LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Qing_dynasty (History)

However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments.

Q1: Which empires grew during the 18th century?
A1: European states
Q2: What were the economies of the European empires built on?
A2: maritime trade
Q3: What country near China did the Europeans first control?
A3: India
Q4: What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?
A4: Canton
Q5: Which two European companies traded in Canton?
A5: British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

However, the NSA's report was completely disproved by Croatian experts. The report failed to recognize that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local Kajkavian dialect of Zagorje. The acute accent, present only in Croatian dialects, which Tito is perfectly pronouncing, is the strongest proof of Tito's belonging to Kajkavian dialect.

Q1: Experts from what country disproved the NSA's report?
A1: Croatian
Q2: What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke?
A2: Zagorje
Q3: Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tito's ethnic origins?
A3: NSA
Q4: Tito's acute accent is present only in what type of dialects?
A4: Croatian
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Q1: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
A1: Haskalah
Q2: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
A2: Talmud
Q3: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
A3: dietary laws
Q4: What are dietary laws known as?
A4: halachic practices
History_of_India (History)

However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.

Q1: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?
A1: 1001
Q2: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?
A2: Battle of Peshawar
Q3: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?
A3: committed suicide
Q4: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?
A4: Shahi dynasty
Q5: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?
A5: Mahmud of Ghazni
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran, where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a "turkey shoot". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces.

Q1: What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?
A1: US technological superiority
Q2: What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?
A2: poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale
Q3: US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?
A3: on 17 January 1991
Q4: When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?
A4: 24 February
Q5: Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?
A5: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
Madrasa (Language and literature)

However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, a natural science like astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madaris. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".

Q1: What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?
A1: Islamic religious law of sharīʻah
Q2: What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?
A2: supply religious needs
Q3: Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?
A3: the teacher
Q4: What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?
A4: Ptolemaic astronomy
Q5: What is considered the most famous madrasa?
A5: al-Azhar
Ottoman_Empire (History)

However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.

Q1: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
A1: Sultan Abdülhamid II
Q2: Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
A2: Midhat Pasha
Q3: Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?
A3: the Golden Horn
Q4: When was the Young Turk Revolution?
A4: 1908
Q5: What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?
A5: the Committee of Union and Progress
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.

Q1: Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?
A1: Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq
Q2: What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?
A2: tensions over territory in the Balkans.
Q3: Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?
A3: Serbia and Russia
Q4: Where did the Balkan wars take place?
A4: South-eastern Europe
Q5: Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?
A5: over the division of the spoils
Cyprus (Geography and places)

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.

Q1: National militants had the support of what two countries?
A1: Greece and Turkey
Q2: What was the goal of the Akritas plan?
A2: reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots
Q3: Which president called for constitutional changes?
A3: President Archbishop Makarios
Q4: Who rejected the constitutional changes proposed by President Archbishop Makarios?
A4: Turkey
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) "was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet."

Q1: Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?
A1: Ming government
Q2: What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? 
A2: 1402–1424
Q3: Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?
A3: the Yongle Emperor
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).

Q1: The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?
A1: significant others
Q2: What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?
A2: benign
Q3: What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?
A3: malign
Q4: Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?
A4: defensive contra-identification
Annelid (Natural sciences)

However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.

Q1: How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?
A1: about 25%
Q2: What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?
A2: 14%
Q3: What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?
A3: reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton
Q4: What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?
A4: jelly
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. The work, which began publication in 1751, was composed of thirty-five volumes and over 71 000 separate entries. A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail, and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high-quality survey of human knowledge. In d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, the work's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined:

Q1: What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?
A1: universal encyclopedias
Q2: What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?
A2: to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work
Q3: Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?
A3: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
Q4: In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?
A4: Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot
Q5: Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?
A5: d'Alembert's
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments.

Q1: What did the tachymetric devices do?
A1: track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles
Q2: Which system had electrical tracking?
A2: French Brocq
Q3: What gun was the French Brocq system used with?
A3: 75 mm
Q4: Which system used a pair of trackers?
A4: British Wilson-Dalby gun director
Q5: Deflection settings were also called what?
A5: aim-off
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Q1: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
A1: Halakha
Q2: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
A2: God's Law,
Q3: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
A3: "Kavod Habriyot"
Q4: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
A4: "Pikuach Nefesh"
Q5: What does halakha guide?
A5: structure of daily life
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the "sport" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class — an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis, in his essay "The World of Wrestling" from his book Mythologies, first published in 1957. Barthes argued that it should be looked at not as a scamming of the ignorant, but as spectacle; a mode of theatric performance for a willing, if bloodthirsty, audience. Wrestling is described as performed art which demands an immediate reading of the juxtaposed meanings. The logical conclusion is given least importance over the theatrical performers of the wrestlers and the referee. According to Barthes, the function of a wrestler is not to win: it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle. This work is considered a foundation of all later study.

Q1: What impact did the revelation of wrestling being "fixed" have?
A1: looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class
Q2: When was Roland Barthes book published?
A2: 1957
Q3: What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?
A3: a theatrical spectacle
Q4: What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?
A4: "The World of Wrestling"
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.

Q1: In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?
A1: solitariness
Q2: What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?
A2: "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."
Q3: What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?
A3: meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community
Q4: How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?
A4: The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
Q5: What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?
A5: the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent
Presbyterianism (History)

However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland.

Q1: In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?
A1: 1688
Q2: Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?
A2: Associate Presbytery
Q3: What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?
A3: 1929
Q4: Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?
A4: Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland