LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
East_Prussia (History)

At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen, in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory.

Q1: Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?
A1: Russian Empire
Q2: Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?
A2: German Army had been directed towards the Western Front
Q3: In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?
A3: 1914
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kick off or receive the kick and the beginning of the half, or b) which direction of the field to play in. The remaining choice is given to the opposing captain. Before the resumption of play in the second half, the captain that did not have first choice in the first half is given first choice. Teams usually choose to defer, so it is typical for the team that wins the coin toss to kick to begin the first half and receive to begin the second.

Q1: Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?
A1: visiting
Q2: Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?
A2: captain
Q3: What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?
A3: which direction of the field to play in
Q4: Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?
A4: the opposing captain
History_of_science (History)

At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world, can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus. Pierre Duhem's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, "but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277". However, many scholars agree with Duhem's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments.

Q1: What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?
A1: Latin
Q2: Who favored empirical methods?
A2: Bacon
Q3: Who favored mathematics?
A3: Grosseteste
Q4: Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?
A4: Pierre Duhem
Q5: What era was important for scientific advancements?
A5: the Middle Ages
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered "Untermenschen" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", though he stated that they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us." The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German–Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post–World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]

Q1: Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?
A1: ethnic Jews
Q2: What reduced Germany’s need for Soviet goods?
A2: Treaty of Versailles
Q3: Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?
A3: Nazi Party
Near_East (Geography and places)

At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism, which saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria. Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace, which were lost in the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13.

Q1: What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?
A1: the Ottoman Empire
Q2: When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?
A2: 1914
Q3: The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?
A3: the rise of Balkan nationalism
Q4: Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?
A4: 1912
Q5: When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?
A5: the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13
Madrasa (Language and literature)

At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders. In addition to religious subjects, they also taught the "rational sciences," as varied as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, alchemy, philosophy, magic, and occultism, depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madaris, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts. During this time,[when?] the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.

Q1: Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?
A1: royal courts
Q2: What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?
A2: Caliphate
Q3: What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?
A3: maktab and madrasa institutions
Q4: How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?
A4: several centuries
Han_dynasty (History)

At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87–74 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces: infantry, cavalry or navy. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital. A small professional (paid) standing army was stationed near the capital.

Q1: What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?
A1: male
Q2: At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?
A2: twenty-three
Q3: How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?
A3: one year
Q4: What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?
A4: twenty
Q5: Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?
A5: Minister of the Guards
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

Q1: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
A1: 220–280 CE
Q2: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
A2: Zhejiang
Q3: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
A3: the Kingdom of Wu
Q4: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
A4: Jianye
Q5: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?
A5: Funan
Han_dynasty (History)

At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han.

Q1: How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?
A1: thirteen
Q2: Who could appoint staff to the kings?
A2: imperial court
Q3: When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?
A3: 154 BC
Q4: From what source did kings derive their personal income from?
A4: tax revenues
Q5: The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?
A5: Liu
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer Sir Charles Allom, created a more "binding" Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle. It has mirrored doors, and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre.

Q1: Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?
A1: Centre Room
Q2: What is the main theme of the Centre Room?
A2: Chinese
Q3: Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?
A3: Queen Mary
Q4: The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?
A4: 1873
Q5: The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?
A5: mirrored doors
Q6: Which room feature the famous balcony?
A6: Centre Room
Q7: Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?
A7: Sir Charles Allom
Q8: The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?
A8: mirrored doors
Q9: What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?
A9: 1873
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.

Q1: In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?
A1: At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled
Q2: When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
A2: The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991
Q3: What did this agreement establish?
A3: established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.
Q4: Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?
A4: The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League
Q5: Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?
A5: giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.
Q6: On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
A6: 17 July 1991
Q7: What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?
A7: extra income
Q8: In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?
A8: 1991
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.

Q1: When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?
A1: in 1140
Q2: What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front? 
A2: the eastern end
Q3: What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?
A3: the Carolingian nave
Q4: What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?
A4: clustered columns
Q5: What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?
A5: the flying buttresses
British_Empire (History)

At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht, Philip renounced his and his descendants' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia, and from Spain, Gibraltar and Minorca. Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean. Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America) to Britain.

Q1: King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?
A1: Treaty of Utrecht
Q2: Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?
A2: France
Q3: Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?
A3: Spain
Q4: Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?
A4: permission to sell slaves in Spanish America
Q5: What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?
A5: asiento
Freemasonry (Unknown)

At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

Q1: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?
A1: during the 1720s
Q2: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?
A2: James Anderson
Q3: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?
A3: women
Q4: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?
A4: Lodges of Adoption
Q5: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?
A5: early 19th century
Q6: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?
A6: during the 1720s
Q7: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?
A7: James Anderson
Q8: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?
A8: women
Q9: What were lodges called that included women?
A9: Lodges of Adoption
Q10: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?
A10: The French
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents.

Q1: What is DIS?
A1: a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences
Q2: What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?
A2: drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities
Q3: What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?
A3: risky and inappropriate behaviors
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

Q1: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?
A1: At the east end of the Lady Chapel
Q2: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?
A2: the Battle of Britain
Q3: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?
A3: Tudor stained glass window
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.

Q1: Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?
A1: Robert Schumann
Q2: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?
A2: 26 February 1832
Q3: What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?
A3: intimate keyboard technique
Q4: Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?
A4: his father
Q5: From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?
A5: Robert Schumann
Q6: When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?
A6: 26 February 1832
Q7: What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?
A7: Rothschild
Q8: When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?
A8: 1831
Q9: What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?
A9: keyboard technique
Q10: Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?
A10: publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
Queen_(band) (Music)

At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be "featured with" Queen as "Queen + Paul Rodgers", not replacing Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. In November 2004, Queen were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and the award ceremony was the first event at which Rodgers joined May and Taylor as vocalist.

Q1: Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?
A1: 2005
Q2: Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands?
A2: Free and Bad Company
Q3: Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion?
A3: John Deacon
Q4: In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame?
A4: 2004
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, and replaced Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7.

Q1: As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?
A1: Henry H. Arnold
Q2: To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?
A2: London
Q3: Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?
A3: James E. Chaney
Q4: What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?
A4: Commanding General, European Theater of Operations
Q5: To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?
A5: lieutenant general