LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Korean_War (Warfare)

In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible. Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong. On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages.

Q1: What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?
A1: Operation Killer
Q2: What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?
A2: to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible
Q3: What signified the end of Operation Killer?
A3: capturing Hoengseong
Q4: How many times was Seoul captured in a year?
A4: This was the city's fourth conquest
Q5: Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?
A5: severe food shortages
Near_East (Geography and places)

In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans. For a time, "Near East" meant primarily the Balkans. Robert Hichens' book The Near East (1913) is subtitled Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople.

Q1: When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?
A1: the 19th century
Q2: The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?
A2: English-speaking public
Q3: What was the cause of the onus?
A3: the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians
Q4: What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?
A4: they were Christians
Q5: When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?
A5: 1913)
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized.

Q1: What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?
A1: the problem of black-body radiation
Q2: Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?
A2: Kirchhoff
Q3: Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?
A3: hotter
Q4: What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?
A4: it absorbs all the light
Q5: What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?
A5: thermal light emission
Q6: Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?
A6: black-body radiation
Q7: If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?
A7: its thermal light emission is maximized.
Q8: What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?
A8: absorbs just as much light as it emits
Q9: Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?
A9: laws of motion
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

Q1: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?
A1: Arnold of Brescia
Q2: When were the Waldensians created?
A2: the early 1170s
Q3: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?
A3: 1215
Q4: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
A4: Italy
Q5: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?
A5: apostolic poverty
John,_King_of_England (History)

In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had been rescinded by Richard I in exchange for financial compensation in 1189, but the relationship remained uneasy. John began his reign by reasserting his sovereignty over the disputed northern counties. He refused William's request for the earldom of Northumbria, but did not intervene in Scotland itself and focused on his continental problems. The two kings maintained a friendly relationship, meeting in 1206 and 1207, until it was rumoured in 1209 that William was intending to ally himself with Philip II of France. John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of £10,000. This effectively crippled William's power north of the border, and by 1212 John had to intervene militarily to support the Scottish king against his internal rivals.[nb 16] John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and both William and Alexander remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John.

Q1: When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?
A1: late 12th and early 13th centuries
Q2: Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?
A2: Henry II
Q3: What did John force William to sign?
A3: Treaty of Norham
Paris (Geography and places)

In the late 12th-century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as Trouvères, became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadors were also popular. During the reign of Francois I, the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established. During the Renaissance era, the French Boleroroyals "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy". Baroque-era composers include Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin and were popular. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Saëns (Samson et Delilah), Léo Delibes (Lakmé) and Jules Massenet (Thaïs), among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon; Impressionist composers Claude Debussy ((La Mer) and Maurice Ravel (Boléro) also made significant contributions to piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orchestra, opera (Palléas et Mélisande), and other musical forms. Foreign-born composers have made their homes in Paris and have made significant contributions both with their works and their influence. They include Frédéric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia).

Q1: in what century was a school of polyphony established at Notre Dame?
A1: 12th
Q2: In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded?
A2: 1795
Q3: Under whos reign did the lute become popular?
A3: Francois I
Q4: Who wrote Carmen?
A4: Georges Bizet's
Q5: Where was Frederic Chopin from?
A5: Poland
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.

Q1: What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
A1: double-entry bookkeeping
Q2: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?
A2: Italy
Q3: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
A3: reducing the risk of commercial ventures
Q4: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
A4: usury
Q5: What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?
A5: better oversight and accuracy
Szlachta (History)

In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).

Q1: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?
A1: Vytautas the Great
Q2: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
A2: bajorai
Q3: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?
A3: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors
Q4: What is an example of noble family name?
A4: Goštautai,
Q5: Who gave the coat of arms to others?
A5: Union of Horodlo
Mali (Geography and places)

In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.

Q1: The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?
A1: Moroccan invasion in 1591
Q2: What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?
A2: Saharan trade routes lost significance.
Q3: What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?
A3: 14th century
Q4: Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? 
A4: Judar Pasha
Q5: What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?
A5: establishment of sea routes
Energy (Natural sciences)

In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis viva only by a factor of two.

Q1: What is a term for living force?
A1: vis viva
Q2: What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?
A2: vis viva
Q3: Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?
A3: Gottfried Leibniz
Q4: In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?
A4: late 17th century
Q5: Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?
A5: Isaac Newton
Presbyterianism (History)

In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.

Q1: Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?
A1: 1800s
Q2: The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?
A2: Catholicism
Q3: Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?
A3: Spanish Conquistadors
51st_state (Language and literature)

In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

Q1: When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?
A1: In the late 1940s
Q2: What was the result of the 1948 referendum?
A2: The movement ultimately failed
Q3: What did the Economic Union Party support?
A3: an independent "responsible government"
Hard_rock (Music)

In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on "darker" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

Q1: By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?
A1: heavy metal
Q2: What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?
A2: Black Sabbath
Q3: What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?
A3: hardcore punk
Q4: Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?
A4: bluesy
Q5: In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?
A5: stand-alone melodies
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.

Q1: What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?
A1: ejes viales
Q2: What is different about the second level roads?
A2: tolls are charged
Q3: When were these second level roads opened?
A3: 2012
Q4: What main road leads to the airport?
A4: The Viaducto Miguel Alemán
Q5: What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?
A5: the Supervía Poniente
House_music (Music)

In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the "New York Underground" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market.

Q1: what label launched the careers of burrell?
A1: Nu Groove Records
Q2: what sound are the burrell's responsible for? 
A2: "New York Underground"
Q3: how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?
A3: $100
Q4: what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?
A4: Virgin America
Richard_Feynman (Mathematics)

In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

Q1: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?
A1: parallel computer
Q2: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?
A2: Stephen Wolfram
Q3: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?
A3: His son Carl
Q4: What specifically did his son work on?
A4: software
Q5: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?
A5: influencing the interconnects
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas's. Both Dr. Moustakas and Mr. Nakamura were issued separate patents, which confused the issue of who was the original inventor (partly because although Dr. Moustakas invented his first, Dr. Nakamura filed first).[citation needed] This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high-power blue light sources practical, leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay, as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones.[citation needed]

Q1: In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?
A1: 1980s
Q2: Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
A2: Shuji Nakamura
Q3: Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
A3: Dr. Moustakas
Q4: What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?
A4: BlueRay
Q5: What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?
A5: tablets
House_music (Music)

In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999–2001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]

Q1: When was the second wave of progressive house?
A1: 1999–2001
Q2: What are some popular subgenres of House?
A2: G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House
Q3: where is house music extremely popular?
A3: both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene
Q4: What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?
A4: a more mainstream pop-based variation
Association_football (History)

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

Q1: Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?
A1: the IFAB
Q2: What is the golden goal?
A2: the first goal in extra time
Q3: Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?
A3: France
Q4: What team did France beat in 1998?
A4: Paraguay
Q5: What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?
A5: 1996