LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization "was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority".

Q1: What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?
A1: the ideas themselves
Q2: What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?
A2: largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority
Q3: Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?
A3: social and economic
Q4: What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?
A4: 1650 to the end of the 18th century
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that "his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.

Q1: Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?
A1: Byronic flamboyance
Q2: Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?
A2: Liszt and Henri Herz
Q3: What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?
A3: Paris
Q4: Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?
A4: Arthur Hutchings
Slavs (History)

Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Q1: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
A1: Jordanes
Q2: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
A2: the Sclaveni
Q3: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
A3: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government." Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.

Q1: During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?
A1: the Qing dynasty
Q2: Josef Kolmaš  states that Tibet became subject to what government? 
A2: the Chinese central government
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.

Q1: In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?
A1: 1980
Q2: During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?
A2: the Partisans,
Q3: For what country is Tito viewed as  unifying figure?
A3: Yugoslavia
Q4: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?
A4: Gamal Abdel Nasser
Q5: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?
A5: Sukarno
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit, the British Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Order of Merit of Italy.

Q1: How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?
A1: 119
Q2: Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?
A2: 21
Q3: Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit?
A3: French
Q4: Which government awards the Order of the Bath?
A4: British
Q5: Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum?
A5: Japanese
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary.[nb 1] He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 – 14 January 1918), was a Slovene. His parents were married on 21 January 1891. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik (1911–1912, factory "Titan"), Cenkov, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; then he went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.

Q1: Where was Josip Broz born?
A1: Kumrovec
Q2: In what year was Broz born?
A2: 1892
Q3: What ethnicity was Broz's father?
A3: Croat
Q4: What ethnicity was Broz's mother?
A4: Slovene
Q5: What grade did he fail?
A5: 2nd
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).

Q1: What ethnicity was Tito's mother?
A1: Slovene
Q2: What ethnicity was Tito's father?
A2: Croat
Q3: Who captured him during World War I?
A3: the Imperial Russians
Q4: Tito joined which unit in Omsk?
A4: Red Guard
Q5: What party in Yugoslavia did he join?
A5: Communist Party
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

Q1: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?
A1: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña
Q2: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?
A2: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch
Q3: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?
A3: June 2012
Q4: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?
A4: June 2004
Q5: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?
A5: ECB veteran who heads its legal department
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that "they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one."

Q1: Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?
A1: Journalist and author Thomas Laird
Q2: who colonized India and New Zealand?
A2: the British
Q3: Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?
A3: the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Luís Cabral.

Q1: Who was elected as President in 2005?
A1: João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira
Q2: What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?
A2: CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições)
Q3: How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?
A3: six years
Q4: What year did Vieira first assume power?
A4: 1980
Q5: Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?
A5: Luís Cabral
House_music (Music)

Juan Atkins, an originator of Detroit techno music, claims the term "house" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs, and thus were considered to be their "house" records. In an effort to maintain such exclusives, the DJs were inspired to create their own "house" records.

Q1: What is Juan Atkins an originator of?
A1: Detroit techno music
Q2: What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?
A2: the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs
Q3: Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?
A3: differentiate the clubs and DJs
Jews (History)

Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.

Q1: In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?
A1: three
Q2: What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? 
A2: whether a religious or national approach to identity is used
Q3: Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?
A3: Judaism
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a "nigger-lover". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.

Q1: What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?
A1: Mayella Ewell
Q2: What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?
A2: Tom Robinson
Q3: Who stopped the mob by shaming them?
A3: Scout, Jem, and Dill
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

Q1: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?
A1: approximately 1000 AD
Q2: When was Kievan Rus' formed?
A2: about 880
Q3: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?
A3: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
Q4: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?
A4: Old East Slavic
Q5: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?
A5: 988
Botany (Natural sciences)

Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) – and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (apomorphies). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.

Q1: Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?
A1: convergent evolution
Q2: How can two different plants acquire the same traits?
A2: arisen independently
Q3: What traits show a shared ancestry?
A3: derived characters
Q4: How are common ancestries represented for plant families?
A4: tree-like diagrams
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution (History)

Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."

Q1: In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?
A1: Judicial
Q2: Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?
A2: president
Q3: Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?
A3: Senate
Q4: What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?
A4: constitutional courts
Q5: What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?
A5: Judicial power
Q6: Who appoints a judge?
A6: the president
Q7: Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
A7: the Senate
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of Brasília, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

Q1: When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil?
A1: 1956
Q2: When did Kubitschek leave office?
A2: 1961
Q3: Who ordered Brasilia be built?
A3: Juscelino Kubitschek
Q4: How many people competed to be Brasilia's urban planner?
A4: 5550
Q5: When was Brasilia inaugurated?
A5: April 21, 1960
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

Just as Lee explores Jem's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society, Scout realizes what being female means, and several female characters influence her development. Scout's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider. Scout's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie, both of whom are strong willed, independent, and protective. Mayella Ewell also has an influence; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him. The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, "Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South, for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child."

Q1: Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?
A1: Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
Q2: Who are Scout's two primary female models?
A2: Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
Q3: Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?
A3: Mrs. Dubose
Q4: Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?
A4: feminist
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.

Q1: What have a characteristic shape?
A1: Roman letters
Q2: What occupy a more or less space area?
A2: Chinese characters
Q3: What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?
A3: Square-Block Characters
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.

Q1: What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?
A1: divine ancestor
Q2: What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?
A2: personal claim
Q3: What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?
A3: Venus Genetrix
Q4: Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?
A4: Imperial cult
Q5: What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? 
A5: Vergil
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism. Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance.

Q1: Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?
A1: Leonardo da Vinci
Q2: Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?
A2: Juan Luis Vives
Q3: Where did this initiate?
A3: universities
Q4: What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?
A4: Aristotelian