LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bird (Natural sciences)

The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging. Chicks may also follow their parents during their first migration.

Q1: Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch?
A1: chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets
Q2: Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age.
A2: ducks
Q3: When do most species of chicks leave the nest?
A3: just before, or soon after, they are able to fly
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.

Q1: What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?
A1: The pointed arch
Q2: Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?
A2: Islamic architecture
Q3: What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?
A3: Sassanian architecture
Q4: The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?
A4: secular structures
Q5: Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?
A5: palace and sacred construction
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation; note that this designation is totally distinct from the antenna's directionality. Thus, a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally. As a transverse wave, the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field, but by convention, talk of an antenna's "polarization" is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field.

Q1: What is another name for electric-field?
A1: E-plane
Q2: How many polarizations will a antenna have when mounted vertically?
A2: one
Q3: Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane?
A3: polarization
Q4: When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field?
A4: transverse wave
Russian_language (Language and literature)

The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

Q1: Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?
A1: the languages of Western Europe
Q2: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
A2: French
Q3: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
A3: German
Q4: Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
A4: Leo Tolstoy
Q5: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
A5: French
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

Q1: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?
A1: Henry VIII
Q2: When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
A2: 1534
Q3: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?
A3: King Henry
Q4: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
A4: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
Q5: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?
A5: Between 1535 and 1540
John,_King_of_England (History)

The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king. Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive. At this point Walter of Coutances, the Archbishop of Rouen, returned to England, having been sent by Richard to restore order. John's position was undermined by Walter's relative popularity and by the news that Richard had married whilst in Cyprus, which presented the possibility that Richard would have legitimate children and heirs.

Q1: Who refused to work with Puiset?
A1: Longchamp
Q2: When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?
A2: October 1191
Q3: Where did Walter of Coutances return to?
A3: England
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

Q1: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?
A1: fourth
Q2: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?
A2: oil revenues
Middle_Ages (History)

The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural.[F]

Q1: When did Aspar die?
A1: Aspar
Q2: What year saw the death of Gundobad?
A2: 516
Q3: What notable Roman figure died in 408?
A3: Stilicho
Q4: The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?
A4: tax revenue
Q5: Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?
A5: land or rents
Iran (Geography and places)

The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution ("Supreme Leader") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.

Q1: The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document?
A1: the 1979 Constitution
Q2: What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as?
A2: Supreme Leader
Q3: Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army?
A3: The Supreme Leader
Q4: The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?
A4: six
Q5: Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader?
A5: The Assembly of Experts
John,_King_of_England (History)

The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, Alys, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that his younger brother – despite being 27 years old – was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland.

Q1: Who did John explore an alliance with?
A1: French king Philip II
Q2: What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?
A2: assert that his brother was dead
Q3: Who captured Richard?
A3: Duke of Austria
Q4: When did the king return to England?
A4: 1194
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief".

Q1: How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?
A1: a dual party-government system
Q2: Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?
A2: The Governor of Zhejiang
Q3: Who is the Governor subordinate to?
A3: the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary
Q4: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?
A4: Zhejiang CPC Party Chief
Q5: What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?
A5: dual
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government—as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s—or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.

Q1: When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?
A1: December 2009
Q2: What political leaning does Mexico City take?
A2: more liberal than those of the rest of the country
Q3: When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?
A3: 1980s
Q4: Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?
A4: first
A_cappella (Music)

The polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century, with compositions by Josquin des Prez. The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, although this instrument would merely double the singers' parts and was not independent. By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms. 16th century a cappella polyphony, nonetheless, continued to influence church composers throughout this period and to the present day. Recent evidence has shown that some of the early pieces by Palestrina, such as what was written for the Sistine Chapel was intended to be accompanied by an organ "doubling" some or all of the voices. Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming a major influence on Bach, most notably in the aforementioned Mass in B Minor. Other composers that utilized the a cappella style, if only for the occasional piece, were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece, Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata (A lover's tears at his beloved's grave), which was composed in 1610, and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces, one of which was in the unaccompanied style. Learning from the preceding two composeres, Heinrich Schütz utilized the a cappella style in numerous pieces, chief among these were the pieces in the oratorio style, which were traditionally performed during the Easter week and dealt with the religious subject matter of that week, such as Christ's suffering and the Passion. Five of Schutz's Historien were Easter pieces, and of these the latter three, which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints, those of Matthew, Luke and John, were all done a cappella style. This was a near requirement for this type of piece, and the parts of the crowd were sung while the solo parts which were the quoted parts from either Christ or the authors were performed in a plainchant.

Q1: Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?
A1: Josquin des Prez
Q2: Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?
A2: Mass in B Minor
Q3: How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?
A3: three
Q4: Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?
A4: 1610
Q5: Some compositions were found after which composer's death?
A5: Andrea Gabrieli
Thuringia (History)

The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music "Franz Liszt" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).

Q1: Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?
A1: Gotha
Q2: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?
A2: 800
Q3: How many schools offer polytechnics?
A3: Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden
Portugal (Geography and places)

The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% – a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to "negative" from "stable," voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.

Q1: What magazine described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe?"
A1: The Economist
Q2: Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?
A2: 65%
Q3: What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?
A3: 10.2%
Q4: In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?
A4: negative
Q5: In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?
A5: 2011
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.

Q1: What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? 
A1: Tuau Lapua Lapua
Q2: In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
A2: Pacific Mini Games
Q3: In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?
A3: weightlifting
Q4: Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
A4: Telupe Iosefa
Q5: In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
A5: powerlifting
Comics (Language and literature)

The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

Q1: Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?
A1: crime and horror
Q2: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?
A2: Comics Code Authority
Q3: When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?
A3: 1960s
Q4: When did the alternative comics movement begin?
A4: 1980s
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

Q1: What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ? 
A1: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God
Q2: What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?
A2: moon is under her feet
Q3: What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?
A3: a halo of twelve stars surround her head
Q4: What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?
A4: clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.