LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

Q1: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
A1: Christian
Q2: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
A2: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia
Q3: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
A3: Dionysia
Q4: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
A4: December 17
Q5: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
A5: horribly murdered
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.

Q1: What hinders schooling for child labourers?
A1: full-time work
Q2: What can relieve tension for children at work?
A2: Good relations with a supervisor
Q3: What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?
A3: school may impede the learning of skills
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.

Q1: Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?
A1: during the manufacturing process
Q2: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?
A2: hardware-based or assisted computer security
Q3: What can hardware be a source of?
A3: insecurity
Q4: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?
A4: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables".[dubious – discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious – discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the "Four Immeasurable Minds" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Chödrön calls them the "four limitless ones". Of the four, mettā or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."[web 6][web 7]

Q1: During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?
A1: the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"
Q2: What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?
A2: one without egotism
Q3: What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?
A3: brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables
Q4: What is the best known of the four immeasurables?
A4: mettā or loving-kindness meditation
Q5: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?
A5: wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
Q6: Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?
A6: Kalama
Q7: Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?
A7: egotism
Q8: What are the "four Immeasurable minds"?
A8: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity
Q9: Who calls the four immeasurable minds "four limitless ones"?
A9: Pema Chödrön
Q10: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?
A10: meditation
Avicenna (Language and literature)

While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

Q1: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?
A1: the castle of Fardajan
Q2: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?
A2: "Floating Man"
Q3: What was the soul according to Avicenna?
A3: a substance
Q4: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?
A4: intellectually
Q5: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?
A5: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.

Q1: Who developed Amphetamine?
A1: Smith, Kline and French
Q2: What are common side effects of Amphetamine?
A2: sensations of exhilaration and palpitations
Q3: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?
A3: 1960s
Q4: What were some uses for Amphetamine?
A4: narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications
Q5: Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?
A5: Gordon Alles
Q6: Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?
A6: asthma
Q7: In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?
A7: 1929
Q8: What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?
A8: Benzedrine Inhaler
Q9: In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?
A9: 1937
Q10: In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?
A10: 1960s
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid.

Q1: What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?
A1: the evolution of all eukaryotes
Q2: What are eukaryotes?
A2: plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps.

Q1: Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?
A1: conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament
Q2: What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?
A2: molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules
Q3: How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?
A3: Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity
Q4: Why is xenon gas not more widely used?
A4: more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps
Q5: What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?
A5: reduces filament evaporation
Computer (Engineering and technology)

While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler.

Q1: A computer's assembly language is known as what?
A1: basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function
Q2: Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?
A2: an assembler.
Q3: Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?
A3: machine language
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.

Q1: What is undisputed about early humans?
A1: were hunters
Q2: Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?
A2: earlier Australopithecines
Q3: Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?
A3: hunting
Q4: What became a theme of stories and myths?
A4: hunting
Q5: Hunting allowed what type of rituals?
A5: dance and animal sacrifice
Q6: What is undisputed about earlier humans?
A6: humans were hunters
Q7: What did hunting become a theme of?
A7: stories and myths
Q8: Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis? 
A8: hunting hypothesis
CBC_Television (History)

While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.

Q1: What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?
A1: August 31, 2011
Q2: How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?
A2: only about half
Q3: Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?
A3: London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)
Cork_(city) (History)

While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna Fáil (10 members), Sinn Féin (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.

Q1: Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?
A1: local government
Q2: How many wards make up Cork?
A2: six electoral wards
Q3: What is the most well represented ward in Cork?
A3: Fianna Fáil (10 members)
Q4: Which party has the least amount of members?
A4: Workers' Party
Q5: How is a mayor chosen in Cork?
A5: vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress.

Q1: What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?
A1: cathedrals and great churches
Q2: Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?
A2: the landmark building
Q3: What is another name for the pointed arch?
A3: the ogival
Q4: What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?
A4: the ribbed vault
Q5: What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?
A5: the buttress
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

Q1: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
A1: evidence
Q2: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
A2: Saturnalia
Q3: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
A3: with their deaths
Q4: What is the gift of King Carnival?
A4: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life
Q5: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
A5: Jews
Hokkien (Language and literature)

While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食.

Q1: Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?
A1: standard designated
Q2: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?
A2: a particular morpheme
Q3: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
A3: etymological or phono-semantic
Q4: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?
A4: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

While most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts.

Q1: Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?
A1: Michael Bublé
Q2: What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?
A2: ballad heavy
Q3: Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?
A3: Carrie Underwood
Q4: What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with? 
A4: country
Greece (Geography and places)

While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

Q1: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
A1: Aegean islands
Q2: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
A2: Cyprus and Crete
Q3: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
A3: Cyprus and Crete
Q4: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
A4: 1797
Q5: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
A5: United Kingdom