LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.

Q1: Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?
A1: they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.
Q2: What was meant by the term saltationism?
A2: new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation
Q3: What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?
A3: orthogenesis
Q4: What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?
A4: neo-Darwinism
Q5: What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?
A5: Mendelian inheritance
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

Q1: What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?
A1: slave trade
Q2: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?
A2: 1770
Q3: Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?
A3: slaves
Q4: People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?
A4: the Great Migration
Q5: When did the Great Migration occur?
A5: the early 20th century
Qing_dynasty (History)

By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called Lifan Yuan. Qinghai was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the Tian Shan mountains, also known today as Dzungaria and Tarim Basin respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions. Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by Jahangir Khoja in the 1820s. Likewise, Manchuria was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the Russian Empire in the mid-19th century. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.

Q1: When did Tibet become part of Qing China?
A1: mid-18th century
Q2: What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet?
A2: Lifan Yuan
Q3: What is another name for Chinese Turkestan?
A3: Xinjiang
Q4: Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria?
A4: Qianlong
Q5: Who first ran Manchuria?
A5: military generals
Federal_Aviation_Administration (History)

By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.

Q1: When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?
A1: mid-1970s
Q2: When was the Airline Deregulation act?
A2: 1978
Q3: When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?
A3: 1981
Q4: when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?
A4: 1994
Q5: What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?
A5: computer technology
Utrecht (History)

By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

Q1: Who tried to convert Frisians
A1: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians
Q2: Who did the pope appoint Bishop
A2: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians
Q3: What did Charles Martel do 
A3: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops
Q4: What year did Utrecht gain in power 
A4: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands
Q5: What showed the importance of Utrecht
A5: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522
Roman_Republic (History)

By the spring of 49 BC, the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon, the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army, and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome, while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome. Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Hispania (modern Spain) but decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece. Pompey initially defeated Caesar, but failed to follow up on the victory, and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, despite outnumbering Caesar's forces two to one, albeit with inferior quality troops. Pompey fled again, this time to Egypt, where he was murdered.

Q1: During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?
A1: 49 BC
Q2: Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?
A2: Pompey
Q3: In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?
A3: 48 BC
Q4: In what country did Pompey die in?
A4: Egypt
Q5: Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?
A5: Caesar
British_Empire (History)

By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States challenged Britain's economic lead. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain. Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the world's pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britain's colonies in South-East Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan. Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the Empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire. Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share one monarch—Queen Elizabeth II.

Q1: Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?
A1: Germany and the United States
Q2: Which country was Britain's most valuable and populous possession?
A2: India
Q3: When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China?
A3: overseas territories remain under British sovereignty
Q4: How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty?
A4: Fourteen
Q5: Who is the Commonwealth's monarch?
A5: Queen Elizabeth II
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz classic, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", later made famous by artist Nat King Cole.

Q1: What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?
A1: 1907
Q2: What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?
A2: Guthrie
Q3: What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?
A3: Route 66
Q4: Who wrote the Jazz oldie "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66"?
A4: Bobby Troup
Q5: Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?
A5: Nat King Cole
Near_East (Geography and places)

By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun," used since Roman times for "east." The world map of Jodocus Hondius of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as India Orientalis, shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies.

Q1: When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?
A1: 1670
Q2: What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become? 
A2: the East Indies
Q3: China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? 
A3: "the East Indies"
Q4: What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?
A4: "east"
Q5: What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? 
A5: 1590
Alsace (History)

By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand, Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of Württemberg since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.

Q1: When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism?
A1: 1523
Q2: Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?
A2: Martin Bucer
Q3: What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?
A3: Catholic and Protestant
Sumer (History)

By the time of the Uruk period (c. 4100–2900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area—from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central Iran.

Q1: What facilitated the rise of Sumerian cities?
A1: trade goods
Q2: How were trade goods transported in southern Mesopotamia?
A2: transported along the canals and rivers
Q3: How many people lived in the cities?
A3: over 10,000
Q4: During which period did Sumerian cities begin using slave labor?
A4: Uruk
Q5: What have been found as far east as central Iran?
A5: Artifacts
British_Empire (History)

By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation". Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy, Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively.

Q1: Which country seemed like Britain's most likely threat in the early 20th century?
A1: Germany
Q2: Which country did Britain ally with in 1902?
A2: Japan
Q3: Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?
A3: France
Q4: Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?
A4: Russia
United_States_Army (History)

By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.

Q1: What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?
A1: the "National Army"
Q2: When was the National Army demobilized?
A2: end of World War I
Q3: Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army?
A3: "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps"
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.

Q1: By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?
A1: 2:124
Q2: What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?
A2: no age can be without an Imam
Q3: Imamah is a position appointed by who?
A3: God
Q4: What is an Imam protected by?
A4: divine protection
Q5: Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?
A5: Imam
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

Q1: How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
A1: marched to counter it.
Q2: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
A2: 35,000 men
Q3: How many Russians were in defense?
A3: Russian army of 43,000
Q4: Which army withdrew?
A4: the Russians withdrew
Q5: What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
A5: Swedish
Geography_of_the_United_States (Geography and places)

By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth. Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and (2) How US calculates its own surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times.

Q1: Compared to other countries, how large is the US?
A1: third or fourth largest country
Q2: Which country is the worlds fourth largest?
A2: Canada
Q3: Who may also be the third largest country?
A3: China
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar." as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar." meaning "No I've got sandwiches."

Q1: What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?
A1: C trigraphs
Q2: Why was their use limited?
A2: their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers
Q3: What did many programmers keep their computers on?
A3: US-ASCII
Q4: What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?
A4: contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words
Pub (History)

CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.

Q1: How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?
A1: 50,000
Q2: According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?
A2: very few
Pub (History)

CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Q1: How many pubs does the National Trust own?
A1: thirty-six
Q2: In what city is the George Inn located?
A2: London
Q3: What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?
A3: Belfast
Q4: What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?
A4: Northern Ireland
Q5: What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?
A5: CAMRA
CBC_Television (History)

CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie. As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter. As a result, there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario. Both CBC - Toronto and CBC - Windsor are both over 100 miles from London, ON and out of range for even the largest antennas[citation needed].

Q1: When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?
A1: September 2010
Q2: Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?
A2: South-Western Ontario
Q3: Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?
A3: Ashtabula, Ohio
CBC_Television (History)

CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10 million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to use of subchannels, citing costs, amongst other reasons.

Q1: How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?
A1: 27
Q2: When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?
A2: July 31, 2012
Q3: How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?
A3: $10 million
CBC_Television (History)

CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime).

Q1: Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?
A1: more complete and consistent
Q2: Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?
A2: more
Q3: Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?
A3: tape delaying events to air in primetime