LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Howison's personal idealism  was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "benignant love" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue, namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God.

Q1: Who was an exponent of so-called "Boston Personalism"?
A1: Bowne
Q2: What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?
A2: California Personalism
Q3: Who is a notable realistic personal theist?
A3: Saint Thomas Aquinas
Q4: What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?
A4: dependence upon an infinite personal God
Q5: What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?
A5: moral
Alps (Geography and places)

Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest. In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.

Q1: What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas?
A1: Human interference
Q2: What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries?
A2: forests of deciduous trees
Q3: What has changed since the second half of the 20th century?
A3: The vegetation
Q4: The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what?
A4: the underlying tundra
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "sacrifice" in connection with this bloodless human life-offering; Plutarch does not. The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain.

Q1: What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome?
A1: Human
Q2: What act was repulsive to Romans?
A2: Human sacrifice
Q3: How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome?
A3: buried
Q4: Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out?
A4: Gaul
Q5: When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome?
A5: 113 BC
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Q1: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
A1: stages
Q2: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
A2: 15,000 to 20,000-year
Q3: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
A3: isolated since the initial colonization of the region
Q4: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A4: Alaskan
Q5: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
A5: later migrant populations
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Q1: What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
A1: human beings
Q2: What is a common tenant of humanism?
A2: freedom and progress
Q3: These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
A3: secularism
Q4:  What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? 
A4: intellectual movements
Q5: Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
A5: science
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.

Q1: Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?
A1: Abraham Maslow
Q2: What is human phycology?
A2: psychological perspective
Q3: In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?
A3: 20th century
Q4: They introduced it in response to what?
A4: psychoanalysis
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural – and particularly the literary – legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity, Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed.

Q1: What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?
A1: narrow pedantry
Q2: What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?
A2: women
Q3: What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?
A3: humanities
Q4: Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?
A4: pervasive cultural mode
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

Q1: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
A1: Humanitarian Assistance Operations
Q2: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
A2: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life
Q3: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
A3: limited
Q4: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? 
A4: host nation civil authorities or agencies
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37 °C. Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.

Q1: When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?
A1: after a few seconds
Q2: A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?
A2: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)
Q3: What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?
A3: ebullism
Q4: What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?
A4: tissues are elastic and porous
Clothing (Natural sciences)

Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut—since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.

Q1: What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?
A1: Humans
Q2: What are space suits an example of a solution to? 
A2: environmental hazards
Q3: What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?
A3: social
Q4: What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?
A4: protective
Q5: Why are some parts of the body covered?
A5: social norms
Insect (Natural sciences)

Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.

Q1: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?
A1: insecticides
Q2: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?
A2: terrestrial
Q3: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?
A3: Silkworms
Q4: What insect is known to consume carrion?
A4: blow-flies
Q5: Humans consider most insects as what?
A5: pests
Q6: Humans can control insects using what?
A6: insecticides
Q7: Insects have the potential to damage what?
A7: crops
Q8: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?
A8: leaves
Q9: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?
A9: silk
Dog (Natural sciences)

Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.

Q1: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
A1: food scraps.
Q2: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? 
A2: three dog night
Q3: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
A3: early warning.
Q4: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
A4: cleaning up food scraps
Q5: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
A5: three dog night
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards".

Q1: What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?
A1: uncomplicated language
Q2: What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?
A2: miracles
Q3: According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?
A3: good will
Q4: What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?
A4: sad
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: "... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)

Q1: Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?
A1: Humbert of Romans
Q2: What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?
A2: 1254 to 1263
Q3: What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?
A3: the sisters in the order were given official membership
Q4: What did subject did Humbert love very much?
A4: languages
Q5: What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?
A5: Arabic
History_of_science (History)

Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.

Q1: What did Humboldtian science aim to do?
A1: combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals
Q2: Who was the model for Humboldtian science?
A2: Alexander von Humboldt
Q3: What idea did positivism provide?
A3: the only valid knowledge is scientific
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.

Q1: The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?
A1: Hume
Q2: Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?
A2: Hume
Q3: Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?
A3: Dugald Stewart
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from their "impressions". For Hume, an "impression" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an "idea". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.

Q1: What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?
A1: relations of ideas and matters of fact
Q2: What type of human knowledge is math?
A2: relations of ideas
Q3: What type of human knowledge is observing the world?
A3: matters of fact
Q4: What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?
A4: matters of fact
Q5: Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?
A5: their "impressions"
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.

Q1: What did Hume think our beliefs are?
A1: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences
Q2: What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?
A2: reason
Q3: What did Hume think is a circular argument?
A3: the justification for inductive reasoning
Q4: What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?
A4: that the sun will continue to rise in the East
Q5: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?
A5: because it has repeatedly done so in the past
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments like dolmens, menhirs and megalithics Tumulus were erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia, amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, menhirs like the "Lapa de Gargñáns". From the Iron Age, Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number of Hill forts, few of them excavated like Baroña, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de Lás and Formigueiros among others. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, castra, city walls, cities, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, and the Roman bridge of Ponte Vella. It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like Lugo and Ourense. Perhaps the best-known examples are the Roman Walls of Lugo and the Tower of Hercules in A Coruña.

Q1: Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?
A1: Romans
Q2: Name two of these cities.
A2: Lugo and Ourense
Santa_Monica,_California (Geography and places)

Hundreds of movies have been shot or set in part within the city of Santa Monica. One of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage (1929) which shows much of 2nd Street. The comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) included several scenes shot in Santa Monica, including those along the California Incline, which led to the movie's treasure spot, "The Big W". The Sylvester Stallone film Rocky III (1982) shows Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed training to fight Clubber Lang by running on the Santa Monica Beach, and Stallone's Demolition Man (1993) includes Santa Monica settings. Henry Jaglom's indie Someone to Love (1987), the last film in which Orson Welles appeared, takes place in Santa Monica's venerable Mayfair Theatre. Heathers (1989) used Santa Monica's John Adams Middle School for many exterior shots. The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) is set entirely in Santa Monica, particularly the Palisades Park area, and features a radio station that resembles KCRW at Santa Monica College. 17 Again (2009) was shot at Samohi. Other films that show significant exterior shots of Santa Monica include Fletch (1985), Species (1995), Get Shorty (1995), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). Richard Rossi's biopic Aimee Semple McPherson opens and closes at the beach in Santa Monica. Iron Man features the Santa Monica pier and surrounding communities as Tony Stark tests his experimental flight suit.

Q1: What is one of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica?
A1: Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage
Q2: What does this iconic exterior shot display?
A2: much of 2nd Street
Q3: What 1982 movie includes Sylvester Stallone running on the Santa Monica Beach?
A3: Rocky III
Q4: What 1996 movie was set completely in Santa Monica?
A4: The Truth About Cats & Dogs
Q5: What movie was shot at Samohi?
A5: 17 Again