LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
John,_King_of_England (History)

Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general", albeit, as Turner suggests, with "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him "one of the worst kings ever to rule England". Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is "bizarre", and that as a monarch John "fails almost all those [tests] that can be legitimately set".

Q1: What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?
A1: Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren
Q2: Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?
A2: John's numerous faults
Q3: John Gillingham considers John what?
A3: a less effective general
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.

Q1: When did Muawiyah become caliph?
A1: 661
Q2: When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?
A2: 656
Q3: Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?
A3: Marwan ibn al-Hakam
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible.

Q1: What date was the island discovered on?
A1: 21 May 1502
Q2: What navigator discovered the island?
A2: João da Nova
Q3: What country was João da Nova doing service for?
A3: Portugal
Q4: What person is Saint Helena Island named after?
A4: Helena of Constantinople
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

Q1: What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?
A1: nomadic or semi-nomadic
Q2: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?
A2: temporary
Q3: What kind of building materials do they use?
A3: impermanent
Q4: What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?
A4: rock shelters
Q5: What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?
A5: Mobile communities
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.

Q1: What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?
A1: excreted
Q2: Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?
A2: 5%
Q3: About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?
A3: 0.5%
Q4: What does uranium have an affinity for?
A4: phosphates
Q5: Where does uranium accumulate in the body?
A5: bone tissue
Insect (Natural sciences)

Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the visible light wavelengths. Color vision has been demonstrated in many species and phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-blue trichromacy existed from at least the Devonian period between 416 and 359 million years ago.

Q1: Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?
A1: light
Q2: What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?
A2: cave crickets
Q3: Most insects have what kind of vision?
A3: acute
Q4: Insects notice what type of movement?
A4: minute
Q5: Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?
A5: infrared
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Most laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of different growth strategies (see r/K selection theory). Some organisms can grow extremely rapidly when nutrients become available, such as the formation of algal (and cyanobacterial) blooms that often occur in lakes during the summer. Other organisms have adaptations to harsh environments, such as the production of multiple antibiotics by Streptomyces that inhibit the growth of competing microorganisms. In nature, many organisms live in communities (e.g., biofilms) that may allow for increased supply of nutrients and protection from environmental stresses. These relationships can be essential for growth of a particular organism or group of organisms (syntrophy).

Q1: What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?
A1: high levels of nutrients
Q2: What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?
A2: nutrients are limited
Q3: What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available?
A3: grow extremely rapidly
Q4: What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment?
A4: biofilms
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, "Rahab" (רהב), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In Māori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the Māori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god Tlāloc.

Q1: What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? 
A1: sea king star
Q2: What god was Neptune? 
A2: god of the sea
Q3: What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? 
A3: Dalain Van
Q4: What did the Greeks call Neptune? 
A4: Poseidon
Q5: What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? 
A5: Rahab
Rule_of_law (History)

Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

Q1: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?
A1: generality, equality, and certainty
Q2: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?
A2: individual rights
Q3: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?
A3: democracy
Q4: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?
A4: content
Q5: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?
A5: formal and substantive
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for "party bulbs", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light.

Q1: What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?
A1: kaolin
Q2: How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?
A2: blown in and electrostatically deposited
Q3: What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?
A3: a more gentle and evenly distributed light
Q4: How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?
A4: by coloring the glass with a dopant
Q5: How does kaolin create a more gentle light?
A5: It diffuses the light emitted from the filament
Airport (Engineering and technology)

Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Q1: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?
A1: products and services
Q2: Where are most of these companies located in an airport?
A2: within the departure areas
Q3: Some of these companies include what type of businesses?
A3: clothing boutiques and restaurants
Q4: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
A4: higher
Mammal (Natural sciences)

Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.

Q1: What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?
A1: viviparous
Q2: How many species of mammals lay eggs?
A2: five species
Q3: Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?
A3: platypus
Q4: The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?
A4: chicken
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae ("sperm stores") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae.

Q1: What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?
A1: clitellates
Q2: What type of sex are most earthworms?
A2: hermaphrodites
Q3: Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?
A3: in the ovaries
Q4: Where do leeches move their eggs to?
A4: the cocoon
Q5: What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?
A5: clitellates
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards.

Q1: How do most migrations begin?
A1: the birds starting off in a broad front
Q2: What to the migrating birds usually follow?
A2: mountain ranges or coastlines
Q3: What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?
A3: large stretches of open water
Q4: What is a common pattern in North America migration?
A4: clockwise
Q5: What are the preferred routes for migration called?
A5: flyways
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically.

Q1: What use the traditional radical-based character index?
A1: modern Chinese dictionaries
Q2: What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?
A2: character's entry
Q3: What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?
A3: traditional radical-based character index
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With the diversification of air defence there has been much more emphasis on mobility. Most modern systems are usually either self-propelled (i.e. guns or missiles are mounted on a truck or tracked chassis) or easily towed. Even systems that consist of many components (transporter/erector/launchers, radars, command posts etc.) benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles. In general, a fixed system can be identified, attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected. Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility, after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam. For more information on this part of the conflict, see SA-2 Guideline.

Q1: Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?
A1: mobile
Q2: What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?
A2: trailers
Q3: Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?
A3: a fleet of vehicles
Q4: A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
A4: places where it is not expected
Q5: What systems are really geared toward mobility?
A5: Soviet
Gene (Natural sciences)

Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid (e.g. conservative mutations). Many mutations, however, are deleterious or even lethal, and are removed from populations by natural selection. Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. Finally, a small fraction of mutations are beneficial, improving the organism's fitness and are extremely important for evolution, since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution.:7.6

Q1: What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called?
A1: silent mutations
Q2: What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called?
A2: synonymous mutations
Q3: What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called?
A3: conservative mutations
Q4: What is a result of deleterious mutations?
A4: Genetic disorders
Q5: What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to?
A5: adaptive evolution
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.

Q1: What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? 
A1: Lithuania
Q2: What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?
A2: Lithuania
Q3: What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?
A3: Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers
Q4: Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?
A4: German
Q5: Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?
A5: Soviet Union
Bermuda (History)

Most of Bermuda's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of this is largely limited to St David's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.

Q1: What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?
A1: Native Americans
Q2: Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?
A2: St David's Islanders
Q3: During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?
A3: colonial period
Q4: Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?
A4: exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery
Egypt (Geography and places)

Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.

Q1: When does most of Egypts rain fall?
A1: winter months
Q2: Where does snow fall in Egypt?
A2: Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities
Q3: When was the last snow fall in Cairo?
A3: 13 December 2013,
Q4: What is the sunniest county in the world?
A4: Egypt