LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.

Q1: What year was Canada united in a confederation?
A1: 1867
Q2: The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?
A2: French and British forces
Q3: What is one of the threats that faced them?
A3: European powers
Q4: What American war threatened Canada?
A4: the American Revolutionary War
Q5: Early on, what did they defend against with the British?
A5: invasion by the United States
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

Prior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms "frequency" and "wavelength" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space(and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the colour of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.

Q1: Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?
A1: a wave
Q2: What terms describe different types of radiation?
A2: "frequency" and "wavelength"
Q3: What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?
A3: intensity
Q4: What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?
A4: sound
Q5: Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?
A5: a wave
Q6: What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?
A6: intensity
Q7: What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?
A7: the energy account
Q8: What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?
A8: gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space
Southampton (Geography and places)

Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.

Q1: What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?
A1: Battle of Agincourt
Q2: What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?
A2: Southampton Plot
Q3: What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?
A3: Red Lion
Q4: What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?
A4: Richard
Q5: Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?
A5: the Bargate
Gene (Natural sciences)

Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

Q1: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?
A1: one of blending inheritance
Q2: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?
A2: Charles Darwin
Q3: What does the term gemmule describe?
A3: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction
Q4: What year was Mendel's work first published?
A4: 1866
Q5: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?
A5: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase. To make Planck's law, which correctly predicts blackbody emissions, it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator. The influence of h in this complex factor would not disappear if it were set to zero or to any other value. Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done by changing the values of h, of the Boltzmann constant, or of any other constant or variable in the equation. In this case the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture.

Q1: Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?
A1: any
Q2: The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?
A2: a narrow range
Q3: What does Planck's law correctly predict?
A3: blackbody emissions
Q4: In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?
A4: h
Q5: Planck's work disproved what assumption?
A5: that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever
Q6: What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?
A6: The Rayleigh–Jeans
Q7: Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?
A7: multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator
Q8: Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?
A8: Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done
Q9: The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?
A9: the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Q1: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?
A1: Korean
Q2: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?
A2: pre-inaugural
Q3: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?
A3: Russia
Q4: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
A4: foreign
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it "inventive, intelligent and complex", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin described Spectre as "a swaggering show of confidence'", lauding it as "a feat of pure cinematic necromancy." In an otherwise positive, but overall less enthusiastic review, IGN's Chris Tilly considered Spectre "solid if unspectacular", and gave the film a 7.2 score (out of a possible 10), saying that "the film falls frustratingly short of greatness."

Q1: Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?
A1: Robbie Collin
Q2: A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?
A2: IGN
Q3: What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?
A3: four out of five stars
Q4: How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?
A4: four out of five
Seattle (History)

Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.

Q1: Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?
A1: Boeing
Q2: Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?
A2: Everett and Renton
Q3: Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? 
A3: Mayor Greg Nickels
Q4: What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?
A4: biotech companies
Q5: For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?
A5: buying a house
Madrasa (Language and literature)

Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, has written 40 volumes on the muḥaddithāt (the women scholars of ḥadīth), and found at least 8,000 of them.

Q1: What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?
A1: less than one percent
Q2: How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?
A2: over 8,000
Q3: In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?
A3: al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ
Q4: How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?
A4: 1,075
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

Prior to the 2011–2012 season, Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five-year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement had the club donate €1.5 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 percent of its ordinary income, equal to the UN International Aid Target, cf. ODA) via the FC Barcelona Foundation. The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee, Jaime Gil-Aluja. The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company. In 2004, a company could become one of 25 "Honorary members" by contributing between £40,000–60,000 (£54,800–82,300) per year. There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of £14,000 (£19,200) and an unlimited number of "patronages" for the cost of £4,000 per year (£5,500). It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy, but according to the author Anthony King, it is "unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club".

Q1: What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006? 
A1: UNICEF
Q2: How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?
A2: €1.5 million
Q3: What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?
A3: UN International Aid Target
Q4: Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?
A4: Jaime Gil-Aluja
Q5: What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract? 
A5: financial sponsorships
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy. To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax. In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin. The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs. This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs. A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs. The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.

Q1: What Act forbade misbranded drugs?
A1: Pure Food and Drugs Act
Q2: What caused a Tetanus outbreak?
A2: contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin
Q3: What act allowed premarket approval for drugs?
A3: The Biologics Control Act of 1902
Q4: When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?
A4: 1906
Q5: Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?
A5: Supreme Court
Q6: What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs?
A6: Biologics Control Act of 1902
Q7: What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? 
A7: Pure Food and Drugs Act
Q8: In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed?
A8: 1906
Mandolin (Music)

Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a strong presence in France. Prominent mandolin players or composers included Jules Cottin and his sister Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, and Edgar Bara. Paris had dozens of "estudiantina" mandolin orchestras in the early 1900s. Mandolin magazines included L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, École de la mandolie.

Q1: Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?
A1: Golden Age of Mandolins
Q2: Where in France did the mandolinists play?
A2: Paris
Q3: When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?
A3: Napoleonic Wars.
Q4: Who were the players and composers during this time?
A4: Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio
Q5: What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?
A5: 1880s-1920s
Szlachta (History)

Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth (the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40% of all citizens population, with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations). In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.

Q1: What two religions were most common?
A1: Roman Catholic or Orthodox
Q2: What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
A2: Muslims
Q3: What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?
A3: ennoblement
Q4: What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?
A4: the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic
Q5: What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?
A5: Jews
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels. These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy, and contributed to the need for government bailouts.

Q1: What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?
A1: became highly leveraged
Q2: What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?
A2: complex
Q3: Who bailed out financial institutions?
A3: government
Q4: Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?
A4: bankruptcy
Q5: What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?
A5: complex financial instruments
Immunology (Natural sciences)

Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Q1: The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?
A1: exempt
Q2: What are the major organs of the immune system?
A2: thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver
Q3: Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
A3: early physicians
Q4: How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
A4: surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive
Q5: Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
A5: thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Q1: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
A1: Slavic tribes
Q2: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
A2: Novgorod
Q3: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
A3: Ladoga and Karelia regions
Q4: Which tribe resided in the south?
A4: Poliane
Multiracial_American (History)

Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

Q1: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
A1: social acceptance
Q2: Where did people not ask about racial background?
A2: frontier areas
Q3: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
A3: they served in the militia and voted
Q4: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
A4: neighbors