LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.

Q1: What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?
A1: degree 5 and higher
Q2: What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?
A2: Abstract properties of Galois groups
Q3: What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?
A3: radicals
Paris (Geography and places)

Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).

Q1: What road encircles Paris?
A1: Boulevard Périphérique
Q2: How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?
A2: 2,300 km2
Q3: In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?
A3: 1860
Q4: How many arrondissements are there?
A4: 20
Q5: In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? 
A5: 1929
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

Q1: What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?
A1: only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area
Q2: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?
A2: the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them
Q3: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?
A3: Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived
Q4: If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?
A4: recognise both
Q5: What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?
A5: choose between them
Q6: What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?
A6: Exclusive Jurisdiction
Q7: In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?
A7: 1849
Q8: When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?
A8: when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.

Q1: Who was executed on January 17, 1977?
A1: Gary Gilmore
Q2: By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?
A2: firing squad
Q3: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?
A3: ten
Q4: What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?
A4: filing repeated writs of habeas corpus
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

Q1: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
A1: Rafael M. Salas
Q2: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?
A2: Nigeria
Q3: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?
A3: Thoraya Ahmed Obaid
Q4: Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?
A4: Dr Nafis Sadik
Bermuda (History)

Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.

Q1: The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?
A1: the monarch
Q2: Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?
A2: the Queen on the advice of the British Government.
Q3: Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?
A3: George Fergusson
Q4: Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: What is Bermuda officially classified as?
A5: British Overseas Territory
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

Q1: Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?
A1: Queen Elizabeth II
Q2: Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?
A2: the Governor
Q3: Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?
A3: the United Kingdom
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.

Q1: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
A1: Army and Navy
Q2: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
A2: Senate
Q3: What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
A3: impeachment
Q4: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
A4: quasi-judicial
Q5: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
A5: Executive
Q6: Who has the authority to make treaties?
A6: the President
Q7: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
A7: impeachment
Q8: Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
A8: Congress
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts.

Q1: Who was the executive vice governor?
A1: Wei Hong
Q2: How many homes were rebuilt?
A2: 200,000
Q3: How many homes were left without permanent shelter?
A3: 1.94 million
Q4: How many schools were reconstructed?
A4: 1,300
Q5: Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?
A5: Wei Hong
Q6: How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?
A6: 90,000
Q7: How many homes had been rebuilt?
A7: 200,000
Q8: How many houses were still under construction?
A8: 685,000
Q9: How many families were still without permanent homes?
A9: 1.94 million
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.

Q1: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?
A1: Trump Taj Mahal
Q2: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?
A2: selling
Q3: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?
A3: 2013
Q4: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?
A4: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business
Q5: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?
A5: Executives
Asthma (Natural sciences)

Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.

Q1: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?
A1: professional athletes
Q2: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
A2: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers
Q3: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
A3: when it is dry and cold
Q4: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?
A4: Inhaled beta2-agonists
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.

Q1: What is Punjab's biggest festival?
A1: The national horse and cattle show
Q2: Where is the national horse and cattle show held?
A2: Lahore
Q3: What happens at the national horse and cattle show?
A3: sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions
Yale_University (History)

Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

Q1: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?
A1: 1871 to 1886
Q2: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?
A2: new research university
Q3: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?
A3: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition
Q4: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?
A4: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education
Q5: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?
A5: Expansion
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018–19 season. From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.

Q1: When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?
A1: 2000
Q2: By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?
A2: Emirates Stadium
Q3: What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?
A3: £100 million
Q4: Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?
A4: corporate sponsorship
Q5: What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?
A5: sponsorship deal
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century mystic whose book, The Celestial Hierarchy, was popular among monks in France. Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light, even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows, was divine. To promote such faith, the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris, the Abbot Suger, encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible.

Q1: What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?
A1: Expansive interior light
Q2: Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?
A2: Pseudo-Dionysius
Q3: What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?
A3: The Celestial Hierarchy
Q4: Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?
A4: the Abbot Suger
Q5: Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?
A5: Pseudo-Dionysius
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the "public health care system in China is insufficient." The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: "The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them," he said.

Q1: What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?
A1: Health care
Q2: Who was the Vice Minister of Health?
A2: Gao Qiang
Q3: What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?
A3: public health care system in China is insufficient
Q4: How economically forward has this area been?
A4: neglected and untouched
Q5: Where is health care poor in China?
A5: inland areas
Q6: What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?
A6: insufficient
Q7: What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?
A7: medical treatment
Antibiotics (History)

Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.

Q1: What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
A1: increased body mass
Q2: What does STAT stand for?
A2: subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
Q3: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
A3: penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
Q4: Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
A4: unclear
Q5: Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? 
A5: weighed against the beneficial effects
Q6: What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
A6: increased body mass
Q7: When do intestinal microbiota develop?
A7: Early life
Q8: Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
A8: unclear
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Express highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.

Q1: What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?
A1: Express highways
Q2: How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?
A2: 140 mi
Q3: What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?
A3: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong
Q4: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?
A4: in the city centre, Xinjiekou
Q5: What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?
A5: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi
Florida (Geography and places)

Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

Q1: What is found in Florida 
A1: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs
Q2: What did the last glacial period provide 
A2: lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.
Q3: What are the Everglades 
A3: an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula
Q4: How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently 
A4: Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).

Q1: How large is Switzerland?
A1: 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)
Q2: What is the average population density of Switzerland?
A2: 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)
Q3: What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?
A3: 27 /km² (70 /sq mi)
Q4: Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?
A4: southern
Q5: Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?
A5: Alps