LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

Q1: Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?
A1: Oxford and Cambridge
Q2: The first third of what was translated at the abbey?
A2: King James Bible Old Testament
Q3: The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?
A3: New Testament
Q4: The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?
A4: 20th century
Q5: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?
A5: the Blitz
University (Language and literature)

Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the move from Industrial Revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering, a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee) and Sir Samuel Curran, with the formation of the University of Strathclyde. The British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the masses not only in Europe.

Q1: Ending with what century did religion play a smaller part in the curriculum of universities?
A1: 19th
Q2: what model of university structure was being used throughout the world at the finish of the 19th century?
A2: the German university model
Q3: What was the focus of universities in the 20th century?
A3: science
Q4: Who was Sir Keith Murray?
A4: chairman of the University Grants Committee
Q5: What university did Sir Samuel Curran contribute to the creation of?
A5: the University of Strathclyde
Russian_language (Language and literature)

Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [ɣ] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech.

Q1: When did Russian language spread to the peasants?
A1: the 20th century
Q2: Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?
A2: the upper noble classes and urban population
Q3: When did the Soviets establish required education?
A3: the mid-20th century
Q4: What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?
A4: fricative
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States (Language and literature)

Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation. They are frequently joined by relatives. However, since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US.

Q1: When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?
A1: Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.
Q2: Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?
A2: Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela
Q3: Why did Venezuelans come to America?
A3: Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation.
Q4:  Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?
A4: since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

Q1: What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?
A1: Church Building Act of 1818
Q2: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?
A2: Non-conformist and Roman Catholic
Q3: What were Anglican churches internally designed for?
A3: maximum audibility, and visibility
Q4: What were common in new churches?
A4: Galleries
Q5: Churches filled up with monuments to what?
A5: monuments to the prosperous
Szlachta (History)

Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents—the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts")—a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:

Q1: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?
A1: Sigismund II Augustus
Q2: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?
A2: monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family
Q3: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?
A3: any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood
Q4: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
A4: two documents
Q5: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
A5: basic laws of the Commonwealth
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.

Q1: Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?
A1: Beinn Bhreagh
Q2: On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?
A2: December 6, 1917
Q3: Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?
A3: Beinn Bhreagh
Q4: What city adopted the Bells?
A4: Baddeck
Q5: What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?
A5: mobilized the community
Mali (Geography and places)

Until the military coup of 22 March 2012 and a second military coup in December 2012, Mali was a constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The system of government can be described as "semi-presidential". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms.

Q1: What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992?
A1: 1999
Q2: The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government?
A2: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government
Q3: How many years is one presidential term for?
A3: five-year
Q4: How many total terms can a president be elected for?
A4: two terms
Q5: Executive power is given to what person within the government?
A5: president
Near_East (Geography and places)

Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region consisted of "India, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabistan, Asia Minor, and last, but not least, Egypt." Simpson (under his pen-name, Weale) explains that this entire region "is politically one region – in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided." His own term revives "the Nearer East" as opposed to "the Far East."

Q1: The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?
A1: the period following World War I
Q2: Who was the colonial officer killed in China?
A2: Bertram Lenox Simpson
Q3: Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?
A3: Bertram Lenox Simpson
Q4: What was Simpson's pen-name?
A4: Weale
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and then to 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, only 19.1% of the empire's population was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Christian Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews.

Q1: The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?
A1: the second half of the 15th century
Q2: What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?
A2: a Muslim minority
Q3: What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?
A3: the non-Muslim population
Q4: Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?
A4: 60%
Q5: In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?
A5: 19.1%
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.

Q1: Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?
A1: RAF
Q2: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?
A2: .50-inch
Q3: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?
A3: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell
Q4: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?
A4: The air-cooled Bofors
Q5: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?
A5: The Predictor AA No 3
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called "theological oracles", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. "In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed."

Q1: which two cult sites had widespread infuence?
A1: Delos and Delphi
Q2: Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?
A2: Julian the Apostate
Q3: In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?
A3: theological oracles
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon. This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down.

Q1: In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?
A1: 1888
Q2: What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?
A2: three cannon
Q3: After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?
A3: Highbury
Q4: What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?
A4: The Gunners
Q5: In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?
A5: 1925
Gramophone_record (Music)

Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949 RCA Victor, in cooperation of its parent, the Radio Corporation of America, released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. The short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to be inaudible or inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. They had a playing time of eight minutes.

Q1: What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?
A1: The 45 rpm player
Q2: What materials were 45 rpm records made of?
A2: vinyl or polystyrene
Q3: What was the play time of a 45 rpm
A3: eight minutes
Q4: What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?
A4: 7 inches
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation." Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.

Q1: German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?
A1: 1990
Q2: SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?
A2: monolingual
Q3: What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?
A3: English
Q4: How many Namibian's speak English?
A4: 3%
Q5: There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?
A5: school drop-outs
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay (Sports and recreation)

Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: "We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that "pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists." Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said "the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet." At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake.

Q1: Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?
A1: Ted Quinlan
Q2: How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?
A2: 600
Q3: ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?
A3: the Chinese embassy
Q4: Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?
A4: Ian Thorpe
Q5: How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?
A5: Up to 600
Q6: It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?
A6: between 2,000 and 10,000
Q7: Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?
A7: Ted Quinlan
Q8: Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?
A8: the Chinese embassy
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24.

Q1: How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?
A1: subtract one day
Q2: What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?
A2: February 29 is discounted
Q3: If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?
A3: -4
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.

Q1: How many people live in the Federal District? 
A1: 8.7 million
Q2: What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?
A2: 19.8 million
Q3: What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?
A3: negative
Q4: Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?
A4: much lower
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.

Q1: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?
A1: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople
Q2: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?
A2: Twenty-two
Q3: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?
A3: the Black Death
Q4: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?
A4: London
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay. Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period, 9-month-olds after up to five weeks, and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months. In addition, studies have shown that with age, infants can store information faster. Whereas 14-month-olds can recall a three-step sequence after being exposed to it once, 6-month-olds need approximately six exposures in order to be able to remember it.

Q1: In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?
A1: Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information.
Q2: What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?
A2: . A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information
Q3: Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?
A3: Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time
Q4: Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?
A4: 9-month-olds