LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Association_football (History)

The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.

Q1: Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?
A1: Cambridge Rules
Q2: Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?
A2: Trinity College
Q3: In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?
A3: 1862
Q4: What year did the Sheffield FA form?
A4: 1867
Q5: What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?
A5: 1848
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."

Q1: What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
A1: Forces armées canadiennes
Q2: What law constitutes the CAF?
A2: the National Defence Act
Q3: Who are the CAF supposed to protect?
A3: Her Majesty
Q4: What does CF stand for in this context?
A4: Forces canadiennes
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:

Q1: When can the reserve force be called upon?
A1: in times of national emergency or threat
Q2: What troops does The reserve force consists of?
A2: primary and supplementary
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions—the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division—the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters.

Q1: Who heads the Canadian Army?
A1: Commander of the Canadian Army
Q2: How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?
A2: four divisions
Q3: What are the four divisions?
A3: the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
Q4: What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?
A4: the 5th Canadian Division
Q5: The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?
A5: the 5th Canadian Division
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters.

Q1: When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?
A1: October 2012
Q2: What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?
A2: Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command
Q3: What specifically prompted this merger?
A3: the 2012 federal budget
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.

Q1: What do Canadian Rangers perform?
A1: provide surveillance and patrol services
Q2: Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?
A2: in Canada's arctic
Q3: Which force are the Rangers part of?
A3: reserve force
Q4: What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?
A4: Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.

Q1: what does CANSOFCOM stand for?
A1: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
Q2: What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?
A2: generating special operations forces
Q3: What do the special forces support?
A3: CJOC
Q4: Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?
A4: CFB Trenton
Q5: How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?
A5: 427
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to the elected House of Commons.

Q1: What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?
A1: The Canadian constitution
Q2: Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?
A2: the governor general
Q3: What orders fall under the royal prerogative?
A3: troop deployment and disposition orders
Q4: Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?
A4: the monarch or governor general
Q5: Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?
A5: the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

The Canadian football field is 150 yards (137 m) long and 65 yards (59 m) wide with end zones 20 yards (18 m) deep, and goal lines 110 yards (101 m) apart. At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high (12 m) goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1⁄2-foot-long (5.6 m) crossbar which is 10 feet (3 m) above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-calibre competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts 10 feet (3 m) above the ground) is preferred. The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every 5 yards (4.6 m) from the goal line. These lateral lines are called "yard lines" and often marked with the distance in yards from and an arrow pointed toward the nearest goal line. In previous decades, arrows were not used and every yard line was usually marked with the distance to the goal line, including the goal line itself which was marked with a "0"; in most stadiums today, the 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-yard lines are marked with numbers, with the goal line sometimes being marked with a "G". The centre (55-yard) line usually is marked with a "C". "Hash marks" are painted in white, parallel to the yardage lines, at 1 yard (0.9 m) intervals, 24 yards (21.9 m) from the sidelines. On fields that have a surrounding running track, such as Commonwealth Stadium, Molson Stadium, and many universities, the end zones are often cut off in the corners to accommodate the track. In 2014, Edmonton placed turf over the track to create full end zones. This was particularly common among U.S.-based teams during the CFL's American expansion, where few American stadiums were able to accommodate the much longer and noticeably wider CFL field.

Q1: How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?
A1: 65
Q2: How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?
A2: 5.6
Q3: What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a "G"?
A3: goal line
Q4: What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?
A4: 24 yards (21.9 m)
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected. The FWS will then assure that if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.

Q1: How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?
A1: Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species
Q2: How does a CCA help protect a private landowner?
A2: if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.
Q3: How does a CCA impact unlisted species?
A3: enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered
Bern (Geography and places)

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

Q1: Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?
A1: non
Q2: What seperates the children in secondary school?
A2: ability and aptitude
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe, and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains. In the same time frame, much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural mountains. There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed the Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica, and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean.

Q1: What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?
A1: mountain building
Q2: What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?
A2: Laurussia
Q3: What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?
A3: the Alleghenian orogeny
Q4: The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?
A4: the Ouachita Mountains
Q5: Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?
A5: the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.

Q1: In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?
A1: collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals
British_Empire (History)

The Caribbean initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies, but not before several attempts at colonisation failed. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies in St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) also rapidly folded, but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627) and Nevis (1628). The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil, which depended on slave labour, and—at first—Dutch ships, to sell the slaves and buy the sugar. To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces—a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas.

Q1: When did England first establish a colony in Guiana?
A1: 1604
Q2: When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?
A2: 1605
Q3: When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?
A3: 1655
Q4: When did England colonize the Bahamas?
A4: 1666
Q5: What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?
A5: to find gold deposits
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nariño (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The Bogotá Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.

Q1: Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?
A1: in small/unimportant towns
Q2: The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?
A2: one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Q3: How many days does the non-stop festival go?
A3: six
Q4: Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogotá?
A4: the government
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).

Q1: How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?
A1: more than 40
Q2: What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?
A2: European
Q3: What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?
A3: slaves
Q4: What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?
A4: two colorful parades
Q5: What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?
A5: candombe
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

Q1: Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?
A1: Malmedy
Q2: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?
A2: Latin
Q3: How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?
A3: 4
Q4: Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?
A4: in the street
Q5: What do disguised people pass through during the festival?
A5: the crowd
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltrú has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.

Q1: What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?
A1: Vilanova i la Geltrú
Q2: What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?
A2: "thighs and feathers"
Q3: In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?
A3: Les Comparses
Q4: What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?
A4: current events or public figures
Q5: What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?
A5: Merengada
Middle_Ages (History)

The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers, exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel, and circulated stories of the family's great piety. At the time of his death in 768, Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons, Charles (r. 768–814) and Carloman (r. 768–771). When Carloman died of natural causes, Charles blocked the succession of Carloman's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria. Charles, more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne, embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe, eventually controlling modern-day France, northern Italy, and Saxony. In the wars that lasted beyond 800, he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land. In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombards, which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States.[L]

Q1: What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel?
A1: Carolingian
Q2: In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?
A2: 753
Q3: Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?
A3: Pippin III
Q4: When did Stephen II become pope?
A4: 752
Q5: Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?
A5: Carloman
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age, and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences and overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people Roman called Gallaeci, which were composed by a large series of nations or tribes, among them the Artabri, Bracari, Limici, Celtici, Albiones and Lemavi. They were capable fighters: Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania, while Appian mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According to Pomponius Mela all the inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people.

Q1: What does the Castro culture's name mean?
A1: Culture of the Castles
Q2: When did the Castro culture flourish?
A2: second half of the first millennium BC.
Q3: Who mentioned the ancient Galician's "warlike spirit"?
A3: Appian
Q4: Who was it that described people living on the coast as "Celtic"?
A4: Pomponius Mela
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

Q1: What system is common to Western Romance?
A1: Catalan verbal system
Q2: What have many dialects replaced?
A2: synthetic indicative perfect
Q3: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
A3: all Western Romance
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

The Cathedral of Brasília in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. This concrete-framed hyperboloid structure, seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens. On 31 May 1970, the Cathedral’s structure was finished, and only the 70 m (229.66 ft) diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer's project of Cathedral of Brasília is based in the hyperboloid of revolution which sections are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns. These columns, having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent two hands moving upwards to heaven. The Cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970.

Q1: Who designed the Cathedral of Brasília?
A1: Oscar Niemeyer
Q2: What type of structure is the Cathedral of Brasília?
A2: concrete-framed hyperboloid
Q3: When was the Cathedral of Brasília dedicated?
A3: 31 May 1970
Q4: How many identical columns are used in the Cathedral of Brasília?
A4: 16
Q5: How much do the Cathedral of Brasília's columns weigh?
A5: 90 t