LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.

Q1: What was the price for early HDTVs?
A1: US$10,000
Q2: Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?
A2: tiny
Q3: What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?
A3: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions. Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.

Q1: Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?
A1: the same species
Q2: What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?
A2: transfer of antibiotic resistance
Q3: What is horizontal gene transfer?
A3: gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment
Letter_case (Language and literature)

In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

Q1: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case
A1: letter case
Q2: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?
A2: smaller lower
Q3: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?
A3: larger upper
Q4: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?
A4: written
Treaty (Language and literature)

In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

Q1: What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?
A1: autonomy
Q2: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?
A2: Māori
Q3: What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?
A3: terra nullius
Q4: The concept of native title was established by what court case?
A4: Mabo v Queensland
Q5: Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?
A5: colonizers
The_Blitz (History)

In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

Q1: How much of London's population left?
A1: Over a quarter
Q2: What locations saw an increase in populations?
A2: south Wales and Gloucester
Q3: What was another reason for populations moving?
A3: industry dispersal may have been a factor
Q4: How many evacuees were there?
A4: 1.4 million
Q5: How much of the population returned in four months?
A5: 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

Q1: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
A1: innovation
Q2: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
A2: an abstraction
Q3: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
A3: endoheretics
Q4: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
A4: orthodoxy
The_Times (History)

In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

Q1: What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?
A1: Irish Potato Famine
Q2: The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?
A2: Great Reform Bill of 1832
Q3: Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?
A3: Corn Laws
Q4: During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?
A4: wealthy classes
Q5: The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?
A5: the secessionists
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

Q1: Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?
A1: blue
Q2: What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?
A2: lapis lazuli
Q3: From which country was lapis lazuli imported?
A3: Afghanistan
Q4: Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?
A4: gold
Q5: Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?
A5: Byzantine Empire
Genocide (History)

In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."

Q1: The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? 
A1: perpetrators' access to the victims
Q2: What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? 
A2: historical examples of genocide
Q3: The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
A3: possible extent of their reach
Q4: What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
A4: the opportunity presented to him
Q5: While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
A5: inform the analysis
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Q1: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
A1: revival
Q2: What is Renaixenca?
A2: Catalan literary revival
Q3: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
A3: 1833
Q4: When did this revival period begin?
A4: 1833
Q5: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
A5: early 20th
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

Q1: What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?
A1: Westminster system
Q2: What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
A2: ceremonial
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

Q1: Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?
A1: lower house of parliament
Q2: Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?
A2: upper houses
Q3: What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?
A3: vote of confidence
Energy (Natural sciences)

In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.

Q1: What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?
A1: Virtual photons
Q2: What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?
A2: Virtual photons
Q3: What results in Coulomb law?
A3: electrostatic interaction between electric charges
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

Q1: What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
A1: Science
Q2: When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
A2: 1903
Q3: What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
A3: illustrations
Q4: What award did Bell win in 1902?
A4: Albert Medal
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th–13th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s.

Q1: Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?
A1: Venice
Q2: Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?
A2: St Mark's Basilica
Q3: When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?
A3: the late 11th century
Q4: The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?
A4: local artists
Q5: When was the sack of Constantinople?
A5: 1204
Clothing (Natural sciences)

In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.

Q1: What used to be considered an art, back in the day?
A1: mending
Q2: What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?
A2: tear
Q3: Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?
A3: worth more than labor
Q4: What is clothing considered today?
A4: a consumable item
Q5: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?
A5: thrifty
Emotion (Natural sciences)

In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Q1: Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?
A1: ethics
Q2: Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?
A2: romance
Q3: Of what discipline is ethology a branch?
A3: zoology
Q4: Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?
A4: field science
Q5: Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?
A5: ecology
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.

Q1: What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?
A1: reality
Q2: What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?
A2: mind-independent
Q3: Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?
A3: dualist
Q4: In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?
A4: beliefs and values
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Q1: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
A1: phonetics
Q2: Aspirated consonants are what in English?
A2: allophones
Q3: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
A3: Indian and East Asian
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Q1: How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?
A1: It has been severely criticized
Q2: What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?
A2: Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves
Q3: What are gravitational waves?
A3: phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
Q4: How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
A4: Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation
Q5: What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?
A5: Henry Stapp and David Bohm
Energy (Natural sciences)

In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

Q1: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?
A1: energy
Q2: In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?
A2: joules
Q3: Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?
A3: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton