LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.

Q1: What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?
A1: Arab World
Q2: What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?
A2: Foreign Direct Investment
Q3: Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?
A3: global downturn
Q4: What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?
A4: lower oil prices
Q5: What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?
A5: oil prices
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.

Q1: What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?
A1: the most competitive in the world
Q2: What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?
A2: 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity
Q3: What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?
A3: 95,824 USD
Q4: How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?
A4: Europe's most innovative country
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25% of pesticide usage. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators.

Q1: How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?
A1: 18,000
Q2: What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?
A2: groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators
Q3: In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?
A3: as 25 million
Q4: Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?
A4: inadequate regulation
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs.

Q1: What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis?
A1: Stop TB Partnership
Q2: In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a "global health emergency"?
A2: 1993
Q3: How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015?
A3: 14 million
Q4: Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other?
A4: HIV-associated tuberculosis
Q5: What organization created a system to classify various types of TB?
A5: American Thoracic Society
Intellectual_property (History)

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should "focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself".

Q1: Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?
A1: World Intellectual Property Organization
Q2: When was a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" issued?
A2: 2001
Q3: Who issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property"?
A3: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Q4: Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?
A4: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Q5: When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?
A5: 2004
Uranium (Natural sciences)

The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.

Q1: What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?
A1: Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile
Q2: In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?
A2: Tennessee
Q3: Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?
A3: the Clinton Pile
Q4: In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?
A4: Idaho
Q5: On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?
A5: 20 December 1951
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by

Q1: What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?
A1: The X-ray crystal density method
Q2: The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?
A2: the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance
Q3: What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?
A3: Crystals of silicon
Q4: How is unit cell volume calculated?
A4: from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220
Q5: Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?
A5: the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

Q1: What was ASCII based on?
A1: teleprinter encoding systems
Q2: ASCII specifies correspondence between what? 
A2: digital bit patterns and character symbols
Q3: What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?
A3: communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information
Q4: How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?
A4: 11 to 25 special graphic symbols
Q5: How many codes were required for ASCII?
A5: more than 64 codes
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.

Q1: What is the name of the 360's online service?
A1: Xbox Live
Q2: What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?
A2: Xbox Live Arcade
Q3: What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?
A3: stream media
Q4: What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?
A4: the Kinect
Q5: The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?
A5: a hub for living-room computing entertainment
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe. The console's best-selling game for 2005, Call of Duty 2, sold over a million copies. Five other games sold over a million copies in the console's first year on the market: Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Dead or Alive 4, Saints Row, and Gears of War. Gears of War would become the best-selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006, before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies.

Q1: How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America?
A1: 14 games
Q2: What title was the console's best seller in 2005?
A2: Call of Duty 2
Q3: How many copies did Halo 3 sell?
A3: 8 million copies
Q4: Halo 3 was released in what year?
A4: 2007
Q5: Other than Call of Duty 2, how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360?
A5: Five
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals. The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years, and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012. The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles, making it far less dominant than its predecessor, the PlayStation 2, and it took until late in the PlayStation 3's lifespan for its sales and game titles to reach parity with the Xbox 360. TechRadar proclaimed that "Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill – a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One".

Q1: Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft?
A1: it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market
Q2: What problem hurt Nintendo's Wii console?
A2: collapse of third-party software support in its later years
Q3: The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons?
A3: due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles
Q4: What is the successor to the 360 called?
A4: Xbox One
Q5: Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era?
A5: Nintendo Wii
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4 media. The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG-4 ASP format videos. The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects, and supports audio playback, with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button. Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard, and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer.

Q1: What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch?
A1: Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4
Q2: Support for what video format was added in 2007?
A2: MPEG-4 ASP
Q3: How are music player controls accessed by 360 users?
A3: the Xbox 360 Guide button
Q4: What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows?
A4: transition effects
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox 360's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high profile titles from both first party and third party developers. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins – more than any other platform. By March 2008, the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US; the rate was 7.0 in Europe, while its competitors were 3.8 (PS3) and 3.5 (Wii), according to Microsoft. At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year. As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War, the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of titles that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives, including Devil May Cry, Ace Combat, Virtua Fighter, Grand Theft Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid : Rising, and L.A. Noire. In addition, Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007, due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3.

Q1: What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008?
A1: 7.5 games per console in the US
Q2: What are two prominent 360 exclusive franchises?
A2: the Halo franchise and Gears of War
Q3: Why were early multi-platform games considered superior on the 360?
A3: the difficulties of programming for the PS3
Q4: The 360 earned 38 nominations and 12 wins from what organization in 2007?
A4: Game Critics Awards
Q5: Microsoft hoped to have how many titles available for the 360 by the end of 2008?
A5: over 1,000
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five "Blades" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on. A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. This simplified version showed the user's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game.

Q1: What was the original user interface for the 360 called?
A1: Xbox 360 Dashboard
Q2: Who designed this user interface?
A2: AKQA and Audiobrain
Q3: The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button?
A3: the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad
Q4: How many tabs were on the 360 dashboard interface?
A4: five
Q5: The tabs on the user interface were called what?
A5: Blades
Xbox_360 (Video games)

The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add-on game content (items, costumes, levels etc.). These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live. A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace. In order to download priced content, users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip; though some products (such as trailers and demos) are free to download. Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000-point denominations. Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000-point denominations. Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website. An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace.

Q1: What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content?
A1: Xbox Live Marketplace
Q2: Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace?
A2: Free and Gold members
Q3: What hardware is required to use the Marketplace?
A3: A hard drive or memory unit
Q4: What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases?
A4: Microsoft Points
Q5: Prepaid cards for Microsoft Points are available in what denominations?
A5: 1,600 and 4,000
Somalis (Geography and places)

The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.

Q1: In the Xeer system, what are judges called?
A1: odayal
Q2: What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?
A2: jurists
Q3: What does the Xeer system call attorneys?
A3: garxajiyaal
Q4: By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?
A4: murkhaatiyal
Q5: What does the Xeer system call cops?
A5: waranle
Somalis (Geography and places)

The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. There is no evidence that it developed elsewhere or was greatly influenced by any foreign legal system. The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of loan words from foreign languages suggests that Xeer is truly indigenous.

Q1: In what century did the Xeer system begin?
A1: 7th
Q2: In what region did the Xeer system develop?
A2: the Horn of Africa
Q3: What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally?
A3: devoid of loan words
Nanjing (Geography and places)

The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base).

Q1: When was the Republic of China founded?
A1: January 1912
Q2: Who was the first president of the Republic of China?
A2: Sun Yat-sen
Q3: Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?
A3: Yuan Shikai
Han_dynasty (History)

The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC.

Q1: Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?
A1: The Xiongnu
Q2: What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?
A2: military
Q3: In what year was Nanyue annexed?
A3: 111 BC
Q4: Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?
A4: Xianbei
Q5: In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?
A5: 87 BC