LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Queen_Victoria (History)

In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.

Q1: What year was the potato blight in Ireland?
A1: 1845
Q2: How long did the Great Famine last?
A2: four years
Q3: How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?
A3: over a million
Q4: What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?
A4: The Famine Queen
Q5: How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?
A5: £2,000
Q6: What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?
A6: potato blight
Q7: How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?
A7: over a million
Q8: What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? 
A8: The Famine Queen
Q9: What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? 
A9: that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home
Q10: How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? 
A10: £2,000
Q11: What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?
A11: potato blight
Q12: When did the potato blight begin?
A12: 1845
Q13: How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?
A13: a million
Q14: What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?
A14: The Famine Queen
Q15: How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?
A15: £2,000
Elevator (History)

In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring.

Q1: What Neapolitan architect created the "Flying Chair" elevator?
A1: Gaetano Genovese
Q2: At what location was the "Flying Chair" installed in 1845?
A2: Royal Palace of Caserta
Q3: What type of wood was used on the inside ?
A3: maple
Q4: What controlled the traction?
A4: a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels
Q5: What did the safety system consist of?
A5: a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring
San_Diego (Geography and places)

In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.

Q1: Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?
A1: Commodore Robert F. Stockton
Q2: What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?
A2: Battle of San Pasqual
Q3: Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?
A3: Lieutenant Gray
Q4: What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?
A4: The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo
Q5: How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?
A5: three weeks
History_of_science (History)

In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.

Q1: What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?
A1: physician
Q2: How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?
A2: requiring physicians to wash their hands
Q3: What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?
A3: the germ theory of disease
Q4: What did Joseph Lister prove?
A4: antisepsis
Q5: Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?
A5: Louis Pasteur
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.

Q1: What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?
A1: Dr. Abraham Gesner
Q2: What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? 
A2: 1849
Q3: What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?
A3: coal-gas methods
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.

Q1: In what year did Horne began doing business?
A1: 1849
Q2: In what city did Horne begin their operations?
A2: Pittsburgh
Q3: What company purchased Horne's in 1972?
A3: Associated Dry Goods
Q4: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?
A4: ten
Elevator (History)

In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.

Q1: Who created the safety elevator in 1852?
A1: Elisha Otis
Q2: What feature did the safety elevator display? 
A2: prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke
Q3: What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?
A3: knurled roller(s)
Q4: At what location was it first presented?
A4: New York exposition in the Crystal Palace
Q5: Where was the first safety elevator installed?
A5: 488 Broadway in New York City
Near_East (Geography and places)

In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region.

Q1: When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?
A1: 1853
Q2: When was the Crimean War?
A2: 1853–1856
Q3: During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?
A3: the Ottoman Empire
Q4: What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?
A4: the incursions of the Russian Empire
Q5: The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?
A5: the Balkan region
Queen_Victoria (History)

In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

Q1: Who was Victoria's eighth child?
A1: Leopold
Q2: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?
A2: chloroform
Q3: What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?
A3: post-natal depression
Q4: Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?
A4: thought it dangerous
Q5: What did Albert complain about Victoria?
A5: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"
Q6: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?
A6: Leopold
Q7: What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?
A7: chloroform
Q8: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?
A8: 1857
Q9: What was the name of Victoria's final child?
A9: Beatrice
Q10: Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?
A10: post-natal depression
Q11: When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?
A11: 1853
Q12: What was the name of Victorias eighth child?
A12: Leopold
Q13: What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?
A13: chloroform.
Q14: What year was victorias final child born?
A14: 1857
Q15: What was the name of Victorias final child?
A15: Beatrice
Q16: Who was Victoria's eighth child? 
A16: Leopold
Q17: What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? 
A17: chloroform
Q18: When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? 
A18: 1857
Q19: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? 
A19: considered it against biblical teaching
Q20: What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? 
A20: loss of self-control
Q21: What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?
A21: Leopold
Q22: What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?
A22: chloroform
Q23: What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?
A23: Beatrice
Q24: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?
A24: considered it against biblical teaching
Q25: After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?
A25: post-natal depression
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

Q1: How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?
A1: twenty-two
Q2: What is the current area of Mexico City?
A2: 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)
Q3: How large was Mexico City at its largest?
A3: 1,700 km2
Q4: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? 
A4: 1902
Q5: Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?
A5: Antonio López de Santa Anna
Near_East (Geography and places)

In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:

Q1: When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?
A1: 1855
Q2: Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?
A2: Thomas Taylor Meadows
Q3: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?
A3: the suggestion by another interpreter
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Q1: Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?
A1: Napoleon III
Q2: What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?
A2: 1858
Q3: Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?
A3: Napoleon I
Q4: Who has authority over Longwood house?
A4: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Culture (Philosophy and religion)

In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

Q1: According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?
A1: elementary ideas
Q2: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?
A2: Adolf Bastian
Q3: Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?
A3: Franz Boas
Montevideo (Geography and places)

In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

Q1: How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?
A1: 57,913
Q2: What happened to the population by the year 1880?
A2: had quadrupled
Q3: The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?
A3: the great European immigration
Q4: What had the population grown to in 1908?
A4: 309,331 inhabitants
North_Carolina (Geography and places)

In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy. The title of "last to join the Confederacy" has been disputed; although Tennessee's informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded North Carolina's official secession on May 20, the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8, 1861.

Q1: What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?
A1: one-third
Q2: North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?
A2: South Carolina
Q3: When was North Carolinas official secession?
A3: May 20
Q4: When was Tennessees informal secession?
A4: May 7, 1861
Q5: When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?
A5: June 8, 1861
United_States_dollar (History)

In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.

Q1: Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?
A1: 1777
Q2: What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?
A2: Civil War
Q3: Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?
A3: War of 1812
Q4: The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?
A4: "not worth a continental"
Q5: The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?
A5: article 1
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

Q1: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
A1: 1863
Q2: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
A2: C. W. Alcock
Q3: When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?
A3: November 1871
Q4: Who won the first and second cups? 
A4: Wanderers were crowned the winners
Q5: When was the modern cup established? 
A5: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,
Tennessee (Geography and places)

In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.

Q1: Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?
A1: Andrew Johnson
Q2: Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?
A2: Tennessee
Q3: On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?
A3: July 24, 1866
Q4: Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?
A4: Fourteenth
Q5: In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?
A5: 1865
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward "Ted," was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A.G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.

Q1: In what year did the Bell's move to London?
A1: 1865
Q2: Where did Bell go in work in 1865?
A2: Weston House
Q3: What building was Bell in?
A3: Somerset College
Q4: How did Bell sign his letters?
A4: A.G. Bell
Q5: In what year did Bell move home?
A5: 1867