LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: "In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet."

Q1: Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?
A1: the third Dalai Lama
Q2: What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?
A2: pay tribute
Q3: What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?
A3: the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
Q4: In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?
A4: the fifth Dalai Lama
Q5: In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?
A5: the fifth Panchen Lama
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.

Q1: Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?
A1: rechargeable batteries
Q2: What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?
A2: rechargeable batteries
Q3: What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?
A3: Net metering programs
Q4: How is the credit to households accomplished?
A4: by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
Q5: Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?
A5: Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense.

Q1: What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? 
A1: Offensive Counterair
Q2: What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?
A2: offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms
Q3: OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? 
A3: air and missile threats
Q4: What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? 
A4: suppression/destruction of enemy air defense
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were "calm" after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations.

Q1: Where were office buildings evacuated?
A1: Shanghai's financial district
Q2: How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?
A2: calm
Q3: How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?
A3: 10 minutes
Q4: Which airport was shut down?
A4: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
Q5: When did the airport re-open?
A5: May 12
Q6: What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?
A6: evacuated
Q7: Which airport was shut down?
A7: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
Q8: Why were flights delayed and diverted?
A8: disruption in air traffic services
Q9: What were they using the airport to stage for?
A9: relief operations
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS). OTS, previously located at Lackland AFB, Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama since 1993, in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs: Basic Officer Training (BOT), which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve; and the Academy of Military Science (AMS), which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard. (The term "line officer" derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air", meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions.)

Q1: USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? 
A1: United States Air Force Academy
Q2: What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?
A2: Air Force Officer Training School
Q3: Where is the OTS in the US currently located?
A3: Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama
Q4: How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?
A4: two
Q5: What is a line officer in the USAF? 
A5: concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air"
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to state deities. The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults, and held the state-funded (thus public) opening ceremony for the Parentalia festival, which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors. Some rites of the domus (household) were held in public places but were legally defined as privata in part or whole. All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and pontifices.

Q1: What organization payed for the maintenance official cults?
A1: state
Q2: Who funded non-official religious cults?
A2: private individuals
Q3: What group benefited from non- official cults? 
A3: own communities
Q4: What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival?
A4: Vestals
Q5: What individuals had the right to regulate all cults?
A5: censor and pontifices
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.

Q1: How many people were confirmed dead?
A1: 69,197
Q2: How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?
A2: 68,636
Q3: How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?
A3: 4.8 million
Q4: How many people lived in the affected area?
A4: 15 million
Q5: How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?
A5: 1 trillion RMB
Q6: How many people died in Sichuan Province?
A6: 68,636
Q7: How many were injured in Sichuan?
A7: 374,176
Q8: How many people are listed as missing?
A8: 18,222
Q9: How many people are homeless because of the quake?
A9: 4.8 million
Q10: How high could the homeless number possibly go?
A10: 11 million
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes. Pliny saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the druids as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain. Despite an empire-wide ban under Hadrian, human sacrifice may have continued covertly in North Africa and elsewhere.

Q1: What act did Romans view as obnoxious?
A1: human sacrifice
Q2: To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed?
A2: enemies
Q3: What did Rome do about human sacrifice?
A3: banned it
Q4: As what  did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice?
A4: murder
Q5: What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide?
A5: Hadrian
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

Q1: What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?
A1: 'b' & 'p'
Q2: What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?
A2: The initial letter 's' is often dropped
Q3: In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?
A3: pagas
Hard_rock (Music)

Often categorised with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. The follow-up Pyromania (1983), reached number two on the American charts and the singles "Photograph", "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'", helped by the emergence of MTV, all reached the Top 40. It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian glam metal scene. This was followed by US acts like Mötley Crüe, with their albums Too Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as Ratt, White Lion, Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot. Quiet Riot's album Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.

Q1: What sub-genre of hard rock does Def Leppard belong to?
A1: the New Wave of British Heavy Metal
Q2: What was Def Leppard's second album called?
A2: High 'n' Dry
Q3: What were the three Top 40 singles from Def Leppard's Pyromania album?
A3: "Photograph", "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'"
Q4: What band had the first glam metal album to hit number one on the Billboard charts?
A4: Quiet Riot
Q5: When did Motley Crue's album Shout At The Devil come out?
A5: 1983
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, housing in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours. The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area, including restrictions on the height of buildings. These regulations have caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue that the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development.

Q1: What US city is St. John's often compared to?
A1: San Francisco
Q2: What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?
A2: height of buildings
Q3: What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?
A3: controversy
Q4: What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?
A4: hotel rooms and office space
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore discretely bounded. This would make a subspecies, evolutionarily speaking, a clade – a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population. The smooth gradation of human genetic variation in general tends to rule out any idea that human population groups can be considered monophyletic (cleanly divided), as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations. Rachel Caspari (2003) have argued that clades are by definition monophyletic groups (a taxon that includes all descendants of a given ancestor) and since no groups currently regarded as races are monophyletic, none of those groups can be clades.

Q1: What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?
A1: phylogenetic
Q2: How are allopatric populations separated? 
A2: geographically
Q3: What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?
A3: a clade
Q4: What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means "cleanly divided"?
A4: monophyletic
Q5: Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?
A5: Rachel Caspari
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations. Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances. More recently, multi-nationals are increasingly relying on contract research organizations to manage drug development.

Q1: Why are collaborative agreements important?
A1: to explore the potential of new drug substances
Q2: How do large corporations show vertical integration?
A2: participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution
Q3: What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?
A3: to manage drug development
Q4: What are smaller organizations responsible for?
A4: focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations
Q5: What type of integration do large corporations often do?
A5: vertical
Q6: What type of integration do smaller organizations do?
A6: a specific aspect
Q7: What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?
A7: collaborative agreements
Q8: What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?
A8: contract research
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).

Q1: What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?
A1: sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished
Q2: What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?
A2: sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,
Q3: What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?
A3: sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.

Q1: What route does a migrating bird usually follow?
A1: an hooked or arched line
Q2: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?
A2: large water bodies or high mountain ranges
Q3: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?
A3: the lack of stopover or feeding sites
Q4: Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?
A4: lack of thermal columns
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a single assembly because some required components are available only in surface-mount packages, while others are available only in through-hole packages. Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress, while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space using surface-mount techniques. For further comparison, see the SMT page.

Q1: Surface-mount is one type of construction used in PCB assembly; what's the other one?
A1: through-hole
Q2: Which type of construction makes components that use more space?
A2: through-hole
Q3: Which of the two kinds of construction is weaker under strain?
A3: surface-mount
Q4: If you're building a circuit board that has a lot of components that won't be used, which construction would be better?
A4: surface-mount
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.

Q1: What are ogives?
A1: alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces
Q2: What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?
A2: annual movement of the glacier
Q3: How are ogives formed?
A3: when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer
Q4: Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?
A4: consist only of undulations or color bands
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University–Oklahoma City is located in the "Furniture District" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits.

Q1: Which community college is the second largest in the state?
A1: Oklahoma City Community College
Q2: Which university is located in the Furniture district?
A2: Oklahoma State University
Q3: Where is Southern Nazarene University located?
A3: Bethany
Q4: Who founded the Southern Nazarene University
A4: Church of the Nazarene
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Oklahoma City also has its share of very brutal crimes, particularly in the 1970s. The worst of which occurred in 1978, when six employees of a Sirloin Stockade restaurant on the city's south side were murdered execution-style in the restaurant's freezer. An intensive investigation followed, and the three individuals involved, who also killed three others in Purcell, Oklahoma, were identified. One, Harold Stafford, died in a motorcycle accident in Tulsa not long after the restaurant murders. Another, Verna Stafford, was sentenced to life without parole after being granted a new trial after she had previously been sentenced to death. Roger Dale Stafford, considered the mastermind of the murder spree, was executed by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1995.

Q1: When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer?
A1: 1978
Q2: When was Roger Dale Stafford executed?
A2: 1995
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Oklahoma City also has several major national and state highways within its city limits. Shields Boulevard (US-77) continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore. Northwest Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 3) runs from North Classen Boulevard in north-central Oklahoma City to the northwestern suburbs.

Q1: What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?
A1: Shields Boulevard
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center.

Q1: What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?
A1: St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center