinct species or between strains of the same species. This uncertainty was due to the lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria, as well as lateral gene transfer between unrelated species. Due to lateral gene transfer, some closely related bacteria can have very different morphologies and metabolisms. To overcome this uncertainty, modern bacterial classification emphasizes molecular systematics, using genetic techniques such as guanine cytosine ratio determination, genome-genome hybridization, as well as sequencing genes that have not undergone extensive lateral gene transfer, such as the rRNA gene. Classification of bacteria is determined by publication in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) maintains international rules for the naming of bacteria and taxonomic categories and for the ranking of them in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.

Q1: How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?
A1: grouping organisms based on similarities
Q2: Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?
A2: unclear
Q3: What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?
A3: lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,
Q4: What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?
A4: different morphologies and metabolisms
Q5: What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?
A5: emphasizes molecular systematics
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Classified as a Subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), Santa Monica enjoys an average of 310 days of sunshine a year. It is located in USDA plant hardiness zone 11a. Because of its location, nestled on the vast and open Santa Monica Bay, morning fog is a common phenomenon in May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the "May Gray" and the "June Gloom". Overcast skies are common during June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy sunny skies and warmer temperatures. At times, the sun can be shining east of 20th Street, while the beach area is overcast. As a general rule, the beach temperature is from 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (3 to 6 degrees Celsius) cooler than it is inland during summer days, and 5–10 degrees warmer during winter nights.

Q1: Roughly how many days of sunshine does Santa Monica get annually? 
A1: 310
Q2: What USDA hardiness zone is Santa Monica located in?
A2: 11a
Q3: What commonly occurs on the mornings in May?
A3: fog
Q4: What have locals coined the morning time in May?
A4: "May Gray"
Q5: What is the beach temperature in Fahrenheit during the summer ? 
A5: 5 to 10 degrees