LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.

Q1: What is diabetes caused from?
A1: absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas
Q2: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?
A2: only a few months
Q3: How can diabetes be induced in dogs?
A3: surgical removal of the pancreas
Q4: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?
A4: Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best
Q5: Why was insulin therapy delayed?
A5: difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity
Q6: Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?
A6: pancreas
Q7: Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?
A7: a few months
Q8: What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?
A8: pH
Q9: To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?
A9: Eli Lilly and Co.
Q10: Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?
A10: dogs
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

Q1: Who was first to invade Manchuria?
A1: Japan
Q2: What is the Abyssinian crisis?
A2: Italy invaded Abyssinia
Q3: What is Abyssinia?
A3: one of the only free African nations at that time
Q4: When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?
A4: 1935/36
Q5: Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?
A5: Italy
Bras%C3%ADlia (Geography and places)

A series of low-lying annexes (largely hidden) flank both ends. Also in the square are the glass-faced Planalto Palace housing the presidential offices, and the Palace of the Supreme Court. Farther east, on a triangle of land jutting into the lake, is the Palace of the Dawn (Palácio da Alvorada; the presidential residence). Between the federal and civic buildings on the Monumental Axis is the city's cathedral, considered by many to be Niemeyer's finest achievement (see photographs of the interior). The parabolically shaped structure is characterized by its 16 gracefully curving supports, which join in a circle 115 feet (35 meters) above the floor of the nave; stretched between the supports are translucent walls of tinted glass. The nave is entered via a subterranean passage rather than conventional doorways. Other notable buildings are Buriti Palace, Itamaraty Palace, the National Theater, and several foreign embassies that creatively embody features of their national architecture. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings.

Q1: What is in the Planalto Palace?
A1: presidential offices
Q2: Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?
A2: Palácio da Alvorada
Q3: What does 'Palácio da Alvorada' mean?
A3: Palace of the Dawn
Q4: Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?
A4: Roberto Burle Marx
Q5: What style of gardens did Marx design?
A5: modernist
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, "Killraven" in Amazing Adventures, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.

Q1: What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?
A1: the updating of the Comics Code
Q2: What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?
A2: Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja
Q3: What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?
A3: Howard the Duck
Q4: In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?
A4: 1972
Q5: How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?
A5: larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.

Q1: A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?
A1: eastern France
Q2: What seige did these victories lead to?
A2: Siege of Metz
Q3: What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?
A3: Battle of Sedan
Q4: Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?
A4: the army of the Second Empire
Q5: On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?
A5: 4 September
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a "home" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control. For instance, when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up, its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit, where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping. As long as power is on, a bidirectional counter in the printer's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position.

Q1: How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?
A1: position feedback is continuous
Q2: How does a stepper system achieve stability?
A2: a "home" switch
Q3: What makes a printer home switch work?
A3: position sensor
Q4: What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?
A4: bidirectional
Q5: A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?
A5: miss steps
Electric_motor (Engineering and technology)

A servomotor is a motor, very often sold as a complete module, which is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system mainly control valves, such as motor-operated control valves. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed, torque, and power. The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive applications.

Q1: What may servo motors be used for?
A1: machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems
Q2: What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?
A2: speed, torque, and power
Q3: What factors limit performance of servo motors?
A3: winding inductance and rotor inertia
Q4: Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?
A4: conventional AC or DC motors
Q5: When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?
A5: As dynamic response requirements increase
Seattle (History)

A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.

Q1: When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?
A1: World War I
Q2: What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?
A2: Seattle General Strike
Q3: When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?
A3: 1919
Q4: What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?
A4: Maritime Strike
Q5: What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?
A5: Port of Los Angeles.
Neolithic (History)

A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

Q1: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?
A1: crop farming and cultivation
Q2: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?
A2: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique
Q3: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
A3: the Bronze Age
Cubism (Art and architecture)

A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.

Q1: What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?
A1: 'crystal' Cubism
Q2: Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? 
A2: Henri Bergson's
Q3: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
A3: 1914 and 1916
Q4: What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
A4: between 1917 and 1920
Literature (Language and literature)

A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

Q1: What is literary historical writing sometimes called?
A1: creative nonfiction
Q2: Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?
A2: literary journalism
Q3: What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?
A3: to record data or convey immediate information
Q4: Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?
A4: Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius
East_Prussia (History)

A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

Q1: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
A1: expelled by the Soviet Union
Q2: What did the Russians consider Curonians?
A2: fascists
Q3: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
A3: West Germany
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.

Q1: What are waders called in North America?
A1: shorebirds
Q2: Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?
A2: warmer locations in the same hemisphere
Q3: Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?
A3: the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere
Q4: Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?
A4: Arctic breeding grounds
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch. He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae, and that the seer's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state. The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia, and proves, together with the Homeric hymn, that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times. It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece, and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia.

Q1: Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?
A1: Epimenides
Q2: Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?
A2: Plutarch
Q3: What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?
A3: Epimenides
British_Empire (History)

A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. This led to tension, particularly in the Punjab region, where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the event, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.

Q1: When was the Government of India Act passed?
A1: 1919
Q2: What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?
A2: the Ghadar Conspiracy
Q3: In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?
A3: Punjab
Q4: The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?
A4: Non-Co-Operation
Emotion (Natural sciences)

A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

Q1: Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?
A1: Paul E. Griffiths
Q2: What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?
A2: external
Q3: The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?
A3: situationism
Q4: Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?
A4: phobias
Swaziland (Geography and places)

A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.

Q1: What nation is to the east of Swaziland?
A1: Mozambique
Q2: What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?
A2: Republic of South Africa
Q3: How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?
A3: 17,364 km2
Q4: How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?
A4: four
Q5: In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?
A5: the northwest
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

Q1: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?
A1: high school graduation
Q2: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?
A2: reading
Q3: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? 
A3: Jehovah's Witnesses
Q4: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?
A4: politics
Q5: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?
A5: a graduate degree
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.

Q1: What is a solar balloon?
A1: a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air
Q2: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?
A2: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force
Q3: What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?
A3: the toy market
Q4: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?
A4: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high