LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Immunology (Natural sciences)

In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another course for those who are willing to expand or update their understanding of immunology. It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology. Most schools require students to take electives in other to complete their degrees. A Master’s degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor's degree. For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study.

Q1: Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?
A1: an introduction to the basic principles of immunology
Q2: Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?
A2: clinically-oriented lecture series
Q3: What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?
A3: a background of the principles of immunology
Q4: How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?
A4: two years of study
Q5: What program requires an additional two years of study?
A5: a doctoral programme
Green (Language and literature)

In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.

Q1: What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?
A1: A unique green
Q2: At what wavelength is green on computer displays?
A2: ~550 nm
Q3: What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?
A3: additive
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable.

Q1: What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?
A1: high resistance
Q2: How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?
A2: 22
Q3: How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?
A3: by use of the Sprengel pump
Q4: Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?
A4: Robert Friedel and Paul Israel
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization. Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution. This has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole.

Q1: What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?
A1: the Green Revolution
Q2: What did the high yield strains become resistant to?
A2: local climate and diseases
Q3: Who has been pushing for hybridization?
A3: Local governments and industry
Q4: What caused the loss of biodiversity?
A4: Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion
Middle_Ages (History)

In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments, which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer. Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill, allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing. The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden, increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality. The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions.

Q1: What was replaced by the spinning wheel?
A1: the traditional distaff
Q2: What invention replaced laces on clothing?
A2: buttons
Q3: What new type of windmill was invented in this period?
A3: the tower mill
Q4: In what country did the blast furnace first appear?
A4: Sweden
Q5: Where did patent law originate?
A5: Venice
Gene (Natural sciences)

In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protein. The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression, and the resulting molecule is called a gene product.

Q1: How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?
A1: two steps are required
Q2: What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?
A2: the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)
Q3: What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?
A3: mRNA is translated to protein
Q4: What step must RNA-coding genes still go through?
A4: the first step
Q5: What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called?
A5: gene expression
Federalism (History)

In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.

Q1: In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?
A1: the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers
Q2: Per the UN definition, what is federalism?
A2: federation would not be a single sovereign state
Q3: What is the German Empire?
A3: Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,
Q4: What is the libson treaty?
A4: powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.
Computer (Engineering and technology)

In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.

Q1: A group of 8 bits is called what?
A1: a byte
Q2: How many numbers can a byte represent?
A2: 256 different numbers
Q3: What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?
A3: 0 to 255 or −128 to +127
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]

Q1: What does Telewizja Polska operate?
A1: TVP Polonia
Q2: What is EchoStar's platform?
A2: the Dish Network
Q3: Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?
A3: Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
Q4: Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?
A4: district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.

Q1: Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?
A1: In an attempt at reform
Q2: What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?
A2: female genital mutilation
Q3: What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?
A3: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea
Q4: Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?
A4: some people close to the government
Q5: What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?
A5: health concerns and individual freedom
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks will be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction. The driving restriction scheme is planned to be implemented as a trial from January 1, 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction will be in force between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., and traffic will not be restricted on Sundays. Public transportation service will be increased during the restriction period.

Q1: In what season does New Delhi's air pollution worsen?
A1: winter
Q2: What method was introduced in December 2015 to reduce New Delhi's air pollution?
A2: alternate-day travel
Q3: New Delhi's alternate-day travel scheme allowed trucks to enter the city after what hour?
A3: 11 p.m
Q4: How long is the initial trial period for New Delhi's driving restriction scheme?
A4: 15 days
Q5: On what day of the week will travel remain unrestricted by New Delhi's alternate day driving scheme?
A5: Sundays
Napoleon (History)

In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War—the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat.

Q1: What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?
A1: the Second Polish War
Q2: What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?
A2: the First Polish War
Q3: Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?
A3: the Duchy of Warsaw
Q4: Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?
A4: Austria
Q5: During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?
A5: serfs
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects, the United States FBI employs the term "race" to summarize the general appearance (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other such easily noticed characteristics) of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend. From the perspective of law enforcement officers, it is generally more important to arrive at a description that will readily suggest the general appearance of an individual than to make a scientifically valid categorization by DNA or other such means. Thus, in addition to assigning a wanted individual to a racial category, such a description will include: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.

Q1: What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?
A1: job of law enforcement officers
Q2: What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?
A2: general appearance
Q3: What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?
A3: apprehend
Q4: What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?
A4: arrive at a description
Q5: What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?
A5: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.
Predation (Natural sciences)

In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Q1: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
A1: direct impact on the prey population
Q2: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
A2: herbivory
Q3: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
A3: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption
Q4: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
A4: parasitic species
Q5: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
A5: detritivory
Q6: What does an herbivore eat?
A6: plants
Q7: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?
A7: no
Q8: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
A8: prey
Q9: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
A9: predation
Q10: What do detritivores eat?
A10: dead organic material
Q11: What is the key characteristic of predation?
A11: predator's direct impact on the prey population
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum, approving casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Immediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978. Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many people have suggested that it only served to exacerbate those problems, as attested to by the stark contrast between tourism intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working-class neighborhoods. In addition, Atlantic City has been less popular than Las Vegas, as a gambling city in the United States. Donald Trump helped bring big name boxing bouts to the city to attract customers to his casinos. The boxer Mike Tyson had most of his fights in Atlantic City in the 1980s, which helped Atlantic City achieve nationwide attention as a gambling resort. Numerous highrise condominiums were built for use as permanent residences or second homes. By end of the decade it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.

Q1: In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City?
A1: 1976
Q2: The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what?
A2: Resorts International
Q3: What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?
A3: Resorts International
Q4: What year did Resorts International open?
A4: 1978
Q5: How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today?
A5: eleven
Tucson,_Arizona (Geography and places)

In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer. Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer. The City of Tucson already provides reclaimed water to its inhabitants, but it is only used for "applications such as irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses." These resources have been in place for more than 27 years, and deliver to over 900 locations.

Q1: How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?
A1: running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer
Q2: What does Tucson use reclaimed water for?
A2: irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses
Q3: How long has Tucson's water conservation efforts been underway?
A3: more than 27 years
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Q1: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
A1: Hitler
Q2: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
A2: Japan
Q3: Why did Stalin sign the pact? 
A3: reinforce a public affection for Germany
Pacific_War (History)

In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina. In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,[nb 10] began to refer to the embargoes as the "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch") encirclement" or "ABCD line".

Q1: What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?
A1: stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan
Q2: Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?
A2: denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities
Q3: What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?
A3: "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch")
Q4: Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?
A4: to discourage Japanese militarism
Q5: How did Japan view Western embargos?
A5: as acts of aggression
Q6: What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?
A6: about 80%
Q7: What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?
A7: "ABCD line"