LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" or "an author's uninfluenced intentions." This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former", not implying any further inquiry as to why the author had made the change.

Q1: Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?
A1: Bowers and Tanselle
Q2: Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?
A2: Tanselle
Q3: Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?
A3: a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former
Q4: What idea did Tanselle champion?
A4: unconstrained authorial intention
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own. There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fire – both as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie.

Q1: What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?
A1: remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions
Q2: What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?
A2: to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896
Q3: What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?
A3: to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own
Q4: What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?
A4: his judgment
Q5: I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?
A5: 1896
Q6: What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?
A6: to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,
Q7: What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?
A7: to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention
Q8: What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?
A8: to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions
Q9: When was Maggie first published?
A9: 1893
Montana (Geography and places)

Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.

Q1: What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?
A1: Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport
Q2: When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?
A2: 2013
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to Moore. The 1903 article The Refutation of Idealism is one of the first demonstrations of Moore's commitment to analysis. He examines each of the three terms in the Berkeleian aphorism esse est percipi, "to be is to be perceived", finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are necessarily connected so that "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" are identical - "to be yellow" is "to be experienced as yellow". But it also seems there is a difference between "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" and "that esse is held to be percipi, solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it". Though far from a complete refutation, this was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors, or at any rate against the type of idealism represented by Berkeley. This argument did not show that the GEM (in post–Stove vernacular, see below) is logically invalid.

Q1: Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?
A1: Moore
Q2: In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?
A2: Bradley
Q3: Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?
A3: Berkeley
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.

Q1: What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?
A1: Kharosthi
Q2: Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?
A2: between the fourth and eighth centuries
Q3: Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?
A3: Śāradā
Q4: Which script replaced the Gupta script?
A4: Devanagari
Q5: In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?
A5: 11th or 12th century
Q6: What were used to write Sanskrit?
A6: Brahmic scripts
Q7: What script was used in the northwest of India?
A7: Kharosthi
Q8: Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?
A8: Gupta
Q9: From what was Gupta derived?
A9: Brahmi
Q10: What script evolved from the Gupta script?
A10: Śāradā
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory. Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway traveling through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression.

Q1: What role does the amygdala play in memory?
A1: thought to be involved in emotional memory
Q2: Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories. 
A2: it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions
Q3: What changes can be linked to learning and memory?
A3: neuronal synapses,
Q4: What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?
A4: believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning
Brain (Natural sciences)

Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge (membrane potential) of neurons. Most vertebrate species devote between 2% and 8% of basal metabolism to the brain. In primates, however, the percentage is much higher—in humans it rises to 20–25%. The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time, but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET, fMRI, and NIRS. The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose (i.e., blood sugar), but ketones provide a major alternative source, together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids (caprylic and heptanoic acids), lactate, acetate, and possibly amino acids.

Q1: Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?
A1: glucose (i.e., blood sugar
Q2: The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?
A2: 20–25%
Q3: Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?
A3: ketones
Q4: Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?
A4: 2% and 8%
Brain (Natural sciences)

Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula describes the central tendency, but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree, in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size.

Q1: Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey?
A1: larger
Q2: In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?
A2: 0.75
Q3: Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?
A3: primates
Classical_music (Music)

Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

Q1: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?
A1: the Renaissance
Q2: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?
A2: the hurdy-gurdy
Q3: The virginal is what type of instrument?
A3: Keyboard instruments with strings
Q4: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?
A4: Percussion
Q5: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
A5: Woodwind
Zinc (Unknown)

Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

Q1: What two metals are mixed to create Brass?
A1: copper and zinc
Q2: When was brass first used?
A2: 10th
Q3: Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?
A3: India
Q4: When was zinc introduced to Europe?
A4: end of the 16th century
Q5: Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?
A5: Zawar
Q6: Brass is an alloy of what two elements?
A6: copper and zinc
Q7: The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?
A7: Judea
Q8: We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?
A8: Rajasthan
Q9: What early process was used to make zinc?
A9: distillation process
Q10: What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?
A10: "philosopher's wool" or "white snow"
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Brasília (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziljɐ]) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western region. It was founded on April 21, 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília and its metro (encompassing the whole of the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil. Among major Latin American cities, Brasília has the highest GDP per capita at R$61,915 (US$36,175).

Q1: What is Brazil's capital?
A1: Brasília
Q2: What region of Brazil is Brasilia in?
A2: center-western
Q3: What is Brasilia's GDP per capita in US dollars?
A3: US$36,175
Q4: What is the population of Brasilia's metro area?
A4: 2,556,149
Q5: When was Brasilia founded?
A5: April 21, 1960
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Brasília has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Köppen system, with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and a dry season, from May to September. The average temperature is 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), has major and minor lower maximum average temperature, of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) and 12.9 °C (55.2 °F), respectively. Average temperatures from September through March are a consistent 22 °C (72 °F). With 247.4 mm (9.7 in), January is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while June is the lowest, with only 8.7 mm (0.3 in).

Q1: What climate type does Brasilia have?
A1: tropical savanna climate (Aw)
Q2: When is Brasilia's rainy season?
A2: October to April
Q3: When is Brasilia's dry season?
A3: May to September
Q4: What is the average maximum temperature in Brasilia in September?
A4: 28.3 °C (82.9 °F)
Q5: Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?
A5: January
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Brasília has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's Prophecy, by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco. According to Don Bosco's prophecy: "Between parallels 15 and 20, around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land." Brasília lies between the parallels 15° S and 20° S, where an artificial lake (Paranoá Lake) was formed. Don Bosco is Brasília's patron saint.

Q1: When was 'The World In Grey' published?
A1: 2008
Q2: Who wrote 'The World In Grey'?
A2: Ryan J. Lucero
Q3: Whose prophecy is 'The World In Grey' based on?
A3: Don Bosco
Q4: Who is Brasilia's patron saint?
A4: Don Bosco
Q5: What lake did Don Bosco predict?
A5: Paranoá Lake
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Brasília is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports, sports that may be practiced with hang gliding or paragliding wings. Practitioners of such sports reveal that, because of the city's dry weather, the city offers strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets", which is also the name for a manoeuvre quite appreciated by practitioners. In 2003, Brasília hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship, one of the categories of free flying. In August 2005, the city hosted the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship.

Q1: What type of sports are popular in Brasilia?
A1: unpowered air sports
Q2: What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2003?
A2: the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship
Q3: What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2005?
A3: the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship
Q4: Why is Brasilia a good place for air sports?
A4: strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets"
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide and it has the largest number of endemics (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world’s mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species, and 18% of the bird species of the world. Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a high ratio of endemism.[citation needed] Since the island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago, many species and ecosystems have evolved independently.[citation needed] Indonesia's 17,000 islands cover 735,355 square miles (1,904,560 km2) and contain 10% of the world's flowering plants, 12% of mammals, and 17% of reptiles, amphibians and birds—along with nearly 240 million people. Many regions of high biodiversity and/or endemism arise from specialized habitats which require unusual adaptations, for example, alpine environments in high mountains, or Northern European peat bogs.[citation needed]

Q1: How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
A1: 20,000 plant species
Q2: How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
A2: 1,350 vertebrates
Q3: Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?
A3: Colombia
Q4: Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?
A4: Colombia
Q5: What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?
A5: Madagascar
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

Q1: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
A1: 2.55 million
Q2: What do drug cartels do with child workers?
A2: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances
Q3: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?
A3: physical and psychological implications
Q4: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?
A4: an increase
Gramophone_record (Music)

Breakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist "broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not." A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye occurs after the adolescent protagonist buys a record for his younger sister but drops it and "it broke into pieces ... I damn-near cried, it made me feel so terrible." A sequence where a school teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed by a group of rebellious students is a key moment in the film Blackboard Jungle.

Q1: What was a known issue of using shellac to make records?
A1: Breakage was very common
Q2: In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening" record get broken?
A2: John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra
Q3: In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made?
A3: teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed
Pain (Language and literature)

Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl.

Q1: What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?
A1: Breakthrough
Q2: How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?
A2: medications
Q3: Who is breakthrough pain common among?
A3: cancer patients
Q4: What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?
A4: opioids
Q5: What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?
A5: Management
Mammal (Natural sciences)

Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.

Q1: When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?
A1: larynx, trachea and bronchi
Q2: Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?
A2: exercise
Q3: A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?
A3: bellows lung
Q4: Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?
A4: blacksmith's bellows