LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Treaty (Language and literature)

The signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.

Q1: Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?
A1: the parties' representatives
Q2: Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?
A2: in a collection of treaties currently in effect
Q3: Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?
A3: an editor
Q4: Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?
A4: ratified the treaty
Q5: Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?
A5: came into effect
Czech_language (Language and literature)

The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (Čechoslováci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, "Czechoslovak" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.

Q1: Who called themselves "Czechoslavs"?
A1: a group of 19th-century scholars
Q2: Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?
A2: The similarities
Q3: When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?
A3: 1918–1938
Q4: What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?
A4: literary Czech
Q5: When was the Prague Spring?
A5: 1968
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of ATP. Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.[citation needed]

Q1: What has the simplest known circadian clock?
A1: prokaryotic cyanobacteria
Q2: With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?
A2: three proteins
Q3: What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?
A3: DNA
Q4: How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?
A4: 22-hour
Q5: What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?
A5: KaiA, KaiB, KaiC
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching. Splash etching uses a motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the process has become commercially obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production rates.

Q1: What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?
A1: hobbyists
Q2: Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?
A2: long
Q3: If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?
A3: Heat
Q4: What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?
A4: bubble etching
Q5: What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?
A5: spray etching
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε . This model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ±ρ = ±Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ/ε. The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates

Q1: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?
A1: permittivity ε
Q2: What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?
A2: ±ρ = ±Q/A
Q3: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?
A3: much greater than their separation d
Q4: Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?
A4: E = ρ/ε
Q5: What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?
A5: The voltage
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) files. The idea behind this is that, in any piece of audio, some parts will be much easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few instruments, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will vary the bit rate accordingly. Users who know a particular "quality setting" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate.

Q1: How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?
A1: one
Q2: What does CBR stand for?
A2: Constant Bit Rate
Q3: What does VBR stand for?
A3: Variable Bit Rate
Q4: Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?
A4: music containing only a few instruments
Q5: What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?
A5: quality setting
Brain (Natural sciences)

The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.

Q1: The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?
A1: visual inspection
Q2: Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?
A2: alcohol
Q3: The two main areas of the brain are what colors?
A3: grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter
Q4: What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?
A4: microscope
Q5: Grey matter of the brain is what color?
A5: dark color
Queen_(band) (Music)

The single "Killer Queen" from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts, and became their first US hit, reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. It combines camp, vaudeville, and British music hall with May's guitar virtuosity. The album's second single, "Now I'm Here", a more traditional hard rock composition, was a number eleven hit in Britain, while the high speed rocker "Stone Cold Crazy" featuring May's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal. In recent years, the album has received acclaim from music publications: In 2006, Classic Rock ranked it number 28 in "The 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever", and in 2007, Mojo ranked it No.88 in "The 100 Records That Changed the World". It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Q1: Which song was Queen's first US hit?
A1: Killer Queen
Q2: Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts?
A2: eleven
Q3: What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song?
A3: Stone Cold Crazy
Q4: What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen?
A4: British music hall
Q5: Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100?
A5: 12
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan. It was rediscovered in 1894. The Madaba Map is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the Holy Land. It depicts an area from Lebanon in the north to the Nile Delta in the south, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Eastern Desert. The largest and most detailed element of the topographic depiction is Jerusalem, at the center of the map. The map is enriched with many naturalistic features, like animals, fishing boats, bridges and palm trees

Q1: What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?
A1: the Madaba Map
Q2: When was the the Madaba Map made?
A2: between 542 and 570
Q3: Where is the church of Saint George?
A3: Madaba, Jordan
Q4: When was the Madaba Map rediscovered? 
A4: 1894
Q5: The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta, and as far North as what country?
A5: Lebanon
Wood (Natural sciences)

The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance, e.g., grams per millilitre (g/cm3 or g/ml). The terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used. Upon drying, wood shrinks and its density increases. Minimum values are associated with green (water-saturated) wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity (Timell 1986).

Q1: Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?
A1: specific gravity
Q2: In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?
A2: pulp yield
Q3: What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?
A3: density
Q4: When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?
A4: increases
Q5: When wood is described as "green," what does "green" mean?
A5: water-saturated
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

Q1: What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?
A1: English
Q2: In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?
A2: 1737
Q3: What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
A3: Give me liberty or give me death
Q4: In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?
A4: St. John's Church
Q5: Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
A5: Thomas Jefferson
University_of_Kansas (Geography and places)

The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread, which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere. The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized. The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from. Work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873.

Q1: On what geographic feature was KU built?
A1: Mount Oread
Q2: Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?
A2: Charles L. Robinson
Q3: Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?
A3: Amos Adams Lawrence
Q4: What was the governing body of KU?
A4: Board of Regents
Q5: What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?
A5: 1873
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza "Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.

Q1: When was Saint Petersburg established? 
A1: early 18th century
Q2: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? 
A2: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor
Q3: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?
A3: Dostoyevsky
Q4: What historical site still operates within the mall? 
A4: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza’s stated foreign policy.

Q1: War with what country seemed imminent?
A1: United States
Q2: Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?
A2: President Wilson
Q3: Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?
A3: Carranza’s
Q4: To which Secretary did Carothers write?
A4: Secretary William Jennings Bryan
Dialect (Language and literature)

The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is seldom spoken. Some Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language.

Q1: What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?
A1: Swiss German
Q2: What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?
A2: standard German
Q3: Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?
A3: Liechtenstein
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force – in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies – jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way".

Q1: What year did the Prague Spring take place?
A1: 1968
Q2: What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?
A2: suppressed by military force
Q3: Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states?
A3: Brezhnev Doctrine
Q4: Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine?
A4: oppressive
Q5: What is the nickname for Gorbachev's new doctrine?
A5: Sinatra Doctrine
Qing_dynasty (History)

The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers — Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi — were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi — a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander.

Q1: How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?
A1: sixty-one year
Q2: Who had the longest rule of any emperor?
A2: Kangxi
Q3: What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?
A3: High Qing
Q4: How old was Kangxi when he took over?
A4: eight
Q5: Who ruled while Kangxi was young?
A5: Oboi
Bird (Natural sciences)

The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior thoracic vertebrae and absent in the later vertebrae. The last few are fused with the pelvis to form the synsacrum. The ribs are flattened and the sternum is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.

Q1: What consists of very lightweight bones?
A1: The skeleton
Q2: What does the skeleton consist of?
A2: very lightweight bones
Q3: What are pneumatic cavities?
A3: large air-filled cavities
Q4: What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?
A4: pneumatic cavities
Q5: What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?
A5: synsacrum
Nigeria (History)

The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.

Q1: When did Britain outlaw slave trade?
A1: 1807
Q2: After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?
A2: Napoleonic Wars
Q3: Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?
A3: Freetown
Q4: Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?
A4: Lagos
Q5: Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?
A5: Oba Kosoko