LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "animalcules" (spermatozoa) — taken seriously.

Q1: When was the first time bacteria were observed?
A1: 1676
Q2: Who discovered bacteria?
A2: Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Q3: How was he able to see bacteria?
A3: using a single-lens microscope of his own design
Q4: How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?
A4: over a century
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to mutagens. Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria. Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation", where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate.

Q1: What makes bacteria an asexual organism?
A1: inherit identical copies of their parent's genes
Q2: What can cause mutation in bacteria?
A2: changes to their genetic material DNA
Q3: What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?
A3: random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth. The lag phase has high biosynthesis rates, as proteins necessary for rapid growth are produced. The second phase of growth is the log phase, also known as the logarithmic or exponential phase. The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k), and the time it takes the cells to double is known as the generation time (g). During log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted and starts limiting growth. The third phase of growth is the stationary phase and is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells reduce their metabolic activity and consume non-essential cellular proteins. The stationary phase is a transition from rapid growth to a stress response state and there is increased expression of genes involved in DNA repair, antioxidant metabolism and nutrient transport. The final phase is the death phase where the bacteria run out of nutrients and die.

Q1: How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?
A1: four phases
Q2: What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?
A2: lag phase
Q3: What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?
A3: rapid exponential growth
Q4: What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?
A4: stationary phase
Q5: The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?
A5: nutrients
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.

Q1: What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?
A1: if they kill bacteria
Q2: What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth
A2: bacteriostatic
Q3: Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?
A3: in intensive farming to promote animal growth
Q4: What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?
A4: rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations
Q5: What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?
A5: sterilizing
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous). The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly. The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power. This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.

Q1: What is monotrichous?
A1: single flagellum
Q2: If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?
A2: amphitrichous
Q3: When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?
A3: peritrichous
Q4: How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?
A4: 20 proteins
Q5: How does flagellum function within the cell?
A5: uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium botulinum, the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen. Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.

Q1: What are Bacteriophages?
A1: viruses that infect bacteria
Q2: What can viruses do to bacteria?
A2: infect and lyse their host bacteria
Q3: What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?
A3: lethal pathogen
Q4: How can bacteria resist virus DNA?
A4: CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.

Q1: What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?
A1: Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature"
Q2: What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?
A2: defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology.
Q3: What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?
A3: Theistic evolution became a popular compromise
Q4: What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?
A4: supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.

Q1: Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?
A1: Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
Q2: When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?
A2: 1970
Q3: What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?
A3: Bahrain
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.

Q1: On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?
A1: 30 September 1929
Q2: From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?
A2: Long Acre, London
Q3: How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?
A3: 30
Q4: When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?
A4: June 1932
Q5: When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?
A5: 30 March 1930
History_of_India (History)

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Q1: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
A1: Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Q2: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
A2: three big provinces
Q3: How was the Congress split in 1907?
A3: two factions
Q4: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
A4: The radicals
Q5: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
A5: The moderates
Paris (Geography and places)

Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city. Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.

Q1: What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?
A1: Bal-musette
Q2: in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?
A2: 150
Q3: What is a cabrette known as locally?
A3: musette
Q4: What type of bars were accordions often played in?
A4: Auvergnat
Valencia (Geography and places)

Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.

Q1: What was El Cid's real name?
A1: Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
Q2: When did El Cid die?
A2: July 1099
Q3: Who took El Cid's position after his death?
A3: Ximena Díaz
Q4: When did El Cid rule?
A4: 15 June 1094 to July 1099
Q5: Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?
A5: Abd al-Aziz
Han_dynasty (History)

Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

Q1: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
A1: Vima Kadphises
Q2: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
A2: Ban Chao
Q3: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
A3: Kushan
Q4: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
A4: Kushan
Q5: Who was allied with Kashgar?
A5: Sogdiana
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Q1: Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?
A1: Bangladesh's
Q2: What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?
A2: the process of his/her appointment and dismissal
Montevideo (Geography and places)

Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed "the Switzerland of America", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Darío Cukier, GBU, Hordeñana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc.

Q1: What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?
A1: Banking
Q2: Uruguay was once dubbed as what?
A2: the Switzerland of America
Q3: What is the largest bank in Uruguay? 
A3: Banco Republica
Q4: Where is Banco Republica based in?
A4: Montevideo
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans. Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. Agriculture in Tuvalu is focused on coconut trees and growing pulaka in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.

Q1: What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?
A1: National Bank of Tuvalu
Q2: What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?
A2: 65%
Q3: Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?
A3: overseas
Q4: How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?
A4: seamen
Q5: What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?
A5: agriculture and fishing.
Qing_dynasty (History)

Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and around the time of the Qing takeover of Beijing, their numbers rapidly swelled. Han Bannermen held high status and power in the early Qing period, especially immediately after the conquest during Shunzhi and Kangxi's reign where they dominated Governor-Generalships and Governorships across China at the expense of both Manchu Bannermen and Han civilians. Han also numerically dominated the Banners up until the mid 18th century. European visitors in Beijing called them "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese". It was in Qianlong's reign that the Qianlong Emperor, concerned about maintaining Manchu identity, re-emphasized Manchu ethnicity, ancestry, language, and culture in the Eight Banners and started a mass discharge of Han Bannermen from the Eight Banners, either asking them to voluntarily resign from the Banner rolls or striking their names off. This led to a change from Han majority to a Manchu majority within the Banner system, and previous Han Bannermen garrisons in southern China such as at Fuzhou, Zhenjiang, Guangzhou, were replaced by Manchu Bannermen in the purge, which started in 1754. The turnover by Qianlong most heavily impacted Han banner garrisons stationed in the provinces while it less impacted Han Bannermen in Beijing, leaving a larger proportion of remaining Han Bannermen in Beijing than the provinces. Han Bannermen's status was decreased from that point on with Manchu Banners gaining higher status. Han Bannermen numbered 75% in 1648 Shunzhi's reign, 72% in 1723 Yongzheng's reign, but decreased to 43% in 1796 during the first year of Jiaqing's reign, which was after Qianlong's purge. The mass discharge was known as the Disbandment of the Han Banners (zh). Qianlong directed most of his ire at those Han Bannermen descended from defectors who joined the Qing after the Qing passed through the Great Wall at Shanhai Pass in 1644, deeming their ancestors as traitors to the Ming and therefore untrustworthy, while retaining Han Bannermen who were descended from defectors who joined the Qing before 1644 in Liaodong and marched through Shanhai pass, also known as those who "followed the Dragon through the pass" (從龍入關; cong long ru guan).

Q1: How were Banner's organized?
A1: along ethnic lines
Q2: Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies?
A2: Manchu and Mongol
Q3: Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi?
A3: Han Bannermen
Q4: What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?
A4: "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese"
Q5: When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners?
A5: Qianlong's reign
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.

Q1: What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?
A1: downtown
Q2: What year was Bannerman Park opened?
A2: 1891
Q3: who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?
A3: Sir Alexander Bannerman
Q4: Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?
A4: Bannerman Park
Q5: Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?
A5: Sir Alexander Bannerman
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

Q1: What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?
A1: Pygmy
Q2: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?
A2: 1500 BC
Q3: The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?
A3: Bantu
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism, and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization," though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization." Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his organization,"[note 2] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.

Q1: What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?
A1: Baptism
Q2: What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?
A2: previous baptisms
Q3: What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?
A3: God
Q4: Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?
A4: organization
Q5: Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?
A5: favor