LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Qing_dynasty (History)

To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar–Qing War. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of Taiwan from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing. Zheng Keshuang was awarded the title "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公) and was inducted into the Han Chinese Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners when he moved to Beijing. Several Ming princes had accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1661-1662, including the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan in 1683 back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Zheng's former soldiers on Taiwan like the rattan shield troops were also inducted into the Eight Banners and used by the Qing against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. Kangxi dispatched two armies to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.

Q1: Where did Kangxi lead an army?
A1: Outer Mongolia
Q2: Who did Kangxi fight?
A2: Dzungars
Q3: When was Galdan killed?
A3: Dzungar–Qing War
Q4: When did Taiwan fall?
A4: 1683
Q5: What European country did Kangxi fight?
A5: Russia
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

Q1: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?
A1: pin
Q2: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?
A2: aspirated
Mandolin (Music)

To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.

Q1: What type of music has mandolins played? 
A1: mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles
Q2: Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? 
A2: Japan and Germany
Q3: What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?
A3: first and second mandolins,
Q4: What are smalled ensambles composed of? 
A4: two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,
Q5: What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? 
A5: cello
Alaska (Geography and places)

To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.

Q1: How does Alaska finance its state government operations?
A1: petroleum revenues and federal subsidies
Q2: How many states in the US do not have sales tax?
A2: five
Q3: How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?
A3: seven
Q4: Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?
A4: Alaska
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil. The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power. As a result, the filament can then run hotter, which results in a more efficient light source, while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature.

Q1: How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?
A1: 22.8 inches
Q2: What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?
A2: The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly
Q3: What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?
A3: more efficient light source
Q4: What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?
A4: 0.0018 inches
Mammal (Natural sciences)

To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).

Q1: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
A1: nutritious and plentiful diet
Q2: What does a omnivore imply?
A2: eats both prey and plants
Q3: What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
A3: insects
Q4: What determines a mammals diet type?
A4: The size
Paper (Natural sciences)

To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.

Q1: What is separated from the cellulose fibres?
A1: lignin
Q2: What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?
A2: wood-free
Q3: What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?
A3: 5%
Q4: What percentage of cotton is cellulose?
A4: 90%
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail – West Zone". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47-metre, 12-storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area.

Q1: What was amended to provide more office space in downtown?
A1: heritage regulations
Q2: What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?
A2: 15 metres
Q3: How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?
A3: 47-metre
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.

Q1: Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets?
A1: To minimize overall weight and size
Q2: What are high energy magnets typically made of?
A2: neodymium-iron-boron alloy
Q3: What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble?
A3: steel tube
Q4: How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors?
A4: least competitive
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve’s classification of CRA loans as “prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.

Q1: When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?
A1: 1995
Q2: How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?
A2: $4.5 trillion
Q3: What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?
A3: high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)
Q4: How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?
A4: prime
Q5: When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?
A5: after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001
Han_dynasty (History)

To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han. The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty. The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court. The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang (d. 68 BC). The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy. The Reformists, however, overturned these policies, favoring a cautious, non-expansionary approach to foreign policy, frugal budget reform, and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs.

Q1: Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?
A1: former merchants
Q2: When was the liquor monopoly abolished?
A2: 81 BC
Q3: Which faction did the Reformists oppose?
A3: Modernist
Q4: Which political faction favored budgetary reform?
A4: The Reformists
Q5: In what year did Huo Guang die?
A5: 68 BC
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 mi (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out. Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.

Q1: What is the CAP?
A1: Central Arizona Project Aqueduct
Q2: How long is the CAP?
A2: more than 300 mi (480 km)
Q3: What water source feeds the CAP?
A3: Colorado River
Q4: What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?
A4: Avra Valley aquifer
Q5: How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?
A5: over 80
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Q1: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
A1: approximately 16 and a half weeks
Q2: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
A2: by couriers
Q3: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
A3: encrypted
Q4: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
A4: Anti-Piracy marks can be added
Q5: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
A5: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

To prevent the risk of out-of-phase supplies mixing, sections of line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated. This is achieved by Neutral Sections (also known as Phase Breaks), usually provided at feeder stations and midway between them although, typically, only half are in use at any time, the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations. Neutral Sections usually consist of an earthed section of wire which is separated from the live wires on either side by insulating material, typically ceramic beads, designed so that the pantograph will smoothly run from one section to the other. The earthed section prevents an arc being drawn from one live section to the other, as the voltage difference may be higher than the normal system voltage if the live sections are on different phases and the protective circuit breakers may not be able to safely interrupt the considerable current that would flow. To prevent the risk of an arc being drawn across from one section of wire to earth, when passing through the neutral section, the train must be coasting and the circuit breakers must be open. In many cases, this is done manually by the drivers. To help them, a warning board is provided just before both the neutral section and an advance warning some distance before. A further board is then provided after the neutral section to tell drivers to re-close the circuit breaker, although drivers must not do this until the rear pantograph has passed this board. In the UK, a system known as Automatic Power Control (APC) automatically opens and closes the circuit breaker, this being achieved by using sets of permanent magnets alongside the track communicating with a detector on the train. The only action needed by the driver is to shut off power and coast and therefore warning boards are still provided at and on the approach to neutral sections.

Q1: What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?
A1: line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated
Q2: What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?
A2: Phase Breaks
Q3: What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?
A3: The earthed section
Q4: How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?
A4: warning board
Q5: What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?
A5: to shut off power and coast
Elevator (History)

To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group.

Q1: What is one way to implement destination control?
A1: every user gets an RFID card to identify himself
Q2: How does this help the system?
A2: the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls
Q3: Newer systems know where and how many people are at a location for what reasons?
A3: either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons
Utrecht (History)

To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.

Q1: What does the city host on Sundays 
A1: To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays
Q2: What happens on Cultural Sunday 
A2: thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee
Q3: What does the city subsidise
A3: an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten
Q4: What type of coupon does the city provide the poor 
A4: The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

To promote the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts.

Q1: Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?
A1: clapperboards
Q2: For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?
A2: Skyfall
Q3: On which social media accounts was the film promoted?
A3: Eon's official social media accounts.
Q4: What other Bond film was promoted on social media?
A4: Skyfall
Han_dynasty (History)

To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it. Han farmers also used the pit field system (aotian 凹田) for growing crops, which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain. In southern and small parts of central Han-era China, paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice, while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production.

Q1: What helped insure the safety of crops from wind?
A1: the alternating fields system
Q2: What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows?
A2: pit field system
Q3: What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas?
A3: rice
Q4: What system did the government recommend the usage of?
A4: alternating fields system
Q5: What was the name of the Grain Intendant?
A5: Zhao Guo