LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.

Q1: Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?
A1: Modern separation techniques
Q2: An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?
A2: nutritional content
Q3: What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?
A3: reduced
Q4: What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?
A4: enriched
Q5: Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?
A5: trans fatty acids
Dialect (Language and literature)

Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.

Q1: What language is modern standard Italian derived from?
A1: Florentine Tuscan
Q2: What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?
A2: Latin
Q3: During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?
A3: 12th
Q4: What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?
A4: upper class
Q5: From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
A5: Tuscany
Treaty (Language and literature)

Modern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved.

Q1: What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?
A1: peaceful
Q2: Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?
A2: articles
Q3: Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?
A3: their interpretation
Q4: Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?
A4: the final authentic copies
Q5: Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?
A5: disputes
Nigeria (History)

Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly.

Q1: When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?
A1: 1914
Q2: Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony?
A2: British
Q3: When did Nigeria become independent from Britain?
A3: 1960
Q4: When did a Nigerian Civil War begin?
A4: 1967
Q5: When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election?
A5: 2011
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical".

Q1: What is written in modern usage?
A1: new characters
Q2: What is one consequence of modifying radicals?
A2: fossilization
Q3: What combines "grain radical" with the "mouth radical"?
A3: "harmony, peace"
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (formerly Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) and Dawei, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.

Q1: What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?
A1: Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish
Q2: What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?
A2: Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities
Q3: Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?
A3: landlocked cities
Q4: What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma?
A4: Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein
Q5: What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?
A5: fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

Q1: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?
A1: Moisture absorption
Q2: If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?
A2: cracking
Q3: What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?
A3: 0.15%
Q4: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?
A4: 4
Q5: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?
A5: Teflon
Mammal (Natural sciences)

Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

Q1: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?
A1: DNA analysis
Q2: During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?
A2: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria
Q3: Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?
A3: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria
Botany (Natural sciences)

Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes.

Q1: How is water transported into plants?
A1: from roots
Q2: IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?
A2: as soluble ions
Q3: From where does the plant get the required minerals?
A3: chemical breakdown of soil
Q4: Where is sucrose produced in a plant?
A4: the leaves
Q5: How are hormones moved around a plant?
A5: by a variety of processes
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.

Q1: Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
A1: carbohydrates
Q2: If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?
A2: complex polysaccharides
Q3: What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?
A3: triglycerides
Q4: What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?
A4: cannot be synthesized in the body
Q5: Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?
A5: nitrogen
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

Molotov declared in his report entitled "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western "ruling circles" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring "their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war."

Q1: What was the title of Molotov’s report called?
A1: On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union
Q2: According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?
A2: extermination of Hitlerism
Q3: Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?
A3: defending democracy
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Mon, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer. Overseas Indians are 2%. The remainder are Kachin, Chin, Rohingya, Anglo-Indians, Gurkha, Nepali and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the UK. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009[update], 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand.

Q1: What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer. 
A1: 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer
Q2: Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?
A2: Anglo-Burmese
Q3: When did a mass migration of the community that  previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?
A3: 1958 onwards
Q4: Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?
A4: principally to Australia and the UK
Middle_Ages (History)

Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour. It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords.

Q1: In what century was thought given to monastic reform?
A1: 11th
Q2: In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?
A2: 909
Q3: In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?
A3: Mâcon
Q4: Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?
A4: austerity
Q5: What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?
A5: Cluniac Reforms
Middle_Ages (History)

Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony. The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms. The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors.

Q1: During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?
A1: 11th
Q2: When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?
A2: 1049
Q3: What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?
A3: Pope Gregory VII
Q4: In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?
A4: 1122
Q5: What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?
A5: German princes
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Monopole antennas consist of a single radiating element such as a metal rod, often mounted over a conducting surface, a ground plane. One side of the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the rod, and the other side to the ground plane, which may be the Earth. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole which is one-quarter of a wavelength long and has a gain of 5.12 dBi when mounted over a ground plane. Monopoles have an omnidirectional radiation pattern, so they are used for broad coverage of an area, and have vertical polarization. The ground waves used for broadcasting at low frequencies must be vertically polarized, so large vertical monopole antennas are used for broadcasting in the MF, LF, and VLF bands. Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.

Q1: Monopole antennas consist of what element?
A1: metal rod
Q2: What the most common form? 
A2: quarter-wave monopole
Q3: What are small monopoles used as?
A3: nondirectional antennas
Q4: What has vertical polarization?
A4: Monopoles
God (Philosophy and religion)

Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.

Q1: What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?
A1: polytheism
Q2: Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?
A2: iconodules
Q3: What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?
A3: tawhid
Q4: What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?
A4: Quran
Q5: What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?
A5: "oneness" or "uniqueness"
Q6: What do monotheists believe?
A6: one god
Q7: What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?
A7: Hinduism and Sikhism
Q8: What is the trinity in Christianity?
A8: one God in three persons
Q9: What do Muslims think of Christianity?
A9: comparing it to polytheism
Mandolin (Music)

Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.

Q1: What chording sound was Monroe popular for?
A1: the chop
Q2: What keys was Monroe popular for? 
A2: B and E
Q3: Who was Monroe's most influential follower?
A3: Frank Wakefield
Q4: Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?
A4: Moore of the Texas Playboys
Q5: What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?
A5: Western Swing music
Montana (Geography and places)

Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.

Q1: How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?
A1: 450
Q2: What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?
A2: Hudson Bay
Q3: Where do the watersheds divide at?
A3: Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.
Q4: What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?
A4: Pacific Ocean
Montana (Geography and places)

Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 "places", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

Q1: How many counties does Montana have?
A1: 56
Q2: What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?
A2: Billings
Q3: What two cities have a population over 50,000?
A3: Missoula and Great Falls