LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data. Geographically based human studies since have shown that such genetic clusters can be derived from analyzing of a large number of loci which can assort individuals sampled into groups analogous to traditional continental racial groups. Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood. However, Risch denied such limitations render the analysis useless: "Perhaps just using someone's actual birth year is not a very good way of measuring age. Does that mean we should throw it out? ... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility."

Q1: What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?
A1: characteristic genetic patterns
Q2: What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?
A2: phenotypic variations between groups
Q3: How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?
A3: poorly
Q4: Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?
A4: imperfect
Q5: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?
A5: utility
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.

Q1: When did Kerry run for president?
A1: 2004
Q2: Who was Kerry's running mate?
A2: John Edwards
Q3: How much did Kerry lose by?
A3: 35 electoral votes
Q4: Who was Bush's running mate?
A4: Dick Cheney
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique – in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or "thisness" – what the Scholastics called its haecceity – that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.

Q1: Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?
A1: Peirce
Q2: When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?
A2: 1903
Q3: What is 'haecceity'?
A3: unique individuality or "thisness"
Q4: What did Irvin Rock write about?
A4: indirect perception
Q5: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?
A5: in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.

Q1: In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?
A1: 14th century
Q2: What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?
A2: Stoic physics
Q3: What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?
A3: a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself
Q4: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?
A4: 13th and 14th
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are less self-determining—than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken.

Q1: When was Science of Logic written?
A1: 1812–1814
Q2: Who was the author of Science of Logic?
A2: Hegel
Q3: Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?
A3: less self-determining
Q4: Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?
A4: ethical communities
Q5: What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?
A5: materialism
Samurai (Language and literature)

In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

Q1: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
A1: William Scott Wilson
Q2: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
A2: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari
Q3: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
A3: the Heike Monogatari
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

Q1: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
A1: Frederick Zugibe
Q2: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
A2: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus
Q3: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
A3: carried out a number of experiments over several years
Q4: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
A4: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging
Q5: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
A5: amount of pull and the corresponding pain
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them". For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason". Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."

Q1: In what year was the book humanism published?
A1: 1997
Q2: In what century was the horrific wars?
A2: 20th century
Q3: What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?
A3: humanism
Q4: Who wrote the book humanism?
A4: Tony Davies
Pain (Language and literature)

In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails).

Q1: Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?
A1: Richard Dawkins
Q2: What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?
A2: drives
Q3: What would be the most fit creature?
A3: one whose pains are well balanced
Q4: What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?
A4: risk
Q5: What type of designer is natural selection?
A5: poor
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.

Q1: Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?
A1: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Q2: How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? 
A2: 13 million
Q3: What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?
A3: over $2 trillion
Q4: How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?
A4: 6
Q5: Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?
A5: HUD
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).

Q1: Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?
A1: Communists
Q2: The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?
A2: a coup
Q3: Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?
A3: historicism
Q4: Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?
A4: Béla Kun
Q5: What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?
A5: class struggle
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for both northern Germany and central and southwestern Germany. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from Cuxhaven to Lüchow-Dannenberg) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg.

Q1: What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his  28 October 1969 address?
A1: Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order
Q2: Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his  28 October 1969 address?
A2: Bonn
Q3: An expert commission was established under which chairman?
A3: Werner Ernst
Q4: When did the expert commission deliver its report?
A4: the district of Germersheim
Q5: Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?
A5: Baden-Württemberg
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.

Q1: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?
A1: indirect
Q2: What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?
A2: his love life and his early death
Q3: In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?
A3: Romantic era
Q4: In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?
A4: films and biographies
Q5: Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?
A5: France
Q6: Chopin is a native of what country?
A6: Poland
Q7: He had a non-direct association with what?
A7: political insurrection
Q8: Chopin is closely associated with what era?
A8: Romantic era
Q9: Where did Chopin create most of his works?
A9: France
Q10: Chopin was indirectly related to what?
A10: political insurrection
Q11: Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?
A11: Romantic era
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

In his role as god of prophecy and truth, Apollo had the epithets Manticus (/ˈmæntᵻkəs/ MAN-ti-kəs; Μαντικός, Mantikos, literally "prophetic"), Leschenorius (/ˌlɛskᵻˈnɔəriəs/ LES-ki-NOHR-ee-əs; Λεσχηνόριος, Leskhēnorios, from λεσχήνωρ, "converser"), and Loxias (/ˈlɒksiəs/ LOK-see-əs; Λοξίας, Loxias, from λέγειν, "to say"). The epithet "Loxias" has historically been associated with λοξός, "ambiguous". In this respect, the Romans called him Coelispex (/ˈsɛlᵻspɛks/ SEL-i-speks; from Latin coelum, "sky", and specere, "to look at"). The epithet Iatromantis (/aɪˌætrəˈmæntɪs/ eye-AT-rə-MAN-tis; Ἰατρομάντις, Iātromantis, from ἰατρός, "physician", and μάντις, "prophet") refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy. As god of music and arts, Apollo had the epithet Musagetes (/mjuːˈsædʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric Μουσαγέτας, Mousāgetās) or Musegetes (/mjuːˈsɛdʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SEJ-i-teez; Μουσηγέτης, Mousēgetēs, from Μούσα, "Muse", and ἡγέτης, "leader").

Q1: Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?
A1: Loxias
Q2: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?
A2: Musagetes
Q3: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?
A3: Manticus
Q4: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?
A4: Iatromantis
John_Kerry (Warfare)

In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale.

Q1: What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?
A1: President of the Union
Q2: What secret society did Kerry join?
A2: Skull and Bones Society
Q3: What country did Kerry visit as a student?
A3: Switzerland
Q4: Who was Kerry's most influential professor?
A4: H. Bradford Westerfield
Q5: What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?
A5: Chairman of the Liberal Party
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,

Q1: What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?
A1: 1398–1402
Q2: Who aided the Yongle Emperor?
A2: the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao
Q3: Who was Yongle Emperor's father?
A3: the Hongwu Emperor
Q4: When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?
A4: March 10, 1403
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

Q1: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
A1: "On the Jews and Their Lies"
Q2: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
A2: blasphemous
Q3: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
A3: Jewish circumcision
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school, and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments, Tito would not enter a church again. As an adult, he frequently declared that he was an atheist.

Q1: What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?
A1: atheist
Q2: What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?
A2: Catholic
Q3: What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest's vestments?
A3: slapped and shouted at
Q4: After being yelled at by a priest as a child, what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again?
A4: church
Brain (Natural sciences)

In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb, which is involved in the sense of smell, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories. With these exceptions, however, the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life. Glial cells are different: as with most types of cells in the body, they are generated throughout the lifespan.

Q1: The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?
A1: neurons
Q2: The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?
A2: sense of smell
Q3: What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?
A3: dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Q4: Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?
A4: Glial cells
Q5: Neurogenesis is the process of what?
A5: neurons continue to be generated throughout life