LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mesozoic (History)

The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Q1: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
A1: 163 million to 145 million
Q2: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
A2: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs
Q3: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
A3: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction
Q4: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
A4: Sea levels rose
Q5: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? 
A5: Atlantic sea
Middle_Ages (History)

The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets, cassone chests, and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup. Italian silk manufacture developed, so that western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry.

Q1: Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?
A1: 1400
Q2: What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?
A2: the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
Q3: Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages?
A3: Early Renaissance
Q4: Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery?
A4: Mudéjar potters
Q5: What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate?
A5: the Royal Gold Cup
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Q1: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
A1: The Late Middle Ages
Q2: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
A2: the Black Death
Q3: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
A3: the Ottoman Empire
Q4: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
A4: 1453
Middle_Ages (History)

The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.

Q1: When did the Black Death end?
A1: 1350
Q2: In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?
A2: Late
Q3: What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?
A3: a third
Q4: What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?
A4: the early modern period
Q5: Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?
A5: heresy
Mesozoic (History)

The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

Q1: What was the span of the Late Triassic?
A1: 237 million to 200 million years
Q2: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?
A2: heat spells
Q3: When did the first dinosaurs evolve?
A3: Triassic
Q4: According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?
A4: Triassic-Jurassic extinction
Q5: What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?
A5: crocodiles
Old_English (Language and literature)

The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩, and there was no ⟨v⟩ as distinct from ⟨u⟩; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨z⟩. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: ⟨æ⟩ (æsc, modern ash) and ⟨ð⟩ (ðæt, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn ⟨þ⟩ and wynn ⟨ƿ⟩, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note ⟨⁊⟩ (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun þæt. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n.

Q1: When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?
A1: u
Q2: Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?
A2: q
Q3: What is the term for the letter þ?
A3: thorn
Q4: What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?
A4: ƿ
Q5: What was the term for the letter ƿ?
A5: wynn
Northwestern_University (History)

The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines.

Q1: What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?
A1: Purple
Q2: Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?
A2: too many other universities had used these colors
Q3: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?
A3: Whatsoever things are true
Q4: What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?
A4: The Word full of grace and truth
Q5: What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?
A5: white
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct, and the more common Latin words aedes, delubrum, or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building. The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture.

Q1: Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space?
A1: ritual
Q2: What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual?
A2: augury
Q3: What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct?
A3: templum
Q4: What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building?
A4: aedes, delubrum, or fanum
Q5: What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture?
A5: temples
Geography_of_the_United_States (Geography and places)

The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren.

Q1: What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?
A1: Laurentian Highlands
Q2: How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?
A2: Arctic Ocean
Q3: Which two nations are the central plains divided in?
A3: Canadian and a United States
Q4: Where does the Mississippi discharge?
A4: Gulf of Mexico
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually. Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island.

Q1: Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?
A1: The League of American Bicyclists
Q2: When does El Tour de Tucson happen?
A2: in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving
Q3: Who runs El Tour de Tucson?
A3: Perimeter Bicycling
Q4: How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?
A4: as many as 10,000
Q5: How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?
A5: nine
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (Japanese: ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Towairaito Purinsesu?) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in the The Legend of Zelda series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version was released worldwide in December 2006.[b]

Q1: What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?
A1: action-adventure
Q2: What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess?
A2: GameCube and Wii
Q3: When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?
A3: November 2006
Q4: When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?
A4: December 2006
Q5: What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?
A5: Nintendo
Q6: What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?
A6: 2005
Q7: What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?
A7: 2006
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess (Video games)

The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge.[c] Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, bombs, and the Clawshot (similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series).[d] While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming.[c]

Q1: What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?
A1: combat, exploration, and item collection
Q2: Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?
A2: Ocarina of Time
Q3: What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?
A3: L-targeting
Q4: What is Link's main weapon?
A4: sword
Q5: What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?
A5: Clawshot
Q6: What genre of game is Twilight Princess?
A6: action-adventure
Q7: Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?
A7: Ocarina of Time
Q8: What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?
A8: sword and shield
Q9: What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?
A9: L-targeting
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies".

Q1: What is the local government of Mexico City called?
A1: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District
Q2: How is the local government of Mexico City formed?
A2: parallel voting
Q3: What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?
A3: plurinominal deputies
Q4: How many representatives make up the Federal District?
A4: 26
Liberia (History)

The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

Q1: What is the legislature composed of? 
A1: the Senate and the House of Representatives
Q2: Who is the house led by?
A2: a speaker
Q3: How many members are in a house?
A3: 73
Q4: What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among? 
A4: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census
Q5: What is the senate made up of?
A5: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel–Ziv–Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv–Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.

Q1: What compression methods are among the most popular?
A1: Lempel–Ziv (LZ)
Q2: What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?
A2: DEFLATE
Q3: What serves as the basis of the Zip method?
A3: LZR
Q4: What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?
A4: Brotli
Q5: What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?
A5: LZX
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

Q1: How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?
A1: six
Q2: Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?
A2: Menzies
Q3: Who makes party policy?
A3: almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.

Q1: Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?
A1: United Australia Party (UAP)
Q2: From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?
A2: anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments
Q3: What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?
A3: Nationalist Party of Australia
Q4: In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?
A4: 1917
Near_East (Geography and places)

The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

Q1: What does LoC stand for?
A1: The Library of Congress
Q2: What is the Library of Congress?
A2: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government
Q3: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?
A3: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

Q1: Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?
A1: Malla
Q2: Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?
A2: Turk Muslims
Q3: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?
A3: third
Q4: Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?
A4: Kailashkut Bhawan
Q5: What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?
A5: Abhaya Malla
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

Q1: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?
A1: Licchavis
Q2: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?
A2: Koliyas
Q3: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?
A3: Newar
Q4: Who killed the Shakyas?
A4: Virudhaka
Q5: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?
A5: Dakshin Koligram