LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Letter_case (Language and literature)

In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

Q1: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?
A1: old Roman cursive
Q2: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?
A2: Knut Kleve
Q3: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?
A3: Europe
Q4: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? 
A4: stylistic
Q5: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?
A5: handwritten
Dialect (Language and literature)

In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.

Q1: Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?
A1: Christian
Q2: In what language are Lebanese laws written?
A2: Arabic
Q3: During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?
A3: Lebanese Arabic
Q4: What language is Lebanese closely related to?
A4: Arabic
Q5: What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?
A5: Latin
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training—short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a "special case", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.

Q1: Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?
A1: Camille Chamoun
Q2: What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?
A2: to unite with the UAR
Q3: What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?
A3: a second presidential term
Q4: Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?
A4: Sarraj
Q5: What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?
A5: limited
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense. Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable," the court wrote. "Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation, far from being a "wall," is a blurred, indistinct, and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship."

Q1: When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?
A1: 1971
Q2: What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?
A2: Pennsylvania
Q3: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?
A3: teachers of secular subjects
Q4: What did the state's policy violate?
A4: the Establishment Clause
Q5: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?
A5: absolute
Szlachta (History)

In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword from Scandinavic konung. They were the established local leaders and warlords. During the development of the state they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes, and later to the King of Lithuania. Because of expansion of Lithuanian duchy into lands of Ruthenia in the mid of 14th century a new term appeared to denominate nobility bajorai—from Ruthenian (modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) бояре. This word to this day is used in Lithuanian language to name nobility, not only for own, but also for nobility of other countries.

Q1: WHat were nobles named in german language?
A1: die beste leuten
Q2: What were the nobles named in lithuanian?
A2: ponai
Q3: What were the higher nobility named?
A3: kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'
Q4: The kunigai were subordinate to who?
A4: King of Lithuania.
Q5: What word is used to denominate nobility?
A5: бояре
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.

Q1: Where did Chopin stay while in London?
A1: Dover Street
Q2: What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?
A2: Broadwood
Q3: Where was Chopin's initial performance?
A3: Stafford House
Q4: What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?
A4: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Q5: What date did he perform with Viardot?
A5: 7 July
Q6: What steet did Chopin stay on in London?
A6: Dover Street
Q7: What did Broadway provide for Chopin?
A7: a grand piano.
Q8: What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?
A8: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
Q9: In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?
A9: piano lessons
Q10: Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?
A10: Viardot
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Q1: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
A1: Majorcan
Q2: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
A2: Eastern Catalan
Q3: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
A3: Western Catalan
Q4: What letter remains distinct?
A4: /u/
Q5: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
A5: Western Catalan
Queen_Victoria (History)

In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".

Q1: During which year did Victoria's mother die?
A1: 1861
Q2: How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?
A2: Through reading her mother's papers
Q3: What was Albert ill with?
A3: chronic stomach trouble
Q4: What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?
A4: army manoeuvres
Q5: What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?
A5: Prince of Wales's philandering
Q6: What year did Victoria's mother die?
A6: 1861
Q7: Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?
A7: Conroy and Lehzen
Q8: Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?
A8: Albert
Q9: What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?
A9: chronic stomach trouble
Q10: What year did Albert die?
A10: 1861
Q11: When did Victoria's mother die? 
A11: March 1861
Q12: What disease was Albert diagnosed with? 
A12: typhoid fever
Q13: When did Albert die of his illness? 
A13: 14 December 1861
Q14: What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? 
A14: widow of Windsor
Q15: Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? 
A15: an actress in Ireland
Q16: When did the Duchess die?
A16: 1861
Q17: Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?
A17: Conroy and Lehzen
Q18: What caused Prince Albert's death?
A18: typhoid fever
Q19: Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?
A19: their son, the Prince of Wales
Q20: What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?
A20: had slept with an actress in Ireland
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry replied that Bell had "the germ of a great invention". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that.

Q1: Who did Bell go to see in 1875?
A1: Joseph Henry
Q2: Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?
A2: Joseph Henry
Q3: What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?
A3: Get it!
Q4: Who did Bell meet in 1874?
A4: Thomas A. Watson
Q5: What kind of business did Watson work at?
A5: electrical machine
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

Q1: Which year did Orozco revolt?
A1: 1912
Q2: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?
A2: Villa
Q3: Who saved Villa's life?
A3: Raúl Madero
Q4: With whom did Orozco side?
A4: Huerta
Gramophone_record (Music)

In March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 45 came in seven colors: black 47-xxxx popular series, yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series, green (teal) 48-xxxx country series, deep red 49-xxxx classical series, bright red (cerise) 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series, light blue 51-xxxx international series, dark blue 52-xxxx light classics. All colors were soon dropped in favor of black because of production problems. However, yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952. The first 45 rpm record created for sale was "PeeWee the Piccolo" RCA 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant, Indianapolis Dec. 7, 1948, R.O. Price, plant manager.

Q1: Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?
A1: yellow and deep red
Q2: PeeWee the Piccolo was what?
A2: The first 45 rpm record created for sale
Q3: What significance does Dec 7/ 1948 hold?
A3: The first 45 rpm record created for sale
Q4: How many colors were 45s available in when first released?
A4: seven colors
Q5: When did RCA release the 45?
A5: March 1949
Sony_Music_Entertainment (Music)

In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture. With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983.

Q1: In what year did CBS and Sony come together?
A1: 1968
Q2: In what year did CDs come to the American market?
A2: 1983
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens—including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. The country was "jolted" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs. The phones of some members of Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.

Q1: Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?
A1: Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI
Q2: Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?
A2: Numerous files were taken
Q3: What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?
A3: COINTELPRO program
Q4: What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?
A4: investigations into lives of ordinary citizens
Q5: How did the US react to these discoveries?
A5: The country was "jolted"
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

In March 1984, Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser, the LD-700. It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top. One year earlier Hitachi introduced an expensive industrial player with a laser diode, but the player, which had poor picture quality due to an inadequate dropout compensator, was made only in limited quantities. After Pioneer released the LD-700, gas lasers were no longer used in consumer players, despite their advantages, although Philips continued to use gas lasers in their industrial units until 1985.

Q1: What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?
A1: LD-700
Q2: Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?
A2: first LD player to load from the front and not the top
Q3: When did Pioneer release the LD-700?
A3: March 1984
Q4: Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?
A4: Philips
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

In March 2001, 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act, which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for treating HIV, despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent. HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa, and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in April of that year.

Q1: How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?
A1: 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year
Q2: Who brought litigation to South Africa?
A2: 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies
Q3: How many signatures were collected by MSF?
A3: 250,000 signatures
Q4: When was litigation brought to South Africa?
A4: March 2001
Q5: Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?
A5: The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US
Q6: How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?
A6: 40
Q7: South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?
A7: antiretroviral
Q8: How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?
A8: between 10,000 and 15,000 USD
Q9: How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?
A9: 250,000
BBC_Television (Media and drama)

In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years.

Q1: When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?
A1: May 2003
Q2: What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?
A2: Astra 2D satellite
Q3: Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?
A3: 14 July
Q4: How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?
A4: £85 million
Liberia (History)

In March 2003, a second rebel group, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast. Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year, and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity that same month. By July 2003, the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia. Under heavy pressure from the international community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement, Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria.

Q1: What is "Movement For democracy in Liberia"?
A1: a second rebel group,
Q2: Movement For democracy in Liberia launched attacks against who?
A2: Taylor
Q3: where did peace talks begin between Movement For democracy in Liberia and Taylor?
A3: Accra in June of that year
Q4: Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?
A4: for crimes against humanity
Q5: Who did the rebels launch an assault on in July, 2003?
A5: Monrovia.
Genocide (History)

In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.

Q1: To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?
A1: Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
Q2: What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?
A2: the Commission report
Q3: China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?
A3: the United States
Q4: In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?
A4: his fourth report
Pub (History)

In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.

Q1: In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?
A1: March 2006
Q2: When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?
A2: April 2007
Q3: What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?
A3: July 2007
Q4: What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?
A4: Carlsberg and Heineken
Q5: What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?
A5: Wetherspoon
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration (History)

In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.

Q1: When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?
A1: 2007
Q2: How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?
A2: public hearing