LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Szlachta (History)

About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.

Q1: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?
A1: "executionist movement
Q2: What were the intentions of executionists movement?
A2: seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country
Q3: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?
A3: return many leased crown lands to the king,
Q4: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?
A4: 1605
Q5: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?
A5: movement lost its political force.
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established religious belief" with a footnote to the effect that "[he] agree[s] with Professor C.E. Raven when, in his Science, Religion, and the Future, 1943, he calls this conflict "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup"; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup—to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy, produced by Bergson, Whitehead, Smuts, and others."

Q1: Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?"
A1: C.E. Raven
Q2: What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?
A2: creation-evolution
Q3: In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?
A3: 1943
Q4: What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?
A4: metaphysical
Valencia (Geography and places)

About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.

Q1: Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?
A1: Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico
Q2: How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?
A2: two thousand
Q3: What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?
A3: Via Augusta
Q4: What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?
A4: Plaza de la Virgen
Q5: In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?
A5: Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive, there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center.

Q1: On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?
A1: 114th Street
Q2: Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization?
A2: St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center
Q3: A bridge connecting two of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center's buildings crosses above which road?
A3: 114th Street
Alps (Geography and places)

Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Above the tree line is the area defined as "alpine" where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and high altitudes. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.

Q1: What is often above the forestry?
A1: a band of short pine trees
Q2: What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer?
A2: acidic soil
Q3: What is the area above the treeline defined as?
A3: alpine
Q4: Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly?
A4: because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

Above the main portal there is generally a large window, like that at York Minster, or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral. In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral. Rose windows are also often found in the façades of churches of Spain and Italy, but are rarer elsewhere and are not found on the façades of any English Cathedrals. The gable is usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture or, in the case of Italy, may be decorated with the rest of the façade, with polychrome marble and mosaic, as at Orvieto Cathedral.

Q1: What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster?
A1: a large window
Q2: What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?
A2: a rose window
Q3: Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals?
A3: any English Cathedrals
Q4: What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture?
A4: The gable
Q5: Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable?
A5: Orvieto Cathedral
Presbyterianism (History)

Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod. The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed]

Q1: Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?
A1: presbyteries
Q2: What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?
A2: area responsibilities
Q3: What are the area of responsibilities made up of?
A3: teaching elders and ruling elders
Q4: In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?
A4: Synod
Q5: Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?
A5: Synod
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: "It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight."

Q1: In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?
A1: Bob Ewell
Q2: Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?
A2: Atticus
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel's idealism was. The exercise of reason and intellect enables the philosopher to know ultimate historical reality, the phenomenological constitution of self-determination, the dialectical development of self-awareness and personality in the realm of History.

Q1: According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?
A1: transcendental
Q2: Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?
A2: Berkeley
Q3: What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?
A3: Absolute
Q4: How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?
A4: exercise of reason and intellect
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates "the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity."[citation needed] As an example, she refers to recent work by Hammer et al., which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more closely related to one another than to neighbouring non-Jewish populations. Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated, and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci. They focused on the non-recombining Y-chromosome to "circumvent some of the complications associated with selection".

Q1: What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?
A1: culture
Q2: Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?
A2: neighbouring non-Jewish populations
Q3: What shifted depending on the locus investigated?
A3: the degree of genetic similarity among Jews
Q4: What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?
A4: natural selection acting on particular loci
Q5: What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?
A5: Y
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.

Q1: What did Nasser do in his spare time?
A1: reading
Q2: What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?
A2: National Library of Egypt
Q3: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?
A3: Egyptian society's class divisions
Q4: What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?
A4: well below the wealthy Egyptian elite
Q5: What kind of biographies did Nasser read?
A5: nationalist leaders
Estonia (Geography and places)

Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.

Q1: What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?
A1: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies
Q2: What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?
A2: basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry
Q3: What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?
A3: autonomy
Q4: What is the largest private university in Estonia?
A4: Estonian Business School
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex. This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal. In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."

Q1: Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?
A1: Academics
Q2: In which video was it the most obvious?
A2: "Like a Prayer
Q3: Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?
A3: MTV
Q4: When was Madonna awarded the accolade?
A4: 2003
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members who was among them rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to Worms to repay the favor. Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakhic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century.

Q1: Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?
A1: Rabbi Elijah of Chelm
Q2: Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?
A2: halakhic questions
Q3: Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?
A3: 16th-century
Q4: In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?
A4: Worms
Southampton (Geography and places)

According to 2004 figures, Southampton contributes around £4.2 bn to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.

Q1: Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?
A1: £4.2 bn
Q2: What sector puts up most of Southampton's economic contribution?
A2: the service sector
Q3: In 2004, Southampton's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year?
A3: 1995
Christian (Language and literature)

According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania.

Q1: Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?
A1: Christianity
Q2: On average, how many children do Christians have?
A2: 2.7
Q3: How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?
A3: 10.2 million
Q4: In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?
A4: High birth rates
Sumer (History)

According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."

Q1: What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone?
A1: was scarce
Q2: How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut?
A2: into blocks and seals
Q3: What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians?
A3: Brick
Q4: What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have?
A4: tower-like
Q5: What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?
A5: objects that were deposited under them
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.

Q1: Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?
A1: a Buddha
Q2: A Buddha is no longer bound by what?
A2: Samsara
Q3: What do unawakend people experience?
A3: suffering
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.

Q1: What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?
A1: Catholics
Q2: What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?
A2: 22.3%
Q3: What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?
A3: 19.9%
Q4: What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?
A4: 1.6%
Q5: Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?
A5: foreign workers
Kanye_West (Music)

According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates.

Q1: Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?
A1: Joe Weinberger
Q2: What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?
A2: Roc-A-Fella
Q3: What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?
A3: a producer
Q4: What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?
A4: Joe Weinberger
Q5: What record company eventually signed Kanye West?
A5: Roc-A-Fella
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title "Initiation State Master" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira.

Q1: Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?
A1: Sagya Gyaincain
Q2: Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?
A2: the Ming officer of Hezhou
Q3: Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?
A3: Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
Q4: Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?
A4: the Ming officer of Hezhou
Q5: Where were the envoys sent?
A5: to the Ming court
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.

Q1: How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?
A1: Fifteen years
Q2: How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?
A2: $31.5 billion
Q3: What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?
A3: China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in.[dated info] This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads.

Q1: How many deaths were reported?
A1: 69,180
Q2: How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?
A2: 68,636
Q3: How many people were listed as missing?
A3: 18,498
Q4: How many people were injured?
A4: 374,176
Q5: How many earthquake relief workers were killed?
A5: 158
Q6: How many died in Sichuan?
A6: 68,636
Q7: What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?
A7: 69,180
Q8: What is the number of missing persons?
A8: 18,498
Q9: How many people were injured?
A9: 374,176
Q10: What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?
A10: tried to repair roads
Greece (Geography and places)

According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank." These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union.

Q1: What was used to hide debts?
A1: swaps
Q2: Swaps allow Greece to do what?
A2: spend beyond their means
Q3: What other country hid its debt through swaps?
A3: Italy
Q4: What can legally be overcome with swaps?
A4: The Maastricht rules