LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_India (History)

The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.

Q1: Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?
A1: 7th and 11th
Q2: How long did the Tripartite struggle last?
A2: two centuries
Q3: When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?
A3: seventh century
Q4: What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?
A4: Chola dynasty
Q5: What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?
A5: Hindu numerals
Qing_dynasty (History)

The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth. The population doubled during the 18th century. People in this period were also remarkably on the move. There is evidence suggesting that the empire's rapidly expanding population was geographically mobile on a scale, which, in term of its volume and its protracted and routinized nature, was unprecedented in Chinese history. Indeed, the Qing government did far more to encourage mobility than to discourage it. Migration took several different forms, though might be divided in two varieties: permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn. Parties to the latter would include the empire's increasingly large and mobile manual workforce, as well as its densely overlapping internal diaspora of local-origin-based merchant groups. It would also included the patterned movement of Qing subjects overseas, largely to Southeastern Asia, in search of trade and other economic opportunities.

Q1: What happened in early and middle Qing history?
A1: population growth
Q2: How much did the population grow during the 18th century?
A2: doubled
Q3: What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century?
A3: permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn
Immunology (Natural sciences)

The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Q1: What is the most famous immune system disease?
A1: AIDS
Q2: What kind of disease is AIDS?
A2: an immunodeficiency
Q3: Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
A3: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
Q4: What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
A4: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.

Q1: The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?
A1: Bellevue Hospital
Q2: Who is the president of HHC?
A2: Ramanathan Raju
Q3: What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?
A3: Bellevue Hospital
Q4: If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?
A4: Bellevue Hospital
Q5: Who is the HHC president?
A5: Ramanathan Raju, MD
Q6: In what state did the president of HHC previously work?
A6: Illinois
Q7: What was the president of HHC's previous job title?
A7: CEO
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.

Q1: What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
A1: Romance languages
Q2: What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
A2: Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican
Q3: Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
A3: eastern Spain
Q4: What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
A4: Galician
Q5: How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
A5: over 40 million
Greeks (History)

The most widely used symbol is the flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto Eleftheria i thanatos (freedom or death), which was the motto of the Greek War of Independence. The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy. The Greek flag is widely used by the Greek Cypriots, although Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority – see flag of Cyprus).

Q1: What are the representations of the Greek reference freedom or death that are held on a cloth symbol of the nation ?
A1: flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white
Q2: This reference also holds significance as what the the Grecian people ?
A2: motto of the Greek War of Independence
Q3: Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek?
A3: bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy
Q4: Have the people of Turkey held any feeling towards the cloth symbol of the Greeks ?
A4: ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority
Q5: Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ?
A5: Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.

Q1: What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?
A1: stable greenhouse conditions
Q2: What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?
A2: the Hirnantian faunal stage
Q3: Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?
A3: brachiopods
Q4: How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?
A4: 0.5 to 1.5 million years
Q5: What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?
A5: ice caps
Paris (Geography and places)

The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt; France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital. Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris' 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.

Q1: What is the most viewed television network in France?
A1: TF1
Q2: Where is TF1 located?
A2: Boulogne-Billancourt
Q3: What is France's public radio broadcaster?
A3: Radio France
Q4: What is the name of France's national postal carrier?
A4: La Poste
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.

Q1: When did King Richard I begin his reign?
A1: 1189
Q2: Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?
A2: lions
Q3: What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?
A3: a crown
Q4: In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?
A4: 1949
Q5: Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?
A5: 1966
Emotion (Natural sciences)

The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept—one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.

Q1: What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?
A1: motor centers
Q2: What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?
A2: smell
Q3: Why were early mammals active at night?
A3: reptiles slept
Q4: What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?
A4: limbic brain
Q5: How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?
A5: larger
Greece (Geography and places)

The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia – feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.

Q1: The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?
A1: Alpine climate
Q2: The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?
A2: heavy snowfalls
Q3: Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?
A3: temperate
Q4: It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?
A4: Athens
Translation (Language and literature)

The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Christopher de Bellaigue, "with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today.... No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world." One of the neologisms that, in a way, came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was "darwiniya", or "Darwinism".

Q1: What transformed Arabic languages?
A1: movement to translate English and European texts
Q2: What came to be valued over previous convolutions?
A2: new words, simplified syntax, and directness
Q3: Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?
A3: Educated Arabs and Turks
Q4: What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?
A4: texts in the religious schools
Q5: What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?
A5: Darwinism
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne. A retrospective of Cézanne's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904, current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907.

Q1: Name the 8 peopl who began the movement
A1: Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.
Q2: Which person  was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?
A2: Paul Cézanne
Q3: What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.
A3: 1905 and 1906
Paris (Geography and places)

The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895. Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris' largest cinema room today is in Le Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.
Big multiplex movie theaters have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.

Q1: Where was the first movie projected for a paying audience in Paris?
A1: Grand Café
Q2: What date was the first movie played in Paris for a paying crowd?
A2: 28 December 1895
Q3: In what decade did movie theaters become popular?
A3: 1930s
Q4: What is the largest cinema room today in Paris?
A4: Le Grand Rex
Warsaw_Pact (History)

The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

Q1: In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?
A1: 1968
Q2: Which country did the Pact conquer?
A2: Czechoslovakia
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both "catholic" and "Reformed". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.

Q1: What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?
A1: the Church of England
Q2: Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?
A2: the Episcopal Church
Q3: What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?
A3: veneration of Mary
Q4: What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?
A4: Protestant
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:

Q1: What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?
A1: linguistic diversity
Q2: How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?
A2: two
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law." Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates.

Q1: Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?
A1: local governments can justify
Q2: What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.
A2: Article 28(2)
Q3: Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?
A3: a wide range of activities
Q4: What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?
A4: development
Paris (Geography and places)

The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889. It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère, Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. The Olympia Paris has presented Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland, and the Grateful Dead. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly visitors to the city. 

Q1: In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened?
A1: 1889
Q2: What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge?
A2: French Cancan
Q3: In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open?
A3: 1951
Q4: Where did Grateful Dead play?
A4: The Olympia Paris
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.

Q1: What music genre is usually associated with Guinea-Bissau?
A1: gumbe
Q2: What is considered the country's primary musical export?
A2: the polyrhythmic gumbe genre
Q3: What major factor has kept gumbe out of mainstream audiences?
A3: civil unrest
Q4: What other type of countries has gumbe been kept out of?
A4: generally syncretist African countries
Classical_music (Music)

The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.

Q1: Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era?
A1: Romantic
Q2: When did the Romantic era end?
A2: the early 20th century
Q3: Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?
A3: Classical
Q4: Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?
A4: key signatures
Q5: What is a name for an art song?
A5: Lied
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl.

Q1: What feature did the music of Central America have?
A1: pentatonic
Q2: What role did music play in the religious festivities? 
A2: inseparable from
Q3: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?
A3: large variety of percussion and wind
Q4: Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?
A4: a jar in Guatemala
Q5: What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?
A5: a jaguar's growl
Valencia (Geography and places)

The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

Q1: Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
A1: Moncey
Q2: When did Valencia surrender to the French?
A2: 8 January 1812
Q3: Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
A3: Suchet
Q4: What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
A4: Battle of Vitoria
Q5: What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
A5: Valencia