LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be un-original, hence establishing a "critical text", or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both "external" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and "internal" or "physical" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).

Q1: Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?
A1: witnesses
Q2: What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?
A2: variant readings, or simply variants or readings.
Q3: How or why do variations enter a witness text?
A3: either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)
Q4: As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?
A4: document variant readings
Q5: Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?
A5: so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

When discussing peer relationships among adolescents it is also important to include information in regards to how they communicate with one another. An important aspect of communication is the channel used. Channel, in this respect, refers to the form of communication, be it face-to-face, email, text message, phone or other. Teens are heavy users of newer forms of communication such as text message and social-networking websites such as Facebook, especially when communicating with peers. Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites. Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family.

Q1: How do adolescents use online technology?
A1: experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups
Q2: To what does "channel" refer in terms if adolescent communication?
A2: form of communication
Q3: What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?
A3: cyberbullying
Mammal (Natural sciences)

When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.

Q1: Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?
A1: monotremes
Q2: Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?
A2: Triassic
Q3: Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?
A3: maintenance of a high and stable body temperature
Royal_assent (History)

When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, "My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned."

Q1: How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?
A1: five
Q2: What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?
A2: scarlet parliamentary robes
Q3: Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?
A3: the senior
Q4: Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?
A4: The Lords Reading Clerk
Napoleon (History)

When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

Q1: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?
A1: colonel
Q2:  What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
A2: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard
Q3: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
A3: blue
Q4: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
A4: white
Q5:  What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
A5: white
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

Q1: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?
A1: al-Nahda al-Masria
Q2: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?
A2: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom
Q3: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?
A3: British rule
Q4: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?
A4: Two
Q5: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?
A5: constitution
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.

Q1: What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
A1: $10.7 billion
Q2: How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
A2: $1.55 billion
Q3: What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
A3: 7.5%
Q4: Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?
A4: Charles Schumer
Q5: What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
A5: unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]

Q1: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?
A1: willingness to die for his faith
Q2: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?
A2: rochet
Q3: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?
A3: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
Q4: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?
A4: 1460s
Infection (Natural sciences)

When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed]

Q1: What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?
A1: anti-infective
Q2: How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?
A2: Several
Q3: What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?
A3: severity and the type of infection
Q4: How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?
A4: with intravenous antibiotics
Q5: How do antibiotics work?
A5: slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria
Queen_(band) (Music)

When interviewed for Mojo magazine the band said the most amazing sight at Live Aid was to see the audience clapping to "Radio Ga Ga". Brian May stated: "I'd never seen anything like that in my life and it wasn't calculated either. We understood our audience and played to them but that was one of those weird accidents because of the (music) video. I remember thinking 'oh great, they've picked it up' and then I thought 'this is not a Queen audience'. This is a general audience who've bought tickets before they even knew we were on the bill. And they all did it. How did they know? Nobody told them to do it."

Q1: The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song?
A1: Radio Ga Ga
Q2: Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid?
A2: Brian May
Q3: What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid?
A3: (music) video
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

Q1: The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?
A1: civil and criminal cases
Q2: What court has supremacy for matters of social security?
A2: Bundessozialgericht
Q3: What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?
A3: Bundesarbeitsgericht
Q4: Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?
A4: Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about "edge effects" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.

Q1: what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?
A1: implosive lens project was greatly expanded
Q2: What was the tolerance limit for implosion "edge effect"?
A2: not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry
Q3: Who constructed Trinity bomb?
A3: George Kistiakowsky
Q4: In what year was Trinity bomb completed?
A4: 1945
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea".

Q1: What are students taught to memorize?
A1: native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning
Q2: What is name of the hanja?
A2: mul-su
Q3: What is the Korean pronunciation of water?
A3: mul
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

Q1: What is used asphalt turned back into?
A1: new pavement mixtures
Q2: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
A2: 99%
Q3: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
A3: 95%
Q4: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
A4: maintenance
Q5: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
A5: worn or damaged
Greece (Geography and places)

When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

Q1: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?
A1: 1571
Q2: The Morean War took place during which years?
A2: 1684–1699
Q3: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?
A3: 1770
Q4: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?
A4: Russian
Q5: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?
A5: Ottoman Empire
Architecture (Art and architecture)

When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

Q1: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?
A1: avant-garde movement
Q2: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
A2: the middle and working classes
Q3: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
A3: the rapidly declining aristocratic order
Q4: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
A4: functionalist
Q5: What details did Modernists' do away with?
A5: historical references and ornament
Gene (Natural sciences)

When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift. The wild-type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles, nor is it necessarily fitter.

Q1: What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?
A1: polymorphic
Q2: What can some alleles give rise to?
A2: different phenotypic traits
Q3: What is a gene's most common allele known as?
A3: the wild type
Q4: What are rare alleles called?
A4: mutants
Q5: What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?
A5: genetic drift
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

Q1: What color is the hat?
A1: white
Somalis (Geography and places)

When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, Somali men typically wear the macawis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad, an embroidered fez.

Q1: What is a koofiyad?
A1: an embroidered fez
Q2: What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?
A2: the macawis
Q3: Where is the macawis worn?
A3: around the waist
Q4: What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?
A4: sarong
Q5: Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?
A5: turban
New_York_City (Geography and places)

When one Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of "New York values" in January 2016, Donald Trump, leading in the polls, vigorously defended his city. The National Review, a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by William F. Buckley, Jr. in 1955, commented, "By hearkening back to New York's heart after 9/11, for a moment Trump transcended politics. How easily we forget, but for weeks after the terror attacks, New York was America."

Q1: What individual established the National Review?
A1: William F. Buckley, Jr.
Q2: In what year was the National Review founded?
A2: 1955
Q3: What public figure defended New York in January 2016?
A3: Donald Trump
Q4: A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?
A4: Republican
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque, such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators.

Q1: What are factors that determine shaft torque?
A1: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density
Q2: Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?
A2: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth
Q3: What limits excessive torque?
A3: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage