LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John,_King_of_England (History)

The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place – as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoulême. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]

Q1: How long did the new peace last?
A1: two years
Q2: When was John's decision to marry Isabella?
A2: August 1200
Q3: John acquired key land between Poitou and where?
A3: Gascony
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy. In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.

Q1: What was the "Oil Capital of the World"?
A1: Tulsa
Q2: What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?
A2: oil
Q3: Who was the "Father of Route 66"?
A3: Cyrus Avery
Q4: When did Route 66 begin?
A4: 1927
Q5: Where was the Highway 66 Association based?
A5: Tulsa
Paris (Geography and places)

The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

Q1: How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?
A1: 210
Q2: Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?
A2: Patrick Ollier
Q3: What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?
A3: Rueil-Malmaison
Q4: What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?
A4: Republican
Q5: What is the budget for Metropole?
A5: 65 million Euros
USB (Engineering and technology)

The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle. Features intended to accomplish include, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear instead of the more expensive micro-USB device. However the idea that these changes did in fact make the connector more durable in real world use has been widely disputed, with many contending that they are in fact, much less durable.

Q1: What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?
A1: a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion
Q2: What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?
A2: 1,500
Q3: After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?
A3: on the cable side of the connection
Q4: Why was the change made for the USB device?
A4: so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear
Qing_dynasty (History)

The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor. However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels. The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with the King of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.

Q1: When did Beijing fall?
A1: June 6
Q2: What was the Shunzi Emperor called?
A2: "Son of Heaven"
Q3: When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?
A3: October 30
Q4: How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?
A4: seventeen years
Q5: Who did the Manchus struggle against?
A5: Ming loyalists
Gramophone_record (Music)

The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to help override noise in playback. Groove cuts in the vertical plane were employed rather than the usual lateral cuts. The chief advantage claimed was more grooves per inch that could be crowded together, resulting in longer playback time. Additionally, the problem of inner groove distortion, which plagued lateral cuts, could be avoided with the vertical cut system. Wax masters were made by flowing heated wax over a hot metal disc thus avoiding the microscopic irregularities of cast blocks of wax and the necessity of planing and polishing.

Q1: What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?
A1: longer playback time
Q2: What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?
A2: inner groove distortion
Q3: How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type?
A3: didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing
Q4: How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?
A4: override noise in playback
Q5: How was wax used to improve recordings?
A5: avoiding the microscopic irregularities
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of New York, captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca, sailing under British colours, which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti, which he named Ellice's Island after an English Politician, Edward Ellice, the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo. The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay.

Q1: When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?
A1: May 1819
Q2: Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?
A2: Nukufetau and Funafuti
Q3: What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?
A3: Ellice's Island
Q4: For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?
A4: Edward Ellice
Q5: After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?
A5: all nine islands
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952.

Q1: The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?
A1: Geoffrey W.A. Dummer
Q2: Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?
A2: Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence
Napoleon (History)

The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.

Q1: In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?
A1: 1796
Q2: After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?
A2: Vienna
Q3: What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?
A3: the Battle of Tarvis
Q4: When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?
A4: March 1797
Q5: Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?
A5: 100 km
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Wojtyła was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa. This became the last of Paul VI's consistories before his death in August 1978. Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."[citation needed]

Q1: How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?
A1: three
Q2: Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?
A2: Joseph Ratzinger
Q3: What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?
A3: Karol Wojtyła
Q4: In what year did Paul VI die?
A4: 1978
Q5: What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?
A5: John Paul I
History_of_India (History)

The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]

Q1: In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?
A1: Ceylon
Q2: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?
A2: port of Surat
Q3: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?
A3: French
Q4: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?
A4: internal conflicts
Q5: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?
A5: British
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.

Q1: Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?
A1: Warner Music Group
Q2: Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?
A2: Maverick
Q3: Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?
A3: Madonna and Ronnie Dashev
Q4: Maverick became a wholly owned  subsidiary of which company?
A4: Warner Music
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years over their design life.

Q1: What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?
A1: 1977
Q2: In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?
A2: 2009
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

The nickname culé for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their culs over the stand. In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population. Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club. The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003–04 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media.

Q1: What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter?
A1: culé
Q2: How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters?
A2: 25%
Q3: How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid?
A3: 32%
Q4: What was the club membership in 2003-04?
A4: 100,000
Q5: What did the club membership grow to by 2009?
A5: 170,000
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

Q1: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?
A1: medicine
Q2: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?
A2: nine
Digestion (Natural sciences)

The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

Q1: What elements can transfer to plant cells?
A1: Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids
Q2: Where do transferred genes enter?
A2: the plant cell nucleus
Q3: What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?
A3: opines
Q4: What happens to infected plant cells?
A4: end
Q5: What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?
A5: The Ti and Ri plasmids
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.

Q1: Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?
A1: the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio
Q2: What is the noise-based speed?
A2: the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels
Q3: How are the two ratios found?
A3: subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance
Q4: What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?
A4: the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels
Q5: What factors influence the noise-based speed?
A5: the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

Q1: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?
A1: charitable
Q2: Who does an NPO usually serve?
A2: member-serving or community-serving
Q3: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
A3: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally
Q4: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
A4: by directly supporting them
Q5: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
A5: a helping service for fellow citizens
Gramophone_record (Music)

The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus (needle) placed in it to vibrate at acoustic frequencies when the disc is rotated at the correct speed. Generally, the outer and inner parts of the groove bear no intended sound (an exception is Split Enz's Mental Notes).

Q1: In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?
A1: outside edge towards the center
Q2: How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?
A2: by fine variations
Q3: Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun?
A3: correct speed
Q4: Do all grooves bear data?
A4: no
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

Q1: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?
A1: six
Q2: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?
A2: Radio Free Somalia
Q3: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?
A3: Galkayo
Q4: What province is Galkayo located in?
A4: Mudug province
Q5: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?
A5: one
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.

Q1: What dialect is also known as the central dialect?
A1: the keskmurre
Q2: What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?
A2: the idamurre or eastern dialect
Q3: What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?
A3: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa
Q4: What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?
A4: the läänemurre
Montana (Geography and places)

The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.

Q1: Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?
A1: north
Q2: Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?
A2: Hudson Bay.
Miami (Geography and places)

The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. Edgewater, and Wynwood, are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part, in Midtown, the Design District, and the Upper East Side, with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District, a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s. The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti, Overtown (home of the Lyric Theater), and Liberty City.

Q1: What notable theater is present in Overtown?
A1: Lyric
Q2: After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?
A2: Adrienne Arsht
Q3: In what part of Miami is Midtown?
A3: northern
Q4: What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?
A4: MiMo
Q5: What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?
A5: Little Haiti