LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern has roughly 225,000 alumni in all branches of business, government, law, science, education, medicine, media, and the performing arts. Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern, Nobel Prize–winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize–winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize–winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide. U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg, and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law. Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman. Northwestern alumnus David J. Skorton currently serves as president of Cornell University. Rahm Emanuel, the mayor of Chicago and former White House Chief of Staff, earned a Masters in Speech and Communication in 1985.

Q1: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate?
A1: George McGovern
Q2: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey?
A2: Ali Babacan
Q3: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?
A3: Abraham Vereide
Q4: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate?
A4: Adlai Stevenson
Q5: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon?
A5: Rod Blagojevich
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern has several housing options, including both traditional residence halls and residential colleges which gather together students who have a particular intellectual interest in common. Among the residential colleges are the Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies (CCS), Ayers College of Commerce and Industry, Jones Residential College (Arts), and Slivka Residential College (Science and Engineering). Dorms include 1835 Hinman, Bobb-McCulloch, Foster-Walker complex (commonly referred to as Plex), and several more. In Winter 2013, 39% of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority. Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities.

Q1: What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013?
A1: 39%
Q2: How many fraternities does Northwestern recognize?
A2: 21
Q3: How many sororities does Northwestern recognize?
A3: 18
Q4: What is the name of the Residential College that houses students with an interest in science and engineering?
A4: Slivka
Q5: Which dorms are commonly referred to as Plex?
A5: Foster-Walker complex
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern is a large, residential research university. Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs. Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor's degrees, 3,272 master's degrees, 565 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2012–2013.

Q1: How many undergraduate programs are offered by Northwestern?
A1: 124
Q2: How many graduate and professional programs are offered by Northwestern?
A2: 145
Q3: How many master's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
A3: 3,272
Q4: How many doctoral degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
A4: 565
Q5: How many bachelor's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?
A5: 2,190
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Materials Research Center, Institute for Policy Research, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies, the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research.

Q1: Where is the home of the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science?
A1: Northwestern
Q2: Where is the home of the International Institute for Nanotechnology?
A2: Northwestern
Q3: Where is the home of the Materials Research Center?
A3: Northwestern
Q4: Where is the home for the Institute for Policy Research?
A4: Northwestern
Q5: Where is the home of the Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies?
A5: Northwestern
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees. The board, composed of 70 members and as of 2011[update] chaired by William A. Osborn '69, delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university. Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history (excluding interim presidents), the current president, Morton O. Schapiro, an economist, having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31, 2009. The president has a staff of vice presidents, directors, and other assistants for administrative, financial, faculty, and student matters. Daniel I. Linzer, provost since September 2007, serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school, leaders of cross-disciplinary units, and chairs of the standing faculty committee report.

Q1: Who governs Northwestern?
A1: an appointed Board of Trustees
Q2: How many members are on Northwestern's Board of Trustees?
A2: 70
Q3: Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it's power to?
A3: an elected president
Q4: How many presidents, excluding interrims, has Northwestern had?
A4: sixteen
Q5: Who has a staff of vice-presidents, directors, and other administrative assistants?
A5: the president
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern requires that all new buildings be LEED-certified. Silverman Hall on the Evanston campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2010; Wieboldt Hall on the Chicago campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2007, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center on the Evanston campus was awarded Silver LEED Certification in 2006. New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20% improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible. The university also released at the beginning of the 2008–09 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan, which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus. The plan not only emphasizes the sustainable construction of buildings, but also discusses improving transportation by optimizing pedestrian and bicycle access. Northwestern has had a comprehensive recycling program in place since 1990. Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern, which represents 30% of the waste produced on campus. Additionally, all landscape waste at the university is composted.

Q1: What is the required certification for all Northwestern buildings?
A1: LEED
Q2: What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations?
A2: at least a 20%
Q3: What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline?
A3: future development of the Evanston Campus
Q4: How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly?
A4: 1,500
Q5: How is all university landscape waste used?
A5: composted
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with "very high" research activity. Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation. Northwestern received $550 million in research funding in 2014. Northwestern supports nearly 1,500 research laboratories across two campuses, predominately in the medical and biological sciences. Through the Innovation and New Ventures Office (INVO), Northwestern researchers disclosed 247 inventions, filed 270 patents applications, received 81 foreign and US patents, started 12 companies, and generated $79.8 million in licensing revenue in 2013. The bulk of revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin, a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman, which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica, a drug sold by Pfizer, to combat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. INVO has been involved in creating a number of centers, including the Center for Developmental Therapeutics (CDT) and the Center for Device Development (CD2). It has also helped form over 50 Northwestern startup companies based on Northwestern technologies.

Q1: When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities?
A1: 1917
Q2: Which of Northwestern's schools are among the most academically productive in the nation?
A2: management, engineering, and communication
Q3: In 2014, how much research funding did Northwestern receive?
A3: $550 million
Q4: Who discovered the drug that was ultimately marketed as Lyrica?
A4: chemistry professor Richard Silverman
Q5: How many companies were started through Northwestern's Innovations and New Ventures Office?
A5: 12
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

Q1: What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?
A1: to serve the Northwest Territory
Q2: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?
A2: 1855
Q3: When were women first admitted to Northwestern?
A3: 1869
Q4: How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?
A4: 240
Q5: What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?
A5: journalism and communication
Q6: Which great lake is Northwestern located along?
A6: Lake Michigan
Q7: What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?
A7: Chicago
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.

Q1: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?
A1: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan
Q2: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?
A2: Evanston
Q3: What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?
A3: atmospheres
Q4: Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?
A4: North Campus
Q5: Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?
A5: South Campus
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Jodie Markell, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, McLean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Paul Lynde, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Bill Nuss, Dusty Kay, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Frank DeCaro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert, Sandra Seacat and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a "Northwestern mafia."

Q1: Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?
A1: Northwestern alumni
Q2: Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?
A2: Northwestern's School of Communication
Q3: Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?
A3: Northwestern's School of Communication
Q4: Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?
A4: Northwestern's School of Communication
Q5: Which alumni was a co-creator of "The Young and the Restless", and "The Bold and the Beautiful"?
A5: Lee Phillip Bell
Northwestern_University (History)

Northwestern's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 (including 5 at #1) and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903. At one time, Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A, losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982. They did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl. The team did not win a bowl since the 1949 Rose Bowl until the 2013 Gator Bowl. Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time.

Q1: How many appearances has Northwestern's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936?
A1: 73
Q2: How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982?
A2: 34
Q3: What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949?
A3: 1996 Rose Bowl
Q4: What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl?
A4: 2013 Gator Bowl
Q5: In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?
A5: Pat Fitzgerald
Circadian_rhythm (Natural sciences)

Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.

Q1: What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?
A1: Arctic animals
Q2: What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?
A2: sunrises and sunsets
Q3: In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?
A3: autumn, winter and spring
Q4: At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?
A4: 78 degrees
Q5: What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?
A5: other Arctic animals
Police (Social sciences and society)

Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work. The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty, which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe (Joubert and Bevers, 1996).

Q1: Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?
A1: the English Channel region
Q2: When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?
A2: 2002
Q3: When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?
A3: 1968
Q4: When was the Schengen Treaty signed?
A4: 1992
Q5: What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?
A5: formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union
Eton_College (History)

Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.

Q1: If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?
A1: Oppidan Scholars
Q2: Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?
A2: Oppidan Scholar
Q3: How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?
A3: 24
Q4: Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?
A4: consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations
Q5: How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?
A5: either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose). In other cases, such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia, the introduction produces substantial economic benefits, but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences.

Q1: What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?
A1: the zebra mussel
Q2: What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?
A2: mongooses
Q3: What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?
A3: nocturnal rats
Q4: What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?
A4: Indonesia and Malaysia,
The_Blitz (History)

Not all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. The main damage was inflicted on the commercial and domestic areas. Four days later 230 tons was dropped including 60,000 incendiaries. In Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport waves of 150 bombers destroyed vast swaths of the city with 40,000 incendiaries. Warehouses, rail lines and houses were destroyed and damaged, but the docks were largely untouched.

Q1: Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?
A1: to try to disrupt trade and sea communications
Q2: How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?
A2: four times
Q3: What was primarily damaged in the attacks?
A3: commercial and domestic areas
Q4: What cities had large sections of them destroyed?
A4: Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport
Q5: What was left mostly unharmed?
A5: the docks
Neolithic (History)

Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.

Q1: What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?
A1: pottery
Q2: What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?
A2: agriculture
Q3: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?
A3: independent domestication events
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book "melodramatic and contrived". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, "I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is." Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: "Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves."

Q1: Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?
A1: Granville Hicks
Q2: Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?
A2: Flannery O'Connor