LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Virgil (Language and literature)

According to the tradition, Virgil traveled to Greece in about 19 BC to revise the Aeneid. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near Megara. After crossing to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21, 19 BC. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible. As a result, the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e. not a complete line of dactylic hexameter). Some scholars have argued that Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect. Other alleged imperfections are subject to scholarly debate.

Q1: According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid?
A1: Greece
Q2: Where did Virgil die?
A2: Brundisium harbor
Q3: What date did Virgil die?
A3: September 21, 19 BC
Q4: Who were Virgil's literary executors?
A4: Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca
Q5: What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?
A5: the poem be burned
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

According to the traditional narrative, several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled by his companions who wrote down and memorized parts of it. These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman's codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings, with mostly minor differences in meaning.

Q1: Who first recorded Muhammad revelations?
A1: companions of Muhammad
Q2: Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?
A2: Caliph Uthman
Q3: By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known?
A3: Uthman's codex
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

Q1: What was Zechariah's occupation?
A1: priest
Q2: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?
A2: Levi
Q3: Who was Aaron's wife?
A3: Elisheba
Q4: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?
A4: Judah
Q5: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?
A5: Nathan
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls.

Q1: What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?
A1: Asita
Q2: What was the prediction made by Asita?
A2: Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man
Q3: According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?
A3: depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
Q4: What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?
A4: an astrologer
Q5: What was the name of his father?
A5: Suddhodana
Q6: What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?
A6: a great king
Q7: What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?
A7: Asita
Q8: What is Gautama's fathers name?
A8: Suddhodana
Q9: Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?
A9: holy man
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes "that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal". The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore "transitory, incomplete, misleading and not what it appears to be". The concept of ātman is of soul, self within each person, each living being. Advaita Vedantins assert that ātman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence. They hold that dualities and misunderstanding of māyā as the spiritual reality that matters is caused by ignorance, and are the cause of sorrow, suffering. Jīvanmukti (liberation during life) can be achieved through Self-knowledge, the understanding that ātman within is same as ātman in another person and all of Brahman – the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.

Q1: According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?
A1: Brahman
Q2: What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?
A2: māyā and ātman
Q3: How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?
A3: always changing
Q4: To what does the concept of atman refer?
A4: soul
Q5: To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?
A5: Brahman
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which "is true" is replaced with "corresponds to the facts". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a "metalinguistic predicate" and distinguishes the following cases:

Q1: What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?
A1: deflationary
Q2: With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate "is true?"
A2: "corresponds to the facts"
Q3: What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?
A3: metalanguage
Q4: What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?
A4: assertions and the facts to which they refer
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians suspect that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya was later discarded from the noble family. Sunni historians disagree with this and view Shia claims as nothing more than outright polemics due to their hostility to the Umayyad family in general. They point to the fact that the grand sons of Uthman, Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan and Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman got married to the Sukaina and Fatima the daughters of Hussein son of Ali to show closeness of Banu hashem and Bani Ummayah.

Q1: What is another term for the Umayyads?
A1: Banu Abd-Shams
Q2: Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?
A2: Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
Q3: From what city did the Umayyads originate?
A3: Mecca
Q4: What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?
A4: Umayya
Diarrhea (Natural sciences)

According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: "Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism".

Q1: What did Nesse and Williams learn?
A1: diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism
Q2: If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?
A2: there might be a delay in recovery.
Q3: What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?
A3: caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.

Q1: How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?
A1: leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary
Q2: How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?
A2: leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east
Q3: Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
A3: a column of about 15,000 men
Q4: Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.
A4: a column of 18,000 men
Q5: Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith 
A5: a corps of 30,000 troops.
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.

Q1: When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
A1: 30 AD
Q2: Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
A2: China
Q3: When did Rome begin using leeches?
A3: 50 AD
Q4: When did India begin using leeches?
A4: 200 AD
Q5: Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?
A5: IUCN and CITES
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Q1: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
A1: China
Q2: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
A2: 2014
Q3: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
A3: data sources
Q4: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?
A4: garments
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them.

Q1: Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?
A1: al-Qaeda
Q2: How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?
A2: hundreds
Q3: What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?
A3: National Transitional Council
Q4: Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?
A4: eastern
Q5: Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?
A5: al-Bayda and Tobruk
House_music (Music)

Acid house arose from Chicago artists' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the style's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture's "Acid Tracks" (1987). Phuture, a group founded by Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson, is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context. The group's 12-minute "Acid Tracks" was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably. The track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine.

Q1: When was Phuture's "Acid Tracks" released?
A1: 1987
Q2: Who founded the group Phuture?
A2: Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson
Q3: what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music?
A3: TB-303
Q4: how long was phuture's "acid tracks"?
A4: 12-minute
Q5: what type of drum machine did "acid tracks" use?
A5: Roland TR-707
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain or acid-fast stain, in which the acid-fast bacilli are stained bright-red and stand out clearly against a blue background. L-form bacteria are strains of bacteria that lack cell walls. The main pathogenic bacteria in this class is Mycoplasma (not to be confused with Mycobacteria).

Q1: What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization?
A1: high mycolic acid content
Q2: What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?
A2: staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention.
Q3: What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?
A3: Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Q4: What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?
A4: Mycoplasma
London (Geography and places)

Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.

Q1: What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?
A1: about six to four
Q2: What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?
A2: 1,624,768
Q3: According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?
A3: 19 per cent
Q4: The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?
A4: 46.4
Q5: A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?
A5: more than 50
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Across continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishing companies were conveniently located outside France so as to avoid overzealous French censors. They would smuggle their merchandise across the border, where it would then be transported to clandestine booksellers or small-time peddlers. The records of clandestine booksellers may give a better representation of what literate Frenchmen might have truly read, since their clandestine nature provided a less restrictive product choice. In one case, political books were the most popular category, primarily libels and pamphlets. Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself. The second most popular category, "general works" (those books "that did not have a dominant motif and that contained something to offend almost everyone in authority") demonstrated a high demand for generally low-brow subversive literature. However, these works never became part of literary canon, and are largely forgotten today as a result.

Q1: Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially?
A1: France
Q2: Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes?
A2: The Encyclopédie
Q3: Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors?
A3: France
Q4: Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself?
A4: criminals and political corruption
Q5: What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?
A5: general works
Korean_War (Warfare)

Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory."

Q1: What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?
A1: General MacArthur
Q2: Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?
A2: President Truman
Q3: What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?
A3: US Seventh Fleet
Q4: Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?
A4: Republic of China
Q5: Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?
A5: Zhou Enlai
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s, Potter was an advocate of such liberal causes as, women’s rights, access to birth control, "civil divorce laws", and an end to capital punishment.

Q1: What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?
A1: F.C.S. Schiller
Q2: When was the first public group for Humanist founded?
A2: 1929
Q3: Who created this group?
A3: Charles Francis Potter
Q4: When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism?
A4: 1930
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.

Q1: Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?
A1: Active
Q2: Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?
A2: Passive
Q3: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
A3: designing spaces that naturally circulate air
Q4: What does an active solar technique do?
A4: increase the supply of energy
Q5: What does a passive solar technique do?
A5: reduce the need for alternate resources