LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pacific_War (History)

U.S. submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest. US submariners also claimed 28% of Japanese warships destroyed. Furthermore, they played important reconnaissance roles, as at the battles of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) and Leyte Gulf (October 1944) (and, coincidentally,[clarification needed] at Midway in June 1942), when they gave accurate and timely warning of the approach of the Japanese fleet. Submarines also rescued hundreds of downed fliers, including future U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

Q1: What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines?
A1: 56%
Q2: What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?
A2: 28%
Q3: What future U.S. president was rescued by a submarine?
A3: George H.W. Bush
Q4: What was one of the important roles submarine played in the war?
A4: reconnaissance roles
Pacific_War (History)

U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941–42); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy. Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded.

Q1: What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?
A1: submarines
Q2: What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?
A2: two percent
Q3: What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?
A3: strangled Japan
Q4: What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?
A4: virtually stranded
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.

Q1: To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?
A1: UCLA
Q2: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?
A2: Stanford Law Review
Q3: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?
A3: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school
Q4: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?
A4: eight percent
Q5: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
A5: Proposition 209
Korean_War (Warfare)

UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.

Q1: What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?
A1: their march and bivouac discipline
Q2: What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?
A2: remain motionless
Q3: How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?
A3: 19
Q4: What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?
A4: shoot security violators
Q5: When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?
A5: 19:00–03:00
Korean_War (Warfare)

UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.

Q1: Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?
A1: The PVA had outrun its logistics capability
Q2: What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?
A2: PVA had abandoned their battle lines
Q3: What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?
A3: UN Command's air superiority
Q4: What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?
A4: Wonju
Q5: How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?
A5: on foot and bicycle
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.

Q1: When did UNFPA begin its work?
A1: 1969
Q2: What was UNFPA's original name?
A2: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
Q3: When did the organization change its name?
A3: 1987
Q4: UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?
A4: United Nations Development Fund
Q5: When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?
A5: 1971
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.  

Q1: UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?
A1: forced-abortions
Q2: UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?
A2: sterilizations
Q3: What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?
A3: anti-family planning groups
Q4: Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?
A4: three
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:

Q1: UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?
A1: population and reproductive health programs
Q2: In how many countries does UNFPA operate?
A2: 150
Q3: In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?
A3: non-governmental organizations
Q4: What supports UNFPA's work?
A4: the international community
Q5: The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?
A5: young people
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices. 

Q1: During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?
A1: the mid-to-late '90s
Q2: Peru was found to have been coercing what?
A2: sterilizations
Q3: UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?
A3: reforms and protocols
Q4: UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?
A4: women seeking assistance
Q5: After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?
A5: laws and practices
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.

Q1: UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?
A1: women and young people
Q2: With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?
A2: governments
Q3: With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?
A3: United Nations agencies
Q4: In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?
A4: raise awareness
Q5: Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?
A5: communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector
United_Nations_Population_Fund (Social sciences and society)

UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.

Q1: Which country was administering forced abortions?
A1: China
Q2: How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?
A2: three
Q3: Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?
A3: the State Department
Central_Intelligence_Agency (Geography and places)

US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions." This task fell to the 228 overseas personnel covering Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

Q1: Who created the Office of Special Operations?
A1: Hoyt Vandenberg
Q2: What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?
A2: $15 million
Q3: Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?
A3: the Soviet forces
Q4: What does ORE stand for?
A4: Office of Reports and Estimates
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu. Eighteen American soldiers were killed, and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob. Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000–5,000 total casualties during the conflict. After much public disapproval, American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton. The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention. The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle, and was the basis for the later movie of the same name.

Q1: In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?
A1: Somalia
Q2: What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?
A2: Mohamed Farrah Aidid
Q3: In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?
A3: Mogadishu
Q4: How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?
A4: Eighteen
Q5: What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?
A5: Black Hawk Down
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

USAF rank is divided between enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers, and ranges from the enlisted Airman Basic (E-1) to the commissioned officer rank of General (O-10). Enlisted promotions are granted based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval while officer promotions are based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board. Promotions among enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers are generally designated by increasing numbers of insignia chevrons. Commissioned officer rank is designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars (one to five stars in war-time).[citation needed]

Q1: What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? 
A1: enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers
Q2: How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided? 
A2: based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval
Q3: How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided?
A3: based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board
Q4: How is a Commissioned Officer's rank shown?
A4: designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips.

Q1: USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?
A1: chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0
Q2: What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?
A2: the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB
Q3: When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum
A3: 2007
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.

Q1:  a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?
A1: to perform split transactions
Q2:  Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?
A2: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth
Q3: How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?
A3: 12 bits
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D− and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.

Q1: What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?
A1: a special protocol
Q2: What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?
A2: chirping
Q3:  A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?
A3: an FS device (D+ pulled high)
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192 000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).

Q1: How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?
A1: 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed
Q2: What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?
A2: 26 ns
Q3: What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?
A3: cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it), as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces. SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces, and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires, usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors.

Q1: USB connections come in what?
A1: five data transfer modes
Q2: What is High Speed only supported by?
A2: specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces
Q3: SuperSpeed is only supported by?
A3: USB 3.0 and newer interfaces
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is always an error. USB 3.0 has introduced additional data transmission encodings.

Q1: How is the USB data transmitted?
A1: by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state
Q2: What does USB use to encode data?
A2: the NRZI line coding
Q3: To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions  remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?
A3: bit stuffing
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed.

Q1: What is a pipe?
A1: a connection from the host controller to a logical entity
Q2: A USB connection is based on what?
A2: pipes (logical channels)
Q3: What is a pipe named at?
A3: an endpoint
Q4: Where do pipes correspond?
A4: 1-to-1 to endpoints
Q5: How many endpoints can a USB device have?
A5: up to 32 endpoints
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.

Q1: What do USB's implement connections to?
A1: storage devices
Q2: What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?
A2: the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)
Q3: What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?
A3: extension
Q4: Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?
A4: maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.
USB (Engineering and technology)

USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D− in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D− signals are transmitted on a twisted pair, providing half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.

Q1: What is USB?
A1: a serial bus
Q2: What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?
A2: four shielded wires
Q3: What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?
A3: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals