LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members. Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one million men". This would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world. In 2007, Iran's military spending represented 2.6% of the GDP or $102 per capita, the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations. Iran's military doctrine is based on deterrence. In 2014 arms spending the country spent $15 billion and was outspent by the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council by a factor of 13.

Q1: What is Iran's volunteer militia force named?
A1: the Basij
Q2: How many full-time members does the Basij have?
A2: 90,000
Q3: How many members in total does the Basij have? 
A3: Up to 11 million men and women
Q4: In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6% of its GDP on?
A4: military spending
Q5: In 2014, Iran spent how much on weapons spending?
A5: $15 billion
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi). Iran lies between latitudes 24° and 40° N, and longitudes 44° and 64° E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan (611 km or 380 mi, with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave, 179 km or 111 mi) and Armenia (35 km or 22 mi) to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km or 616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km or 565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km or 582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km or 310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km or 906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.

Q1: What is the size of Iran?
A1: 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)
Q2: What latitudes does Iran lie between?
A2: 24° and 40° N
Q3: What longitudes does Iran lie between?
A3: 44° and 64° E
Q4: Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?
A4: to the south
Q5: What does Iran border with to its north?
A5: the Caspian Sea
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals in the Middle East. According to FAO, Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.

Q1: What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012?
A1: watermelons
Q2: How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12
A2: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.
Q3: What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
A3: construction materials
Q4: What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
A4: home appliances
Q5: What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
A5: petrochemicals
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran has the second largest proved gas reserves in the world after Russia, with 33.6 trillion cubic metres, and third largest natural gas production in the world after Indonesia, and Russia. It also ranks fourth in oil reserves with an estimated 153,600,000,000 barrels. It is OPEC's 2nd largest oil exporter and is an energy superpower. In 2005, Iran spent US$4 billion on fuel imports, because of contraband and inefficient domestic use. Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels per day (640,000 m3/d) in 2005, compared with the peak of six million barrels per day reached in 1974. In the early years of the 2000s (decade), industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005.

Q1: How much natural gas reserves does Iran have?
A1: 33.6 trillion cubic metres
Q2: What is Iran ranked in the world in proved gas reserves?
A2: second largest
Q3: How much oil reserves does Iran have?
A3: 153,600,000,000 barrels
Q4: Where does Iran rank in OPEC's top oil exporting nations?
A4: 2nd largest
Q5: How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005?
A5: US$4 billion
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Parthian Empire emerged from the ashes and was succeeded by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world, along with the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than four centuries.

Q1: What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?
A1: the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms
Q2: When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?
A2: 625 BC
Q3: Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?
A3: Cyrus the Great
Q4: When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?
A4: 330 BC
Q5: Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?
A5: Alexander the Great
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran.

Q1: When did the Internet arrive in Iran?
A1: 1993
Q2: What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?
A2: around 40%
Q3: What is Iran's most popular online social network?
A3: Instagram
Q4: What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran? 
A4: Over 80%
Q5: What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?
A5: Digikala
Iran (Geography and places)

Iran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".

Q1: Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?
A1: subtropical
Q2: During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?
A2: Summer
Q3: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?
A3: 680 mm (26.8 in)
Q4: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?
A4: 1,700 mm (66.9 in)
Q5: According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?
A5: Water scarcity
Iran (Geography and places)

Iranian art encompasses many disciplines, including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking, and stonemasonry. The Median and Achaemenid empires left a significant classical art scene which remained as basic influences for the art of the later eras. Art of the Parthians was a mixture of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks, with their main motifs being scenes of royal hunting expeditions and investitures. The Sassanid art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art, which carried forward to the Islamic world, and much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture, and science, were of Sassanid basis.

Q1: The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history?
A1: The Median
Q2: A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians' art comprised of?
A2: Hellenistic
Q3: What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia?
A3: Sassanid art
Q4: The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning?
A4: Islamic learning
Iran (Geography and places)

Iranian cuisine is diverse due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influence of other cultures. Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes. Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iran is also famous for its caviar.

Q1: In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits? 
A1: Herbs
Q2: Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?
A2: plain yogurt
Q3: What delicacy is Iran famous for?
A3: caviar
Q4: Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?
A4: its variety of ethnic groups
Iran (Geography and places)

Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser, and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh. Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Iranian physics is especially strong in string theory, with many papers being published in Iran. Iranian-American string theorist Kamran Vafa proposed the Vafa-Witten theorem together with Edward Witten. In August 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first-ever woman, as well as the first-ever Iranian, to receive the Fields Medal, the highest prize in mathematics.

Q1: Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser?
A1: Ali Javan
Q2: When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?
A2: 1960
Q3: Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?
A3: Tofy Mussivand
Q4: Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?
A4: Samuel Rahbar
Q5: In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award? 
A5: the Fields Medal
British_Isles (Geography and places)

Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union (EU). The Crown Dependencies are not a part of the EU however do participate in certain aspects that were negotiated as a part of the UK's accession to the EU. Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area, that allow passport-free travel between EU members states. However, since the partition of Ireland, an informal free-travel area had existed across the region. In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area.

Q1: The United Kingdom is part of what union?
A1: European Union (EU)
Q2: What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?
A2: passport-free travel between EU members states
Q3: When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?
A3: 1997
Q4: This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?
A4: Common Travel Area
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the "Monster House". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922.

Q1: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?
A1: mid-nineteenth century.
Q2: What department store was founded in 1853?
A2: Delany's New Mart
Q3: In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? 
A3: Dublin
Q4: What was Delany's originally called? 
A4: Monster House
Q5: In what year was the store destroyed? 
A5: 1916
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.

Q1: What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?
A1: Regional Technical College
British_Isles (Geography and places)

Ireland, the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies, with their own separate parliaments. All parts of the United Kingdom return members to parliament in London. In addition to this, voters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and to assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Governance in the norm is by majority rule, however, Northern Ireland uses a system of power sharing whereby unionists and nationalists share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups are required for the Northern Ireland Assembly to make certain decisions. (In the context of Northern Ireland, unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland.) The British monarch is the head of state for all parts of the isles except for the Republic of Ireland, where the head of state is the President of Ireland.

Q1: Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?
A1: Scotland
Q2: What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?
A2: parliamentary democracies
Q3: Who shares power in Northern Ireland?
A3: unionists and nationalists
Q4: Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?
A5: the rest of Ireland
Somalis (Geography and places)

Irir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.

Q1: From whom are several Somali clans descended?
A1: Irir Samaale
Q2: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?
A2: soo and maal
Q3: What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?
A3: go and milk
Q4: What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?
A4: dhawamaal
Q5: What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
A5: livestock
Philadelphia (History)

Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city. Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold.

Q1: Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?
A1: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks
Q2: Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?
A2: New York City
Q3: What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?
A3: South Philadelphia
Q4: Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?
A4: Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown
Q5: Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?
A5: Mount Airy
Alloy (Mathematics)

Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people. Native copper, however, was found worldwide, along with silver, gold and platinum, which were also used to make tools, jewelry, and other objects since Neolithic times. Copper was the hardest of these metals, and the most widely distributed. It became one of the most important metals to the ancients. Eventually, humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore, and, around 2500 BC, began alloying the two metals to form bronze, which is much harder than its ingredients. Tin was rare, however, being found mostly in Great Britain. In the Middle East, people began alloying copper with zinc to form brass. Ancient civilizations took into account the mixture and the various properties it produced, such as hardness, toughness and melting point, under various conditions of temperature and work hardening, developing much of the information contained in modern alloy phase diagrams. Arrowheads from the Chinese Qin dynasty (around 200 BC) were often constructed with a hard bronze-head, but a softer bronze-tang, combining the alloys to prevent both dulling and breaking during use.

Q1: Where is the only iron deposit on earth?
A1: Greenland
Q2: Around what time did bronze start being formed?
A2: 2500 BC
Q3: What does copper and zinc form to make?
A3: brass
Q4: Where is tin mostly found?
A4: Great Britain
Q5: Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?
A5: Copper
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.

Q1: According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?
A1: practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
Q2: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?
A2: Europe and China
Q3: What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?
A3: ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology
Q4: Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?
A4: William Temple
Q5: What was the basis for "Nature, Man and God"?
A5: Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934
Pub (History)

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.

Q1: Who pioneered the circular bar?
A1: Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Q2: At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?
A2: Swindon station pub
Q3: What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?
A3: engineer and railway builder
Q4: What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?
A4: British
Black_people (Language and literature)

Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Q1: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
A1: Isidore of Seville
Q2: When was this claim made?
A2: 7th century,
Q3: What does mauron mean?
A3: black
Q4: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
A4: Etymologies
Q5: What was "Black by definition"?
A5: Moors