LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers. After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations, massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world. Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750.

Q1: After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?
A1: a comparatively stable socio-political environment
Q2: What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?
A2: A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries
Q3: Massive western emigration occurred around what time?
A3: in the 19th and 20th centuries
Q4: Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?
A4: 1750
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.:55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas.:70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20000 (US$300) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24000 (US$360) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.17% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.:59

Q1: Which percentage of Hyderabad's population is below the poverty line?
A1: 13%
Q2: What population of Hyderabad lived in slums in 2012?
A2: 1.7 million
Q3: What is the literacy rate in the slums of Hyderabad?
A3: 60–80%
Q4: In the slums of Hyderabad how many private schools are there?
A4: 175
Q5: What percentage of children in Hyderabad are working hazardous jobs?
A5: 35%
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by complex numbers z satisfying zn = 1. These numbers can be visualized as the vertices on a regular n-gon, as shown in blue at the right for n = 6. The group operation is multiplication of complex numbers. In the picture, multiplying with z corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation by 60°. Using some field theory, the group Fp× can be shown to be cyclic: for example, if p = 5, 3 is a generator since 31 = 3, 32 = 9 ≡ 4, 33 ≡ 2, and 34 ≡ 1.

Q1: What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?
A1: cyclic
Q2: What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?
A2: Any cyclic group with n elements
Q3: What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?
A3: the group of n-th complex roots of unity
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought. One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355–1452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism.

Q1:  What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?
A1: the Jewish Kabbalah
Q2: Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?
A2: era of universal agreement
Q3: What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?
A3: Florence, Venice, and Rome
Alps (Geography and places)

In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.

Q1: What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
A1: medieval designs that withstand cold winters
Q2: What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? 
A2: the stube
Q3: The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
A3: the Bernese Oberland
Q4: Which direction do Chalets often face? 
A4: south or downhill
Q5: What are Chalets built of? 
A5: solid wood
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):

Q1: In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?
A1: seven
Insect (Natural sciences)

In the hindgut (element 16 in numbered diagram), or proctodaeum, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets. The rectum absorbs 90% of the water in these fecal pellets, and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus (element 17), completing the process of digestion. The uric acid is formed using hemolymph waste products diffused from the Malpighian tubules (element 20). It is then emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some insects to over 100 tubules in others.:71–72, 78–80

Q1: What is a proctodaeum?
A1: the hindgut
Q2: What kind of food particles have uric acid?
A2: undigested
Q3: What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?
A3: uric acid
Q4: An insects rectum absorbs how much water?
A4: 90%
Q5: Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?
A5: the anus
Digestion (Natural sciences)

In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.

Q1: What is the first step in the human digestive system?
A1: the action of mastication (chewing)
Q2: What is saliva?
A2: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands
Q3: What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?
A3: salivary amylase
Q4: What is the definition of bolus?
A4: a small, round slurry mass
Q5: What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?
A5: peristalsis
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

Q1: What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
A1: body modification, clothing or jewelry
Q2: Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
A2: 20th century
Q3: What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
A3: as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that

Q1: What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war?
A1: Istria
Q2: What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate?
A2: Trieste
Q3: At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948?
A3: four
Q4: Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War?
A4: Tito
Q5: In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow?
A5: 1948
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

Q1: In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?
A1: golf
Q2: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?
A2: McCarthyism
Q3: Where was Central High school located?
A3: Little Rock
Q4: How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?
A4: vigorous young successor
Q5: What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?
A5: Soviet Union
Videoconferencing (History)

In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Q1: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
A1: film
Q2: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
A2: Frozen
Q3: What year was the movie Frozen released?
A3: 2013
Q4: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
A4: New York City
Q5: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
A5: 14
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Q1: What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?
A1: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President
Q2: Is the Senate or the House more partisan?
A2: more partisan nature of the House
Q3: What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?
A3: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner
The_Blitz (History)

In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority. However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night. When the Luftwaffe struck at British cities for the first time on 7 September 1940, a number of civic and political leaders were worried by Dowding's apparent lack of reaction to the new crisis.

Q1: Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?
A1: Hugh Dowding
Q2: What credit did Dowding receive?
A2: defence of British air space
Q3: What strategy could the German's have used instead of day raids?
A3: bombing at night
Q4: Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings?
A4: lack of reaction to the new crisis
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

Q1: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?
A1: Randall Ripley
Q2: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?
A2: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.
Q3: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?
A3: Thomas Reed,
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as an even cell suspension, making the cultures easy to divide and transfer, although isolating single bacteria from liquid media is difficult. The use of selective media (media with specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added) can help identify specific organisms.

Q1: In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?
A1: solid or liquid media
Q2: What is typical solid setting?
A2: agar plates
Q3: Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?
A3: liquid growth media
Q4: Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?
A4: agar plates
Q5: What can help to indentify specific bacteria?
A5: The use of selective media
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.

Q1: What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?
A1: right concentration
Q2: Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?
A2: samādhi
Q3: Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?
A3: defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey. In the US, Samuel George Morton, Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz promoted this theory in the mid-nineteenth century. Polygenism was popular and most widespread in the 19th century, culminating in the founding of the Anthropological Society of London (1863) during the period of the American Civil War, in opposition to the Ethnological Society, which had abolitionist sympathies.

Q1: What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?
A1: polygenism
Q2: What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?
A2: England
Q3: What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?
A3: ethnographers
Q4: In what century was polygenism most widespread?
A4: 19th century
Q5: The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?
A5: abolitionist
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.

Q1: In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?
A1: Charles Fritts
Q2: In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?
A2: 1954
Q3: What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?
A3: evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source
Q4: What is a solar cell?
A4: a device that converts light directly into electricity
Q5: Who created the first solar cell?
A5: Charles Fritts
Q6: Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?
A6: Dr Bruno Lange
Q7: Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?
A7: Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin