LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.

Q1: Where created the first practical integrated circuits?
A1: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.
Q2: Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?
A2: Texas Instruments
Q3: When was the first functional IC demonstrated?
A3: 12 September 1958.
Q4: What was Kilby's IC made of?
A4: germanium
Q5: Noyce's IC was made up of what material?
A5: silicon
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano, who died in 1815. Its promoter, director and organizer was Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from José Raimundo Guerra, as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta. In 1816 its stock was 5,000 volumes.[citation needed] The current building of the National Library of Uruguay (Biblioteca Pública de Uruguay) was designed by Luis Crespi in the Neoclassical style and occupies an area of 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft). Construction began in 1926 and it was finally inaugurated in 1964. Its current collection amounts to roughly 900,000 volumes.

Q1: Who gave the initial donation of the private library?
A1: Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano
Q2: When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?
A2: 1815
Q3: Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?
A3: Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873. It ran from O Carril, Vilagarcía de Arousa to Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coruña and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way of O Barco de Valdeorras. Galicia today has roughly 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of rail lines. Several 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) Iberian gauge lines operated by Adif and Renfe Operadora connect all the important Galician cities. A 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge line operated by FEVE connects Ferrol to Ribadeo and Oviedo. The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line. Several high-speed rail lines are under construction. Among these are the Olmedo-Zamora-Galicia high-speed rail line that opened partly in 2011, and the AVE Atlantic Axis route, which will connect all of the major Galician Atlantic coast cities A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo to Portugal. Another projected AVE line will connect Ourense to Pontevedra and Vigo.

Q1: In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?
A1: 1873
Q2: What is the name of its only electrified railway?
A2: Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo
Thuringia (History)

The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

Q1: When was Thuringia's first railway built?
A1: the 1840s
Q2: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? 
A2: Between 1950 and 2000
Q3: When will the new high speed train be open? 
A3: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,
Brain (Natural sciences)

The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation. Until the early years of the 20th century, the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells. Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain, which (when correctly used) stains only a small fraction of neurons, but stains them in their entirety, including cell body, dendrites, and axon. Without such a stain, brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers, in which it is impossible to determine any structure. In the hands of Camillo Golgi, and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons, each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity.

Q1: Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?
A1: Luigi Galvani
Q2: The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?
A2: the Golgi stain
Q3: What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?
A3: Spanish
Plymouth (History)

The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".

Q1: In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?
A1: Domesday Book
Q2: In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?
A2: 1086
Q3: What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?
A3: Sudtone
Q4: In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?
A4: 1254
Q5: In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?
A5: 1439
Israel (History)

The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.

Q1: When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?
A1: Merneptah stele
Q2: Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?
A2: Semites
Q3: What did Canaanites prohibit?
A3: intermarriage
Tennessee (Geography and places)

The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that time, Tennessee was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. Possibly because of European diseases devastating the Indian tribes, which would have left a population vacuum, and also from expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the Indian populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, the Chickasaw and Choctaw, and ultimately, the Cherokee in 1838.

Q1: Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?
A1: Spanish
Q2: Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?
A2: 1540
Q3: Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?
A3: Muscogee and Yuchi
Q4: Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?
A4: Cherokee
Q5: By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?
A5: 1838
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.

Q1: What does the Book of Daniel contain?
A1: first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects
Q2: Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?
A2: Israel
Q3: What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?
A3: court servants
Q4: How long did the trial diet last?
A4: 10 days
Q5: What is another term for vegetables that was used?
A5: pulses
Christian (Language and literature)

The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: "[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: "Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf."

Q1: Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?
A1: Acts 11:26
Q2: Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?
A2: Herod Agrippa II
Q3: When verse was the third mention?
A3: Peter 4:16
High-definition_television (Engineering and technology)

The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.

Q1: When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?
A1: January 1, 2004
Q2: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?
A2: Vienna New Year's Concert
Q3: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?
A3: HD1
Q4: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?
A4: September 2003
Q5: Which European company launched HD1?
A5: Euro1080
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

Q1: Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
A1: Aldrich
Q2: Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
A2: Thames fishermen
Q3: Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
A3: Fishmonger's Company
Q4: When was the monk community installed?
A4: 960s or early 970s
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.

Q1: The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?
A1: Pleasantville
Q2: The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?
A2: 1870
Q3: How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?
A3: 30-cent
Q4: What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?
A4: Albany Avenue
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Q1: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?
A1: 2007
Q2: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?
A2: nine
Q3: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?
A3: functional regional coverage
Q4: How many satellites were launched since 2007?
A4: 16
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.

Q1: What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?
A1: BeiDou-1A
Q2: When was BeiDou-1A launched?
A2: 20 December 2000
Q3: What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?
A3: BeiDou-1C
Q4: What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?
A4: a backup satellite
Q5: When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?
A5: 25 May 2003
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System (Engineering and technology)

The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.

Q1: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
A1: October 31, 2000
Q2: What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?
A2: BeiDou-1A
Q3: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
A3: December 21, 2000
Q4: What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?
A4: BeiDou-1B
Q5: When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
A5: May 25, 2003
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch. There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent, which was echoed by England's similar lack of desire for French works. Languages commanding less of an international market – such as Danish, Spanish and Portuguese – found journal success more difficult, and more often than not, a more international language was used instead. French slowly took over Latin's status as the lingua franca of learned circles. This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland, where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced.

Q1: During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?
A1: the Enlightenment
Q2: What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?
A2: the Parisian Journal des Sçavans
Q3: In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?
A3: 1665
Q4: Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?
A4: French and Latin
Q5: Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?
A5: Holland
American_Idol (Music)

The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman.

Q1: What network aired the first season of American Idol?
A1: Fox
Q2: What year did American Idol first debut?
A2: 2002
Q3: Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol?
A3: Brian Dunkleman
Q4: When did American Idol debut?
A4: June 2002
Q5: What network did American Idol debut on?
A5: Fox
Q6: Who co-hosted American Idol?
A6: Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
American_Idol (Music)

The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two.

Q1: Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?
A1: Ryan Seacrest
Q2: Which host quit after the first season?
A2: Brian Dunkleman
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.

Q1: Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?
A1: South Georgia
Q2: What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?
A2: sealers
Q3: In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?
A3: 1786
Q4: What was the nationality of most whalers?
A4: Norwegian
Q5: When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?
A5: 1910
Pope_John_XXIII (Philosophy and religion)

The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

Q1: A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?
A1: 8 December 1962
Q2: When was the next session scheduled?
A2: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June
Q3: When was the next session announced?
A3: 12 November 1962
Q4: Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?
A4: Pope Pius IX
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires. These fortifications were planned within the River Plate estuary at Colonia del Sacramento. However, this plan came to fruition only in November 1723, when Captain Manuel Henriques de Noronha reached the shores of Montevideo with soldiers, guns and colonists on his warship Nossa Senhora de Oliveara. They built a small square fortification. However, under siege from forces from Buenos Aires, the Portuguese withdrew from Montevideo Bay in January 1724, after signing an agreement with the Spaniards.

Q1: Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?
A1: Portuguese
Q2: When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?
A2: 1701
Q3: the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?
A3: frequent insurrections by the Spaniards
Q4: Where were the Spaniards emanating from?
A4: Buenos Aires
Palermo (Unknown)

The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

Q1: Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?
A1: in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis
Q2: What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?
A2: prevent attacks from foreign threats
Q3: Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?
A3: Cassaro