LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Samurai (Language and literature)

By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.

Q1: What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?
A1: bushi
Q2: What were samurai affiliated with?
A2: a clan
Q3: How much of Japan were samurais?
A3: less than 10%
Q4: Where do samurais' teachings live on?
A4: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts
Q5: What class were samurais?
A5: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class
Qing_dynasty (History)

By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population. After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century. China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets.

Q1: What did China export?
A1: tea, silk and manufactures
Q2: What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?
A2: silver
Q3: When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?
A3: end of the 17th century
Pub (History)

By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

Q1: What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?
A1: Balls Pond Road
Q2: On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?
A2: City Road
Q3: What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?
A3: The Eagle
Q4: What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?
A4: weasel
Q5: In what century did saloons become established?
A5: 18th
Qing_dynasty (History)

By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.

Q1: What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?
A1: 300 million
Q2: What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?
A2: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops
Q3: What crops were imported?
A3: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice
Middle_Ages (History)

By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, but none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west, Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian (r. 527–565) was the sole, and temporary, exception.

Q1: Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?
A1: Romulus Augustus
Q2: When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?
A2: 476
Q3: What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?
A3: Byzantine Empire
Q4: What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?
A4: Justinian
Q5: When did Justinian's reign end?
A5: 565
Paris (Geography and places)

By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" (Mons Martyrum), eventually "Montmartre". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.

Q1: What was Paris known as in Latin?
A1: Parisius
Q2: In what century was Christianity introduced?
A2: 3rd
Q3: Who brought Christianity to Paris?
A3: Saint Denis
Q4: What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?
A4: Basilica of Saint-Denis
Q5: Where was Saint Denis beheaded?
A5: Mountain of Martyrs
Hard_rock (Music)

By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

Q1: Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?
A1: 1969
Q2: What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?
A2: In Rock
Q3: Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?
A3: occult and elements of Gothic horror
Q4: What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?
A4: Paranoid
Q5: What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?
A5: Judas Priest
University (Language and literature)

By the end of the early modern period, the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context. Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging. The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture, and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state.

Q1: At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities?
A1: the end of the early modern period
Q2: What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period?
A2: mechanistic
Q3: What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period?
A3: humanities
Q4: The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?
A4: the modern state
Q5: The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual?
A5: Aristotle
Greece (Geography and places)

By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]

Q1: In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?
A1: 1821
Q2: Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?
A2: Theodoros Kolokotronis
Q3: The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?
A3: Aegean Sea
Q4: Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?
A4: 1822 and 1824
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival, Epulum Jovis. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet.

Q1: At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?
A1: plebeian
Q2: With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?
A2: neighbours
Q3: What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?
A3: Minerva
Q4: In what style was the temple to Minerva built?
A4: Etruscan
Q5: What gods were in the Capitoline triad?
A5: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre (1.5 km²) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million, renamed Revue Studios. MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, yet was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and director Alfred Hitchcock were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.

Q1: What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?
A1: MCA
Q2: Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?
A2: Republic Studios
Q3: In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?
A3: 1.5
Q4: In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?
A4: 1958
Q5: How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?
A5: $11 million
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were demolished. The Breakers, the Chelsea, the Brighton, the Shelburne, the Mayflower, the Traymore, and the Marlborough-Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s. Of the many pre-casino resorts that bordered the boardwalk, only the Claridge, the Dennis, the Ritz-Carlton, and the Haddon Hall survive to this day as parts of Bally's Atlantic City, a condo complex, and Resorts Atlantic City. The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, only reusing the steelwork of the original building. Smaller hotels off the boardwalk, such as the Madison also survived.

Q1: By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?
A1: the late 1960s
Q2: Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?
A2: demolished
Q3: When were many of the large hotels demolished?
A3: 1970s and 1980s
Q4: After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?
A4: Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City
Q5: Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?
A5: Ramada
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to amber. Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) of varying Al/Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs, but these devices have not yet reached the level of efficiency and technological maturity of InGaN/GaN blue/green devices. If un-alloyed GaN is used in this case to form the active quantum well layers, the device will emit near-ultraviolet light with a peak wavelength centred around 365 nm. Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN/GaN system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with non-nitride material systems, but practical devices still exhibit efficiency too low for high-brightness applications.[citation needed]

Q1: What are cladding layers?
A1: active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN
Q2: How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?
A2: By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells
Q3: What does AlGaN stand for?
A3: Aluminium gallium nitride
Q4: What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?
A4: Green
Qing_dynasty (History)

By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern weaponry resulting from the European Industrial Revolution had rendered China's traditionally trained and equipped army and navy obsolete. The government attempts to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement were initially successful, but yielded few lasting results because of the central government's lack of funds, lack of political will, and unwillingness to depart from tradition.

Q1: When was the Second Opium War?
A1: 1860
Q2: What happened to the Summer Palace?
A2: sacked
Q3: How big was the French-British army?
A3: 25,000
Q4: What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?
A4: Self-Strengthening Movement
Dell (History)

By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland.

Q1: What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?
A1: 2000s
Q2: What plant did Dell close in Texas?
A2: Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center
Q3: What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?
A3: North Carolina
Q4: What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?
A4: Herbalife
Q5: The plant in what US state still remains in operation?
A5: Florida
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

Q1: In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?
A1: president
House_music (Music)

By the late 80s, House had moved West, particularly to San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego and Seattle. Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs, notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long, who spun at Jewel's Catch One, the oldest dance club in America. In 1989, the L.A. based, former EBN-OZN singer/rapper Robert Ozn started indie house label One Voice Records, releasing the Mike "Hitman" Wilson remix of Dada Nada's "Haunted House," which garnered instant club and mix show radio play in Chicago, Detroit and New York as well as in the U.K. and France. The record shot up to Number Five on the Billboard Club Chart, marking it as the first House record by a white artist to chart in the U.S. Dada Nada, the moniker for Ozn's solo act, released in 1990, what has become a classic example of jazz-based Deep House, the Frankie Knuckles and David Morales remix of Dada Nada's "Deep Love" (One Voice Records/US, Polydor/UK), featuring Ozn's lush, crooning vocals and muted trumpet improvisational solos, underscoring Deep House's progression into a genre that integrated jazz and pop songwriting structures – a feature which continued to set it apart from Acid House and Techno.

Q1: where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful?
A1: Los Angeles
Q2: what is the oldest dance club in america?
A2: Jewel's Catch One
Q3: what label did robert ozn start in 1989?
A3: One Voice Records
Q4: one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?
A4: Haunted House
Q5: dada nada was the moniker for what artist's solo act?
A5: Ozn
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention.

Q1: What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?
A1: early form of semi-cursive script
Q2: What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?
A2: semi-cursive
Q3: Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?
A3: Qiu
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland.

Q1: In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?
A1: the late Middle Ages
Q2: What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?
A2: the Collegio di Spagna
Q3: What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?
A3: the Collegium Carolinum
Q4: What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain? 
A4: the Escuelas mayores
Q5: What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland?
A5: the Collegium Maius
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]

Q1: China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?
A1: Buddhist
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Q1: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
A1: Ancient Greece
Q2: What englishman excavated pompeii?
A2: Sir William Hamilton
Q3: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
A3: Rome
Q4: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
A4: Sweden and Russia.