LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Space_Race (History)

He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his "We choose to go to the Moon" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text 

Q1: "We choose to go to the Moon" speech was given at what location in Texas?
A1: Rice University Stadium
Qing_dynasty (History)

He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in the capital. Next, he moved to control the government. He expanded his father's system of Palace Memorials which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and created a small Grand Council of personal advisors which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. He shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage. When he began to realize that the financial crisis was even greater than he had thought, Yongzheng rejected his father's lenient approach to local landowning elites and mounted a campaign to enforce collection of the land tax. The increased revenues were to be used for "money to nourish honesty" among local officials and for local irrigation, schools, roads, and charity. Although these reforms were effective in the north, in the south and lower Yangzi valley, where Kangxi had wooed the elites, there were long established networks of officials and landowners. Yongzheng dispatched experienced Manchu commissioners to penetrate the thickets of falsified land registers and coded account books, but they were met with tricks, passivity, and even violence. The fiscal crisis persisted.

Q1: Who did Yongzheng behead?
A1: anti-Manchu writer
Q2: What religion did Yongzheng ban?
A2: Christianity
Q3: When did Yongzheng ban christianity?
A3: 1723
Q4: What did Yongzheng crack down on?
A4: collection of the land tax
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".

Q1: What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?
A1: doctrine of Malthus
Q2: Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?"
A2: "a large and metaphorical sense
Q3: What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?
A3: all organisms are exposed to severe competition
Q4: When is competition strongest in the natural world?
A4: competition is most severe between closely related forms
Q5: Why is competition so fierce between related species?
A5: fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

Q1: What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?
A1: Mystici corporis
Q2: How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?
A2: mystical
Q3: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?
A3: simple
Q4: From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?
A4: the east
Q5: What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?
A5: separation
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: "Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem."

Q1: What does TM stand for?
A1: Transcendental Meditation
Q2: What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?
A2: anxiety
Avicenna (Language and literature)

He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

Q1: At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?
A1: 16
Q2: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?
A2: medicine
Q3: Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?
A3: 18
Q4: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
A4: mathematics
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.

Q1: What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?
A1: General Secretary
Q2: What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?
A2: Prime Minister
Q3: How many foreign decorations did he receive?
A3: 98
Q4: What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?
A4: Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath
Q5: During what years did Tito lead the Partisans?
A5: 1941–45
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. He published 150 papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.

Q1: How many papers did Von Neumann publish?
A1: 150
Q2: What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?
A2: The Computer and the Brain
Q3: What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?
A3: Manhattan Project
Q4: Of his published works, what topics were they covering?
A4: 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics
Arnold_Schwarzenegger (Media and drama)

He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather.

Q1: What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?
A1: silver
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

He was killed on 2 March 2009, possibly by soldiers in retaliation for the assassination of General Batista Tagme Na Waie, the head of the joint chiefs of staff, killed in an explosion. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace. Malam Bacai Sanhá was elected after a transition. In the 2009 election to replace the assassinated Vieira, Sanhá was the presidential candidate of the PAIGC while Kumba Ialá was the presidential candidate of the PRS.

Q1: What was NOT triggered by Vieira's death?
A1: widespread violence
Q2: When was Vieira killed?
A2: 2 March 2009
Q3: In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PAIGC?
A3: Sanhá
Q4: In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PRS?
A4: Kumba Ialá
Q5: Who won the 2009 election?
A5: Sanhá
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]

Q1: What was he also known as?
A1: Good Pope John
Q2: Who opened his cause for canonization?
A2: Pope Paul VI
Q3: When was Pope John XXIII considered "blessed?"
A3: 3 September 2000
Q4: Who declared him "blessed?"
A4: Pope John Paul II
Q5: Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?
A5: Pope Pius X
Napoleon (History)

He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

Q1: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?
A1: Constantinople
Q2: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?
A2: Clisson et Eugénie
Q3: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?
A3: 15 September
Q4: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?
A4: the Bureau of Topography
Q5: Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
A5: Désirée
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

Q1: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
A1: cabinetmaker
Q2: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
A2: daycare
Q3: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
A3: Alfred Adler
Q4: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
A4: 1922
Q5: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
A5: elementary teacher
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

Heading east, 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues, with the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) on the corner of Eighth. On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets, on the site of the old Madison Square Garden, is the New York Life Building, built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert, with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid. Twenty-Seventh Street passes one block north of Madison Square Park and culminates at Bellevue Hospital Center on First Avenue.

Q1: The Fashion Institute of Technology is on the corner of 27th Street and what Avenue?
A1: Eighth
Q2: What year was the New York Life Building built?
A2: 1928
Q3: Who designed the New York Life Building?
A3: Cass Gilbert
Q4: Which hospital is located at the end if 27th Street?
A4: Bellevue
Q5: Which park does 27th Street pass through between Ninth and Tenth Avenues?
A5: Chelsea
Paris (Geography and places)

Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.

Q1: Who provides emergency care in the city of Paris?
A1: Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
Q2: How many people are employed at AP-HP?
A2: 90,000
Q3: How many hospitals are in Paris?
A3: 44
Q4: How many patients visit the hospitals annually?
A4: 5.8 million
Nigeria (History)

Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.

Q1: When did the Bamako Initiative begin?
A1: 1987
Q2: Nigeria is adding what kind of costs to its healthcare system?
A2: user fees
Q3: When did Nigeria start reorganizing its healthcare system?
A3: 1987
Thuringia (History)

Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

Q1: Which hospitals are being expanded?
A1: bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt
Q2: Why are there too many hospital beds?
A2: rationalisation processes in the German health care system
Q3: Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?
A3: rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called "Western" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected "up to a 100-fold increase" coincident with shifts from diets that were found to be entirely plant-based to heavily animal-based, respectively. In contrast, diseases of affluence like cancer and heart disease are common throughout the developed world, including the United States. Adjusted for age and exercise, large regional clusters of people in China rarely suffered from these "Western" diseases possibly because their diets are rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and have little dairy and meat products. Some studies show these to be, in high quantities, possible causes of some cancers. There are arguments for and against this controversial issue.

Q1: Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?
A1: "Western" diseases
Q2: In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?
A2: China
Q3: How much of an increase in presence of "Western" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?
A3: 100-fold
Q4: Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?
A4: dairy
Q5: What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?
A5: cancers
Wood (Natural sciences)

Heartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.

Q1: What's another word for "duramen"?
A1: Heartwood
Q2: What is heartwood naturally resistant to?
A2: decay
Q3: How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?
A3: spontaneously
Q4: What adjective describes fully formed heartwood?
A4: dead
Q5: Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to?
A5: decay organisms
Wood (Natural sciences)

Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not form heartwood, which may lead to confusion.

Q1: In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible?
A1: growth rings
Q2: What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree?
A2: darker
Q3: Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood?
A3: decay
Q4: What kind of plants never form heartwood?
A4: woody
Q5: What is the living wood in a tree called?
A5: sapwood
Infrared (Natural sciences)

Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (i.e., the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.

Q1: What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?
A1: Heat
Q2: What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?
A2: thermal radiation
Q3: What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?
A3: the solar corona
Q4: The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?
A4: infrared
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Hebb distinguished between short-term and long-term memory. He postulated that any memory that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term memory. Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt memory storage. Patients with amygdalar damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. The hippocampus is important for explicit memory. The hippocampus is also important for memory consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and tertiary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause memory loss and problems with memory storage. This memory loss includes, retrograde amnesia which is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the time of brain damage.

Q1: Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?
A1: research showed this to be false
Q2: Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?
A2: cortisol or epinephrine
Q3: What relationship does excitement and memory share?
A3: excitement enhances memory
Q4: Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?
A4: hippocampus
Jews (History)

Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed lashon ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the liturgical language of Judaism?
A1: Hebrew
Q2: What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue?"
A2: Hebrew
Q3: What are the Hebrew scriptures called?
A3: Tanakh
Q4: What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud?
A4: Hebrew and Aramaic
Q5: What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew?
A5: Aramaic