LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest. Dean's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning. The majority of his donations came from individual supporters, who became known as Deanites, or, more commonly, Deaniacs. Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor, Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist, denouncing the policies of the Bush administration (especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq) as well as fellow Democrats, who, in his view, failed to strongly oppose them. Senator Lieberman, a liberal on domestic issues but a hawk on the War on Terror, failed to gain traction with liberal Democratic primary voters.

Q1: Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?
A1: Howard Dean
Q2: Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?
A2: a fund raiser
Q3: What did Dean's backers become known as?
A3: Deaniacs
Q4: What government position has Howard Dean previously held?
A4: governor
Q5: Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?
A5: the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.

Q1: How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?
A1: one hour
Q2: In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?
A2: winter
Q3: Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?
A3: after
Q4: What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?
A4: Standard Time
Black_people (Language and literature)

By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Q1: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
A1: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born
Q2: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
A2: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.
Q3: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
A3: 1835,
Q4: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
A4: the African Methodist Episcopal Church
Q5: What terms did African Americans use instead?
A5: "Negro" or "colored"
London (Geography and places)

By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."

Q1: Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?
A1: King Edward the Confessor
Q2: By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?
A2: the 11th century
Q3: What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?
A3: Romanesque
Q4: What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?
A4: Frank Stenton
Q5: Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?
A5: Winchester
Gothic_architecture (Art and architecture)

By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

Q1: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?
A1: Norman architecture
Q2: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?
A2: the 12th century
Q3: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?
A3: the Medieval period
Q4: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?
A4: the cathedral church
Q5: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?
A5: the palace
Iran (Geography and places)

By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his authority over all of the Iranian territories, and established an intermittent Iranian hegemony over the vast relative regions, reasserting the Iranian identity within large parts of the Greater Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni, but Ismail instigated a forced conversion to the Shia branch of Islam, by which the Shia Islam spread throughout the Safavid territories in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world, with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, having there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world.

Q1: Who established the Safavid Dynasty?
A1: Ismail I from Ardabil
Q2: What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?
A2: Tabriz
Q3: Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?
A3: Shia Islam
Q4: What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?
A4: Iran
Cotton (Natural sciences)

By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.

Q1: What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?
A1: longer, stronger fibers
Q2: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?
A2: India
Q3: Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?
A3: Caribbean
Q4: By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?
A4: mid-19th century
Q5: What was cotton called in the 19th century?
A5: King Cotton
Germans (Language and literature)

By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire – like the Holy Roman Empire – was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The German Empire ("Second Reich") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.

Q1: Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?
A1: Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire
Q2: When was the German Empire created?
A2: 1871
Q3: Who was Wilhelm I?
A3: head of a union of German-speaking states
Q4: What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?
A4: influence and territory
Q5: Which empire was a multi ethnic state?
A5: The Austrian Empire
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

Q1: Who identified the active substance?
A1: John Abel
Q2: Who marketed epinephrine?
A2: Parke Davis
Q3: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?
A3: nasal congestion
Q4: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?
A4: Jokichi Takamine
Q5: What could epinephrine treat?
A5: nasal congestion
Q6: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?
A6: 2011
Q7: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
A7: Adrenalin
Q8: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?
A8: Jokichi Takamine
Q9: In what year was epinephrine discovered?
A9: 1897
Q10: What was the trade name of epinephrine?
A10: Adrenalin
Q11: Who first discovered epinephrine?
A11: John Abel
Q12: What is epinephrine used to treat?
A12: asthma attacks
Q13: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
A13: 2011
Black_people (Language and literature)

By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Q1: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
A1: By the 1900s
Q2: What term replaced negro as mainstream?
A2: colored
Q3: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
A3: "black"
Q4: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? 
A4: the African-American Civil rights movement
Q5: Who led the Civil Rights movement?
A5: Reverend Martin Luther King
Computer (Engineering and technology)

By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).

Q1: By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete?
A1: 50s
Q2: Analog computers remain in use in what industries?
A2: education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).
Multiracial_American (History)

By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

Q1: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
A1: the 1980s
Q2: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
A2: mostly negative
Q3: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
A3: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins
Q4: What did they fear would happen?
A4: a loss in political and economic power
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.

Q1: How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?
A1: 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits
Q2: Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?
A2: 1992
Q3: What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?
A3: Los Angeles
Q4: When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? 
A4: 1990s
Q5: Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?
A5: WHO
Jews (History)

By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million  between the years 200 CE – 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.

Q1: Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?
A1: Babylonia
Q2: Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?
A2: 200 CE – 500 CE
Q3: Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?
A3: conversion
Black_people (Language and literature)

By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

Q1: How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
A1: 6.2%
Q2: How much identified as mixed race?
A2: 40%
Q3: How much identified as white?
A3: 55%
Q4: How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
A4: 29%
Philadelphia (History)

By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as "corrupt and contented", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine. The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one. In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.

Q1: Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?
A1: Republican
Q2: What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?
A2: corrupt and contented
Q3: When did the first major political reform occur?
A3: 1917
Pub (History)

By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]

Q1: What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?
A1: middle-class
Q2: What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?
A2: working class
Q3: In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?
A3: 4
Q4: What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?
A4: spit and sawdust
Q5: What is another name for the lounge bar?
A5: saloon
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

Q1: What language did Catalan descend from?
A1: Vulgar Latin
Q2: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
A2: 9th century
Q3: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?
A3: Hispania Tarraconensis
Q4: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?
A4: Catalan counts
Q5: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
A5: 988
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards, who took 32%. Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps.

Q1: How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?
A1: nine
Q2: Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?
A2: John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards
Q3: Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?
A3: Dean
Q4: Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?
A4: Dean and Gephardt
Q5: Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?
A5: Bob Graham
British_Isles (Geography and places)

By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.

Q1: During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?
A1: Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Q2: Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?
A2: King Henry VIII
Q3: What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?
A3: Church of England
Q4: Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?
A4: the Pope