LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency; an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application. A particular antenna design will present a particular feedpoint impedance. While this may affect the choice of an antenna, an antenna's impedance can also be adapted to the desired impedance level of a system using a matching network while maintaining the other characteristics (except for a possible loss of efficiency).

Q1: Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency?
A1: Resonant antennas
Q2: How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency?
A2: built or ordered
Q3: What factor would result in a desired feedback independence?
A3: particular antenna design
Q4: If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result?
A4: matching network
Near_East (Geography and places)

Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

Q1: James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?
A1: Texts relating to the Old Testament
Q2: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?
A2: 1950
Q3: Who was a British archaeologist?
A3: Leonard Woolley
Q4: Who excavated ancient Ur?
A4: Leonard Woolley
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.

Q1: What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?
A1: Resource mismanagement
Q2: How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?
A2: employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization
Q3: How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?
A3: strict controls
Q4: What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?
A4: Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization
Q5: What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?
A5: alter the NPO's functions
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims, and the Quran is treated with reverence. Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran 56:79 ("none shall touch but those who are clean"), some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water before touching a copy of the Quran, although this view is not universal. Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place, buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery, or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water.

Q1: Which section of the Quran inspires some Muslims to ritually wash themselves before touching their copy?
A1: 56:79
Q2: What is done with the ashes of burned copies of the Quran?
A2: buried or scattered over water
Q3: In what state are copies of the Quran sometime wrapped in cloth and buried?
A3: Worn-out
Q4: Which are the safest places to inter an older copy of the Quran?
A4: a mosque or a Muslim cemetery
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government "Stop Killing the Press." The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication. However, as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy, this new "freedom" has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self-censorship as journalists "are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes — non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity, perpetuation of sovereignty — and "journalistic ethics" to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security." In July 2014 five journalists were sentenced to 10 years in jail after publishing a report saying the country was planning to build a new chemical weapons plant. Journalists described the jailings as a blow to the recently-won news media freedoms that had followed five decades of censorship and persecution.

Q1: Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?
A1: Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012
Q2: If communications restrictions have changed how so?
A2: The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication.
Q3: What is the name of the newspaper that was banished from Burma?
A3: The Irrawaddy
Q4: What is required of commentators before publishing or airing content ?
A4: journalists "are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes
Q5: What did demonstrators wear during the media rally?
A5: wore shirts demanding that the government "Stop Killing the Press.
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine.

Q1: What replaced Windows 8?
A1: Windows 8.1
Q2: What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1? 
A2: 8.1 is available as "full version software"
Q3: What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?
A3: Personal Use License
Q4: What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?
A4: a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store—a namesake distribution platform which offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8. A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing.

Q1: Where can Windows 8 install apps from?
A1: Windows Store
Q2: How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?
A2: sideload apps
Q3: What other devices can sideload apps?
A3: Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Q1: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?
A1: sporting goods
Q2: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?
A2: the National Golf Foundation
Q3: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?
A3: 1984
Q4: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?
A4: 3%
Q5: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?
A5: $30 million
Genome (Natural sciences)

Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).

Q1: What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?
A1: RNA
New_York_City (Geography and places)

Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.

Q1: When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?
A1: 1952
Q2: Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?
A2: Paris
Q3: What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?
A3: abstract expressionism
Q4: The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?
A4: United Nations
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph".[N 12] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.

Q1: How many wires did Bell send a signal through?
A1: 1
Q2: For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?
A2: pitch
Q3: Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?
A3: receiver
Q4: Where was Bell's home?
A4: Brantford
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Returning to the basic concept of current flows in a conductor, consider what happens if a half-wave dipole is not connected to a feed point, but instead shorted out. Electrically this forms a single 1⁄2-wavelength element. But the overall current pattern is the same; the current will be zero at the two ends, and reach a maximum in the center. Thus signals near the design frequency will continue to create a standing wave pattern. Any varying electrical current, like the standing wave in the element, will radiate a signal. In this case, aside from resistive losses in the element, the rebroadcast signal will be significantly similar to the original signal in both magnitude and shape. If this element is placed so its signal reaches the main dipole in-phase, it will reinforce the original signal, and increase the current in the dipole. Elements used in this way are known as passive elements.

Q1: What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances?
A1: feed point
Q2: What part of the current is usually strongest?
A2: center
Q3: What does this result in?
A3: standing wave pattern
Q4: Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?
A4: passive elements
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range.

Q1: What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail?
A1: Reverse migration
Q2: What is reverse migration?
A2: where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly
Q3: What does reverse migration lead to?
A3: rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range
Q4: How far out of range can rarities get?
A4: thousands of kilometres
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

Q1: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?
A1: Reverse osmosis
Q2: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?
A2: 40 m3 per day
Q3: At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?
A3: below 30%
Q4: What is the cost of R/O produced water?
A4: A$3.50 per m3
Q5: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?
A5: government
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, a "tablet PC with Windows 8 makes an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing" and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.

Q1: Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?
A1: David Pierce
Q2: Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?
A2: because it allows users to interact with dynamic information
Q3: Which improvements were most well regarded?
A3: File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager
Q4: Who else uses a closed distribution platform?
A4: Apple
The_Times (History)

Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.

Q1: The author, Rex Stout, created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times' crossword puzzles that goes by what name?
A1: Nero Wolfe
Q2: In what part of the world did the fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, live in?
A2: New York
Q3: The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, preferred what newspaper to American newspapers?
A3: London Times
Q4: The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper?
A4: crossword
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nevertheless, while 20 mm was better than a machine gun and mounted on a very small trailer made it easy to move, its effectiveness was limited. Germany therefore added a 3.7 cm. The first, the 3.7 cm FlaK 18 developed by Rheinmetall in the early 1930s, was basically an enlarged 2 cm FlaK 30. It was introduced in 1935 and production stopped the following year. A redesigned gun 3.7 cm FlaK 36 entered service in 1938, it too had a two-wheel carriage. However, by the mid-1930s the Luftwaffe realised that there was still a coverage gap between 3.7 cm and 8.8 cm guns. They started development of a 5 cm gun on a four-wheel carriage.

Q1: In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?
A1: Rheinmetall
Q2: Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?
A2: Oerlikon
Q3: Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?
A3: Mauser-Werke
Q4: What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?
A4: a 3.7 cm
Q5: When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?
A5: 1935
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion. Although 23% of those taking the test were African American, none scored high enough to qualify. Because of the possibility the tests were biased in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, no candidates were promoted pending outcome of the controversy. In a split 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority.

Q1: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?
A1: Ricci v. DeStefano
Q2: Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?
A2: New Haven, Connecticut
Q3: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?
A3: 17
Q4: What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?
A4: 23
Q5: What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?
A5: 5-4
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

Rice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior. Fish, shellfish, fruits and vegetables are commonly eaten along with cereal grains, milk, curd and whey. The Portuguese encouraged peanut production. Vigna subterranea (Bambara groundnut) and Macrotyloma geocarpum (Hausa groundnut) are also grown. Black-eyed peas are also part of the diet. Palm oil is harvested.

Q1: What grain is a staple for residents near the coast of Guinea-Bissau?
A1: Rice
Q2: What grain is a staple for residents in the interior of Guinea-Bissau?
A2: millet
Q3: Who encouraged peanut production in Guinea-Bissau?
A3: The Portuguese
Q4: What type of oil is harvested?
A4: Palm
Q5: What kind of pea is part of the diet in Guinea-Bissau?
A5: Black-eyed peas
Armenia (History)

Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.

Q1: Who is the most well know kef artist?
A1: Richard Hagopian
Q2: What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?
A2: American Big Band Jazz
Q3: Who were some Armenian pop artists?
A3: Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian
Q4: When did Armenian pop music become popular?
A4: the 1960s and 1970s
Edmund_Burke (History)

Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist "should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.

Q1: Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?
A1: Richard Hurd
Q2: Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?
A2: political reasons
Q3: Whose principles did Burke imitate?
A3: L. Bol.
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Q1: Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
A1: national security