LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Videoconferencing (History)

VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.

Q1: In what European country has VRS services become well developed?
A1: Sweden
Q2: What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?
A2: financing
Q3: What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?
A3: Germany
Q4: What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?
A4: United States
Antibiotics (History)

Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.

Q1: What do vaccines need to work?
A1: immune modulation or augmentation
Q2: What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
A2: Antibacterial vaccines
Q3: What types of vaccines have been phased out?
A3: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

Q1: The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?
A1: vacuus
Q2: What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?
A2: imperfect vacuum
Q3: What is a vacuum?
A3: space void of matter
Q4: What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum?
A4: gaseous
Q5: What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?
A5: in vacuo
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.

Q1: What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
A1: incandescent light bulb
Q2: What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
A2: chemical inertness
Q3: Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
A3: obstruction of air,
Q4: How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?
A4: Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing
Q5: What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
A5: electron microscopes and vacuum tubes
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called “small” (aṇu). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vaiśeṣikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (commonness), viśeṣa (particularity) and amavāya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).

Q1: According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?
A1: four
Q2: What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?
A2: earth, water, air, fire
Q3: Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?
A3: atoms
Q4: According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?
A4: composite
Q5: What form are atoms in Vaisesika?
A5: invisible
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia (/vəˈlɛnsiə/; Spanish: [baˈlenθja]), or València (Valencian: [vaˈlensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea.

Q1: What country is Valencia in?
A1: Spain
Q2: What is the population of Valencia's urban area?
A2: 1.5 million
Q3: Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?
A3: third
Q4: What body of water is Valencia located on?
A4: the Mediterranean Sea
Q5: What is the city of Valencia the capital of?
A5: the autonomous community of Valencia
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Q1: What is the main type of employment in Valencia?
A1: service sector occupations
Q2: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?
A2: 5.5
Q3: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?
A3: 1.9
Q4: How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?
A4: 3973 hectares
Q5: What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?
A5: orchards and citrus groves
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

Q1: During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?
A1: the last thirty years
Q2: Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?
A2: Santiago Calatrava
Q3: Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?
A3: Félix Candela
Q4: What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?
A4: Old City
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.
Valencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.
Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.

Q1: How many official languages does Valencia have?
A1: two
Q2: What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?
A2: Catalan
Q3: What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?
A3: Spanish
Q4: How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?
A4: more than 70
Q5: When did Valencian regain its offical status?
A5: 1978
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de València. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Huracán Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda División B.

Q1: When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?
A1: 2004
Q2: How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?
A2: six
Q3: What is Levante UD's stadium?
A3: Estadi Ciutat de València
Q4: In which division does Huracan Valencia play?
A4: Segunda División B
Q5: Where does Huracan Valencia play?
A5: Municipal de Manises
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.

Q1: How far from Valencia is the Albufera?
A1: 11 km
Q2: In what park is the Albufera located?
A2: Parc Natural de l'Albufera
Q3: How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?
A3: 6.4 km
Q4: Who founded Valencia?
A4: Romans
Q5: From what entity was the Albufera bought?
A5: Crown of Spain
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Velázquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.

Q1: When was Valencia's founding?
A1: 138 BC
Q2: On what river is Valencia located?
A2: Turia
Q3: How big is Valencia's historic centre?
A3: 169 hectares
Q4: What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?
A4: Museu de Belles Arts de València
Q5: What Valencian museum has a photography collection?
A5: Institut Valencià d'Art Modern
Valencia (Geography and places)

Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

Q1: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?
A1: 20
Q2: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?
A2: Mediterranean western coast
Q3: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?
A3: second
Q4: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?
A4: oranges
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Q1: How is Valencian classified?
A1: Western dialect
Q2: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
A2: northwestern varieties
Q3: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
A3: Western Catalonia
Q4: What forms are mutually intelligible?
A4: Catalan and Valencian
Q5: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
A5: 90% to 95%
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

Q1: What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?
A1: subversive foreign cult
Q2: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
A2: assemblies
Q3: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
A3: Rome's traditional
Q4: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
A4: threat
Q5: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
A5: stronger
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

Q1: What does the north of the province lie just south of?
A1: the Yangtze Delta
Q2: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?
A2: Hangzhou
Q3: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?
A3: Ou Rivers
Q4: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?
A4: West Lake
Q5: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
A5: South Lake
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax, and therefore Tibetans were "undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolmaš writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes "in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.

Q1: Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?
A1: to secure urgently needed horses
Q2: What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?
A2: Silk workshops
Q3: What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?
A3: Tibetan Buddhist
Q4: who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?
A4: the Ming
Q5: Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?
A5: a mandatory "corvée" tax
American_Idol (Music)

Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, American Idol alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, American Idol had become "a dominant force in radio" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins.

Q1: How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade? 
A1: 345
Q2: Who is the president of Mediabase? 
A2: Rich Meyer
Q3: Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? 
A3: Kelly Clarkson
Q4: How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?
A4: 345
Q5: Who authored books on Billboard charts?
A5: Fred Bronson
Q6: How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?
A6: four
Q7: How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?
A7: over four million