LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology.

Q1: What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?
A1: legal threats
Q2: Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?
A2: which patents must be licensed
Q3: What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?
A3: patent infringement
Q4: At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?
A4: early stages
Eton_College (History)

In the past, people at Eton have occasionally been guilty of antisemitism. For a time, new admissions were called 'Jews' by their fellow Collegers. In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth. The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford's Wykeham Professor of Logic, A. J. Ayer, himself Jewish and an Old Etonian, who "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism".

Q1: What were new students once called by others?
A1: 'Jews'
Q2: What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?
A2: applicant's father being British by birth
Q3: For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?
A3: "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism"
Q4: Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?
A4: A. J. Ayer
Glass (Art and architecture)

In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed "splat cooling" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become "locked into" a glassy state. Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. More recently a number of alloys have been produced in layers with thickness exceeding 1 millimeter. These are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal Technologies sell a number of zirconium-based BMGs. Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys.

Q1: Who coined the term "splat cooling"?
A1: W. Klement
Q2: What are thick alloys made in layers called?
A2: bulk metallic glasses
Q3: What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?
A3: zirconium
Q4: What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?
A4: amorphous steel
Q5: At what university was Klement a student?
A5: Caltech
Christian (Language and literature)

In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.

Q1: What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?
A1: Nasrani
Q2: What does the term refer to now? 
A2: the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a "compulsory gymnast," default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required.

Q1: What is the floor exercise events performed on now?
A1: a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood
Q2: What was the floor exercise even on before?
A2: the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats
Q3: Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?
A3: springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor
Q4: What is the maximum for floor events?
A4: up to 90 seconds
Education (Philosophy and religion)

In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.

Q1: What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?
A1: not eligible for public education
Q2: Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?
A2: physicians or special tutors
Q3: Who were some of these early physicians?
A3: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet
Q4: What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?
A4: people with severe disabilities
Samoa (Geography and places)

In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

Q1: What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?
A1: copra
Q2: What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?
A2: natural rubber
Q3: What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?
A3: bananas
Q4: Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?
A4: New Zealand
Q5: Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?
A5: China
Napoleon (History)

In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

Q1: How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?
A1: grandiose
Q2: As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?
A2: 1808
Q3: Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?
A3: historians
Q4: Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?
A4: his empire
Black_people (Language and literature)

In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

Q1: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?
A1: a "Non-racial democracy"
Q2: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
A2: affirmative action policies
Q3: Who does the term "black" people include?
A3: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"
Q4: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?
A4: ANC (African National Congress)
Q5: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? 
A5: "Africans
New_York_City (Geography and places)

In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley.

Q1: What was the name of the Lenape homeland?
A1: Lenapehoking
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Q1: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
A1: private
Q2: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
A2: bureaucracy
Q3: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
A3: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations
Q4: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
A4: competition
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

In the race for individual contributions, economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries. According to the Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Gephardt.

Q1: Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?
A1: Lyndon LaRouche
Q2: Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?
A2: John Kerry
Q3: Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?
A3: Gephardt
Q4: What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?
A4: Federal Election Commission
Greeks (History)

In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Q1: When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?
A1: decline beginning in the 3rd century BC
Q2: What encouraged the change of faith ?
A2: with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.
Q3: What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?
A3: The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.
Q4: What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?
A4: Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity
Q5: What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?
A5: Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking
Korean_War (Warfare)

In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August–September 1950), the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night. To deny matériel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south. On 27 August, 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident. The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal.

Q1: Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?
A1: KPA
Q2: What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?
A2: to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night
Q3: Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?
A3: aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory
Q4: Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?
A4: Sweden
Q5: Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?
A5: the Soviets vetoed the US proposal
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, Père Vincent Jandel (1850–1872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821–1832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.

Q1: What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?
A1: France
Q2: What orator was very famous during the revival movement?
A2: Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire
Q3: When was the province of France canonically erected?
A3: 1850
Q4: What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?
A4: master general
Eton_College (History)

In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Eton's purpose-built Dorney Lake, a permanent, eight-lane, 2,200 metre course (about 1.4 miles) in a 400-acre park, officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney, provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors, and during the Games, hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event, attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day), and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators. Access to the 400-acre parkland around the Lake is provided to members of the public, free of charge, almost all the year round.

Q1: What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games?
A1: training facilities
Q2: How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics?
A2: 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)
Q3: What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?
A3: best 2012 Olympic venue
Q4: How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year?
A4: free of charge
Genocide (History)

In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".

Q1: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?
A1: the judgements of several international and municipal courts
Q2: Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?
A2: that biological-physical destruction was necessary
Q3: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?
A3: Germany
Q4: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?
A4: Convention States municipal laws
Q5: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?
A5: the type of group destruction
Samurai (Language and literature)

In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.

Q1: What nationality was Edward Schnell?
A1: Prussian
Q2: What duties did Edward Schnell have?
A2: military instructor and procurer of weapons
Q3: Who did Edward Schnell work for?
A3: the Aizu domain
Q4: What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
A4: Hiramatsu Buhei
Q5: Where did Edward Schnell live?
A5: Wakamatsu
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today.

Q1: In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?
A1: 1937
Q2: What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?
A2: Ohio
Portugal (Geography and places)

In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.

Q1: By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?
A1: European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
Q2: In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?
A2: 2011
Q3: How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?
A3: €78 billion
Q4: When did Portugal exit the bailout?
A4: May 2014
Q5: By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?
A5: 15.3 percent
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998, despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA.

Q1: Where did MP3s begin to spread?
A1: the Internet
Q2: Which audio player was released in 1997?
A2: Winamp
Q3: Who released the audio player?
A3: Nullsoft
Q4: What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?
A4: MPMan
Q5: In which country was the first portable audio player developed?
A5: South Korea
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]

Q1: What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?
A1: Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai
Q2: What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?
A2: Value Creation Society
Q3: What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?
A3: Soka Gakkai International
Q4: What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?
A4: SGI
Brain (Natural sciences)

In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the "Decade of the Brain" to commemorate advances made in brain research, and to promote funding for such research.

Q1: Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"?
A1: the 1990s