LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Somalis (Geography and places)

While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).

Q1: About how many Somalis live in the UK?
A1: 108,000
Q2: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?
A2: 78%
Q3: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?
A3: 57,906
Q4: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?
A4: 38,413
Q5: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
A5: 16,721
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.

Q1: What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?
A1: investment banks and hedge funds
Q2: What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?
A2: investment banks and hedge funds
Q3: What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?
A3: financialization
Q4: What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?
A4: deregulation
Q5: Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?
A5: U.S. Government policy
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.

Q1: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
A1: no
Q2: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?
A2: the cardinalate
Montana (Geography and places)

While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the largest European-American race in Montana?
A1: German
Q2: What was Helena originally founded as?
A2: a mining camp
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers.

Q1: What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?
A1: hermaphrodite
Q2: Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?
A2: reduce or prevent self-fertilization
Q3: Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?
A3: so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil
Q4: What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?
A4: biochemical
Q5: How are some male and female parts separated for some species?
A5: different flowers
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued.

Q1: What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? 
A1: political traditions and religious cults
Q2: What cult arrived from southern Italy?
A2: Dionysus
Q3: During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?
A3: Punic crisis
Q4: To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?
A4: Bacchus
Q5: With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?
A5: divine hierarchy
Greece (Geography and places)

While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.

Q1: The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?
A1: polyphony
Q2: Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? 
A2: monophonic
Q3: One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?
A3: Byzantine chant
Architecture (Art and architecture)

While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Q1: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
A1: Function
Q2: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
A2: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Q3: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
A3: Vitruvius
Q4: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
A4: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
Q5: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
A5: both popularity and skepticism
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

Q1: In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
A1: 1587
Q2: What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
A2: 70
Q3: Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
A3: Pope John XXIII
Xbox_360 (Video games)

While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely.

Q1: How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?
A1: sold poorly
Q2: How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?
A2: 2 million units
Q3: Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?
A3: 1.5 million units
Q4: What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?
A4: Sony and Nintendo
Q5: Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?
A5: scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

Q1: What was the republican government amenable to?
A1: war reparations
Q2: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"
A2: Favre
Q3: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
A3: Government of National Defense
Q4: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
A4: 6 September
Q5: What did this cause the Republic to renew?
A5: declaration of war
Tennessee (Geography and places)

While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.

Q1: Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?
A1: Hurricane Opal
Q2: On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?
A2: 50
Q3: Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?
A3: West and Middle Tennessee
Q4: How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?
A4: 15
Q5: What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?
A5: 1993
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

Q1: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?
A1: polytechnic
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

Q1: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
A1: lighting and heating
Q2: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
A2: equal
Q3: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
A3: after
Q4: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
A4: Supporters
Alloy (Mathematics)

While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.

Q1: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
A1: 1100 BC
Q2: When did iron start to become melted by people?
A2: Middle Ages
Q3: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
A3: Benjamin Huntsman
Q4: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
A4: 1740
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.

Q1: In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?
A1: meditation
Q2: The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?
A2: contemplative
Q3: What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?
A3: Nasadiya Sukta
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."

Q1: Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?
A1: Friedrich Hayek
Q2: What was Hayek's academic field?
A2: Economics
Q3: In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?
A3: 1944
Q4: Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?
A4: Alfred Tarski
Q5: Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?
A5: Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
Political_party (Social sciences and society)

While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

Q1: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
A1: Democratic Party and the Republican Party
Q2: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
A2: China
Q3: How are political parties elected in democracies? 
A3: the electorate
Q4: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
A4: Germany and India
Database (Engineering and technology)

While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

Q1: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?
A1: one
Q2: How many different external views of data are there?
A2: any number
Q3: What is the benefit of external views of data?
A3: see database information in a more business-related way
Hard_rock (Music)

While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.

Q1: What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?
A1: Nevermind
Q2: What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?
A2: grunge
Q3: What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?
A3: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden
Q4: What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?
A4: Stone Temple Pilots
Q5: What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?
A5: a hard rock sound
Korean_War (Warfare)

While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.

Q1: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?
A1: the South
Q2: What group trained the Republic of Korea army?
A2: U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group
Q3: What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?
A3: General William Lynn Roberts
Q4: Who wanted to take over North Korea?
A4: Syngman Rhee
Q5: Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?
A5: John Foster Dulles
Boston (Geography and places)

While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.

Q1: What league do the new England patriots belong to?
A1: the National Football League
Q2: What year were the new England patriots founded in?
A2: 1960
Q3: What was the original name of the new England patriots?
A3: Boston Patriots
Q4: When dod the Boston patriots change their name?
A4: after relocating
Q5: What stadium do the patriots play in?
A5: Gillette Stadium