LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Han_dynasty (History)

Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp.

Q1: What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?
A1: Confucian
Q2: Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?
A2: Yang Xiong
Q3: Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?
A3: Ding Huan
Q4: What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?
A4: gimbals
Q5: What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?
A5: rotary fan
Infection (Natural sciences)

Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.

Q1: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?
A1: paleopathologists
Q2: What do paleopathologists study?
A2: occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms
Q3: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?
A3: Signs of infection
Q4: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?
A4: Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Q5: How did tyrannosaurs become infected?
A5: being bitten during a fight
Sumer (History)

Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.

Q1: When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?
A1: mid 4th millennium BC
Q2: What form did wheels initially take?
A2: potter's wheel
Q3: The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?
A3: been deciphered
Q4: What did the Sumerians map stars into?
A4: sets of constellations
Q5: How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?
A5: five
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.

Q1: These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?
A1: ice-free corridors
Q2: Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?
A2: Laurentide and Cordilleran
Q3: What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?
A3: primitive boats
Han_dynasty (History)

Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization. Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process.

Q1: What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?
A1: blast
Q2: What element was used in the production of wrought iron?
A2: oxygen
Q3: What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?
A3: wrought
Q4: What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?
A4: fining
Q5: What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?
A5: pig iron
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.

Q1: Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?
A1: Thomas Henry Huxley
Q2: What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?
A2: scientific naturalism over natural theology
Q3: Why did Huxley coin the name "Darwinism?"
A3: as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science
Q4: What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?
A4: that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

Q1: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?
A1: Evolutionary
Q2: What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?
A2: natural science and social science
Q3: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?
A3: past and present
Q4: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?
A4: scientific
Q5: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
A5: many lines
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.

Q1: While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?
A1: natural selection
Q2: What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?
A2: Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives
Q3: Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?
A3: political radicals
Q4: Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?
A4: aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie
University (Language and literature)

Examining the influence of humanism on scholars in medicine, mathematics, astronomy and physics may suggest that humanism and universities were a strong impetus for the scientific revolution. Although the connection between humanism and the scientific discovery may very well have begun within the confines of the university, the connection has been commonly perceived as having been severed by the changing nature of science during the scientific revolution. Historians such as Richard S. Westfall have argued that the overt traditionalism of universities inhibited attempts to re-conceptualize nature and knowledge and caused an indelible tension between universities and scientists. This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the university and toward private benefactors, usually in princely courts, and associations with newly forming scientific societies.

Q1: The study of humanism among those studying math, astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what?
A1: the scientific revolution
Q2: Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors?
A2: changes in science
Q3: Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor?
A3: princely courts
Q4: Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature?
A4: Richard S. Westfall
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.

Q1: What side is a phonetic indicator located on?
A1: right-hand side
Q2: What is the process of historical phonetic change?
A2: phonetic indicator
Q3: What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?
A3: phonetic change
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature, include the works of Shakespeare, with the majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. More recently British writer Victoria Hislop used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novel The Sunrise.

Q1: Where was William Shakespeare's Othello set?
A1: Cyprus
Q2: Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956?
A2: Cyprus
Q3: What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus?
A3: Bitter Lemons
Q4: Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location?
A4: The Sunrise
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences: such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.

Q1: Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?
A1: traditional Byzantine art
Q2: The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?
A2: fountains and schools
Q3: Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?
A3: the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire
Q4: Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?
A4: Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania
Energy (Natural sciences)

Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.

Q1: Give one example of energy transformation.
A1: generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine
Q2: What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?
A2: Sun
Q3: What is another example of energy transformation?
A3: lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

Q1: What is the Gash Group?
A1: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization
Q2: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?
A2: the Gash Group
Q3: Where is Agordat located?
A3: central Eritrea
Q4: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?
A4: between 2500–1500 BC
Q5: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?
A5: linguistic
Brain (Natural sciences)

Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".

Q1: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?
A1: cnidarians
Q2: Bilaterians are animals that have what?
A2: symmetric body shape
Q3: The Cambrian period was how long ago?
A3: 485-540 million years ago
Q4: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?
A4: a ganglion
Q5: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?
A5: leeches
Mammal (Natural sciences)

Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.

Q1: How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?
A1: five species
Q2: Which group consist of the most mammals?
A2: Rodentia
Q3: Which group do humans belong too?
A3: Primates
Q4: Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
A4: Carnivora
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled").

Q1: What code did Windows 8 change to?
A1: API code instead of WinRT
Q2: What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?
A2: New experience enabled
Q3: What different options did the desktop version have?
A3: able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.

Q1: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?
A1: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts
Q2: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?
A2: water-drinking
Q3: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?
A3: long-distance endurance
Q4: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?
A4: swelling of the brain
Q5: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?
A5: osmosis
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive religio. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but superstitio was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of religio.

Q1: What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?
A1: superstitio
Q2: Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?
A2: more than was necessary
Q3: What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?
A3: superstition
Q4: What was the basis of Roman religion?
A4: knowledge
Q5: What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?
A5: inappropriate