LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic (History)

The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities, both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers. Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC, the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC, the Battle of Aricia, and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii.

Q1: In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?
A1: the Battle of Lake Regillus
Q2: What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?
A2: 496 BC
Q3: In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?
A3: 477 BC
Q4: What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?
A4: the Battle of Corbione
Q5: Who initially had control over the Sabines?
A5: Etruscan control
Montana (Geography and places)

The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.

Q1: What was the name of the first US Army post?
A1: Camp Cooke
Q2: Where was Camp Cooke situated?
A2: on the Missouri River
Q3: What year was the Great Sioux War?
A3: 1876
Q4: What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?
A4: 1877
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's "sport jacket" (with silver "U.S." pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, "Air Force Blue" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.

Q1: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
A1: 1947
Q2: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
A2: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company
Q3: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
A3: 1995
Q4: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
A4: pinned onto the coat
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.

Q1: What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?
A1: 4 August 1870
Q2: On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?
A2: Bavarian and two Prussian corps
Q3: Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? 
A3: General Douay of I Corps
Q4: Douay's initial success was credited by what?
A4: long-range fire of the Chassepots
Q5: What threatened the French avenue of retreat?
A5: the encirclement of the town by the Prussians
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.

Q1: When was the title of prime minister first used?
A1: 1625
Q2: Who coined the term prime minister?
A2: Cardinal Richelieu
Q3: What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?
A3: France
Q4: Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?
A4: Louis XIV
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.

Q1: What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?
A1: South African Beechcraft King Air 200
Q2: What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?
A2: 15 September 2015
Q3: What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?
A3: the airport's radio navigation equipment.
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.

Q1: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?
A1: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
Q2: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?
A2: "establishment clause"
Q3: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
A3: "free exercise clause"
Q4: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
A4: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.
Q5: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
A5: a faith
Mammal (Natural sciences)

The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.

Q1: From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
A1: Carboniferous
Q2: From which group did amniotes descendents of?
A2: reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods
Q3: Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?
A3: the synapsids
Q4: Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
A4: turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds
Q5: What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?
A5: single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship.

Q1: What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?
A1: Julius Caesar
Q2: What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?
A2: divine monarchy
Q3: To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? 
A3: Augustus
Q4: For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?
A4: integrated
Q5: By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?
A5: Imperial cult
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups. During this time period it was not uncommon for employers to blacklist or fire employees associated with unions. The Wagner Act allowed workers to unionize without fear of being discriminated against, and empowered a National Labor Relations Board to review potential cases of worker discrimination. In the event of discrimination, employees were to be restored to an appropriate status in the company through 'affirmative action'. While the Wagner Act protected workers and unions it did not protect minorities, who, exempting the Congress of Industrial Organizations, were often barred from union ranks.:11 This original coining of the term therefore has little to do with affirmative action policy as it is seen today, but helped set the stage for all policy meant to compensate or address an individual's unjust treatment.[citation needed]

Q1: In which document did the term "affirmative action" first appear?
A1: National Labor Relations Act
Q2: Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?
A2: Senator Robert F. Wagner
Q3: Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?
A3: employees associated with unions
Q4: Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?
A4: National Labor Relations Board
Q5: Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?
A5: minorities
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.

Q1: Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?
A1: prefrontal cortex
Q2: Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?
A2: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q3: Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?
A3: orbitofrontal cortex
Q4: Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?
A4: those involving primary functions
Q5: Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?
A5: primary
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union (ORFU and QRFU) were formed (January 1883), and then the Interprovincial (1907) and Western Interprovincial Football Union (1936) (IRFU and WIFU). The CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, The Canadian Football Council (CFC). And then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become The CFL.

Q1: On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?
A1: March 24, 1873
Q2: Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?
A2: Canadian Rugby Football Union
Q3: In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?
A3: 1936
Q4: Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891? 
A4: Canadian Rugby Football Union
Q5: Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?
A5: Canadian Football Council
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (towards Vienna) regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system.

Q1: What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?
A1: Hungary
Q2: What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?
A2: 16 kV at 50 Hz
Q3: What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?
A3: four-pole rotating phase converter
Q4: How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?
A4: motor could be changed using slip rings
Q5: What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?
A5: Russian
Pub (History)

The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

Q1: Who invented the beer pump in England?
A1: John Lofting
Q2: In what city was the beer pump invented?
A2: London
Q3: In what country was John Lofting born?
A3: Netherlands
Q4: What was the death year of John Lofting?
A4: 1742
Q5: When was John Lofting born?
A5: 1659
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride, though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode, emitted green light. In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972 (U.S. Patent US3819974 A) and today magnesium-doping of gallium nitride continues to be the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. These devices built in the early 1970s had too little light output to be of practical use and research into gallium nitride devices slowed. In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC). SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible light spectrum.[citation needed]

Q1: The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?
A1: Stanford
Q2: When was the first blue-violet LED developed?
A2: 1972
Q3: What students developed the first blue-violet LED?
A3: Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines
Q4: What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?
A4: zinc-doped gallium nitride
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.

Q1: In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
A1: 1870
Q2: Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
A2: to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies
Q3: What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
A3: 1944
Q4: What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
A4: about 7 miles
Q5: Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?
A5: Longport
Paris (Geography and places)

The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.

Q1: What was the title of the first book printed in France?
A1: Epistolae
Q2: Who wrote Epistolae?
A2: Gasparinus de Bergamo
Q3: When was Epistolae published?
A3: 1470
Q4: In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?
A4: Latin
Police (Social sciences and society)

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

Q1: In what year did Paris get a police force?
A1: 1667
Q2: Who created Paris's police force?
A2: King Louis XIV
Q3: What was the largest European city in 1667?
A3: Paris
Q4: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?
A4: lieutenant general of police
Q5: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?
A5: lieutenant général de police
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.

Q1: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?
A1: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps
Q2: How much did the early LEDs cost?
A2: US$200 per unit
Q3: What was one use of early LED light in products?
A3: calculators
Q4: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?
A4: Hewlett Packard (HP)
Q5: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
A5: 1970s