LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Glass (Art and architecture)

The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right.

Q1: What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?
A1: stability
Q2: Who used to make window panes?
A2: glassblowers
Q3: What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?
A3: crown glass process
Q4: The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?
A4: liquid
Q5: When does glass stop moving like a liquid?
A5: once solidified
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.

Q1: When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?
A1: 1964
Q2: Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?
A2: Fourteenth
Q3: When were Borough Presidents created?
A3: 1898
Q4: When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?
A4: 1989
Q5: Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?
A5: Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".

Q1: When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?
A1: 1972
Q2: Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?
A2: traveling overseers
Q3: In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?
A3: president
Q4: When did Knorr die? 
A4: 1977
Q5: Who has been president of the Society since 2000?
A5: Don A. Adams
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub, named Clark, described by the team's press release as a young and friendly Cub. Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13, 2014, the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club's first ever official physical mascot. The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team's name to the Chicago Bears, due to the Cubs allowing the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s.

Q1: What is the official Cubs team mascot?
A1: a young bear cub
Q2: What is the official Cubs team mascot's name?
A2: Clark
Q3: When did Clark make his debut?
A3: January 13, 2014
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.

Q1: What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?
A1: the Big Dipper constellation
Q2: What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?
A2: Běidǒu
Q3: What does Běidǒu translate as?
A3: Northern Dipper
Q4: Who named the constellation Běidǒu?
A4: ancient Chinese astronomers
Q5: What was the Běidǒu constellation used for?
A5: to locate the North Star Polaris
Napoleon (History)

The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

Q1: When was the metric system officially introduced?
A1: September 1799
Q2: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?
A2: the metric system
Q3: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
A3: 1812
Q4:  How many grams were in the livre metrique?
A4: 500
Q5: How many grams were in the livre du roi?
A5: 489.5
Bern (Geography and places)

The official language of Bern is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German.

Q1: What is the official language of Bern?
A1: German
Egypt (Geography and places)

The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the "lingua franca" of the city.

Q1: What is official language of Egypt?
A1: Modern Standard Arabic
Q2: What are main laguages of immigrants?
A2: Greek, Armenian and Italian
Q3: In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?
A3: Alexandria
Q4: What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?
A4: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)
Black_people (Language and literature)

The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Q1: Who did the government want raised as white?
A1: "half-caste" individuals
Q2: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
A2: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"
Q3: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
A3: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs
Q4: What was this process referred to?
A4: the Stolen Generation
Pacific_War (History)

The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail, before being occupied by Japanese troops. Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands.

Q1: Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?
A1: not an ally
Q2: What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?
A2: blackmail
Q3: Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?
A3: the same way
Q4: According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?
A4: Thailand
Q5: What nations were occupied by the Axis?
A5: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands
Q6: After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?
A6: not as a former enemy
Q7: Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?
A7: Japanese troops
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:

Q1: Who abolished the policy council?
A1: the Ming
Q2: What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? 
A2: the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office
Q3: Who governed most areas of Tibet?
A3: Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.

Q1: Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?
A1: those who submit reports for their personal ministry
Q2: Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?
A2: active
Q3: What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?
A3: low
Q4: Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?
A4: 37%
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

Q1: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?
A1: corn
Q2: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?
A2: G. Casavantes
Q3: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?
A3: Governor Trías
Q4: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?
A4: water
Q5: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?
A5: Díaz
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood, and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration-prophecy existed in the temple. This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries, according to the local tradition. In that regard, the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin, with her ecstatic art, looks unrelated to the oracle itself. However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.

Q1: Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?
A1: Pythia
Q2: Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?
A2: Sibyl
Q3: What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?
A3: existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves
Gramophone_record (Music)

The older 78 format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials until about 1960 in the U.S., and in a few countries, such as India (where some Beatles recordings were issued on 78), into the 1960s. For example, Columbia Records' last reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 78 rpm records was an album called Young at Heart, issued November 1, 1954. As late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. In the United Kingdom, the 78 rpm single lasted longer than in the United States and the 45 rpm took longer to become popular. The 78 rpm was overtaken in popularity by the 45 rpm in the late 1950s, as teenagers became increasingly affluent.

Q1: When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm
A1: 1950s
Q2: With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?
A2: teenagers
Q3: At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?
A3: about 1960
Q4: On which date did Columbia release it's last 78?
A4: November 1, 1954.
Q5: What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm?
A5: United Kingdom
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela, which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic. The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras. Thousands of Megalithic tumuli are distributed throughout the country, but mostly along the coastal areas. Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally as anta (dolmen), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later fully affected by the Bell Beaker culture. While its rich mineral deposits - tin and gold - led to the development of Bronze Age metallurgy, and to the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic façade of Western Europe, where a common elite's culture evolved during the Atlantic Bronze Age.

Q1: Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?
A1: Eirós Cave
Q2: Which municipality is this in?
A2: Triacastela
Q3: What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?
A3: Megalithic
Q4: Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?
A4: tin and gold
Brain (Natural sciences)

The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave.

Q1: Where was the oldest brain that was found?
A1: Armenia
Q2: How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?
A2: over 5,000 years old
Q3: The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?
A3: 12 to 14-year-old
Q4: The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?
A4: girl
Somalis (Geography and places)

The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West.

Q1: In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?
A1: Somalia
Q2: From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?
A2: 4th millennium BC
Q3: At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?
A3: the Jalelo site
Q4: In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?
A4: northern
Paper (Natural sciences)

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

Q1: Who is credited with the papermaking process?
A1: Cai Lun
Q2: What material did paper replace upon its invention?
A2: silk
Q3: Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?
A3: Golden Age
Q4: What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?
A4: 2nd
Mammal (Natural sciences)

The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:

Q1: What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? 
A1: shrewlike Juramaia sinensis
Q2: How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?
A2: 160 million years ago
Q3: In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
A3: 125 million years ago
Q4: Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?
A4: placental
Brain (Natural sciences)

The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components, especially synapses. Among other tools, they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity. In recent years, the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes. Also, functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior.

Q1: The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?
A1: anatomical,
Q2: What do neuroanatomists study?
A2: the large-scale structure of the brain
Q3: What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?
A3: neuroanatomy
Q4: Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?
A4: the middle of the 20th century,
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres (4,409 ft), and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes on the isles, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with mild winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic Drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape which was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC when Great Britain was still a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland, which became an island by 12,000 BC, was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 5600 BC.

Q1: What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?
A1: 2,700 million years old
Q2: What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?
A2: 1,344 metres (4,409 ft
Q3: What type of climate does this area have?
A3: temperate marine
Q4: Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?
A4: European continent.
Q5: When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?
A5: after 8000 BC
Estonian_language (Language and literature)

The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.

Q1: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
A1: 13th century
Q2: Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
A2: Originates Livoniae
Q3: Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
A3: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
Q4: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
A4: words and fragments of sentences.