LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.

Q1: In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?
A1: 1703
Q2: Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?
A2: Sir Charles Sheffield
Q3: How much did George III pay for the house?
A3: £21,000
Q4: In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?
A4: 1774
Q5: How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?
A5: two
Q6: The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?
A6: Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
Q7: Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?
A7: William Winde
Q8: How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?
A8: two
Q9: Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?
A9: George III
Q10: How much did George III pay for Buckingham House? 
A10: £21,000
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information.

Q1: Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?
A1: not
Q2: The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?
A2: 90%
Q3: The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?
A3: cognitive and emotional
Q4: What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?
A4: creases
Q5: The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?
A5: six
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery. For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world. The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West.

Q1: How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?
A1: Latin literary texts
Q2: What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?
A2: Patristic literature
Q3: If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?
A3: philology
Q4: What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?
A4: Greek manuscripts
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm).

Q1: What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?
A1: central, southern and eastern
Q2: Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?
A2: Gulf of Mexico
Q3: What is Oklahoma's western climate type?
A3: semi-arid
Q4: Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?
A4: Lawton
Q5: What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?
A5: 62 °F
Immunology (Natural sciences)

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.

Q1: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
A1: antibodies and antigens
Q2: What are antibodies comprised of?
A2: specific proteins
Q3: What cells produce antibodies?
A3: B lymphocytes
Q4: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
A4: "anti"body "gen"erators
Q5: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
A5: cellular response
Elevator (History)

The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the level of the platform (carrying a heavy load) to be raised and lowered. Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus.

Q1: Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?
A1: Sir William Armstrong
Q2: Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?
A2: Tyneside docks
Q3: In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law? 
A3: they provided a much greater force
Q4: The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?
A4: encased inside a vertical cylinder
Q5: besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?
A5: Counterweights and balances
Asthma (Natural sciences)

The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.

Q1: What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?
A1: The hygiene hypothesis
Q2: How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?
A2: a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses
Q3: What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?
A3: increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies
Q4: What could prevent asthma?
A4: Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood
Q5: What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?
A5: lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.
House_music (Music)

The hypnotic electronic dance song "On and On", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer. It also utilized the bassline from Player One's disco record "Space Invaders" (1979). "On and On" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record', though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's "Music is the Key" (1985), have also been cited.

Q1: who produced the song "on and on" in 1984?
A1: Jesse Saunders
Q2: where was jesse saunders from?
A2: Chicago
Q3: who co-wrote the hit song "on and on" in 1984?
A3: Vince Lawrence
Q4: what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?
A4: Roland TB-303
Q5: when was player one's "space invaders" released?
A5: 1979
Botany (Natural sciences)

The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements". About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.

Q1: When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?
A1: late 19th century
Q2: To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?
A2: the brain of one of the lower animals
Q3: Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?
A3: movements of plant shoots
Q4: What do auxins do?
A4: promotes cell growth
Q5: What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?
A5: form roots and shoots
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.

Q1: What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?
A1: the Album Era
Q2: In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?
A2: music industry
Q3: What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?
A3: digital music storage
Q4: The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what "era" in pop music?
A4: the Album Era
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

Q1: Which company produces the iPod?
A1: Apple
Q2: When was the original iPod released?
A2: October 23, 2001
Q3: How many different types of iPod are currently available?
A3: three
Q4: What kind of device is the iPod?
A4: portable media players
Q5: The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?
A5: touchscreen
Q6: In what year was the first iPod released?
A6: 2001
Q7: What company manufactures the iPod?
A7: Apple
Q8: How many versions of the iPod currently exist?
A8: 3
Q9: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?
A9: Shuffle
Q10: In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?
A10: 2015
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format—but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox).

Q1: What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?
A1: Apple Lossless
Q2: Which product enabled users to view images on the device?
A2: iPod photo
Q3: What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?
A3: WMA
Q4: What does DRM stand for?
A4: Digital Rights Management
Q5: What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?
A5: Mac OS
Q6: What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?
A6: MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
Q7: What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?
A7: iPod photo
IPod (Engineering and technology)

The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.

Q1: When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?
A1: April 29, 2003
Q2: What program is required to access the iTunes Store?
A2: iTunes
Q3: When were videos made available through the iTunes store?
A3: October 12, 2005
Q4: When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?
A4: September 12, 2006
Q5: In what year was the iTunes store established?
A5: 2003
Q6: In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?
A6: 2005
Q7: When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?
A7: 2006
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 469, and by length of routes. New York's subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms.

Q1: Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?
A1: New York City Subway system
Q2: How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?
A2: 469
Q3: Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?
A3: Grand Central Station
Q4: How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?
A4: 1.75 billion
Q5: What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?
A5: Grand Central Station
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.

Q1: What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? 
A1: high-end and luxury items
Q2: What city is Arthur Barnett in? 
A2: Dunedin
Q3: Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?
A3: Invercargill
Q4: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? 
A4: Southland
Q5: When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? 
A5: 1909
Freemasonry (Unknown)

The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

Q1: Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?
A1: Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret
Q2: How are oaths taken?
A2: on a Volume of Sacred Law
Q3: In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?
A3: Progressive continental Freemasonry
Q4: What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?
A4: whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother
Q5: Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?
A5: have broken the law
Q6: Most lodges have the oath taken on what?
A6: Volume of Sacred Law
Q7: Mason swear at each degree to do what?
A7: keep the contents of that degree secret
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn).

Q1: The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?
A1: 1895
Q2: What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?
A2: Tusker Tunnel
Q3: Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?
A3: The Institute of Engineers of Ireland
Q4: What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?
A4: £15 billion or €20 billion
Q5: In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?
A5: 2007
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.

Q1: How do children tend to define themselves?
A1: by physical traits
Q2: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?
A2: adolescents
Q3: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?
A3: self-concept
Q4: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?
A4: cognitive
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amitābha.

Q1: What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?
A1: Pure Land
Emotion (Natural sciences)

The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.

Q1: What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?
A1: psychological construction
Q2: At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?
A2: at the moment of its occurrence
Q3: What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?
A3: fear
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

Q1: What was the focus of paintings in Italy?
A1: idealized compositions
Q2: Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?
A2: the Netherlands
Q3: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?
A3: Jan van Eyck
Q4: Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?
A4: great realism and minute detail