LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Red (Natural sciences)

Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).

Q1: What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?
A1: pheomelanin
Q2: There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?
A2: the lips
Q3: Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?
A3: eumelanin
Q4: In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?
A4: 1510
Q5: What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?
A5: fiery
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).

Q1: In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?
A1: the face
Q2: Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?
A2: increased performance
Q3: In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?
A3: tae kwon do
Q4: What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?
A4: decreases performance
Q5: The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?
A5: testosterone
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.

Q1: In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?
A1: Christ's blood
Q2: What cross is on the British flag?
A2: the cross of Saint George
Q3: As it relates to England, who is Saint George?
A3: patron saint of England
Q4: Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?
A4: the United States Marine Corps
Q5: In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?
A5: bad water conditions
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.

Q1: What spectrum of light is red within?
A1: visible light
Q2: Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?
A2: violet
Q3: On the spectrum of light, where is red found?
A3: 620–740 nanometres
Q4: What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?
A4: orange
Q5: Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?
A5: subtractive primary colors
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.

Q1: What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?
A1: Scarlet
Q2: What good traits is the color red associated with in China?
A2: good fortune and prosperity
Q3: In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?
A3: 4th
Q4: Who was Saint Nicholas?
A4: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra
Q5: In what nation is Myra?
A5: Turkey
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.

Q1: In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?
A1: Vienna
Q2: In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?
A2: 1968
Q3: At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?
A3: Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968
Q4: Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?
A4: danger and warning
Q5: At what time is red at its brightest?
A5: daytime
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.

Q1: What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?
A1: defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it
Q2: What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?
A2: they would show no mercy to their enemy
Q3: Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?
A3: the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896
Q4: Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?
A4: if there is danger to the drivers
Q5: What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?
A5: a red penalty card
Red (Natural sciences)

Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.

Q1: In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?
A1: to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person
Q2: What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?
A2: People wearing red seem to be closer
Q3: Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?
A3: to be visible from a distance in a crowd
Q4: Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?
A4: easily found
Red (Natural sciences)

Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

Q1: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?
A1: five
Q2: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?
A2: fire
Q3: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?
A3: all court ceremonies
Q4: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?
A4: Red
Q5: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?
A5: metal, wood, water
Red (Natural sciences)

Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

Q1: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?
A1: 906–1279
Q2: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?
A2: three
Q3: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?
A3: green
Q4: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?
A4: eighth and ninth
Red (Natural sciences)

Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Q1: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?
A1: nobles
Q2: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?
A2: Cao Xueqin
Q3: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?
A3: 1715–1763
Q4: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
A4: Qing Dynasty
Q5: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?
A5: temples and imperial residences
Red (Natural sciences)

Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Q1: Which European emperor painted their palace red?
A1: Emperor Charlemagne
Q2: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?
A2: 1295
Q3: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?
A3: 12th century
Q4: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?
A4: Abbe Suger
Q5: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?
A5: Virgin Mary
Grape (Natural sciences)

Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.

Q1: What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?
A1: red wine
Q2: What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?
A2: white wine
Q3: What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?
A3: resveratrol
Q4: What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?
A4: Red wine
Red (Natural sciences)

Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

Q1: When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?
A1: the late nineteenth century
Q2: In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?
A2: 2004
Q3: What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?
A3: one big red cross
Q4: How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?
A4: four
Q5: What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?
A5: the colors of the Russian flag
Red (Natural sciences)

Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.

Q1: During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?
A1: 1870 to 1918
Q2: What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?
A2: German nationalism
Q3: In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?
A3: 1920s
Q4: Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?
A4: attract attention
Q5: Whose design was the Nazi flag?
A5: Hitler's personal design
Hyderabad (Geography and places)

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu called Hyderabadi Urdu, which is a type of Dakhini, and is the mother tongue of most Hyderabadi Muslims, a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Nizams.

Q1: What are the people who live in Hyderabad called?
A1: Hyderabadi
Q2: There are two main languages spoken by the people of Hyderabad, what are they?
A2: Telugu and Urdu
Q3: What is the main language of most Muslims from Hyderabad?
A3: Hyderabadi Urdu
Q4: Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad?
A4: Hadhrami
Q5: Hyderabadi is a type of what langauge?
A5: Dakhini
Great_power (History)

Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars in which at least one great power was opposed to another, and they averaged little more than five years in length. In approximately a 450-year time frame, on average at least two great powers were fighting one another in each and every year." Even during the period of Pax Britannica (or "the British Peace") between 1815 and 1914, war and military confrontations among the great powers was still a frequent occurrence. In fact, Joshua Baron points out that, in terms of militarized conflicts or confrontations, the UK led the way in this period with nineteen such instances against; Russia (8), France (5), Germany/Prussia (5) and Italy (1).

Q1: How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?
A1: 64
Q2: For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?
A2: 450
Q3: What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?
A3: UK
Q4: What span was the Pax Britannica?
A4: between 1815 and 1914
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface, in a fashion similar to a mirror. This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector, normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase. Generally the reflector will remain highly reflective even if it is not solid; gaps less than 1⁄10 generally have little effect on the outcome. For this reason, reflectors often take the form of wire meshes or rows of passive elements, which makes them lighter and less subject to wind. The parabolic reflector is perhaps the best known example of a reflector-based antenna, which has an effective area far greater than the active element alone.

Q1: If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?
A1: extended conductive surface
Q2: What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?
A2: increase
Q3: What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?
A3: less than 1⁄10
Q4: What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?
A4: parabolic reflector
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength.

Q1: What mostly affects polarization?
A1: Reflections
Q2: What reflector can change the waves polarization?
A2: ionosphere
Q3: What will you be matching with the  receiving antenna's polarization?
A3: transmitter
Q4: What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?
A4: polarized transmissions
Q5: What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?
A5: a skywave
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the "new Order of Mass" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to "end experimentation" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.

Q1: What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?
A1: Latin
Q2: What were revised between 1951 and 1955?
A2: Easter liturgies
Q3: What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?
A3: Easter Triduum
Q4: What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?
A4: Mass
Q5: How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?
A5: three