LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.

Q1: What can a PM motor not be adjusted for?
A1: speed control
Q2: What is another name for PM fields?
A2: stators
Q3: What design feature does a PM motor lack?
A3: field winding
Q4: What do field windings provide?
A4: flux
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study.

Q1: If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?
A1: baptism
Q2: What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?
A2: marriage
Q3: Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?
A3: Protestant ministers who become Catholics
Q4: Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?
A4: re-baptized
Q5: Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?
A5: the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church
Southampton (Geography and places)

A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton. Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.

Q1: What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?
A1: Royal Charter
Q2: What is the new name of University College at Highfield?
A2: University of Southampton
Q3: When did Southampton officially become a city?
A3: 1964
Q4: In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?
A4: 1952
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains.

Q1: Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?
A1: Fr. Zahm
Q2: In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?
A2: 1950
Q3: After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?
A3: Joseph LaFortune
Q4: How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?
A4: 83,000 square feet
Q5: What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?
A5: $1.2 million
New_York_City (Geography and places)

A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel "La Anunciada" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padrón Real, was informed by Gomes' expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.

Q1: In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?
A1: 1525
Q2: Who commanded the Spanish expedition?
A2: Estêvão Gomes
Q3: What was the nationality of Estêvão Gomes?
A3: Portuguese
Q4: What monarch did Estêvão Gomes serve?
A4: Charles V
Q5: What was the name of Estêvão Gomes's ship?
A5: La Anunciada
Q6: The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?
A6: Rio de San Antonio
Q7: What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?
A7: Padrón Real
Montevideo (Geography and places)

A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

Q1: Who organized the Spanish expedition?
A1: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala
Q2: What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?
A2: 22 January 1724
Q3: Who was one significant early italian resident? 
A3: Jorge Burgues
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.

Q1: What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?
A1: TiVo
Q2: What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?
A2: YouTube for TV
Q3: later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV
A3: YouTube XL
Q4: Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?
A4: the Roku player
Q5: When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?
A5: October 2014
History_of_India (History)

A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the "other Muslims" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.

Q1: What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?
A1: Timur
Q2: On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?
A2: 17 December 1398
Q3: In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?
A3: in ruins
Q4: How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?
A4: 100,000
Q5: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?
A5: sayyids
Memory (Social sciences and society)

A UCLA research study published in the June 2006 issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry found that people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction into their daily lives. This study examined 17 subjects, (average age 53) with normal memory performance. Eight subjects were asked to follow a "brain healthy" diet, relaxation, physical, and mental exercise (brain teasers and verbal memory training techniques). After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance. No long term follow up was conducted, it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.

Q1: Can one increase their brain efficency?
A1: people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency
Q2: What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?
A2: simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction
Q3: In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?
A3: After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance.
Q4: Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?
A4: it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.
USB (Engineering and technology)

A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a "bit stuff violation" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.

Q1: What is a USB packet's end called?
A1: EOP (end-of-packet)
Q2: What can skew due to hubs add?
A2: as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet
Q3: What can this extra bit result in?
A3: "bit stuff violation
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced: a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive. Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties, which were considered essential to the security of Rome.

Q1: What vow was required of Vestals?
A1: chastity
Q2: What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?
A2: buried alive
Q3: What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?
A3: devoted
Q4: How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?
A4: essential
Q5: What was the honor granted a Vestal ?
A5: religious
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

A Yagi-Uda array uses passive elements to greatly increase gain. It is built along a support boom that is pointed toward the signal, and thus sees no induced signal and does not contribute to the antenna's operation. The end closer to the source is referred to as the front. Near the rear is a single active element, typically a half-wave dipole or folded dipole. Passive elements are arranged in front (directors) and behind (reflectors) the active element along the boom. The Yagi has the inherent quality that it becomes increasingly directional, and thus has higher gain, as the number of elements increases. However, this also makes it increasingly sensitive to changes in frequency; if the signal frequency changes, not only does the active element receive less energy directly, but all of the passive elements adding to that signal also decrease their output as well and their signals no longer reach the active element in-phase.

Q1: What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?
A1: Yagi-Uda array
Q2: Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?
A2: does not contribute
Q3: What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?
A3: directors
Q4: Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?
A4: increasingly directional
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

A ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36, would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district). Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College, and the amendment ultimately failed, receiving only 34% of the vote.

Q1: What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?
A1: ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36
Q2: What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?
A2: under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system
Q3: Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?
A3: Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district)
Q4: Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?
A4: Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College
Q5: Did Amendment 36 get passed?
A5: the amendment ultimately failed
Plymouth (History)

A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.

Q1: Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?
A1: Cremyll
Q2: What location north of the city possesses granite?
A2: Dartmoor
Q3: What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?
A3: Tamar
Q4: Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?
A4: Cattedown
Q5: What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?
A5: limestone
Poultry (Natural sciences)

A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.

Q1: What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?
A1: A bantam
Q2: How are bantams different from other chickens?
A2: A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart
Q3: Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?
A3: Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs
Q4: Where are bantams kept?
A4: kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted "H+" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species.

Q1: What is another term for a bare proton?
A1: H+
Strasbourg (Geography and places)

A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.

Q1: What was established around the city?  
A1: fortifications
Q2: Where is Fort Podbielski located?
A2: Mundolsheim
Q3: Where is Fort Bismark located?
A3: Wolfisheim
Q4: Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?
A4: Holtzheim
Q5: Where is Fort Roon Located?
A5: Mundolsheim
Eton_College (History)

A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign "Tardy Book", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days). Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the "Bill". The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a "run" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.

Q1: What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?
A1: a "run"
Q2: Where is the "Tardy Book" kept?
A2: School Office
Q3: How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?
A3: typically three days
Q4: When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?
A4: the "Bill"
Q5: What is another term for rustication?
A5: suspension
Melbourne (Geography and places)

A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s.

Q1: When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?
A1: 1890s
Q2: What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?
A2: 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies
Q3: When did new construction start in Melbourne?
A3: late 1890s
Q4: When did Australia have a banking crisis?
A4: 1893.
Q5: During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?
A5: early 1890s
Q6: How many "land banks" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
A6: 16
Q7: How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
A7: 133
Q8: The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?
A8: Australian
Q9: When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?
A9: late 1890s
Pub (History)

A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.

Q1: What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?
A1: A brewery tap
Q2: If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?
A2: the nearest pub
Q3: What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?
A3: brewpub
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river.

Q1: Which bridges were shut down because of filming?
A1: Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
Q2: Which organization provided water for weather effects?
A2: London Fire Brigade
Q3: Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?
A3: Thames
Q4: Where is MI6 based?
A4: Vauxhall Cross
Q5: Filming closed which two bridges in London?
A5: Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
Q6: Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?
A6: The London Fire Brigade
Q7: Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?
A7: Covent Garden.
Q8: Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?
A8: night
Gene (Natural sciences)

A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.

Q1: What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?
A1: A broad operational definition
Q2: What is the broad operational definition of a gene?
A2: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products
Q3: What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?
A3: their specific DNA loci
Q4: What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?
A4: their functional products (proteins or RNA)
Q5: What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?
A5: regulatory elements