LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Szlachta (History)

Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well.

Q1: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
A1: Mieszko I of Poland
Q2: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
A2: (c. 935 – 25 May 992)
Q3: Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?
A3: preserving the unity of his state
Q4: Who also established this retinue as well?
A4: Mieszko I's successors
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as watchpoints for such birds. Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada, and Spurn in England.

Q1: How can migrating birds lose their way?
A1: flying past their destinations
Q2: What is flying past their destinations called?
A2: spring overshoot
Q3: What location has become famous for bird overshooters?
A3: Point Pelee National Park
Q4: What other location is famous for spring overshoot?
A4: Spurn in England
Q5: Where do bird overshooters end up?
A5: further north than intended
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages. This explains the rapid appearance of migratory behavior after the most recent glacial maximum.

Q1: How was migration developed?
A1: independently
Q2: What is highly labile?
A2: Migration in birds
Q3: What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?
A3: genetic control
Q4: What exists in nearly all avian lineages?
A4: genetic framework for migratory behavior
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.

Q1: Why do birds migrate?
A1: response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather
Q2: What are non=migratory birds called?
A2: resident or sedentary
Q3: How many species of birds are there?
A3: 10,000
Q4: How many bird species are long distance migrants?
A4: 1800
Q5: Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
A5: north and south
Thuringia (History)

Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Q1: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
A1: +6,700 persons
Q2: How many migrants went to Eisenach? 
A2: +1,400
Q3: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? 
A3: The international migration is fluctuating heavily
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through a radical pair mechanism whereby chemical reactions in special photo pigments sensitive to long wavelengths are affected by the field. Although this only works during daylight hours, it does not use the position of the sun in any way. At this stage the bird is in the position of a boy scout with a compass but no map, until it grows accustomed to the journey and can put its other capabilities to use. With experience it learns various landmarks and this "mapping" is done by magnetites in the trigeminal system, which tell the bird how strong the field is. Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions, the magnetic field strengths at different latitudes let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination. There is a neural connection between the eye and "Cluster N", the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation, suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth.

Q1: What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?
A1: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience
Q2: Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?
A2: between the eye and "Cluster N"
Q3: What is Cluster N?
A3: the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation
Q4: What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?
A4: a boy scout with a compass but no map
Q5: How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?
A5: let it know when it has reached its destination
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two protégés, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the "power" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.

Q1: Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?
A1: Konstantin Chernenko
Q2: What caused Chernenko to leave office?
A2: death
Q3: How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? 
A3: 54
Q4: What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?
A4: Politburo
Q5: To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? 
A5: Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,
Great_power (History)

Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional and international organizations.  Various authors describe Italy as an equal major power, while others view Italy as an "intermittent great power" or as "the least of the great powers".

Q1: Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?
A1: Germany, Italy and Japan
Q2: What emerging power is considered a great power?
A2: India
Q3: What G7 members are among great powers?
A3: Germany, Japan and Italy
Q4: Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?
A4: Italy
Estonia (Geography and places)

Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.

Q1: What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?
A1: Militarization
Q2: What sea islands were declared border zones?
A2: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa
Q3: What document did people need to travel to the border zones?
A3: permit
Q4: What was established in the city of Paldiski?
A4: A notable closed military installation
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.

Q1: To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?
A1: traditional gods
Q2: What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?
A2: diis deabusque omnibus
Q3: What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?
A3: domestic
Q4: What act  of provincials brought new gods into the military?
A4: conscription
Q5: What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?
A5: citizenship
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.

Q1: What did Mill say knowledge comes from?
A1: an inductive inference from direct experience
Q2: What sensations did Mill differentiate?
A2: actual and possible sensations
Q3: When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?
A3: God
Q4: What did Mill say might not actually exist?
A4: gap-filling entities
Q5: What did Mill misrepresent about math?
A5: the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures
Yale_University (History)

Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.

Q1: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?
A1: Milton Winternitz
Q2: What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
A2: social medicine
Q3: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?
A3: Yale System
Q4: What is the Yale System?
A4: few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system
Q5: What programs did Milton Winternitz create?
A5: graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department
Predation (Natural sciences)

Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).

Q1: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?
A1: Mimicry
Q2: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?
A2: drone fly
Q3: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?
A3: Mimicry
Q4: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?
A4: startling the predator and giving it time to escape
Q5: How can predators use mimicry?
A5: to lure their prey
Hokkien (Language and literature)

Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (閩南方言普通話詞典) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian.

Q1: When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?
A1: the 16th century
Q2: What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?
A2: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
Q3: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?
A3: after 1587
Q4: Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?
A4: Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines
Q5: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?
A5: Romance of the Lychee Mirror
Qing_dynasty (History)

Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.

Q1: Who raided Beijing in 1644?
A1: Li Zicheng
Q2: Who was Li Zicheng?
A2: former minor Ming official
Q3: What dynasty did Zicheng form?
A3: Shun
Q4: Who was the last Ming leader?
A4: Chongzhen Emperor
Q5: How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?
A5: suicide
Thuringia (History)

Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the Südharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.

Q1: Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?
A1: Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau
Q2: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?
A2: because the competition from imported metal was too strong
Q3: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?
A3: the Südharzrevier
Q4: What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?
A4: uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal
Q5: When did the Südharzrevier close?
A5: After the reunification
Crimean_War (History)

Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Q1: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
A1: Rear Admiral David Price
Q2: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
A2: snow
Q3: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
A3: the Kamchatka Peninsula
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Q1: How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?
A1: "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"
Q2: What items are discussed at party retreats?
A2: issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages
Q3: How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?
A3: conduct surveys of party colleagues
Houston (History)

Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are located in downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans). Minute Maid Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena's hosting of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game. BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Dynamo, the Texas Southern University football team, and Dash, located in East Downtown. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965. Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and Reliant Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston Houston Cougars football team plays. Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games; Super Bowl VIII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, as well as hosting the 2005 World Series and 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two. Super Bowl LI is currently slated to be hosted in NRG Stadium in 2017.

Q1: What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros?
A1: Minute Maid Park
Q2: Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located?
A2: downtown
Q3: What is the home of the Texans named?
A3: NRG Stadium
Q4: Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston?
A4: BBVA Compass Stadium
Q5: What was the first indoor stadium in the world?
A5: NRG Astrodome