LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Somalis (Geography and places)

The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

Q1: About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?
A1: 7.78 million
Q2: In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?
A2: 12.65
Q3: Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?
A3: the Somali diaspora
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.

Q1: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?
A1: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales
Q2: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?
A2: basal
Q3: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?
A3: unclear
Q4: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?
A4: magnoliids
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

Q1: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?
A1: two
Q2: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?
A2: absolute space
Q3: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
A3: five feet
Q4: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
A4: absolute space exists
Genocide (History)

The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.

Q1: Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
A1: social and political groups
Q2: In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
A2: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
Q3: Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
A3: political groups
Q4: In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
A4: Genocide
Q5: In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? 
A5: intends to destroy a group
Oklahoma (Geography and places)

The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.

Q1: Who is in the executive branch?
A1: the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials
Q2: Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?
A2: the Governor
Q3: Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?
A3: the Executive branch
Q4: Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?
A4: the Executive branch
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Q1: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
A1: funeral saddle, helm and shield
Q2: What kind of panels are in the museum?
A2: panels of mediaeval glass
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponential rise in diversity. As one author states, "Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 per cent of potentially habitable modes, and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled."

Q1: What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?
A1: global carrying capacity
Q2: What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?
A2: life in the sea
Q3: What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?
A3: life on land
Q4: What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?
A4: 64 per cent
Gene (Natural sciences)

The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Q1: Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?
A1: Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
Q2: If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? 
A2: n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas
Q3: What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
A3: independent assortment
Q4: What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
A4: the distinction between dominant and recessive traits
Q5: What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?
A5: discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics
Hokkien (Language and literature)

The existence of literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀), called tha̍k-im (讀音), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (白讀, pe̍h-tha̍k) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.

Q1: What are literary and colloquial readings called?
A1: tha̍k-im
Q2: What is another name for colloquial?
A2: vernacular)
Q3: Literary readings are usually used where?
A3: formal phrases and written language
Q4: colloquial reading are usually used where?
A4: spoken language and vulgar phrases
Sichuan (History)

The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265–420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (杜宇) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Q1: What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?
A1: a cuckoo
Q2: What does the name Shu refer to?
A2: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.
Q3: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?
A3: a local farmer in 1929
Q4: The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?
A4: the Zhou
Q5: When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?
A5: the Jin dynasty (265–420)
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States (Language and literature)

The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

Q1: Why did Salvadorans come to America?
A1: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.
Q2: When did Salvadorans come to America?
A2: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s
Q3: How many Salvadorans immigrated?
A3: 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,
Q4: What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?
A4: United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group
Q5: Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?
A5: Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.
Armenia (History)

The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (    ). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.

Q1: What name did Armenia gain it's name from?
A1: Aram
Q2: When did Xenophon visit Armenia?
A2: 401 BC
Q3: Who first referenced the Armenians?
A3: Hecataeus of Miletus
Q4: What language does Armenias resemble most?
A4: Persians
Mandolin (Music)

The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and can include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections. Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age, purchased by Morishige Takei.

Q1: What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?
A1: Japan
Q2: How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?
A2: 40 or 50 members
Q3: What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?
A3: include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.
Q4: Japan hold and extensive collection of what? 
A4: 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age
Q5: Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? 
A5: Morishige Takei.
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.

Q1: What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?
A1: expansion of the Rus
Q2: Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?
A2: Oleg
Q3: What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?
A3: 894
Q4: What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?
A4: 913
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

Q1: The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?
A1: German mysticism
Q2: In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
A2: Germany and Italy
Q3: What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
A3: St. Catherine of Siena
Q4: Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
A4: the Netherlands
Q5: What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
A5: Savonarola
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.

Q1: How many residents live in the master-planned communities?
A1: thousands
Q2: What mountains is Oro Valley next to?
A2: Santa Catalina Mountains
Q3: Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?
A3: Oro Valley
Q4: Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?
A4: Marana
Q5: Where is Oro Valley?
A5: in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains
Q6: Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?
A6: Marana
Q7: Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?
A7: Marana
Q8: Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?
A8: Oro Valley
Q9: Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?
A9: northwest
Pain (Language and literature)

The experience of pain has many cultural dimensions. For instance, the way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of multiple prescription drugs. Depression may also keep the older adult from reporting they are in pain. The older adult may also quit doing activities they love because it hurts too much. Decline in self-care activities (dressing, grooming, walking, etc.) may also be indicators that the older adult is experiencing pain. The older adult may refrain from reporting pain because they are afraid they will have to have surgery or will be put on a drug they might become addicted to. They may not want others to see them as weak, or may feel there is something impolite or shameful in complaining about pain, or they may feel the pain is deserved punishment for past transgressions.

Q1: What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?
A1: dimensions
Q2: What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?
A2: pain
Q3: Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?
A3: illness
Q4: Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?
A4: because it hurts too much
Q5: An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?
A5: a drug
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

Q1: What language originated the word bitumen?
A1: Sanskrit
Q2: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
A2: pitch creating
Q3: To what English word does the Latin translate?
A3: pitch
Q4:  Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
A4: French
Q5: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
A5: mastix
Gene (Natural sciences)

The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the "words" in the genetic "language". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.:4.1

Q1: How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?
A1: by transcribing the gene into RNA
Q2: What is RNA?
A2: a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA
Q3: What base does RNA have in place of thymine?
A3: the base uracil
Q4: What are codons?
A4: a series of three-nucleotide sequences
Q5: What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?
A5: The genetic code
Roman_Republic (History)

The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen).

Q1: How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?
A1: with plunder
Q2: Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?
A2: their generals
Q3: Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?
A3: the slaves
Q4: Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?
A4: twelve
Q5: Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?
A5: Octavian
Dialect (Language and literature)

The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment.

Q1: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?
A1: South
Q2: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?
A2: Northern Germany
Q3: Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?
A3: cities
Q4: In what environment are dialects less common?
A4: public
Q5: In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?
A5: familiar