LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Infection (Natural sciences)

Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with polio develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The prion causing mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.

Q1: Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host?
A1: damage
Q2: What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?
A2: toxins
Q3: What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?
A3: paralyzes muscles
Q4: What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?
A4: staphylococcus
Q5: What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?
A5: less than 5%
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork "contraption", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: "Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech." He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!"[N 7]

Q1: By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?
A1: electrical
Q2: What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?
A2: consonants
Q3: What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?
A3: German
Q4: What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?
A4: electricity
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Disqualification (sometimes abbreviated as "DQ") occurs when a wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically. Although a countout can technically be considered a disqualification (as it is, for all intents and purposes, an automatic loss suffered as a result of violating a match rule), the two concepts are often distinct in wrestling. A no disqualification match can still end by countout (although this is rare); typically, a match must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term, in order for both disqualifications and countouts to be waived.[citation needed]

Q1: What else is disqualification called?
A1: DQ
Q2: How can a wrestler be disqualified? 
A2: wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically
Q3: In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? 
A3: must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term
Crimean_War (History)

Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400–402, 406–408

Q1: On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?
A1: Trafalgar Square
Q2: How did troops stop the riot?
A2: with truncheons
Q3: What were the people using during the protest?
A3: snowballs
Q4: Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?
A4: Aberdeen
Q5: What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?
A5: Foreign Secretary
Black_people (Language and literature)

Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Q1: Who is seeking minority status from the government?
A1: African-Iraquis
Q2: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
A2: Parliament
Q3: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
A3: as Arab
Q4: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
A4: Distinctive and self-identified black communities
Q5: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
A5: Alamin M. Mazrui et al.
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

Q1: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?
A1: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns
Q2: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?
A2: columns, piers and arches
Q3: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?
A3: 691
Q4: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?
A4: Dome of the Rock mosque
Q5: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
A5: 17th century
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as "a scriptural divorce". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms "absolute endangerment of spirituality" are considered grounds for legal separation.

Q1: What is Jehovah Witnesses' view of divorce?
A1: discouraged
Q2: What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness?
A2: adultery
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?
A3: adulterous
Q4: Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?
A4: legal separation
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by Père Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin González (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]

Q1: What school publishes the Revue Biblique?
A1: Biblical school at Jerusalem
Q2: How many students does the University of Fribourg have?
A2: 250
Q3: When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?
A3: 1890
Q4: What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?
A4: Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Q5: What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?
A5: Père Thomas Coconnier
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the religion's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization". It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil" and would "cause division". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".

Q1: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
A1: the Governing Body
Q2: What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?
A2: dissent
Q3: What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?
A3: expelled and shunned
Q4: Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?
A4: part of "God's organization"
Q5: Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?
A5: Satan the Devil
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Documentary filmmakers have studied the lives of wrestlers and the effects the profession has on them and their families. The 1999 theatrical documentary Beyond the Mat focused on Terry Funk, a wrestler nearing retirement; Mick Foley, a wrestler within his prime; Jake Roberts, a former star fallen from grace; and a school of wrestling student trying to break into the business. The 2005 release Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling chronicled the development of women's wrestling throughout the 20th century. Pro wrestling has been featured several times on HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. MTV's documentary series True Life featured two episodes titled "I'm a Professional Wrestler" and "I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler". Other documentaries have been produced by The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Professional Wrestling) and A&E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Bloodstained Memoirs explored the careers of several pro wrestlers, including Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper.

Q1: Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?
A1: Documentary filmmakers
Q2: When did Beyond the Mat come out? 
A2: 1999
Q3: Who hosts Real Sports?
A3: Bryant Gumbel
Q4: Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?
A4: Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.

Q1: Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?
A1: 9,000–30,000 years BCE
Q2: Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?
A2: humans.
Q3: What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?
A3: social-cognitive skills of human children
Q4: Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?
A4: humans.
Q5: Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?
A5: humans.
Q6: What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?
A6: Dog behavior
Q7: More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?
A7: understand and communicate
Q8: Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?
A8: human children
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dog communication is about how dogs "speak" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.

Q1: What is gustatory communication include in dogs?
A1: scents, pheromones and taste
Q2: People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?
A2: hand signals
Q3: Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?
A3: Dog communication
Q4: In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?
A4: hand signals
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.

Q1: What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?
A1: Rico
Q2: What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?
A2: Chaser
Q3: In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?
A3: gesturing and pointing
Q4: What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?
A4: Australian dingos
Q5: What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?
A5: to solve their problems for them.
Q6: Perceiving information and retaining it is what?
A6: intelligence
Q7: How many labels does Rico the dog know?
A7: over 200
Q8: What kind of memory skills do dogs have?
A8: advanced
Q9: How many words did Chaser know?
A9: over 1,000
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.

Q1: Where do some people eat dogs?
A1: East Asian countries
Q2: In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?
A2: taboo.
Q3: In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?
A3: dog fat
Q4: What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?
A4: western hypocrisy
Q5: The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?
A5: taboo
Q6: Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?
A6: medicinal properties
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.

Q1: Dogs can have the same health issues as who?
A1: humans
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.

Q1: Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?
A1: height and weight.
Q2: What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?
A2: English Mastiff
Q3: What is the biggest known dog?
A3: English Mastiff
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.

Q1: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?
A1: 58 to 68 days
Q2: What is the average length of dog pregnancy?
A2: 63 days
Q3: What is the average number of pups in a litter?
A3: about six
Q4: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?
A4: one to four
Q5: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?
A5: 63 days
Q6: What is the average number of pups per litter?
A6: six
Q7: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?
A7: one to four
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.

Q1: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?
A1: man's best friend
Q2: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?
A2: hunt
Q3: Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?
A3: nets
Q4: Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?
A4: Laika
Q5: What breed was Laika?
A5: husky-terrier mix
Q6: What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?
A6: man's best friend
Q7: What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?
A7: pointers and hounds
Q8: Some dogs help fishermen with what?
A8: nets
Q9: What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?
A9: Laika
Q10: What year was the first dog sent into space?
A10: 1957
Dog (Natural sciences)

Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.

Q1: What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?
A1: man's best friend
Q2: What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?
A2: man's best friend
Q3: Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?
A3: meat
United_States_dollar (History)

Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.

Q1: When were silver dollars first minted?
A1: 1794
Q2: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?
A2: President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Q3: Which coin was introduced in 1979?
A3: Susan B. Anthony dollar
Q4: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?
A4: Sacagawea
Q5: In which century were gold dollars minted?
A5: 19th