LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_science (History)

The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.

Q1: When was Wealth of Nations written?
A1: 1776
Q2: How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?
A2: frequently
Q3: What happens in a market when there is competition?
A3: lower prices
Q4: What is the most important part of "Wealth"?
A4: the division of labour
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners). Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation.

Q1: Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?
A1: skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners)
Q2: Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?
A2: those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation
Q3: How many planes of existence are there?
A3: 31
Q4: What are the higher heavens called?
A4: Pure Abodes
Q5: What are skilled Buddhists called?
A5: anāgāmis
Q6: What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu?
A6: formless realms
Q7: What is the highest object of meditation called?
A7: arūpajhānas
Q8: How many planes of existence?
A8: 31
Q9: Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?
A9: anāgāmis
Q10: What is the highest object of meditation?
A10: arūpajhānas
Q11: What does arupyadhatu mean?
A11: formless realms
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.

Q1: What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?
A1: Entrapment pumps
Q2: Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?
A2: no vibration.
Q3: What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?
A3: Momentum transfer pumps
Elizabeth_II (History)

The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

Q1: Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?
A1: Lord Salisbury
Q2: What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?
A2: Lord President of the Council
Q3: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?
A3: Harold Macmillan
Q4: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?
A4: Lord Chancellor
Q5: Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?
A5: British Cabinet
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life. Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ: "As a heart desireth the water brook, so my souls longs for thee, O God." Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened.

Q1: What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?
A1: natural life
Q2: What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?
A2: the eucharist
Q3: What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?
A3: paradise and resurrection
Q4: What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?
A4: baptism
Q5: What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?
A5: the faithful aspiring to Christ
Athanasius_of_Alexandria (Philosophy and religion)

The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see. 

Q1: What party benefited from the accession of Valens?
A1: Arian
Q2: Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?
A2: Constantius
Q3: What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?
A3: Athanasius
Q4: Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?
A4: Alexandria
Q5: What did the decree of Valens do?
A5: banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius
Q6: When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? 
A6: case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor
Q7: What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?
A7: withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October
Q8: How did Valens get him to return?
A8: issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.

Q1: What famous writers have lived in Tucson?
A1: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace
Q2: What is the Chax Press?
A2: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions
Q3: What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?
A3: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops
Q4: What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?
A4: University of Arizona
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.

Q1: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?
A1: Department of Defense
Q2: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?
A2: three
Q3: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?
A3: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft
Q4: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations? 
A4: Marine Corps
Q5: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?
A5: Captain Chuck Yeager
Predation (Natural sciences)

The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

Q1: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? 
A1: maximum of four stages
Q2: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?
A2: Detection of prey
Q3: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? 
A3: array of adaptations
Q4: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? 
A4: the individuals preyed upon
Q5: How many stages can predation be divided into?
A5: maximum of four stages
Q6: What are the four stages of predation?
A6: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption
Q7: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?
A7: obtain food or avoid being eaten
Q8: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?
A8: final
Heresy (Philosophy and religion)

The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

Q1: What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
A1: squirreling
Q2: What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
A2: The Religious Technology Center
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

Q1: Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?
A1: bribery
Q2: What does kleptocracy mean?
A2: rule by thieves
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The actual antenna which is transmitting the original wave then also may receive a strong signal from its own image from the ground. This will induce an additional current in the antenna element, changing the current at the feedpoint for a given feedpoint voltage. Thus the antenna's impedance, given by the ratio of feedpoint voltage to current, is altered due to the antenna's proximity to the ground. This can be quite a significant effect when the antenna is within a wavelength or two of the ground. But as the antenna height is increased, the reduced power of the reflected wave (due to the inverse square law) allows the antenna to approach its asymptotic feedpoint impedance given by theory. At lower heights, the effect on the antenna's impedance is very sensitive to the exact distance from the ground, as this affects the phase of the reflected wave relative to the currents in the antenna. Changing the antenna's height by a quarter wavelength, then changes the phase of the reflection by 180°, with a completely different effect on the antenna's impedance.

Q1: What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave?
A1: actual antenna
Q2: Where will the additional current be induced?
A2: antenna element
Q3: What is altered because of the proximity to the ground?
A3: antenna's impedance
Q4: what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance?
A4: reduced power
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a "T" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds.

Q1: What determines the resistance of a filament?
A1: temperature
Q2: What does a "T" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?
A2: they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps
Q3: How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?
A3: 0.13 seconds
Q4: How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?
A4: The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance
Q5: What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?
A5: 144 ohms
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.

Q1: Reception statues are generally the same as what law?
A1: the common law of England
Q2: Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? 
A2: contemporary U.S. courts
Q3: Which US State did not  enact reception statues? 
A3: Louisiana
Q4: What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?
A4: Louisiana
Q5: What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?
A5: common law of England
Q6: Some reception statutes impose what?
A6: a specific cutoff date
Q7: Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?
A7: pre-Revolution
Q8: What are reception statutes?
A8: the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state
Q9: When are reception statutes invaild?
A9: repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions
Q10: Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?
A10: English law
Q11: Which is the only stste without reception statutes?
A11: Louisiana
Q12: What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?
A12: pre-Revolution
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:

Q1: What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?
A1: ancient manuscripts
Q2: Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?
A2: Church fathers
Q3: Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?
A3: Saint Augustine
Q4: Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?
A4: Seneca
Iran (Geography and places)

The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry. However, nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years. Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industries, and, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness. In 2010, Iran was ranked 69, out of 139 nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report.

Q1: What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?
A1: diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy
Q2: What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly? 
A2: the bonyads
Q3: What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?
A3: lagging corruption in the public sector
Q4: The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?
A4: ranked 69
London (Geography and places)

The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).

Q1: London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?
A1: two
Q2: What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?
A2: the Greater London Authority (GLA)
Q3: Who is the current Mayor of London?
A3: Boris Johnson
Q4: How many boroughs does London consist of?
A4: 32
Q5: What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?
A5: the London Assembly
Edmund_Burke (History)

The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

Q1: When did Lord North take office?
A1: 1770
Q2: When did Lord North leave office?
A2: 1782
Q3: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?
A3: New York and Pennsylvania
Q4: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?
A4: appalled
Q5: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?
A5: 1776