LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

Q1: When were architectural writings first made?
A1: ancient time
Q2: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
A2: specific formal prescriptions
Q3: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
A3: canons
Q4: When did Vitruvius write his canons?
A4: 1st-century BCE
Q5: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
A5: religious
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text (the archetype or autograph) as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate versions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a scholarly curated text.

Q1: What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?
A1: a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document
Q2: What is the proper name for textual scholarship?
A2: philology
Q3: Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text?
A3: Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand
Q4: What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text?
A4: recensions
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

Q1: What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? 
A1: Thai Industrial Standard 620
Q2: Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? 
A2: its ordering of Thai characters
Q3: How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? 
A3: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.

Q1: When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?
A1: April 2
Q2: At what location was Eisenhower buried?
A2: Eisenhower Presidential Library
Q3: What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?
A3: $80
Q4: What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?
A4: green
Q5: When did Mamie Eisenhower die?
A5: 1979
Classical_music (Music)

That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).

Q1: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?
A1: perform a historical work
Q2: In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 
A2: the Baroque era
Q3: Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?
A3: the human voice
Q4: What are fermatas?
A4: held notes
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

That same year, the comedy Junior was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996), and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.

Q1: What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?
A1: Junior
Q2: How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?
A2: $150 million
Queen_(band) (Music)

That year, Queen began The Works Tour, the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician. The tour featured nine sold-out dates in October in Bophuthatswana, South Africa, at the arena in Sun City. Upon returning to England, they were the subject of outrage, having played in South Africa during the height of apartheid and in violation of worldwide divestment efforts and a United Nations cultural boycott. The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa, and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences. Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians' Union and placed on the United Nations' blacklisted artists.

Q1: Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?
A1: Spike Edney
Q2: Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?
A2: keyboardist
Q3: Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?
A3: British Musicians' Union
Q4: Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?
A4: South Africa
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The "Bleacher Bums" is a name given to fans, many of whom spend much of the day heckling, who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field. Initially, the group was called "bums" because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games, and since those games were all day games, it was assumed they did not work. Many of those fans were, and are still, students at Chicago area colleges, such as DePaul University, Loyola, Northwestern University, and Illinois-Chicago. A Broadway play, starring Joe Mantegna, Dennis Farina, Dennis Franz, and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club's games. The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl, Tom Nall and "mad bugler" Mike Murphy, who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago-based WSCR AM 670 "The Score". Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams' home run balls. The current group is headed by Derek Schaul (Derek the Five Dollar Kid). Prior to the 2006 season, they were updated, with new shops and private bar (The Batter's Eye) being added, and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section, dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers. Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission, except during the playoffs. The bleachers have been referred to as the "World's Largest Beer Garden." A popular T-shirt (sold inside the park and licensed by the club) which says "Wrigley Bleachers" on the front and the phrase "Shut Up and Drink Your Beer" on the reverse fuels this stereotype.

Q1: What nickname has been given to the fans who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field?
A1: Bleacher Bums
Q2: Who heads the current group?
A2: Derek Schaul
Q3: What did Bud Light dub the bleacher section?
A3: the Bud Light Bleachers
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

The "Core-to-Shore" project was created to relocate I-40 one mile (1.6 km) south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city. This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River. Several elements of "Core to Shore" were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009.

Q1: What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?
A1: The "Core-to-Shore" project
Q2: What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program?
A2: 2009
American_Idol (Music)

The "Fan Save" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.

Q1: In which season was the "Fan Save" first used?
A1: fourteen
Q2: How do people vote using the fan save?
A2: Twitter
Q3: What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?
A3: Fan Save
Q4: How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?
A4: Twitter
Q5: When does the Fan Save start?
A5: Top 8
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).

Q1: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? 
A1: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples
Q2: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
A2: some public services and documents in their native languages
Q3: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?
A3: more than 60
Q4: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
A4: bilingual primary and secondary education
Q5: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
A5: about 67% of them
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

The "Jeltoqsan" (Kazakh for "December") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in the morning of December 17, 1986, with 200 to 300 students in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square protesting Konayev's dismissal and replacement by a Russian. Protesters swelled to 1,000 to 5,000 as other students joined the crowd. The CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, druzhiniki (volunteers), cadets, policemen, and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants. The situation escalated around 5 p.m., as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters. Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in Almaty.

Q1: What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?
A1: December
Q2: Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?
A2: Dinmukhamed Konayev
Q3: What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?
A3: First Secretary of the Communist Party
Q4: Who took the place of Konayev?
A4: Gennady Kolbin
Q5: When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?
A5: December 17, 1986
Annelid (Natural sciences)

The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage".

Q1: Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?
A1: annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms
Q2: How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?
A2: after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern
Q3: What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?
A3: spiral determinate cleavage
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

The "Mittelschule" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.

Q1: What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?
A1: college preparatory classes
Q2: What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?
A2: Abitur
Q3: What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?
A3: Hauptschule
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

The "Neo-Eriksonian" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the explorations and commitments that he or she makes regarding certain personal and social traits. It follows that the core of the research in this paradigm investigates the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations, and the degree to which he or she displays a commitment to those explorations.

Q1: What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?
A1: Neo-Eriksonian
Q2: The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?
A2: exploration and commitment
Q3: In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?
A3: any individual's sense of identity
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient. The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money. The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures.

Q1: What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?
A1: The "No Surprises" rule
Q2: Why is this particular rule so controversial?
A2: the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient.
Q3: If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the "No Surprises" rule?
A3: The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money
Q4: Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short?
A4: The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

The "Notre Dame Victory March" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, "Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!"

Q1: Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?
A1: John F. Shea
Q2: In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?
A2: 1904
Q3: Who is responsible for writing the music for "Notre Dame Victory March?"
A3: Rev. Michael J. Shea
Q4: In what year did "Notre Dame Victory March" get copyrighted?
A4: 1928
Q5: To where are the loyal sons in "Notre Dame Fight Song" marching?
A5: onward to victory
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.

Q1: Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?
A1: John Locke
Q2: Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?
A2: The "Radical Enlightenment"
Q3: In what year was John Locke born?
A3: 1632
Q4: In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?
A4: the realm of individual conscience
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. Köln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Mainz and Düsseldorf are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades and parties such as Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg and München [Munich] Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day") in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man.

Q1: Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?
A1: The "Rheinische"
Q2: Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?
A2: famous
Q3: What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?
A3: Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday
Q4: Who revolted in 1824?
A4: washer-women
Q5: What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?
A5: kiss
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhancement of survival" provision of Section §1539(a)(1)(A). A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both. The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999.

Q1: What two groups are bound by a "Safe Harbor" agreement?
A1: the private landowner and FWS
Q2: In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement?
A2: assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level
Q3: Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?
A3: the Clinton Administration
Q4: Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive?
A4: A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both.
Rule_of_law (History)

The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of "rule of law" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.

Q1: Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?
A1: formal
Q2: According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?
A2: individual rights
Q3: According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?
A3: well-known
Q4: How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?
A4: no requirements
Q5: Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?
A5: substantive