LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

Q1: What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?
A1: flattop vessels
Q2: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?
A2: HMS Argus
Q3: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?
A3: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships
Q4: What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?
A4: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922
Q5: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?
A5: Lexington-class
Genome (Natural sciences)

The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Q1: Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?
A1: US National Institutes of Health
Q2: What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?
A2: mouse
Q3: What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?
A3: puffer fish
Q4: When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?
A4: December 2013
Q5: How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?
A5: 130,000
Gramophone_record (Music)

The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today.

Q1: What did quadraphonic recording feature?
A1: recorded four separate sound signals.
Q2: What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?
A2: development of quadraphonic records
Q3: How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?
A3: commercially unsuccessful
Q4: What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?
A4: later surround-sound systems
San_Diego (Geography and places)

The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet (91 m) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963. As time went on multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego's tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet (150 m) tall, which was completed in 1991. The downtown skyline contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet (152 m) limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport. An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox.

Q1: What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?
A1: El Cortez Hotel
Q2: How tall is One America Plaza?
A2: 500 feet
Q3: What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?
A3: San Diego International Airport
Q4: What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?
A4: Federal Aviation Administration
Q5: What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?
A5: Union Bank of California Building
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Q1: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A1: 1759
Q2: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A2: tolls were resented
Q3: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
A3: between New England and New York
Q4: When was Kingsbridge built?
A4: 1693
Q5: Who owned Kingsbridge?
A5: Frederick Philipse
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Q1: How many appreciation medals were minted?
A1: 9,858
Q2: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
A2: Philadelphia
Q3: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
A3: September 1958 through October 1960
Q4: What were Eisenhower's initials?
A4: D.D.E.
Q5: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
A5: 1,451
History_of_science (History)

The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.

Q1: The advancement of agriculture made what possible?
A1: a surplus of food
Q2: Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
A2: food production
Q3: Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?
A3: work towards bare survival
Q4: What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
A4: The development of writing
Q5: Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
A5: community
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

Q1: What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?
A1: development of writing
Q2: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
A2: the Mesoamerican region
Q3: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
A3: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE
Q4: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
A4: extensive text
Q5: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
A5: 900 BCE
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.

Q1: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?
A1: the U.S. Army
Q2: What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?
A2: the 75 mm Skysweeper system
Q3: The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?
A3: the 40 mm Bofors
Q4: What does NADGE stand for?
A4: NATO Air Defence Ground Environment
Q5: What did NADGE become?
A5: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator.

Q1: What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?
A1: devotio
Q2: What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?
A2: Decius Mus
Q3: With what does the devotio link to military ethics?
A3: Roman gladiator
Q4: By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?
A4: disastrous consequences
Q5: Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?
A5: Livy
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Q1: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
A1: uniformity
Q2: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
A2: other Romance languages
Q3: What is high among dialects?
A3: intelligibility
Q4: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
A4: 90% to 95%
Q5: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
A5: Alguerese
Valencia (Geography and places)

The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

Q1: Whose regime prohibited political parties?
A1: Franco
Q2: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?
A2: eighty-one
Q3: What river flooded in 1957?
A3: Turia
Q4: What park is located in the previous river bed?
A4: Garden of the Turia
Q5: What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?
A5: motorway
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.

Q1: What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
A1: die
Q2: How is the positive image on a CD protected? 
A2: lacquer
Q3: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
A3: rapid spinning
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The difference in the above factors for the case of θ=0 is the reason that most broadcasting (transmissions intended for the public) uses vertical polarization. For receivers near the ground, horizontally polarized transmissions suffer cancellation. For best reception the receiving antennas for these signals are likewise vertically polarized. In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position, as in mobile phones, the base station antennas use mixed polarization, such as linear polarization at an angle (with both vertical and horizontal components) or circular polarization.

Q1: What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?
A1: broadcasting
Q2: If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?
A2: cancellation
Q3: What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?
A3: mobile phones
Q4: If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?
A4: circular polarization.
Q5: What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?
A5: mixed polarization
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

Q1: What's the Dutch word for "money"?
A1: geld
Q2: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?
A2: "h"
Q3: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?
A3: French
Q4: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?
A4: held
Q5: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?
A5: g-sound
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers.

Q1: What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use?
A1: wheel-and-disc
Q2: In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?
A2: Lord Kelvin
Q3: During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?
A3: 1920s
Q4: In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?
A4: Vannevar Bush
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.

Q1: What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?
A1: stare decisis
Q2: What is stare decisis?
A2: the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself
Q3: Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?
A3: an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases
Q4: Who else does stare decisis affect?
A4: impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]

Q1: Where is the start of data on a CD?
A1: the center
Q2: What size CD is most frequently used?
A2: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)
Q3: What is the size of a Mini CD?
A3: Eighty-millimeter
Q4: What is the size of a Maxi Single?
A4: 120 mm
Q5: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?
A5: Norio Ohga
Neptune (Natural sciences)

The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.

Q1: What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? 
A1: 2.2 × 1017 T·m3
Q2: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? 
A2: strong quadrupole moment
Q3: Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
A3: Earth, Jupiter and Saturn
Q4: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?
A4: the planet's centre
Q5: What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?
A5: 14 microteslas (0.14 G)
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

Q1: What other language has a telicity contrast?
A1: Finnish
Q2: Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?
A2: partitive
Q3: What is the accusative used for?
A3: total objects