LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.

Q1: The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?
A1: Islam
Q2: What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?
A2: Dari
Q3: What was the first dynasty to use Dari?
A3: Saffarid
Q4: When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?
A4: 875 CE
Q5: What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?
A5: Khorasan
Southampton (Geography and places)

Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.

Q1: In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?
A1: 1066
Q2: What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?
A2: Winchester
Q3: Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?
A3: Normandy
Q4: In what century was Southampton Castle built?
A4: 12th
Q5: During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?
A5: French wine
Crimean_War (History)

Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița. The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130–43

Q1: The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?
A1: 1853
Q2: What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?
A2: Omar Pasha
Q3: After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?
A3: Calafat
Q4: After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?
A4: Oltenița
Q5: What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?
A5: Chetatea or Cetate
Alsace (History)

Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

Q1: What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?
A1: local lords
Q2: Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?
A2: Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists
Q3: Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?
A3: Amish
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36

Q1: What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?
A1: President's Committee on Civil Rights
Q2: What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?
A2: Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident
Q3: In which year were the "To Secure These Rights" findings published?
A3: 1947
Q4: What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?
A4: the state of race relations
Q5: Who in the generation following the "To Secure These Rights" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?
A5: Lyndon B. Johnson
Portugal (Geography and places)

Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Q1: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
A1: knew no opposition
Q2: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
A2: 1770
Q3: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
A3: until Joseph I's death in 1779
Q4: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
A4: autocracy
Q5: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
A5: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation
Napoleon (History)

Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.

Q1: In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?
A1: Vienna
Q2:  How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?
A2: 100,000
Q3: How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?
A3: 500
Q4: When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
A4: 2 December
Q5: In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
A5: Moravia
Tibet (Geography and places)

Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.

Q1: In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?
A1: 1959
Q2: In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?
A2: 1912
Q3: Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?
A3: western and central Tibet
Q4: Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?
A4: Battle of Chamdo
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

Q1: Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?
A1: United States
Q2: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?
A2: 390A(V)
Q3: What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??
A3: foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation
Q4: Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?
A4: independence
Q5: What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?
A5: democratic rights and a measure of autonomy
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

Q1: How many people attended Nasser's funeral?
A1: at least five million
Q2: At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?
A2: the old RCC headquarters
Q3: Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?
A3: Saudi King Faisal
Q4: What leader twice fainted during the funeral?
A4: Muammar Gaddafi
Q5: Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?
A5: Alexei Kosygin
Greece (Geography and places)

Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Q1: Alexander III was the son of whom?
A1: Phillip II
Q2: Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?
A2: Persian
Q3: What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?
A3: 334 BC
Q4: The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?
A4: 330 BC
Q5: In which year did Alexander III die?
A5: 323 BC
Armenians (Geography and places)

Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia.

Q1: What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?
A1: independent republic
Q2: When did communists take over Armenia?
A2: late 1920
Q3: Who invaded Armenia in 1920?
A3: the Red Army
Q4: What part of the USSR did Armenia join?
A4: the Transcaucasian SFSR
Q5: When did Armenia leave the USSR?
A5: 1991
Greece (Geography and places)

Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

Q1: The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?
A1: 1924
Q2: In 1924, what was established?
A2: Second Hellenic Republic
Q3: Who became the Greek leader in 1935?
A3: Premier Georgios Kondylis
Q4: The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?
A4: Premier Georgios Kondylis
Q5: In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?
A5: 1936
War_on_Terror (History)

Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.

Q1: When did the first Gulf War begin?
A1: 1991
Q2: How did the first Gulf War end?
A2: ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)
Q3: Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?
A3: Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population
Q4: Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?
A4: northern
Q5: Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?
A5: southern
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."

Q1: Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?
A1: University of Wisconsin–Madison
Q2: Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?
A2: Dean Mark Ingraham
Q3: Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?
A3: 1942
Q4: Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?
A4: Manhattan project
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Venetian Walls, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.

Q1: In what year did James II die?
A1: 1473
Q2: Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II?
A2: Republic of Venice
Q3: In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus?
A3: 1489
Q4: Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule?
A4: Ottoman Empire
Q5: In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol?
A5: 1539
Beyoncé (Music)

Following the death of Freddie Gray, Beyoncé and Jay-Z, among other notable figures, met with his family. After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray's death, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out.

Q1: Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?
A1: Freddie Gray
Q2: Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?
A2: protesters
Q3: Who's death caused this protest?
A3: Freddie Gray
Q4: How much bail money did they spend?
A4: thousands of dollars
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

Q1: When did Prince Igor past away?
A1: 945
Q2: Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?
A2: his wife Olga
Q3: In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?
A3: 963
Q4: Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?
A4: Pereyaslavets
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and his family, including Husayn, word of his death and the imprisonment of his family led to a large opposition movement. In 683, Yazid dispatched an army to subdue both movements. The army suppressed the Medinese opposition at the Battle of al-Harrah. The Grand Mosque in Medina was severely damaged and widespread pillaging caused deep-seated dissent. Yazid's army continued on and laid siege to Mecca. At some point during the siege, the Kaaba was badly damaged in a fire. The destruction of the Kaaba and Grand Mosque became a major cause for censure of the Umayyads in later histories of the period.

Q1: What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?
A1: Kharijites
Q2: Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?
A2: Yazid
Q3: In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?
A3: Battle of al-Harrah
Q4: Where is the Kaaba located?
A4: Mecca