LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Presbyterianism (History)

In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census. Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church. There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang. Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies. The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times.

Q1: How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?
A1: 600,000
Q2: Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?
A2: The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia
Q3: Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?
A3: 1859 and 1870, and in 1901
Royal_assent (History)

In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.

Q1: The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?
A1: Governor-General
Q2: Why did this occur?
A2: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
Q3: What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?
A3: revoked the first assent
Q4: This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?
A4: 2001
Q5: What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?
A5: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
Q6: After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?
A6: 2001
Q7: What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?
A7: it had not been passed by each house
Q8: How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?
A8: The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

Q1: What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?
A1: a purpose relating to a public good
Q2: When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?
A2: 1976
Q3: When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?
A3: 1985
Q4: What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?
A4: incorporated association
Q5: Who covers incorporated associations or councils?
A5: Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.

Q1: What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?
A1: spill motion
Royal_assent (History)

In Australia, the formal ceremony of granting assent in parliament has not been regularly used since the early 20th century. Now, the bill is sent to the governor-general's residence by the house in which it originated. The governor-general then signs the bill, sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who notify their respective houses of the governor-general's action. A similar practice is followed in New Zealand, where the governor-general has not personally granted the Royal Assent in parliament since 1875.

Q1: In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?
A1: 1875
Q2: Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?
A2: Australia
Q3: Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?
A3: President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). The Supreme Court (Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)), stands at the top of Austria's system of "ordinary courts" (ordentliche Gerichte) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law.

Q1: What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?
A1: the Austrian Constitution of 1920
Q2: What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?
A2: Constitutional Court
Q3: What is the German word for this constitutional high court?
A3: Verfassungsgerichtshof
Q4: What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?
A4: the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights
Q5: The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?
A5: Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)
History_of_science (History)

In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."

Q1: Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?
A1: scribes
Q2: Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?
A2: in Western calendars
Q3: Who was Kidinnu?
A3: a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician
Q4: Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?
A4: A. Aaboe
Q5: Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?
A5: today's calendars
Royal_assent (History)

In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned—as any other act of the monarch—by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers "on behalf of the Belgian People". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.

Q1: What is royal assent called in Belgium?
A1: sanction royale
Q2: Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
A2: Council of Ministers
Q3: Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
A3: King Baudouin
Q4: Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?
A4: both houses of parliament
Bern (Geography and places)

In Bern, about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.

Q1: What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education?
A1: 39.2%
Q2: What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education?
A2: 18.9%
Q3: The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people?
A3: Swiss men
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.

Q1: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?
A1: 62%
Q2: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?
A2: 3.7%
Q3: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?
A3: 66.4%
Q4: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?
A4: 36
Q5: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?
A5: fifty
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood."  But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).

Q1: Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?
A1: St. Augustine
Q2: What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?
A2: the difficulty
Q3: Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? 
A3: Augustine
Q4: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
A4: the knowledge of the movement of things
Q5: Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
A5: where there are no creatures to measure its passing
Time (Philosophy and religion)

In Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions. However, Augustine ends up calling time a “distention” of the mind (Confessions 11.26) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by expectation.

Q1: Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?
A1: St. Augustine of Hippo
Q2: By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?
A2: by what it is not rather than what it is
Q3: What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?
A3: a “distention” of the mind
Presbyterianism (History)

In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131 000 members as of 2011. The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries. The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Karl McIntosh and the Bible Presbyterian church USA and has around 1 800 members. The Independent Presbyterian Church in Brasil was founded in 1903 by pastor Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75 000 members. The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil has around 4 000 members. There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country. The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin. The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (liberated).

Q1: How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?
A1: 1,011,300
Q2: As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?
A2: 131 000
Q3: When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?
A3: 1940
Q4: What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?
A4: The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases involving members of congress, senators, ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic. The Superior Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justiça) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) reviews cases involving labour law. The Superior Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) is the court of last resort of electoral law, and also oversees general elections. The Superior Military Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Militar) is the highest court in matters of federal military law.

Q1: What is the highest court in Brazil?
A1: Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)
Q2: What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?
A2: cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases
Q3: Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?
A3: cases involving members of congress, senators
Q4: What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?
A4: ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic
Q5: What is Brazil's high court for labor law?
A5: The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)
Federalism (History)

In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.

Q1: When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?
A1: 1889
Q2: Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?
A2: military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.
Q3: When did Brazil adopt federalism? 
A3: 1891
Q4: What other system does Brazil use? 
A4: Fonseca system
Q5: What is the fonseca system? 
A5: regulate interstate trade
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80’s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80’s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

Q1: What is the min working age in Brazil?
A1: fourteen
Q2: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?
A2: 1998
Q3: Is there underage children working in Brazil?
A3: there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil
Q4: In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
A4: almost nine million
Neoclassical_architecture (Art and architecture)

In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.

Q1: Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?
A1: Prince Charles
Q2: What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?
A2: Qatari Royal family
Q3: What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?
A3: Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College
Q4: What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?
A4: ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library
Q5: Is neoclassical design current in Britain?
A5: a number of architects are active in the neoclassical
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences.

Q1: Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI
A1: Royal Navy
Q2: Who protected airfields in WWII?
A2: RAF Regiment
Q3: The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?
A3: Cold War
Q4: What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?
A4: 2004
Q5: What was disbanded in 1955?
A5: British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command