LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_India (History)

The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

Q1: In what geographic area was the country of India established?
A1: Indian subcontinent
Q2: What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?
A2: Vedic Civilization
Q3: Of what is Hinduism a combination?
A3: Indian cultures and traditions
Q4: How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?
A4: two millennia
Q5: What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?
A5: independence movement
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).

Q1: The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?
A1: five
Q2: What is the first period of Buddhism called?
A2: Early Buddhism
Q3: What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?
A3: Sectarian
Q4: What is the last period of Buddhism?
A4: Esoteric Buddhism
Q5: What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?
A5: Vajrayana
Somalis (Geography and places)

The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination.

Q1: In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?
A1: northern
Q2: From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?
A2: the Quraysh
Q3: Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?
A3: Sunni
Q4: What is the majority religion in Somalia?
A4: Islam
Q5: A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?
A5: Shia
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called "Palestinian Syrians", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica.

Q1: The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?
A1: Archaic Era of Greece
Q2: Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?
A2: Herodotus
Q3: What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?
A3: "Palestinian Syrians"
Q4: The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?
A4: the invading Persians
Q5: The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?
A5: 267 and 396 CE
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Q1: Which period followed the jus antiquum?
A1: the jus novum
Q2: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?
A2: the Code of Canon Law
Q3: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
A3: the jus vetus
Tibet (Geography and places)

The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

Q1: Who founded the Tibetan Empire?
A1: Songtsän Gampo
Q2: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?
A2: Princess Wencheng
Q3: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?
A3: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti
Q4: What did Songtsan Gampo unite?
A4: parts of the Yarlung River Valley
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. This dramatic rise in diversity was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events. A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago. Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event.

Q1: Which era included a rapid growth period?
A1: the Cambrian explosion
Q2: The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?
A2: the last 540 million years
Q3: In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?
A3: the Cambrian explosion
Q4: What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?
A4: vertebrate diversity
Q5: In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?
A5: the Permian-Triassic extinction event
Comics (Language and literature)

The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

Q1: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?
A1: 1830s
Q2: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?
A2: Superman
Q3: What is Japanese cartooning known as?
A3: manga
Emotion (Natural sciences)

The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.

Q1: What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?
A1: constructivist
Q2: According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?
A2: Schadenfreude
Q3: Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?
A3: Sweden
Q4: Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?
A4: gender
Phonology (Language and literature)

The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text, which deals with matters of morphology, syntax and semantics.

Q1: What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?
A1: Sanskrit
Q2: What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?
A2: Ashtadhyayi
Q3: Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?
A3: Pāṇini
Q4: During what time period did Panini do his work?
A4: 4th century BC
Q5: What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?
A5: the Shiva Sutras
Pub (History)

The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.

Q1: What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?
A1: taverns
Q2: What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?
A2: alehouse
Q3: In what century did the tied house system develop?
A3: 19th century
History_of_science (History)

The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.

Q1: What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?
A1: The history of science
Q2: What is the history of arts and humanities called?
A2: the history of scholarship
Q3: What kind of phenomena does science study?
A3: real world
Q4: Intellectual history and social history are used in what?
A4: Historiography of science
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

Q1: When was the Bronx's boom period?
A1: 1900–29
Q2: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?
A2: 200,000
Q3: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?
A3: 1.3 million
Q4: When did the Bronx's income declined?
A4: 1950–85
Q5: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?
A5: starting in the late 1980s
Greeks (History)

The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.

Q1: During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it's central location ?
A1: Ottoman rule of Greece
Q2: What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ?
A2: Asia Minor (now Turkey)
Q3: What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?
A3: a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.
Q4: After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ?
A4: By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
Q5: The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ?
A5: history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea.
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatürk"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.

Q1: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?
A1: Middle Eastern theatre
Q2: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?
A2: Ottoman victories
Q3: The Arab Revolt began in what year?
A3: 1916
Q4: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?
A4: 30 October 1918
Q5: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?
A5: 1919–22
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

Q1: Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.
A1: the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec
Q2: Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.
A2: the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry
Q3: How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?
A3: generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels
Q4: What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?
A4: Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans
Q5: What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?
A5: maps and other printed materials
Himachal_Pradesh (Social sciences and society)

The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

Q1: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?
A1: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats
Q2: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?
A2: between 2250 and 1750 BCE
Q3: Who conquered Kangara?
A3: Mahmud Ghaznavi
Q4: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?
A4: 10th century
Q5: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?
A5: Timur and Sikander Lodi
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

Q1: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?
A1: May 1965
Q2: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?
A2: Idaho
Q3: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?
A3: 7-Eleven
Q4: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?
A4: 1987
Q5: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?
A5: 1966
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes.  These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.

Q1: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?
A1: conductive
Q2: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?
A2: three
Q3: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?
A3: de-smear
Q4: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?
A4: high reliability
Q5: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?
A5: resin
Time (Philosophy and religion)

The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.

Q1: Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?
A1: The hourglass
Q2: How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?
A2: 18
Q3: What method did temples and churches use to measure time?
A3: Incense sticks and candles
Q4: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?
A4: Richard of Wallingford
Q5: Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?
A5: Jost Burgi.
House_music (Music)

The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records (otherwise known as Kool Kat records) helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts.

Q1: what cities in the UK had major house scenes?
A1: Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London
Q2: what helped to bolster house music in the uk?
A2: underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs
Q3: what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?
A3: Warp Records and Network Records
Q4: what was network records also known as?
A4: Kool Kat records
Q5: what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music?
A5: Italian dance music