LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mandolin (Music)

Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands.

Q1: Who introduced the lute to Spain?
A1: the Moors
Q2: What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? 
A2: Sicily
Q3: Who brought the lute to Sicily?
A3: Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians
Q4: What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?
A4: Palermo
Q5: What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? 
A5: Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,
Eton_College (History)

Besides Prince William and Prince Harry, members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, his eldest son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor; James Ogilvy, son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy, himself an Eton alumnus. Prince William of Gloucester (1942-1972) also attended Eton, as did George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, son of Princess Mary, Princess Royal.

Q1: Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?
A1: Prince Richard
Q2: Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?
A2: Ulster
Q3: Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?
A3: George Lascelles
Q4: Who was George Lascelles' mother?
A4: Princess Mary, Princess Royal
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

Besides being the political center, Brasília is an important economic center. Brasília has the highest city gross domestic product (GDP) of 99.5 billion reais representing 3.76% of the total Brazilian GDP. The main economic activity of the federal capital results from its administrative function. Its industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by UNESCO, the government in Brasília has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance, preserving the city property.

Q1: What is Brasilia's GDP?
A1: 99.5 billion reais
Q2: How much of Brazil's GDP comes from Brasilia?
A2: 3.76%
Q3: What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage?
A3: software, film, video, and gemology
IPod (Engineering and technology)

Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.

Q1: Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?
A1: business
Q2: What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?
A2: communication and training
Q3: What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?
A3: Royal and Western Infirmaries
Q4: Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?
A4: Glasgow, Scotland
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.

Q1: What does tathagatagarbha mean?
A1: Buddha-nature
Q2: what does prajnaparamita mean?
A2: perfected spiritual insight
Q3: According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?
A3: Sakya
Q4: According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?
A4: Jonang
Q5: What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?
A5: tathāgatagarbha
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12–15% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains.

Q1: What caused the energy efficiency to go up?
A1: energy-intensity dropping
Q2: Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?
A2: 2-axle freight cars
Q3: What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?
A3: electric
Q4: How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?
A4: 2.65%
Q5: Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?
A5: no improvement
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States  and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges.

Q1: Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?
A1: among the top twenty
Q2: How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?
A2: four
Q3: Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?
A3: Driehaus Architecture Prize
Q4: How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?
A4: more than 50
Q5: Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?
A5: Snite Museum of Art
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.

Q1: What is a significant alternative to MP3?
A1: lossless formats
Q2: What can lossless formats provide?
A2: unaltered audio content
Q3: What is the downside of using a lossless format?
A3: increased file size
Q4: What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?
A4: FLAC
Q5: What does FLAC stand for?
A5: Free Lossless Audio Codec
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for "disseminating rumors and destroying social order" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu’s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at “the shoddy tofu-dregs buildings” (豆腐渣工程) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.

Q1: Who was a Sichuan school teacher?
A1: Liu Shaokun
Q2: What was Liu's family told?
A2: that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
Q3: What was Liu Shaokun's profession?
A3: Sichuan school teacher
Q4: Why was he investigated?
A4: crime of inciting subversion
Q5: What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?
A5: put them online
Q6: Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?
A6: in a media interview
Q7: What was his assigned punishment ?
A7: one year of re-education
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

Besides singing Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. This helped her to form the band Emmy, where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist. Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings. On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray wrote: "I've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist." After her career breakthrough, Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, before eventually leaving the project. After two decades, Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000). She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill. Since then Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award, which honors the most promising up-and-coming guitarist.

Q1: Which instruments can Madonna play?
A1: drum and guitar
Q2: Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?
A2: Dan Gilroy
Q3: What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?
A3: guitar
Q4: How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?
A4: three months
Q5: Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?
A5: Monte Pittman
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and African men, indentured, slave or free. After the Revolution, Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves. The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.

Q1: Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?
A1: Virginia
Q2: After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?
A2: free their slaves
Q3: What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?
A3: rose
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s, one scored 3.66 on a 1–5 scale, while the other scored only 2.22.

Q1: Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?
A1: quality of the encoder
Q2: The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?
A2: encoding algorithms
Q3: As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?
A3: bit rates
Q4: An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?
A4: 2.22
Q5: To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?
A5: 5
Nanjing (Geography and places)

Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.

Q1: What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?
A1: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
Q2: Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?
A2: the Taipings
Q3: When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?
A3: in the 19th century
Q4: One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?
A4: superstitious fear of its geomantic properties
Paper (Natural sciences)

Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.

Q1: What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?
A1: china clay
Q2: What is added for sizing purposes?
A2: Additives
Q3: What besides china clay is used as a filler?
A3: chalk
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.

Q1: What type of support did child give to their families by working?
A1: financially
Q2: What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?
A2: cotton textiles
Q3: Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?
A3: large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture
Middle_Ages (History)

Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) and the Hospitallers.

Q1: Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?
A1: English
Q2: In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?
A2: 1415
Q3: Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?
A3: the laity
Q4: What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?
A4: Hussitism
Q5: How did Jan Hus die?
A5: burned at the stake
Somalis (Geography and places)

Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.

Q1: Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?
A1: Khartoum
Q2: In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?
A2: north
Q3: Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?
A3: students
Q4: In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?
A4: Eastleigh
Q5: In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?
A5: Western Cape
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier, for an extended or even indefinite period of time (perpetual beta).[citation needed]

Q1: What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?
A1: Beta testing
Q2: To whom is the beta testing released to?
A2: limited audience outside of the programming
Q3: What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?
A3: perpetual beta
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

Q1:  Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?
A1: technical writings
Q2: Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?
A2: A. C. Crombie
Q3: What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? 
A3: Renaissance humanists
Q4:  When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?
A4: 16th century,
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Q1: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
A1: Count András Hadik
Q2: What city did Hadik occupy?
A2: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night
Q3: How was Berlin spared?
A3: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers
Q4: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
A4: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city
Q5: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
A5: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Q1: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
A1: King Edward the Confessor
Q2: What style was the church rebuilt in?
A2: Romanesque
Q3: When was the building consecrated?
A3: 28 December 1065
Q4: When did King Edward the Confessor die?
A4: 5 January 1066
Q5: Who was the first documented coronation?
A5: William the Conqueror