LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Portugal (Geography and places)

With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Q1: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
A1: Napoleon
Q2: How long did Portugal's decline last?
A2: until the 20th century
Q3: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
A3: 1822
Q4: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
A4: Brazil
Q5: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
A5: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

Q1: What year marked the onset of the Crusades?
A1: 1095
Q2: What year were the expulsions from England?
A2: 1290
Q3: What year were the expulsions from France?
A3: 1394
Q4: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?
A4: Jewish migration pushed eastward
Q5: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?
A5: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

Q1: How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?
A1: four
Q2: What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?
A2: three-star
Q3: De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?
A3: five-star
Q4: What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?
A4: casinos
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

Q1: What was ASCII published as and when?
A1: ASA X3.4-1963
Q2: How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?
A2: 28 code positions
Q3: When was the change to ASCII made official?
A3: May 1963
Q4: The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?
A4: simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers
Detroit (Geography and places)

With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

Q1: Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?
A1: Jimmy Hoffa
Q2: Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?
A2: Walter Reuther
Q3: How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?
A3: 8
Q4: How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?
A4: 40
Sony_Music_Entertainment (Music)

With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records.

Q1: CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?
A1: 1965
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed "The Tunnel Project", Steve Wynn planned the proposed 'Mirage Atlantic City' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey.

Q1: Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?
A1: to diversify away from gaming
Q2: Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?
A2: Steve Wynn
Q3: Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn?
A3: to develop a new roadway
Q4: What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed?
A4: The Tunnel Project
Q5: "The Tunnel Project" was later officially named what?
A5: Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited.

Q1: What were "Squeeze LDs"?
A1: enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs
Q2: With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?
A2: 16:9-ratio widescreen
Q3: Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?
A3: very few people owned 16:9 displays
Q4: Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?
A4: distorted
Q5: What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?
A5: 33%
Hard_rock (Music)

With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.

Q1: What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?
A1: disco in the US and punk rock in the UK
Q2: What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?
A2: The Ramones
Q3: What were three midwestern hard rock bands?
A3: Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx
Q4: What city was Van Halen originally from?
A4: Los Angeles
Q5: Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?
A5: "Eruption"
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.

Q1: How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?
A1: five
Q2: What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?
A2: Argentina
Q3: What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?
A3: Brazil
Q4: What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?
A4: Roman Curia
Q5: What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?
A5: regal vestments
Emotion (Natural sciences)

With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

Q1: Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?
A1: Richard Lazarus
Q2: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?
A2: judgments
Q3: In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?
A3: unconscious
Old_English (Language and literature)

With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose.

Q1: What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?
A1: Alfred the Great
Q2: What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?
A2: Pastoral Care
Q3: When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?
A3: 871
Q4: In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?
A4: 9th
Q5: What dialect did Alfred's government use?
A5: West Saxon
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

Q1: When were Castille and Aragon united?
A1: 1479
Q2: After 1479, what language became more valued?
A2: Spanish
Q3: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
A3: 16th century
Q4: What language began to supersede Catalan?
A4: Spanish
Q5: At this time what classes became bilingual?
A5: urban and literary
Melbourne (Geography and places)

With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished.

Q1: When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?
A1: public buildings
Q2: During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?
A2: 1850s and 1860s
Q3: Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?
A3: gold rush
IPod (Engineering and technology)

With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.

Q1: What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?
A1: Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft
Q2: What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?
A2: video game handheld console market
Q3: What two publications have covered iPod games?
A3: GamePro and EGM
John_von_Neumann (Mathematics)

With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets became fully satisfactory, and the next question was whether or not it was also definitive, and not subject to improvement. A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg, in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language. This result was sufficiently innovative as to confound the majority of mathematicians of the time.

Q1: In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?
A1: Kurt Gödel
Q2: What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?
A2: they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language
Q3: Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?
A3: Congress of Königsberg
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts.

Q1: If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?
A1: compression artifacts
Q2: Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?
A2: compression artifacts
Q3: Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?
A3: compress
Q4: Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?
A4: ringing
Q5: What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?
A5: A sample of applause
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found that many thousands of genetic markers had to be used in order for the answer to the question "How often is a pair of individuals from one population genetically more dissimilar than two individuals chosen from two different populations?" to be "never". This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European, African and East Asian). The entire world population is much more complex and studying an increasing number of groups would require an increasing number of markers for the same answer. The authors conclude that "caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes." Witherspoon, et al. concluded that, "The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them. It is also compatible with our ﬁnding that, even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used, individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population."

Q1: Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?
A1: cluster
Q2: How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?
A2: thousands
Q3: Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?
A3: markers
Q4: What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?
A4: caution
Q5: People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?
A5: other populations
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering. Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.

Q1: What is samsara?
A1: the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
Q2: What is avidya?
A2: ignorance
Q3: What is dukkha?
A3: suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction
Q4: Is liberation from samsara possible?
A4: In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.
Q5: The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?
A5: Samsara
Q6: How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?
A6: six
Q7: avidya is what kind of samsara?
A7: ignorance
Q8: How can you be freed from samsara?
A8: by following the Buddhist path
Q9: What is samsara defined as?
A9: the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
Q10: How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?
A10: six
Q11: Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?
A11: psychological
Q12: Samsara is caused by what?
A12: avidya
Q13: A person can get away from samsara by doing what?
A13: following the Buddhist path
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense. Additional roads under construction include Autovía A-54 from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, and Autovía A-56 from Lugo to Ourense. The Xunta de Galicia has built roads connecting comarcal capitals, such as the aforementioned AG-53, Autovía AG-55 connecting A Coruña to Carballo or AG-41 connecting Pontevedra to Sanxenxo.

Q1: The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?
A1: Xunta de Galicia
Q2: Name another road they responsible for.
A2: AG-41
London (Geography and places)

Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

Q1: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?
A1: London's status as the capital of England
Q2: What areas within Greater London have city status?
A2: the City of London and the City of Westminster
Q3: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?
A3: for the purposes of lieutenancies