LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. "Axial" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body – the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is inexact, although universal. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured.

Q1: What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?
A1: axially
Q2: What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?
A2: radially
Q3: Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?
A3: Radial
Q4: How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?
A4: on a common axis
Q5: How could radial leads be more correctly described?
A5: as tandem
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a Brinkley stick. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.

Q1: How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?
A1: over 15 joules of energy
Q2: To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?
A2: over 300 volts
Q3: What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?
A3: a Brinkley stick
Q4: How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?
A4: with the terminals shorted
Q5: What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?
A5: from static charges
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.

Q1: What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?
A1: microphonic effect
Q2: What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? 
A2: the capacitance
Q3: What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?
A3: AC current
Q4: In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?
A4: audio applications
Q5: What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?
A5: the reverse microphonic effect
Nonprofit_organization (Social sciences and society)

Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.

Q1: What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?
A1: government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations
Q2: What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?
A2: external funding
Q3: What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?
A3: unreliable funding, long hours and low pay
Q4: What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?
A4: Nonprofit Capacity Building Program
Q5: When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?
A5: 2010
Tennessee (Geography and places)

Capital punishment has existed in Tennessee at various times since statehood. Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging. From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method. From 1972 to 1978, after the Supreme Court ruled (Furman v. Georgia) capital punishment unconstitutional, there were no further executions. Capital punishment was restarted in 1978, although those prisoners awaiting execution between 1960 and 1978 had their sentences mostly commuted to life in prison. From 1916 to 1960 the state executed 125 inmates. For a variety of reasons there were no further executions until 2000. Since 2000, Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row (as of April 2015).

Q1: What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?
A1: hanging
Q2: In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?
A2: 1916
Q3: How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?
A3: 125
Q4: How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?
A4: six
Q5: How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?
A5: 73
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.

Q1: In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?
A1: 1972
Q2: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?
A2: Furman v. Georgia
Q3: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?
A3: Luis Monge
Q4: What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?
A4: Eighth
Q5: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?
A5: 1976
Letter_case (Language and literature)

Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

Q1: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?
A1: formal
Q2: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?
A2: capital
Q3: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?
A3: beginning of a line of verse
Q4: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?
A4: capitalised
Q5: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?
A5: oh
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century.

Q1: What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?
A1: Captain John Byron
Q2: What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?
A2: circumnavigation of the globe
Q3: How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?
A3: Lagoon Islands
Q4: Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?
A4: Niutao
Q5: When were chronometers available for accurate location charting? 
A5: late 18th
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall, and drew maps of the islands. The designation was repeated later on British maps.[citation needed] In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island. One year later, the American schooner Dolphin arrived and picked up two boys, the last survivors of a massacre by the natives due to their brutal treatment of the women.:2

Q1: Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?
A1: Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert
Q2: What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?
A2: jolet jen Anij
Q3: Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?
A3: Adam Johann von Krusenstern
Q4: Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?
A4: Louis Isidore Duperrey
Q5: At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824?
A5: Mulgrave
Q6: Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands?
A6: Thomas Gilbert
Q7: In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands?
A7: 1788
Q8: What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?
A8: jolet jen Anij
Q9: What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?
A9: Gifts from God
Q10: On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?
A10: Mulgrave Island
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:

Q1: What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?
A1: immediacy
Q2: What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?
A2: used the Internet to present its content
Q3: It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?
A3: work exclusively online
Q4: What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?
A4: downloading
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

Caray had lively discussions with commentator Steve Stone, who was hand-picked by Harry himself, and producer Arne Harris. Caray often playfully quarreled with Stone over Stone's cigar and why Stone was single, while Stone would counter with poking fun at Harry being "under the influence." Stone disclosed in his book "Where's Harry" that most of this "arguing" was staged, and usually a ploy developed by Harry himself to add flavor to the broadcast. The Cubs still have a "guest conductor", usually a celebrity, lead the crowd in singing "Take me out to the ballgame" during the 7th inning stretch to honor Caray's memory.

Q1: Who did Harry hand-pick himself?
A1: Steve Stone
Q2: Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with?
A2: Stone
Q3: Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone?
A3: over Stone's cigar
Q4: What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?
A4: Take me out to the ballgame
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria, green sulfur-bacteria and some purple bacteria, but also many chemolithotrophic species, such as nitrifying or sulfur-oxidising bacteria. Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy, the use of light through photosynthesis, or based on chemotrophy, the use of chemical substances for energy, which are mostly oxidised at the expense of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors (aerobic/anaerobic respiration).

Q1: How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?
A1: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources
Q2: When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?
A2: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide
Q3: What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?
A3: Heterotrophic bacteria
Q4: Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?
A4: autotrophic bacteria
Q5: What is chemotrophy ?
A5: the use of chemical substances for energy
Crimean_War (History)

Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252

Q1: Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?
A1: Cardigan
Q2: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?
A2: Russian batteries
Q3: How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  
A3: 278
Q4: Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? 
A4: Alfred Lord Tennyson
Q5: What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?
A5: The Charge of the Light Brigade
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it." Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.

Q1: What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?
A1: Christian Unity
Q2: What group condemned mixed faith marriages?
A2: Congregation of Faith
Q3: To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?
A3: Anglican
Q4: Which church did Paul VI call "our beloved sister church"?
A4: Anglican Church
Q5: Who described the Anglican church as "our beloved sister Church"?
A5: Paul VI
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees.

Q1: Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?
A1: Cardinal bishops
Q2: What is a cardinal bishop?
A2: cardinals of the episcopal order
Q3: Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?
A3: Cardinal bishops
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.

Q1: What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?
A1: seven deacons in the Papal Household
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.

Q1: Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?
A1: cardinal deacons
Q2: Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?
A2: cardinal bishops
Q3: Which rank has the most cardinals?
A3: Cardinal priests
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.

Q1: In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?
A1: about half
Q2: In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?
A2: third
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.

Q1: Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?
A1: the pope
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy. These aircraft are largely defined in terms of their range capability as strategic airlift (C-5), strategic/tactical (C-17), and tactical (C-130) airlift to reflect the needs of the land forces they most often support. The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It conducts long-range, special operations missions, and is equipped with extra fuel tanks and terrain-following radar. Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support (C-12), Antarctic Support (LC-130H), and USSOCOM support (C-27J, C-145A, and C-146A). The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.

Q1: What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? 
A1: Cargo and transport
Q2: What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?
A2: C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy
Q3: The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?
A3: U.S. Special Operations Command
Q4: What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?
A4: LC-130H
Q5: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? 
A5: weather reconnaissance aircraft
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets, and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called "matarrucs" ("donkey killers").

Q1: What is one of the longest free events in the streets?
A1: Carnaval de Solsona
Q2: How long can the nightly concerts run for?
A2: more than a week
Q3: What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?
A3: the tower bell
Q4: How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?
A4: water pump
Q5: What does "matarrucs" mean?
A5: donkey killers