LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Genocide (History)

The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.

Q1: Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
A1: as a descriptive term
Q2: Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
A2: Lemming
Q3: Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
A3: international relations and community
Q4: What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
A4: Australian
Q5: What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
A5: "ritualcide"
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions. Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands.

Q1: What is sometimes used as a generic word for any music of Guinea-Bissau?
A1: gumbe
Q2: Gumbe fuses how many of the country's folk music traditions?
A2: about ten
Q3: Other than gumbe, what are two popular music genres?
A3: Tina and tinga
Q4: What sound comes from the Bissagos Islands?
A4: kundere
Q5: What type of tradition includes ceremonial music used in funerals?
A5: folk
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

Q1: What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?
A1: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"
Q2: What does the  verb gymnazo mean?
A2: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"
Q3: Why was this verb used?
A3: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing
Q4: When did the word come into use?
A4: 1570s
Madrasa (Language and literature)

The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) مفعل(ة)‎; mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

Q1: What are the root origins of the word madrasah?
A1: triconsonantal Semitic
Q2: What is the literal translation of madrasah?
A2: a place where learning and studying take place
Q3: In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?
A3: same as school does in the English language
Q4: During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?
A4: lower schools and specialised
Q5: What were the students in madaris called?
A5: danişmends
Phonology (Language and literature)

The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary.

Q1: What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?
A1: the phonological system
Q2: What is another term for phonological system?
A2: sound system
Q3: Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?
A3: vocabulary
Q4: What sort of language system is phonology?
A4: fundamental
Phonology (Language and literature)

The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language," as opposed to phonetics, which is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech" (the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure's distinction between langue and parole). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items." According to Clark et al. (2007), it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use.

Q1: What language does phonology as a word come from?
A1: Greek
Q2: What Greek word is -logy derived from?
A2: lógos
Q3: Who in 1939 defined phonology?
A3: Nikolai Trubetzkoy
Q4: A distinction was drawn between language and what?
A4: speech
Q5: When did Lass write about phonology?
A5: 1998
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

The word qurʼān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (maṣdar) of the Arabic verb qaraʼa (قرأ), meaning "he read" or "he recited". The Syriac equivalent is (ܩܪܝܢܐ) qeryānā, which refers to "scripture reading" or "lesson". While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qaraʼa itself. Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime. An important meaning of the word is the "act of reciting", as reflected in an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qurʼānahu)."

Q1: From which Arabic verb might "Quran" be derived?
A1: qaraʼa
Q2: What Syriac word might be related to "Quran"?
A2: qeryānā
Q3: The words from which the name "Quran" might be described are related to which act?
A3: reciting
Q4: Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?
A4: qaraʼa
Slavs (History)

The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

Q1: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?
A1: *ḱlew
Q2: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?
A2: Pericles
Q3: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?
A3: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The words antenna (plural: antennas in US English, although both "antennas" and "antennae" are used in International English) and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term "aerial" is used to mean a wire antenna. However, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.

Q1: What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?
A1: aerial
Q2: What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?
A2: wire antenna
Q3: What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?
A3: antennae
Q4: What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?
A4: antenna
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:

Q1:  What author had a great impact in Rome?
A1: P. Terentius Afer
Q2: Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?
A2: Terence
Q3: From where did this school of thought emerge?
A3: the Greeks
Q4: Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later
A4: Seneca
Q5: What was the name of the main belief Terence offered
A5: universalism
Germans (Language and literature)

The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for "laudable and distinguished Germans", features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria.

Q1: Who discovered X-Rays?
A1: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Q2: Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?
A2: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Q3: In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?
A3: 1901
Q4: Where is the Walhalla temple located?
A4: Bavaria
Q5: What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?
A5: David Hilbert and Max Planck
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

Q1: Was there a period when child labour was essential?
A1: pre-industrial societies
Q2: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?
A2: little need for children to attend school
Q3: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?
A3: competent adults
Q4: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?
A4: short life expectancy
Memory (Social sciences and society)

The working memory model explains many practical observations, such as why it is easier to do two different tasks (one verbal and one visual) than two similar tasks (e.g., two visual), and the aforementioned word-length effect. However, the concept of a central executive as noted here has been criticised as inadequate and vague.[citation needed] Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought. It is the section of memory where we carry out thought processes and use them to learn and reason about topics.

Q1: Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?
A1: working memory model
Q2: Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?
A2: concept of a central executive
Q3: Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?
A3: Working memory
Virgil (Language and literature)

The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.1–2, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses, the so-called "mini-Aeneid", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. Lucan's epic, the Bellum Civile has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing with the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging drastically from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian poet Statius in his 12-book epic Thebaid engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to "rival the divine Aeneid, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps." In Silius Italicus, Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers. With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil. Indeed, Silius is known to have bought Virgil's tomb and worshipped the poet. Partially as a result of his so-called "Messianic" Fourth Eclogue—widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ—Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the Sortes Vergilianae, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of Hadrian, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the Saturnalia credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer. Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. Servius, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of Donatus. Servius' commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating.

Q1: Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic?
A1: Silius Italicus
Q2: .What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line?
A2: Punica
Q3: Who bought Virgil's tomb?
A3: Silius
Q4: Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ?
A4: Fourth Eclogue
Clothing (Natural sciences)

The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

Q1: Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.
A1: technological
Q2: What have researchers in science labs been making?
A2: prototypes
Q3: What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?
A3: electricity
Q4: What can garments made with kevlar resist?
A4: bullets
Q5: Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?
A5: absorption of liquids
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.

Q1: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?
A1: copper
Q2: What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?
A2: 1735
Q3: Who established the Berg-Schola?
A3: Court Chamber of Vienna
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. Twenty years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using similar technology manufactured by a number of companies.

Q1: Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?
A1: Oscar Bonello
Q2: Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?
A2: Oscar Bonello
Q3: What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?
A3: broadcast automation system
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.

Q1: What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?
A1: queen Maria Theresa
Q2: What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?
A2: 1735
Q3: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?
A3: silver and gold
Q4: What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?
A4: 1764
Q5: What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?
A5: teaching
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

Q1: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
A1: Athabasca oil sands
Q2: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
A2: Northern Alberta
Q3: What formative period  produced bitumen?
A3: early Cretaceous
Q4: How old are the Athabasca deposits?
A4: 110 million years
Q5: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
A5: 80%
Association_football (History)

The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.

Q1: What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?
A1: FA Cup
Q2: How long has the FA Cup been contested?
A2: 1872
Q3: Who founded the worlds first football league?
A3: William McGregor
Q4: How many clubs where in the first football league?
A4: 12
Q5: What country is the home of the first football league?
A5: England
Hellenistic_period (History)

The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.

Q1: What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?
A1: Pharaonic
Q2: What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?
A2: isotheism
Q3: A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?
A3: Alexander
Q4: Where was Alexander's tomb located?
A4: Alexandria
Multiracial_American (History)

The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

Q1: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
A1: Sherrel W. Stewart
Q2: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
A2: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies
Q3: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
A3: Henry Louis Gates