LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.

Q1: Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?
A1: by both the Allies and by the Axis
Q2: What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?
A2: a crucial rail link through Vichy France
Q3: How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?
A3: over 300,000
Q4: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?
A4: end of the 20th century
Q5: Where was the International Red Cross based?
A5: Geneva
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

Q1: What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?
A1: Greek
Q2: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
A2: lichens
Q3: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
A3: German
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.

Q1: How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?
A1: a major role
Q2: What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?
A2: nectar and large sticky pollen
Q3: What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?
A3: dependent
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.

Q1: What is an example of ectosymbiosis?
A1: mistletoe
Q2: What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
A2: disjunctive symbiosis
Q3: What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
A3: endosymbiosis
Group_(mathematics) (Mathematics)

Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[›] Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects. A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law. In the rightmost example below, an element of order 7 of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles (and the other ones, too). By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on.

Q1: What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?
A1: Symmetry groups
Q2: What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?
A2: geometric nature
Q3: What can regarded as the study of symmetry?
A3: group theory
Q4: What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?
A4: group law
Q5: The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?
A5: group action
Zinc (Unknown)

Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Q1: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?
A1: mild zinc deficiency
Q2: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?
A2: depresses immunity
Q3: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?
A3: twice as much food
Brain (Natural sciences)

Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

Q1: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?
A1: 100 trillion synapses;
Q2: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?
A2: several million
Q3: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?
A3: excitatory
Q4: The primary job of the brain is what?
A4: cell-to-cell communication
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.

Q1: What type of relationship harms both organisms?
A1: Synnecrosis
Q2: What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?
A2: death
Q3: How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?
A3: uncommon
Q4: Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?
A4: to protect the hive
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

Q1: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?
A1: syncrude
Q2: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?
A2: upgrading facility
Q3: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?
A3: Dr. Karl Clark
Q4: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?
A4: 1920s
Q5: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?
A5: 1 million barrels
Botany (Natural sciences)

Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent – grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.

Q1: How did Linnaeus group organisms?
A1: shared physical characteristics
Q2: How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?
A2: by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics
Q3: How are grouping determined currently?
A3: DNA sequences
Q4: Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?
A4: International Botanical Congress.
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

Q1: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
A1: Millions
Q2: Were young apprentices hired for pay?
A2: without pay
Q3: Was child labour common in European colonies?
A3: child labour was common place in the colonies of European
Q4: What was the age range of colonial child workers?
A4: 5–14
Q5: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
A5: 19th
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.

Q1: Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?
A1: threats of the Emperor
Q2: Did the Pope agree with this order?
A2: Pope refused to accept
Q3: Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?
A3: Constantius consented
Q4: What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?
A4: Arian formula of faith
Q5: What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?
A5: sent into exile
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age.

Q1: In what year was Athanasius consecrated?
A1: 326
Q2: How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?
A2: about thirty years of age
Q3: Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?
A3: He was most unwilling to accept
Q4: Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?
A4: people were determined to have him
Q5: How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?
A5: five months
Q6: Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?
A6: unwilling
Q7: In what year was he consecrated?
A7: in 326
Q8: How old was he when he was consecrated?
A8: thirty years of age.
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A "Homoeon" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be "like the Father". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the "Homoiousion", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the "Homoean" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the "Home Synod", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: " ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian."

Q1: Where did bishops of the West meet?
A1: Rimini in Italy
Q2: What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?
A2: a formula of faith
Q3: What was the belief that was approved at this council?
A3: The Son to be "like the Father"
Q4: What did the orthodox leaders believe?
A4: the Nicene
Q5: What belief was accepted by Constantius?
A5: Arian
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.

Q1: What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?
A1: pulmonary alveoli
Q2: What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?
A2: phagocytosis
Q3: What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?
A3: a phagolysosome
Q4: What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?
A4: mycolic acid capsule
Q5: What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?
A5: phagosome
Turner_Classic_Movies (History)

TCM regularly airs a "Star of the Month" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the "TCM Guest Programmer", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.

Q1: On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?
A1: Wednesdays
Q2: Who hosts the Star of the Month films?
A2: Robert Osbourne
Q3: During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?
A3: February 2011
Q4: In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?
A4: 2012
Turner_Classic_Movies (History)

TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code. Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films – particularly those made from the 1960s onward – sometimes featuring nudity, sexual content, violence and/or strong profanity; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program (most programs on TCM, especially films, are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines, in lieu of the MPAA's rating system).

Q1: In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?
A1: 1968
Q2: In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?
A2: 1968
Q3: What rating system is often used by TCM?
A3: TV Parental Guidelines
Turner_Classic_Movies (History)

TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.

Q1: Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?
A1: Walt Disney Studios
Q2: Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?
A2: Sony Pictures Entertainment
Q3: How many films are present in the TCM library?
A3: thousands
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Q1: Who wrote the Germania?
A1: Tacitus
Q2: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
A2: walls
Q3: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
A3: human
Q4: When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
A4: Afterwards
Q5: Where is the divinity herself purified? 
A5: a secret lake