LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth_II (History)

In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.

Q1: What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?
A1: republicanism
Q2: What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?
A2: Charles and Diana's marriage
Q3: In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?
A3: high
Q4: What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?
A4: monarchy
Q5: When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?
A5: December 1995
Multiracial_American (History)

In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

Q1: What is the one-drop rule?
A1: defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry
Q2: What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
A2: "the traceable amount rule."
Q3: What is a hypodesecnt rule?
A3: meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group
Q4: When was the one-drop rule in effect?
A4: in the early 20th century
Q5: What is the one-drop rule?
A5: black, persons with any known African ancestry.
Q6: What is the hypodescent rule?
A6: racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
Q7: Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
A7: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation
Q8: What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
A8: it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.
Q9: In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
A9: persons with any known African ancestry
Q10: Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
A10: judging a person by appearance and association.
Q11: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
A11: a hypodescent rule
Q12: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
A12: the one-drop rule
Q13: What was the rule in the 1800s called?
A13: the traceable amount rule
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.

Q1: Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?
A1: Liberal Government
Q2: Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?
A2: Keir Hardie
Q3: How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?
A3: one vote
Q4: Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?
A4: David Shackleton
Cubism (Art and architecture)

In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.

Q1: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? 
A1: dynamism
Q2: What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? 
A2: hexagonal
Q3: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?
A3: dynamism and expressive plasticity
God (Philosophy and religion)

In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

Q1: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?
A1: theism
Q2: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?
A2: the creator, but not the sustainer
Q3: Which belief is that God is the universe?
A3: pantheism
Q4: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?
A4: atheism
Q5: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?
A5: agnosticism
Q6: What is God in theism?
A6: creator and sustainer of the universe
Q7: What is God in deism?
A7: the creator
Q8: What is monotheism?
A8: belief in the existence of one God
Q9: What is atheism?
A9: God is not believed to exist
Szlachta (History)

In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure".

Q1: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?
A1: equals
Q2: Was was unique about the dignities?
A2: not hereditary
Q3: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
A3: ritual
Q4: Nobles held land form whom?
A4: other lords were only peers "de iure"
Dutch_Republic (History)

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Q1: Who appointed the stadtholders?
A1: the states of each province
Q2: Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
A2: the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent
Q3: Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
A3: Zeeland and usually Utrecht
Comprehensive_school (Social sciences and society)

In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.

Q1: How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?
A1: 164
Q2: In what year were comprehensive schools first created?
A2: 1965
Database (Engineering and technology)

In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user.

Q1: Who proposed using a table to store data?
A1: Codd
Q2: How is data accessed in a table?
A2: A linked-list system
Q3: What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?
A3: relational
Q4: What system assists a user in seeing a table?
A4: DBMS
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism.

Q1: By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?
A1: Ashkenazi Jews
Q2: When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?
A2: children inherit a Sephardic identity
Q3: A convert generally follows which practice?
A3: the practice of the beth din that converted him or her
Education (Philosophy and religion)

In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.

Q1: Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?
A1: Friedrich Fröbel's
Q2: Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?
A2: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Q3: Who were the founders of progressive education?
A3: John Dewey and Francis Parker
Computer (Engineering and technology)

In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Q1: The network spread to be known as what today?
A1: the Internet.
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.

Q1: What was the dominant form of written communication?
A1: Literary Chinese
Q2: What is treated as being conservative and confucian?
A2: Chinese characters
Q3: What comes directly from China?
A3: science and sociology
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

In total, 156 prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015. Death penalty opponents often argue that this statistic shows how perilously close states have come to undertaking wrongful executions; proponents point out that the statistic refers only to those exonerated in law, and that the truly innocent may be a smaller number. Statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed.

Q1: Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?
A1: 156
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

Q1: Most town people lived in what type of houses?
A1: terraced houses
Q2: What was used to protect the "area"?
A2: iron railings
Q3: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?
A3: main reception rooms
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.

Q1: During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?
A1: property developers
Q2: Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?
A2: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol
Q3: What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?
A3: a square of garden
Q4: What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?
A4: all over the English-speaking world
Q5: What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?
A5: generally high
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.

Q1: How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?
A1: 82
Q2: What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?
A2: Forum Stadtpark
Gymnastics (Sports and recreation)

In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets.

Q1: What do athletes perform for tumbling?
A1: an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track
Q2: When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?
A2: 1932
Q3: Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?
A3: only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets
Q4: What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?
A4: 1999
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.

Q1: When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?
A1: nineteenth century
Q2: What made binding precedent a possibility?
A2: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing
Q3: What can invalidate the rule of law?
A3: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability
Q4: Why was the rule of precedent allowed?
A4: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided
Q5: How is a court hierarchy established?
A5: the Judiciary Acts
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The permeability of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.

Q1: What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?
A1: Some oils and greases
Q2: How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?
A2: parallel
Q3: What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?
A3: stainless steel or titanium
Q4: What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?
A4: water absorption
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Q1: What language is parle or tem ?
A1: Valencian
Q2: What language  is parlo or temo ?
A2: Northwestern
Q3: What language is parl?
A3: Balearic
Q4: What language form is parli?
A4: Northern