LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gene (Natural sciences)

The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene.:20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.:20

Q1: The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?
A1: molecular inheritance
Q2: Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents?
A2: cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells
Q3: In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism?
A3: In asexually reproducing organisms
Q4: In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes?
A4: In sexually reproducing organisms
Q5: What are the gametes produced by females called?
A5: eggs or ova
Qing_dynasty (History)

The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.

Q1: Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?
A1: Russian
Q2: When was the Tientsin Massacre?
A2: 1870
Q3: What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?
A3: murder of French nuns
Q4: When was the Cochinchina Campaign?
A4: 1858
Q5: Which territory did France control?
A5: Indochina
Myanmar (Geography and places)

The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.

Q1: How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?
A1: The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese
Q2: Did the country have lasting monarchs?
A2: Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century
Q3: Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?
A3: The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley
Q4: In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?
A4: In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Qing_dynasty (History)

The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu people. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their official title was Emperor they were known as khans to the Mongols and patronized Tibetan Buddhism, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in international relations, and in places such as Taiwan, the Qing so-called internal foreign policy closely resembled colonial policy and control.

Q1: Who started the Manchun dynasty?
A1: Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan
Q2: Where did this dynasty form?
A2: Manchuria
Q3: Name a peasant rebel leader?
A3: Li Zicheng
Q4: Where was the ming capital?
A4: Beijing
Q5: What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?
A5: Shanhai Pass
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]

Q1: Who were generally temporal rulers?
A1: French kings
History_of_science (History)

The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.

Q1: What are early Greek philosophers known as?
A1: pre-Socratics
Q2: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
A2: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?
Q3: Who was named "the father of science"?
A3: Thales
Q4: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
A4: Poseidon
Q5: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
A5: Samos
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."

Q1: The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?
A1: Prajñāpāramitā
Q2: Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?
A2: 1st century BCE
Q3: Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?
A3: Āndhra
Tibet (Geography and places)

The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

Q1: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?
A1: Amdo region
Q2: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?
A2: western Tibet
Q3: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?
A3: Zhang Zhung
Q4: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?
A4: Drigum Tsenpo
Q5: Who was the first factual king of Tibet?
A5: Songtsän Gampo
Iran (Geography and places)

The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

Q1: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
A1: the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC
Q2: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
A2: the Zagros region
Q3: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
A3: 10th to 8th millennium BC
Q4: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
A4: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran
Mammal (Natural sciences)

The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.

Q1: When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?
A1: 164 million years ago
Q2: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
A2: 1950s
Q3: Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
A3: Jurassic
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.

Q1: What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?
A1: oracle bones
Q2: Where were the symbols carved on?
A2: pieces of bone and turtle shell
Q3: Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?
A3: village near Anyang in Henan Province
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

Q1: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?
A1: four canonical gospels
Q2: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?
A2: New Testament epistles
Q3: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?
A3: three
Q4: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?
A4: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection
Q5: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?
A5: hour-by-hour account
Gramophone_record (Music)

The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler, which meant finely pulverized rock, usually slate and limestone, with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength, carbon black for color (without this, it tended to be a "dirty" gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive), and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture. Some makers, notably Columbia Records, used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber. The production of shellac records continued until the end of the 78 rpm format (i.e., the late 1950s in most developed countries, but well into the 1960s in some other places), but increasingly less abrasive formulations were used during its declining years and very late examples in truly like-new condition can have as low noise levels as vinyl.

Q1: What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?
A1: hard rubber
Q2: What was the standard material for discs around 1895?
A2: a shellac-based compound
Q3: What company was known for laminate construction of discs?
A3: Columbia Records
Q4: What material give the vinyl records their known black color?
A4: carbon
Q5: What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?
A5: lubricant
Bird (Natural sciences)

The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true birds come from the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, but the dates for the actual splits are much debated by scientists. The Aves are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Cenozoic radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Q1: What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?
A1: Galloanserae
Q2: What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?
A2: Galloanserae
Q3: Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?
A3: Anseriformes
Q4: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?
A4: Galliformes
Sumer (History)

The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).

Q1: What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?
A1: Etana
Q2: What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?
A2: Kish
Q3: Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?
A3: Enmebaragesi
Q4: Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?
A4: Gilgamesh epic
Q5: What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?
A5: increased war
Cotton (Natural sciences)

The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.

Q1: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?
A1: Mehrgarh, Pakistan
Q2: To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?
A2: Neolithic
Q3: When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?
A3: 3300 and 1300 BCE
Q4: Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?
A4: industrialization
Q5: During what time did cotton become widely used in India?
A5: 2000 and 1000 BC
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

Q1: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
A1: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado
Q2: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
A2: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC
Q3: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
A3: corn
Q4: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
A4: 2000 BC
Greece (Geography and places)

The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Q1: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
A1: 270,000 BC
Q2: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
A2: Petralona cave
Q3: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
A3: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
Q4: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
A4: 7th millennium BC
Q5: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
A5: farming
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520–485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.

Q1: What period ran from 520-485 BC?
A1: late archaic period
Q2: What was the harbour of Athens?
A2: Piraeus
Q3: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?
A3: the bow
Q4: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?
A4: a cup of pouring libation
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

Q1: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?
A1: Vác
Q2: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?
A2: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval
Q3: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?
A3: Charles Moreau
Q4: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?
A4: József Hild