LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

Q1: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?
A1: computer security
Q2: What does EAL stand for?
A2: Evaluation Assurance Levels
Q3: What is the standard of EAL4?
A3: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed
Q4: What is the standard for EAL6?
A4: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested
Q5: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?
A5: Integrity-178B
Houston (History)

One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch. There was a cutback in some activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the nationwide recession. After the early 1990s recession, Houston made efforts to diversify its economy by focusing on aerospace and health care/biotechnology, and reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry. Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s, the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy.

Q1: In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch?
A1: 1986
Q2: Why did Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?
A2: the nationwide recession
Q3: In the 1990's, what is something Houston did to try to diversify it's economy?
A3: reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry
Q4: The petroleum industry has become a larger part of Houston's economy again for what reason?
A4: the increase of oil prices in the 2000s
Q5: What caused population growth to decline  in the 1980s?
A5: oil prices fell
Q6: Which shuttle disintegrated in 1986 to cause a decline in the space industry?
A6: Space Shuttle Challenger
Q7: When did Houston suffer an economic decline?
A7: late 1980s
Q8: What did Houston focus on after the 1990s recession to improve its economy?
A8: aerospace and health care
Q9: When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?
A9: 2000s
Infection (Natural sciences)

One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).

Q1: What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?
A1: satisfy Koch's postulates
Q2: What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?
A2: patients and not in healthy controls
Q3: What is Koch's second postulate?
A3: patients who contract the agent also develop the disease
Q4: Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?
A4: because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual
Q5: What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? 
A5: Treponema pallidum
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studies on relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.

Q1: What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other?
A1: TB clubs
Q2: Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect?
A2: increasing treatment adherence
Q3: What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?
A3: the stigma
Q4: What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted?
A4: healthcare providers
Q5: As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma?
A5: 2010
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).

Q1: What  does the immediate return system mean?
A1: egalitarian
Q2: To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?
A2: nonegalitarian
Q3: Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?
A3: immediate return
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages. In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9–12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are "most often cited as making a difference".[note 1] It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel.

Q1: After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?
A1: ten
Q2: Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?
A2: 40
Q3: How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?
A3: 30 million
Q4: How many copies of the book have been sold?
A4: more than 30 million
Q5: How many languages has the book been translated into?
A5: more than 40
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christmas lights. In cold climates, LED traffic lights may remain snow-covered. Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained: aircraft cockpits, submarine and ship bridges, astronomy observatories, and in the field, e.g. night time animal watching and military field use.

Q1: What type of light is ideal for traffic signals?
A1: One-color light
Q2: In what year were luminescence standards set?
A2: 1972
Q3: What color LEDs are used when night vision is important?
A3: Red or yellow
Q4: What is an example of a night vision needed area?
A4: astronomy observatories
Q5: What is another use for one-color light?
A5: exit signs
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.

Q1: How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?
A1: One-third
Q2: How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?
A2: 9.6 million
Q3: In 2014, how many people died from TB?
A3: 1.5 million
Q4: Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?
A4: developing countries
Q5: Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?
A5: decreased
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776.

Q1: When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?
A1: 1774
Q2: What colony was placed under martial law?
A2: Massachusetts
Q3: What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?
A3: Lexington and Concord
Q4: Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?
A4: The Continental Congress
Q5: When did the colonies declare independence?
A5: July 4, 1776
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority. The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world.

Q1: What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?
A1: 14%
Q2: What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?
A2: 44%
Q3: What are the two main religions?
A3: African traditional religions and Islam
Q4: What is their gross domestic product status?
A4: one of the lowest in the world
Q5: What is the minority religion?
A5: Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.

Q1: What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
A1: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Q2: For whom did Umar end the jizya?
A2: converts to Islam
Q3: In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
A3: 720
Q4: What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
A4: poisoned
Q5: What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
A5: Mawali
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals.

Q1: How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?
A1: Only a few
Q2: What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?
A2: horticulture and/or keeping animals
Q3: Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?
A3: hunter-gatherers
Q4: Besides  agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?
A4: keeping animals
Q5: In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?
A5: horticulture
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

Only a few towns in western Libya—such as Bani Walid, Sebha and Sirte—remained Gaddafist strongholds. Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli's fall, Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government, a suggestion rejected by the NTC. Surrounding himself with bodyguards, he continually moved residences to escape NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley. At around 8.30am, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed.

Q1: In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?
A1: western
Q2: After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?
A2: Sirte
Q3: Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?
A3: Jarref
Q4: About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?
A4: 53
Q5: After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?
A5: grenade blast
Insect (Natural sciences)

Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing. This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers' distance. In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest. A few insects seasonally migrate large distances between different geographic regions (e.g., the overwintering areas of the Monarch butterfly).:14

Q1: Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?
A1: nests
Q2: Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?
A2: homing
Q3: Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?
A3: thousands
Q4: An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?
A4: philopatry
Q5: An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?
A5: hibernate
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser. A fully capable LaserDisc playback system includes a newer LaserDisc player that is capable of playing digital tracks, has a digital optical output for digital PCM and DTS audio, is aware of AC-3 audio tracks, and has an AC-3 coaxial output; an external or internal AC-3 RF demodulator and AC-3 decoder; and a DTS decoder. Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic, but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers.

Q1: Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?
A1: rare
Q2: How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?
A2: Only one
Q3: What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?
A3: DTS
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Only scant remains prove that mosaics were still used in the Early Middle Ages. The Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges, originally an important place of pilgrimage, was totally demolished during the French Revolution except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s. A mosaic panel was unearthed which was dated to the 9th century. It somewhat incongruously uses cubes of gilded glass and deep green marble, probably taken from antique pavements. This could also be the case with the early 9th century mosaic found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin in Picardy, where antique motifs are copied but using only simple colors. The mosaics in the Cathedral of Saint-Jean at Lyon have been dated to the 11th century because they employ the same non-antique simple colors. More fragments were found on the site of Saint-Croix at Poitiers which might be from the 6th or 9th century.

Q1: What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages?
A1: scant remains
Q2: Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial?
A2: Limoges
Q3: When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered?
A3: the 1960s
Q4: What was found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin?
A4: 9th century mosaic
Q5: What common element do mosaic panels from the 11th century have?
A5: simple colors
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.

Q1: What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?
A1: service dress
Q2: What other parts are there to a uniform?
A2: gloves, swords, and medals
Q3: What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?
A3: operational dress is now the daily uniform
Q4: What can be worn in cold winter weather?
A4: Approved parkas
Q5: What is only worn for very specific occasions?
A5: a ceremonial/regimental full dress
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.

Q1: What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?
A1: the Theravada
Q2: The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?
A2: Sri Lanka
Q3: What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?
A3: hinayana
Web_browser (Engineering and technology)

Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

Q1: Opera was introduced in what year?
A1: 1996
Q2: What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
A2: Opera-mini version
Q3: Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
A3: mobile phone web browser
Q4: Opera is also available on which video game console?
A4: Nintendo's Wii
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

Operating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts. Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components, particularly the motor field pole-pieces that, for DC, would have used solid (un-laminated) iron and they are now rarely used.

Q1: What is the typical maximum range of universal motors?
A1: 1000 watts
Q2: What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications?
A2: universal
Q3: What is the result of using AC power on a DC motor?
A3: efficiency losses
Q4: What were universal motor pole pieces constructed from?
A4: solid (un-laminated) iron
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U.S. II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA.

Q1: What was Rommel's rank?
A1: Generalfeldmarschall
Q2: Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?
A2: Lloyd Fredendall
Q3: Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?
A3: Bernard Montgomery
Q4: When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?
A4: February 1943
Q5: What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?
A5: NATOUSA