LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Samoa (Geography and places)

The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

Q1: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?
A1: 2003
Q2: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?
A2: anthropology
Q3: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?
A3: Austronesian
Q4: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?
A4: 1,500 BCE
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society.

Q1: When did the idea of a "consumer society" begin? 
A1: at the turn of the 19th century.
Q2: What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? 
A2: the affluent middle-class
Q3: Who was Josiah Wedgewood?
A3: entrepreneurs
Q4: What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?
A4: urbanized social group
Q5: What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? 
A5: women
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan (compare to *walo meaning "eight" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years.

Q1: How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?
A1: 3000 years
Q2: By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?
A2: canoe
Q3: How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?
A3: nine islands
Q4: On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?
A4: Eight
Q5: What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?
A5: eight standing together
Szlachta (History)

The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.

Q1: What is another name for folwarks?
A1: manor farms
Q2: Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.
A2: obscurity and mystery
Q3: Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.
A3: late 18th century
Q4: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
A4: political and legal privileges
Szlachta (History)

The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

Q1: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?
A1: obscure
Q2: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?
A2: odwieczna
Q3: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?
A3: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians
Q4: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
A4: Alexander the Great
Q5: What was important and unique about regional leaders?
A5: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Q1: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
A1: three
Q2: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
A2: Ionic and Aeolic
Q3: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
A3: fricative
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).

Q1: What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?
A1: Avestan
Q2: What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?
A2: Zoroastrianism
Q3: What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?
A3: Rigvedic Sanskrit
Q4: What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?
A4: Old Persian
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The other large cemeteries are the Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, and Cementerio Paso Molino. The British Cemetery Montevideo (Cementerio Británico) is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay, located in the Buceo neighborhood. Many noblemen and eminent persons are buried there. The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828. However, in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth. A section of the cemetery, known as British Cemetery Montevideo Soldiers and Sailors, contains the graves of quite a number of sailors of different nationalities, although the majority are of British descent. One United States Marine, Henry de Costa, is buried here.

Q1: Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?
A1: Buceo neighborhood
Q2: Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?
A2: Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood
Q3: When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo? 
A3: 1828
Q4: When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?
A4: 1884
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.

Q1: What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?
A1: federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue
Q2: What are states not bound by?
A2: federal interpretations of state law
Q3: What states that deference is one way only?
A3: Erie doctrine
Q4: What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?
A4: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law
Dialect (Language and literature)

The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian. 

Q1: What is the other definition of the term dialect?
A1: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language
Q2: How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?
A2: subordinate to the standard language
Q3: The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?
A3: Italy
Q4: What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?
A4: regional Italian
Q5: From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?
A5: Latin
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.

Q1: In what year did World War I begin?
A1: 1914
Q2: When did a victor emerge in World War I?
A2: 1918
Q3: At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
A3: the Paris Peace Conference
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

Q1: Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?
A1: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
Q2: What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?
A2: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Q3: When did the russian civil war take place?
A3: 1917–22
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.

Q1: What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?
A1: 6%
Q2: What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?
A2: 10.1%
Q3: The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?
A3: 1983
Q4: What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?
A4: 33
Q5: The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?
A5: patent applications
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of "Friends of Falun Gong", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.

Q1: Who was the outreach director of HRTR?
A1: Susan Prager
Q2: What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?
A2: Friends of Falun Gong
Q3: Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?
A3: Diego Maradona
Q4: How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?
A4: 1200
Q5: What was thrown to try and put out the flame?
A5: water balloons
Q6: What is Susan Prager communication director of?
A6: Friends of Falun Gong
Q7: What football star backed out due to relay controversy?
A7: Diego Maradona
Q8: How many police officers were part of the security operative?
A8: 1200
Q9: What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?
A9: water balloons
Q10: The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?
A10: peaceful
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects (Art and architecture)

The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Q1: What was the RIBA Library's first address?
A1: 9 Conduit Street
Q2: Where did RIBA move its library?
A2: 66 Portland Place
Q3: In what year did RIBA move its library?
A3: 1934
Q4: Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?
A4: Adolf Loos
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.

Q1: The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?
A1: Chinese
Q2: The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?
A2: Communist Revolution
Q3: When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?
A3: 1949
Q4: What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?
A4: the bamboo network
Pub (History)

The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

Q1: What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?
A1: pub landlord
Q2: What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?
A2: publican
Q3: What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?
A3: locals
Q4: Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?
A4: darts
Q5: What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?
A5: pool or snooker
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

The ownership of the Spectre organisation—originally stylised "SPECTRE" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion—and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. The dispute began after Fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by McClory and screenwriter Jack Whittingham—including characters and plot points—into Thunderball, which McClory contested in court, claiming ownership over elements of the novel. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights. This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball—with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers—and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again, an updated remake of Thunderball, in 1983.[N 3] A second remake, entitled Warhead 2000 A.D., was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned. Under the terms of the 1963 settlement, the literary rights stayed with Fleming, allowing the Spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print.

Q1: What did SPECTRE originally stand for?
A1: SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
Q2: Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?
A2: Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
Q3: In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?
A3: 1963
Q4: Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?
A4: Never Say Never Again
Q5: What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?
A5: Warhead 2000 A.D.
Q6: In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?
A6: 1963
Q7: What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?
A7: Never Say Never Again
Q8: Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?
A8: Thunderball.
Slavs (History)

The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

Q1: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?
A1: between the 6th and 10th centuries
Q2: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?
A2: Orthodox Christianity
Q3: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?
A3: Roman Catholicism
Q4: When did the East-West Schism begin?
A4: 11th century
Q5: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?
A5: Orthodox
Pain (Language and literature)

The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the (faster) A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These first order neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract.

Q1: How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?
A1: along an A-delta or C fiber
Q2: Which fiber is thicker?
A2: A-delta
Q3: What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?
A3: myelin
Q4: What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?
A4: sharp and is felt first
Q5: How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?
A5: via Lissauer's tract