LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost their property, homes, and businesses. Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages. In addition, whites and non-Asians do not differentiate among the different Asian groups and perpetuate the "model minority" stereotype. According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University, Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education, but lacking in communication skills and personality. A negative outcome of this stereotype is that Asians have been portrayed as having poor leadership and interpersonal skills. This has contributing to the "glass ceiling" phenomenon in which although there are many qualified Asian Americans, they occupy a disproportionately small number of executive positions in businesses. Furthermore, the model minority stereotype has led to resentment of Asian success and several universities and colleges have limited or have been accused of limiting Asian matriculation.

Q1: What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?
A1: not having the ability to become naturalized citizens
Q2: What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?
A2: school segregation
Q3: Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?
A3: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Q4: Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?
A4: Immigration Act of 1924
Q5: According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?
A5: communication skills and personality
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

Q1: Name one Asian architectural writer.
A1: Kao Gong Ji
Q2: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
A2: China
Q3: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
A3: 7th–5th centuries BCE
Q4: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
A4: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Q5: India produced which early architectural text?
A5: Shilpa Shastras
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.

Q1: How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?
A1: over four times
Q2: Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?
A2: about twice
Q3: Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?
A3: by satellite
Q4: What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?
A4: Early HDTV commercial experiments
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.

Q1: What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?
A1: essence and existence
Q2: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?
A2: al-Farabi
Q3: What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?
A3: Islamic theology
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording.

Q1: What does the term CBR mean?
A1: Constant Bit Rate
Q2: Which early MPEG layer used CBR?
A2: Layer III
Q3: The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?
A3: uniform
Q4: What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?
A4: bit reservoir
Q5: What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?
A5: the complexity of the sound
University (Language and literature)

Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages: natural philosophy, logic, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy (and astrology), law, grammar and rhetoric. Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum, while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship. The importance of humanism for changing this state-of-affairs cannot be underestimated. Once humanist professors joined the university faculty, they began to transform the study of grammar and rhetoric through the studia humanitatis. Humanist professors focused on the ability of students to write and speak with distinction, to translate and interpret classical texts, and to live honorable lives. Other scholars within the university were affected by the humanist approaches to learning and their linguistic expertise in relation to ancient texts, as well as the ideology that advocated the ultimate importance of those texts. Professors of medicine such as Niccolò Leoniceno, Thomas Linacre and William Cop were often trained in and taught from a humanist perspective as well as translated important ancient medical texts. The critical mindset imparted by humanism was imperative for changes in universities and scholarship. For instance, Andreas Vesalius was educated in a humanist fashion before producing a translation of Galen, whose ideas he verified through his own dissections. In law, Andreas Alciatus infused the Corpus Juris with a humanist perspective, while Jacques Cujas humanist writings were paramount to his reputation as a jurist. Philipp Melanchthon cited the works of Erasmus as a highly influential guide for connecting theology back to original texts, which was important for the reform at Protestant universities. Galileo Galilei, who taught at the Universities of Pisa and Padua, and Martin Luther, who taught at the University of Wittenberg (as did Melanchthon), also had humanist training. The task of the humanists was to slowly permeate the university; to increase the humanist presence in professorships and chairs, syllabi and textbooks so that published works would demonstrate the humanistic ideal of science and scholarship.

Q1: What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?
A1: the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages
Q2: What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?
A2: Galen and Arabic scholarship
Q3: The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?
A3: Humanist
Q4: Niccolò Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?
A4: medicine
Q5: Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?
A5: Andreas Alciatus
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.

Q1: What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?
A1: Egyptians
Q2: Who was Marwan I related to?
A2: Muawiyah I
Q3: Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
A3: Ali ibn Abi Talib
Q4: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?
A4: Ja'far al-Sadiq
Presbyterianism (History)

Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.

Q1: Presbyterians had to distinguished between "Church" and "Meeting house" What was "Church" referring too?
A1: the members
Q2: What did "Meeting house" refer to?
A2: building
Q3: What were churches called before the 19th century?
A3: meeting house
Q4: Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?
A4: No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.

Q1: What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?
A1: Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma
Q2: When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? 
A2: in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.
Q3: What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?
A3: The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged
Q4: Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?
A4: Taungoo Dynasty
Q5: When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?
A5: In the 16th century
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation. The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania, also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945.

Q1: The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?
A1: Alan Turing
Q2: When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?
A2: 1936
Q3: When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?
A3: 1945
Q4: The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?
A4: 1945.
Q5: Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?
A5: University of Pennsylvania
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs," "bulletin boards" or "online publishers," early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]

Q1: Who did early court cases focus on?
A1: Internet service providers
Q2: What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?
A2: libel, defamation, or pornography
Q3: What was the result of early law on online liability?
A3: varied widely from country to country
Q4: When were the first laws of liability passed?
A4: mid-1990s
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.

Q1: Who created the relay computer, the Z2?
A1: Konrad Zuse
Q2: When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?
A2: 1939
Q3: What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?
A3: The Z2
Q4: Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?
A4: German
Qing_dynasty (History)

Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders — mostly members of the Chinese gentry — could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the "Yong Ying" (Brave Camp).

Q1: What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?
A1: Taiping Rebellion
Q2: What city did the Qing lose in 1853?
A2: Nanjing
Q3: Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?
A3: Zeng Guofan
Q4: What was Zeng Guofan?
A4: Xiang Army
Q5: What was the Xiang Army named after?
A5: Hunan region where it was raised
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.

Q1: Where were the first followers mainly found?
A1: at the University of Chicago's Divinity School
Q2: Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?
A2: Henry Nelson Wieman
Q3: What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?
A3: Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
Q4: Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?
A4: John B. Cobb
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedābheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought— Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña (Kashmir Shaivism).

Q1: In what text is Shaivism recounted?
A1: Śvetāśvatara Upanishad
Q2: When was the text on Shaivism written?
A2: 400 – 200 BCE
Q3: Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?
A3: Vidyaranya
Q4: How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?
A4: three
Q5: What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?
A5: Pratyabhijña
House_music (Music)

Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house.

Q1: House music is characterized by what type of beats?
A1: 4/4 beats
Q2: What are some subgenres of House music?
A2: euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house
Q3: What are rhythms provided by in House music?
A3: drum machines
Q4: What are some differences between House and Disco music?
A4: it was more electronic and minimalistic
Q5: What type of music is House based on?
A5: dance-based music
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize the probability of finding cluster patterns unique to each group. In light of the historically recent acceleration of human migration (and correspondingly, human gene flow) on a global scale, further studies were conducted to judge the degree to which genetic cluster analysis can pattern ancestrally identified groups as well as geographically separated groups. One such study looked at a large multiethnic population in the United States, and "detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ethnicity—as opposed to current residence—is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population." (Tang et al. (2005))

Q1: What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?
A1: ancestral population
Q2: Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?
A2: extreme geographic distances
Q3: What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?
A3: large geographic distances
Q4: What human activity has only recently accelerated?
A4: migration
Q5: Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?
A5: gene
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority.

Q1: Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?
A1: Early humanists
Q2: What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?
A2: secular
Q3: During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?
A3: Renaissance
Q4: Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?
A4: Gherardo
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Q1: What war was being fought by France in 1953?
A1: First Indochina War
Q2: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
A2: Iron Mike
Q3: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
A3: Matthew Ridgway
Q4: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
A4: China
Q5: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
A5: massive