LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.

Q1: What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?
A1: Derriford Hospital
Q2: In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?
A2: 6
Q3: What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?
A3: Royal Eye Infirmary
Q4: What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?
A4: South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
Q5: Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?
A5: Exeter
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.

Q1: What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?
A1: BBC South West
Q2: What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?
A2: ITV West Country
Q3: On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?
A3: 16 February 2009
Q4: With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?
A4: ITV West
Q5: What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?
A5: BBC Radio Devon
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

Q1: What river is to the west of Plymouth?
A1: River Tamar
Q2: To the east of Plymouth lies which river?
A2: River Plym
Q3: The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?
A3: Cornwall
Q4: In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?
A4: Plymouth Sound
Q5: When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?
A5: 1967
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.

Q1: When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?
A1: 1877
Q2: Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?
A2: Great Western Railway
Q3: Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?
A3: Cornish Main Line
Q4: How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?
A4: three
Q5: Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?
A5: CrossCountry
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.

Q1: What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?
A1: King George V
Q2: How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?
A2: six
Q3: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?
A3: the Lord Mayor
Q4: Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?
A4: Dr John Mahony
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.

Q1: What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?
A1: Mount Batten
Q2: What was Plymouth's original name?
A2: Sutton
Q3: In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?
A3: 1620
Q4: When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?
A4: 1646
Q5: What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?
A5: Plymouth Colony
Plymouth (History)

Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).

Q1: What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?
A1: 25%
Q2: What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?
A2: 5,169
Q3: What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?
A3: £19,943
Q4: What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?
A4: £23,755
Q5: What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?
A5: 7.0%
Southampton (Geography and places)

Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.

Q1: What style of architecture partially survived the war?
A1: Georgian
Q2: Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?
A2: World War II
Q3: In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?
A3: 1920s
Q4: Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?
A4: the Bargate
Literature (Language and literature)

Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

Q1: What elements of language make for poetic literature?
A1: aesthetic and rhythmic qualities
Q2: Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
A2: verse
Q3: If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
A3: lines
Q4: Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
A4: the nineteenth century
Q5: The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
A5: literacy
Heian_period (History)

Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A well-written poem or haiku could easily make or break one's reputation, and often was a key part of social interaction.Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill was paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Sei Shonagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtesan tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.

Q1: What artform became a mark of status in the courts?
A1: poetry
Q2: During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?
A2: handwriting
Q3: What was said to show low status or "poor breeding"?
A3: poor or hasty writing
Slavs (History)

Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.

Q1: Who settled in parts of England?
A1: Polabian Slavs (Wends)
Q2: Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?
A2: parts of England (Danelaw)
Q3: Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?
A3: Norse age Iceland
Q4: What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?
A4: Saqaliba
Q5: Saqaliba served as what?
A5: caliph's guards
51st_state (Language and literature)

Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

Q1: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?
A1: staunchly pro-American
Q2: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?
A2: favorable American intervention in World War I
Q3: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?
A3: a large force
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.

Q1: Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?
A1: German attack
Q2: What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?
A2: Battle of Britain
Q3: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?
A3: Army's Anti-aircraft command
Q4: The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?
A4: 3
Q5: What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?
A5: RAF regiment
Szlachta (History)

Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

Q1: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
A1: 10–12%
Q2: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
A2: 8%
Q3: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
A3: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania
Q4: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
A4: 1–3%
Q5: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
A5: March Constitution of Poland
Szlachta (History)

Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.

Q1: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
A1: at the time of their election to the throne
Q2: What specified the kings privileges?
A2: king-elect's Pacta conventa
Q3: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
A3: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax
Q4: What did nobles get in from the king during election?
A4: privileges
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Polarization is predictable from an antenna's geometry, although in some cases it is not at all obvious (such as for the quad antenna). An antenna's linear polarization is generally along the direction (as viewed from the receiving location) of the antenna's currents when such a direction can be defined. For instance, a vertical whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna vertically oriented will transmit and receive in the vertical polarization. Antennas with horizontal elements, such as most rooftop TV antennas in the United States, are horizontally polarized (broadcast TV in the U.S. usually uses horizontal polarization). Even when the antenna system has a vertical orientation, such as an array of horizontal dipole antennas, the polarization is in the horizontal direction corresponding to the current flow. The polarization of a commercial antenna is an essential specification.

Q1: Whats predictable about an antenna's geometry?
A1: Polarization
Q2: What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?
A2: quad antenna
Q3: The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?
A3: commercial antenna
Q4: Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?
A4: horizontal
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (the ellipse collapses into a line) as we have discussed above, and circular polarization (in which the two axes of the ellipse are equal). In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric field (and magnetic field) of the radio wave rotates at the radio frequency circularly around the axis of propagation. Circular or elliptically polarized radio waves are designated as right-handed or left-handed using the "thumb in the direction of the propagation" rule. Note that for circular polarization, optical researchers use the opposite right hand rule from the one used by radio engineers.

Q1: What are electrical fields projected on to?
A1: imaginary plane
Q2: What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?
A2: radio wave
Q3: What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?
A3: elliptical
Q4: How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?
A4: one direction
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. "Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal", suggests Timothy Laurie, turning the human into what he calls "a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans (e.g. rationality, altruism), rather than most commonplace (e.g. hunger, anger)". Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently "secretes a humanist rhetoric".

Q1: Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?
A1: Ezra Pound
Q2: What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?
A2: sentimental
Q3: Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?
A3: Timothy Laurie
Q4: Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?
A4: Kate Soper
Szlachta (History)

Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.

Q1: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?
A1: German "schlachten"
Q2: What does schlachtan mean in german?
A2: ("to slaughter" or "to butcher")
Q3: What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?
A3: Schlacht
Q4: What does schlacht mean?
A4: battle
Q5: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
A5: legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech
Police (Social sciences and society)

Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, 2007) With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions (Hills, 2009).

Q1: Where has transnational policing become more important?
A1: in United Nations peacekeeping
Q2: What kind of countries get assistance with policing?
A2: weak, failed or failing states
Q3: Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?
A3: Goldsmith and Sheptycki
Q4: What concern did Hills raise about police models?
A4: there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions
Q5: What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?
A5: With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark
London (Geography and places)

Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

Q1: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
A1: the Ministry of Defence Police
Q2: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?
A2: Greater London, with the exception of the City of London
Q3: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?
A3: The British Transport Police
Q4: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?
A4: the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).
Q5: What is the name of the City of London's police force?
A5: the City of London Police