LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner.

Q1: Who was the first president of the AFL?
A1: Jerry Kurz
Q2: What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?
A2: commissioner
Q3: Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?
A3: Scott Butera
Q4: Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?
A4: Foxwoods
Q5: What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?
A5: CEO
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: "For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows." Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel.

Q1: Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?
A1: Jerusalem
Q2: Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?
A2: near Damascus Gate
Q3: When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?
A3: 1894
Q4: What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?
A4: mortuary chapel
Q5: What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?
A5: a vine with many branches
American_Idol (Music)

Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their "save" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.

Q1: Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?
A1: Jessica Sanchez
Q2: Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?
A2: Jessica Sanchez
Q3: Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?
A3: Colton Dixon
Q4: How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?
A4: final two
Q5: When did the judges use their save this season?
A5: Top 7
Q6: Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?
A6: Jessica Sanchez
Q7: Which contestant was sent home the following week?
A7: Colton Dixon
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.

Q1: Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?
A1: Hugo O'Conor
Q2: What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?
A2: 1821
Q3: Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?
A3: Eusebio Francisco Kino
Q4: How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?
A4: 7
Q5: Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?
A5: Eusebio Francisco Kino
Q6: What religion was Kino?
A6: Jesuit
Q7: What mission did Kino found?
A7: Mission San Xavier del Bac
Q8: When did Kino found the del Bac mission?
A8: 1700
Q9: Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?
A9: Hugo O'Conor
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

Q1: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?
A1: how salvation is granted to humanity
Q2: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?
A2: central importance
Q3: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?
A3: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself
Q4: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?
A4: an act of perfect obedience
Q5: What church is the sacrifice important to?
A5: the Roman Catholic church
Mandolin (Music)

Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.

Q1: What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?
A1: half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro
Q2: What type of music did Jethro Burns play? 
A2: jazz mandolinist
Q3: Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?
A3: Tiny Moore
Q4: Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?
A4: Chris Thile of California is
Q5: Who are othe rwell know players? 
A5: Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs
Middle_Ages (History)

Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]

Q1: In what year were the Jews expelled from England?
A1: 1290
Q2: What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?
A2: 1306
Q3: Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?
A3: Poland
Q4: In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?
A4: 1492
Q5: Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?
A5: Holland
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for "haircut") "originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice," and "Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context." The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.

Q1: When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?
A1: third birthday
Q2: What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?
A2: burned
Q3: What are grains and legumes known as?
A3: kitniyot
Q4: What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?
A4: Ashkenazi
Q5: What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?
A5: Talmud
Dog (Natural sciences)

Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.

Q1: What do dogs represent to Christians?
A1: faithfulness.
Q2: Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?
A2: themselves
Q3: If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?
A3: feed
Q4: What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?
A4: faithfulness
Middle_Ages (History)

Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants.[U] Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe—pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe.

Q1: In what type of settlement did most Jews live?
A1: cities
Q2: In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?
A2: the 11th and 12th
Q3: What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?
A3: Christianity
Q4: In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?
A4: Eastern
Q5: What was the religion of the Slavs?
A5: pagan
Jews (History)

Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim, is Mizrahim (lit. "Easterners", Mizrach being "East" in Hebrew), that is, in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often, as a group, referred to collectively as Sephardim (together with Sephardim proper) for liturgical reasons, although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct.

Q1: Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to.
A1: Ashkenazim
Q2: Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?
A2: Sephardim
Q3: What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?
A3: Germany
Q4: What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?
A4: Mizrahim
Q5: What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?
A5: East
Jews (History)

Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and the homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory.

Q1: Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?
A1: Jews
Q2: Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?
A2: Israelites
Q3: What were incoming nomadic groups known as?
A3: Hebrews
Q4: When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?
A4: during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel
Q5: What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?
A5: The Merneptah Stele
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.

Q1: What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?
A1: Jiangsu Art Gallery
Q2: What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?
A2: traditional and contemporary art pieces of China
Q3: What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?
A3: Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery
Q4: What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?
A4: their own special exhibitions
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre.

Q1: What is the name of China's oldest stage art?
A1: Kunqu
Q2: What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?
A2: Jiangsu Province Kun Opera
Q3: What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?
A3: a conservative and traditional troupe
Q4: What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?
A4: Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing
Q5: What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?
A5: Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre
Samurai (Language and literature)

Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

Q1: What is Jidaigeki?
A1: historical drama
Q2: Who is Akira Kurosawa? 
A2: One of Japan’s most renowned directors
Q3: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
A3: Akira Kurosawa
Q4: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
A4: Seven Samurai
Q5: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
A5: The Magnificent Seven
Arena_Football_League (Sports and recreation)

Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

Q1: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?
A1: the National Football League
Q2: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?
A2: an indoor soccer match
Q3: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?
A3: Madison Square Garden
Q4: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?
A4: 1981
Q5: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
A5: NBC
Detroit (Geography and places)

Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.

Q1: How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?
A1: 34
Q2: How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?
A2: 400,000
Q3: After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?
A3: Packard plant protest
Q4: What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?
A4: Packard
Macintosh (Engineering and technology)

Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction "we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC—including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet—although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs.

Q1: What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?
A1: the third industry standard
Q2: How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?
A2: Only about ten
Q3: How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?
A3: 79
Q4: How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?
A4: 280,000
Q5: How many databases did Apple have available the first year?
A5: two
John,_King_of_England (History)

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

Q1: John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?
A1: King Philip II of France
Q2: What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?
A2: baronial revolt
Q3: The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?
A3: Capetian
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

Q1: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?
A1: successfully argued for his innocence
Q2: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?
A2: obedience to the Father
Q3: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?
A3: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father
Q4: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?
A4: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam
Q5: What is the blood of the lamb?
A5: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured experientially and scientifically, and the results of such tests generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation, in physical sciences as in ethics. Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori.

Q1: Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?
A1: John Dewey
Q2: What did Dewey think about reality?
A2: reality is determined by past experience
Q3: When was Dewey born?
A3: 1859
Q4: When did Dewey die?
A4: 1952
Q5: What was instrumentalism a modification of?
A5: James' pragmatism