LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gramophone_record (Music)

The "orange peel" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal mastering (DMM), the master disc is cut on a copper-coated disc, which can also have a minor "orange peel" effect on the disc itself. As this "orange peel" originates in the master rather than being introduced in the pressing stage, there is no ill effect as there is no physical distortion of the groove.

Q1: What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?
A1: The "orange peel" effect
Q2: What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?
A2: mirror-like
Q3: What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect?
A3: there is no ill effect
Q4: On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable?
A4: lower frequency range
Q5: What material is on a direct metal mastering disc?
A5: copper
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

The "photoelectrons" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect)  Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.

Q1: What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?
A1: photoelectrons
Q2: What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?
A2: the frequency
Q3: What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?
A3: no photoelectrons are emitted at all
Q4: What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?
A4: multiphoton effect
Q5: What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?
A5: kinetic
Q6: What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?
A6: frequency
Q7: When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?
A7: no photoelectrons are emitted at all
Q8: If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?
A8: more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution. Seven states, however, have language included in their Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights, or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs, though some of these have been successfully challenged in court. These states are Texas, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

Q1: What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?
A1: religious test
Q2: What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?
A2: Religious
Q3: How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?
A3: Seven
Q4: What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?
A4: particular religious beliefs
Pub (History)

The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.

Q1: What is another name for the smoke room?
A1: snug
Q2: What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?
A2: higher
Q3: Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?
A3: the parish priest
Q4: What were the windows in the snug made out of?
A4: frosted glass
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

The "soft" AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s as a result of its declining relevance, adopting a more upmarket, middle-of-the-road approach, with a selection of "oldies" (usually from the 1960s/70s onwards), primarily rock, jazz, R&B and pop music. Newer songs are more often (but not limited to) "easy listening" fare, this amount varying depending on the age of the station's target demographic.

Q1: Generally speaking, what is the earliest decade represented by the "oldies" on soft AC stations?
A1: 1960s
Q2: Along with R&B, pop and rock, what genre of music is represented on modern soft AC stations?
A2: jazz
Q3: What genre of music do new songs on soft AC stations often belong to?
A3: "easy listening"
Q4: During what period did soft AC stations attempt to reinvent themselves?
A4: the late 2000s/early 2010s
Classical_music (Music)

The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

Q1: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?
A1: Beethoven
Q2: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?
A2: Symphony No. 5
Q3: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
A3: several decades
Q4: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?
A4: timbral "palette"
Q5: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
A5: sunshine
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

The "yo yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 "Poll of Polls" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.

Q1: What year did Kinnock call for a general election?
A1: 1991
Q2: What was Kinnocks party theme?
A2: "It's Time for a Change"
Q3: What was the original Tory lead percentage?
A3: 14
Q4: What did the percentage fall to?
A4: 8%
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The '98 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray. After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston, the Cubs had holes to fill and the signing of Henry Rodríguez, known affectionately as "H-Rod" to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup, as Rodriguez slugged 31 round-trippers in his first season in Chicago. Kevin Tapani led the club with a career high 19 wins, Rod Beck anchored a strong bullpen and Mark Grace turned in one of his best seasons. The Cubs were swamped by media attention in 1998, and the team's two biggest headliners were Sosa and rookie flamethrower Kerry Wood. Wood's signature performance was one-hitting the Houston Astros, a game in which he tied the major league record of 20 strikeouts in nine innings. His torrid strikeout numbers earned Wood the nickname "Kid K," and ultimately earned him the 1998 NL Rookie of the Year award. Sosa caught fire in June, hitting a major league record 20 home runs in the month, and his home run race with Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire transformed the pair into international superstars in a matter of weeks. McGwire finished the season with a new major league record of 70 home runs, but Sosa's .308 average and 66 homers earned him the National League MVP Award. After a down-to-the-wire Wild Card chase with the San Francisco Giants, Chicago and San Francisco ended the regular season tied, and thus squared off in a one-game playoff at Wrigley Field in which third baseman Gary Gaetti hit the eventual game winning homer. The win propelled the Cubs into the postseason once again with a 90–73 regular season tally. Unfortunately, the bats went cold in October, as manager Jim Riggleman's club batted .183 and scored only four runs en route to being swept by Atlanta. On a positive note, the home run chase between Sosa, McGwire and Ken Griffey, Jr. helped professional baseball to bring in a new crop of fans as well as bringing back some fans who had been disillusioned by the 1994 strike. The Cubs retained many players who experienced career years in '98, and after a fast start in 1999, they collapsed again (starting with being swept at the hands of the cross-town White Sox in mid-June) and finished in the bottom of the division for the next two seasons.

Q1: What legendary broadcaster died in the '98 season?
A1: Harry Caray
Q2: Who was affectionately known as "H-Rod"?
A2: Henry Rodríguez
Q3: How many round-trippers did Rodriguez slug in his first season in Chicago?
A3: 31
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

The 'OtherOS' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models, and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1, 2010; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale. The firmware update 3.21 was mandatory for access to the PlayStation Network. The removal caused some controversy; as the update removed officially advertised features from already sold products, and gave rise to several class action lawsuits aimed at making Sony return the feature or provide compensation.

Q1: What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update?
A1: 'OtherOS'
Q2: What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS?
A2: security concerns
Q3: Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?
A3: mandatory
Q4: Which PS3 model never included OtherOS?
A4: PS Slim
Q5: What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony?
A5: class action lawsuits
Plymouth (History)

The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.

Q1: In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A1: 2
Q2: Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A2: John Rennie
Q3: In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A3: 1841
Q4: When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?
A4: 1812
Q5: Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?
A5: Devonport
Great_Plains (History)

The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern Montana are mainly semi hot steppe land and are generally characterised by rangeland or marginal farmland. The region (especially the High Plains) is periodically subjected to extended periods of drought; high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms. The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the humid subtropical climate zone in the southern areas, and the northern and central areas fall in the humid continental climate.

Q1: what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?
A1: The 100th meridian
Q2: about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?
A2: 20 inches
Q3: what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?
A3: dust storms
Q4: what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?
A4: humid subtropical climate
Iran (Geography and places)

The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army. As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianized identity with them. The result of the adoption and patronage of Persian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turko-Persian tradition.

Q1: What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?
A1: Turkic tribes
Q2: Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?
A2: Central Asia
Q3: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?
A3: mamluks (slave-warriors)
Q4: In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?
A4: 999
Q5: How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?
A5: These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan (Geography and places)

The 132nd Street Community Garden is located on 132nd Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Malcolm X Boulevard. In 1997, the lot received a garden makeover; the Borough President's office funded the installation of a $100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green. The garden also holds a goldfish pond and several benches. The spirit of the neighborhood lives in gardens like this one, planted and tended by local residents.

Q1: Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden?
A1: local residents
Q2: The 132nd Street Community Garden is located between Malcom X Boulevard and what other Boulevard?
A2: Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Q3: In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system?
A3: 1997
Q4: Who funded the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system?
A4: Borough President's office
Q5: How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system cost?
A5: $100,000
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

Q1: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?
A1: 1469
Q2: When was modern-day Spain created?
A2: 1492
Q3: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?
A3: Granada
Q4: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?
A4: Vasco da Gama
Q5: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?
A5: 1492
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.

Q1: What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?
A1: geese
Q2: What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?
A2: genetics
Q3: What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?
A3: C$100 gold coin
Q4: In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?
A4: 2009
Valencia (Geography and places)

The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus's voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.

Q1: When was the Valencian Golden Age?
A1: 15th century
Q2: Of what area was Valencia the largest city?
A2: Crown of Aragon
Q3: What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?
A3: Silk Exchange
Q4: Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?
A4: Queen Isabella I of Castile
Q5: What was Valencia's leading industry?
A5: textile production
Greece (Geography and places)

The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]

Q1: Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?
A1: 16th and 17th centuries
Q2: Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?
A2: 18th
Q3: Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?
A3: Rigas Feraios
Q4: Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? 
A4: 1798
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races. Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that "one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them".

Q1: What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?
A1: 1775
Q2: How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?
A2: five
Q3: What race was later renamed to Negroid?
A3: Ethiopian
Q4: What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?
A4: graded
Q5: What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?
A5: limits
Police (Social sciences and society)

The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.

Q1: When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?
A1: 1829
Q2: What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?
A2: the judicial system
Q3: Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?
A3: France
Q4: What part of the government did French police work under?
A4: the authority of the monarch