LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Germans (Language and literature)

By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.

Q1: By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?
A1: Middle Ages
Q2: The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? 
A2: Yiddish
Q3: What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?
A3: Crusades
Q4: What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? 
A4: German
Q5: What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?
A5: Judeo-French
Q6: After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?
A6: Yiddish.
Q7: When did Jewish assimilation end?
A7: during the Crusades
Q8: What happened to the Jews during the crusades?
A8: forcefully expelled from Germany
East_India_Company (History)

By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

Q1: what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?
A1: 1763
Q2: The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?
A2: five
Q3: The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?
A3: Bengal
Q4: in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?
A4: French Revolutionary Wars
John,_King_of_England (History)

By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whilst James Ramsay blamed John's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall. Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition, focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. These historians were often inclined to see John's reign, and his signing of Magna Carta in particular, as a positive step in the constitutional development of England, despite the flaws of the king himself. Winston Churchill, for example, argued that "[w]hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns".

Q1: Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?
A1: James Ramsay
Q2: What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?
A2: Domesday Book and Magna Carta
Q3: What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?
A3: Victorian
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S. Other figures from this time included John Mitchell, Jr. In 1910, the former city of Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond, and in 1914, the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park areas of Henrico County. In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank.

Q1: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?
A1: 85,050
Q2: How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?
A2: 13
Q3: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?
A3: 37.9
Q4: What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?
A4: Wall Street of Black America
Q5: Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?
A5: Maggie L. Walker
Lancashire (Geography and places)

By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave.

Q1: How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?
A1: 5,129,416
Q2: What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?
A2: Lancashire
Q3: When was the administrative county abolished?
A3: 1 April 1974
Q4: What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?
A4: Merseyside and Greater Manchester
Q5: What incorporated the Furness exclave?
A5: Cumbria
Dialect (Language and literature)

By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of some language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or dialects of different languages.

Q1: According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?
A1: everybody
Florida (Geography and places)

By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

Q1: What was an issue in the early 1800's 
A1: Indian removal was a significant issue
Q2: What did congress pass in 1830 
A2: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act
Q3: Who did Seminoles harbor 
A3: runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles
Q4: What was the name of the treaty of 1832
A4: Treaty of Payne's Landing
Q5: What did Paynes Landing promiss
A5: the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.
History_of_India (History)

By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.

Q1: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?
A1: early 18th century
Q2: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?
A2: Peshwas
Q3: What were Peshwas?
A3: prime ministers
Q4: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?
A4: 1760
Q5: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?
A5: British
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

By the early 1940s, the company was concentrating on lower-budget productions that were the company's main staple: westerns, melodramas, serials and sequels to the studio's horror pictures, the latter now solely B pictures. The studio fostered many series: The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials (1938–43); the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy (1938–41); comedies with Hugh Herbert (1938–42) and The Ritz Brothers (1940–43); musicals with Robert Paige, Jane Frazee, The Andrews Sisters, and The Merry Macs (1938–45); and westerns with Tom Mix (1932–33), Buck Jones (1933–36), Bob Baker (1938–39), Johnny Mack Brown (1938–43); Rod Cameron (1944–45), and Kirby Grant (1946–47).

Q1: During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced?
A1: 1938–43
Q2: Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made?
A2: 1938–41
Q3: In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies?
A3: 1938–42
Q4: When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns?
A4: 1932–33
Q5: In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant?
A5: 1946–47
Portugal (Geography and places)

By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.

Q1: What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?
A1: fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles
Q2: After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?
A2: new motorways
Q3: How long is Portugal's total road network?
A3: 68,732 km (42,708 mi)
Q4: In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?
A4: 1944
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

By the early 1970s, softer songs by artists like The Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations. Also, some of these stations even played softer songs by Elvis Presley, Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, and other rock-based artists.

Q1: Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?
A1: Billy Joel
Q2: During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?
A2: the early 1970s
Pub (History)

By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

Q1: In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?
A1: 19th
Q2: What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?
A2: Sketches by Boz
Q3: Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?
A3: 1835–1836
Q4: What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?
A4: "Gin Palaces"
Q5: In what British city did gin houses first appear?
A5: London
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.

Q1: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
A1: DVD
Q2: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?
A2: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Q3: What was the BBC Domesday Project?
A3: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England
Q4: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?
A4: Japan
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both impact and time types. Mountings were generally pedestal type, but could be on field platforms. Trials were underway in most countries in Europe but only Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider had published any information by 1910. Krupp's designs included adaptations of their 65 mm 9-pounder, a 75 mm 12-pounder, and even a 105 mm gun. Erhardt also had a 12-pounder, while Vickers Maxim offered a 3-pounder and Schneider a 47 mm. The French balloon gun appeared in 1910, it was an 11-pounder but mounted on a vehicle, with a total uncrewed weight of 2 tons. However, since balloons were slow moving, sights were simple. But the challenges of faster moving airplanes were recognised.

Q1: What kind of guns started attracting attention?
A1: balloon, or airship, guns
Q2: In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?
A2: The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail
Q3: The impact and time types of what were analyzed?
A3: Fuzing options
Q4: As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?
A4: Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider
Q5: What gun made the scene in 1910?
A5: French balloon gun
Qing_dynasty (History)

By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as the "Late Qing Reform". The edict paved the way for the most far-reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences, including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905.

Q1: What did Cixi do in 1901?
A1: issued an imperial edict
Q2: What were the governments New Policies also called?
A2: "Late Qing Reform"
Q3: When were imperial examinations halted?
A3: 1905
Boston (Geography and places)

By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.

Q1: During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?
A1: 20th century
Q2: Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?
A2: the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)
Q3: How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?
A3: with vociferous public opposition.
Clothing (Natural sciences)

By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

Q1: What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?
A1: western clothing styles
Q2: Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?
A2: centuries
Q3: What have Western corporations penetrated?
A3: markets throughout the world
Q4: Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?
A4: Western media corporations
Q5: Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?
A5: charity organizations
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.

Q1: What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?
A1: British and French
Q2: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?
A2: two-thirds
Q3: What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?
A3: Helwan steelworks
Q4: What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?
A4: Soviet Union
Q5: What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?
A5: Aswan Dam
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.

Q1: By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?
A1: 1,360 GW
Q2: Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?
A2: 19 percent
Q3: Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?
A3: 22 percent
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.

Q1: Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?
A1: Britain
Q2: What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?
A2: mid-June
Q3: Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?
A3: the Soviets
Paris (Geography and places)

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.

Q1: What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?
A1: Île de la Cité
Q2: Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?
A2: Maurice de Sully
Q3: Where was the University of Paris located?
A3: The Left Bank
Q4: Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?
A4: Louis VII