LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.

Q1: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
A1: handheld plungers in water.
Q2: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what?
A2: place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body
Q3: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
A3: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Q4: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
A4: air's volume
Q5: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
A5: suction pump
Palermo (Unknown)

In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.

Q1: What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?
A1: to protect the port at La Cala
Q2: What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?
A2: A huge chain
Q3: During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?
A3: medieval
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.

Q1: What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?
A1: Glorious Revolution
Q2: What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?
A2: Bill of Rights
Q3: What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?
A3: House of Commons
Post-punk (Music)

In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years. A variety of subsequent groups, including New York-based Talking Heads and Boston-based Mission of Burma, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities. In 1978, the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno, experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques, dance music, and African polyrhythms. San Francisco's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon, who incorporated multimedia experimentation, film and ideas from Antonin Artaud's Theater of Cruelty.

Q1: What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?
A1: American
Q2: From what region did the group Devo originate? 
A2: Midwestern
Q3: Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?
A3: New York
Q4: Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?
A4: Brian Eno
Q5: What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?
A5: San Francisco's
Q6: When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?
A6: mid 1970s
Q7: Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?
A7: Television and Suicide
Q8: What were some Midwestern punk bands?
A8: Pere Ubu and Devo
Q9: What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?
A9: derelict industrial environments
Q10: What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?
A10: Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio.

Q1: What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?
A1: DVD's growing popularity
Q2: Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?
A2: higher-end
Q3: What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?
A3: 6-channel analog audio
Botany (Natural sciences)

In the mid-16th century, "botanical gardens" were founded in a number of Italian universities – the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier "physic gardens", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for medical use. They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621. Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.

Q1: What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?
A1: Padua
Q2: Where is the Padua garden?
A2: its original location
Q3: Why did monasteries have gardens?
A3: for medical use
Q4: What science was botany considered to be a part of?
A4: medicine
Q5: Where was the first European botany garden at a university?
A5: University of Oxford
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries, and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution.

Q1: Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?
A1: Paris
Q2: Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?
A2: Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q3: Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?
A3: reason
Q4: Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?
A4: Montesquieu
Q5: Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?
A5: the United States Constitution
Immunology (Natural sciences)

In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.

Q1: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
A1: Frank Burnet
Q2: What triggers an immune response according to CST?
A2: self/nonself distinction
Q3: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
A3: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)
Q4: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
A4: the complex "two-signal" activation
Q5: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
A5: In the mid-1950s
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players. Instead of printing dailies out on film, processed negatives from the day's shoot would be sent to a mastering plant to be assembled from their 10-minute camera elements into 20-minute film segments. These were then mastered onto single-sided blank LaserDiscs, just as a DVD would be burnt at home today, allowing for much easier selection and preparation of an Edit Decision List. In the days before video assist was available in cinematography, this was the only other way a film crew could see their work. The EDL went to the negative cutter who then cut the camera negative accordingly and assembled the finished film. Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever built, even though the ideas and technology are still in use today. Later EditDroid experiments borrowed from hard-drive technology of having multiple discs on the same spindle and added numerous playback heads and numerous electronics to the basic jukebox design so that any point on each of the discs would be accessible within seconds. This eliminated the need for racks and racks of industrial LaserDisc players since EditDroid discs were only single-sided.

Q1: How many EditDroid systems were ever built?
A1: 24
Q2: Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?
A2: single-sided
Q3: Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?
A3: Lucasfilm
Dell (History)

In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system. Dell's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies, as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips, and could be built cheaper than its competitors. Consequently, Dell's enterprise revenues, almost nonexistent in 1994, accounted for 13 percent of the company's total intake by 1998. Three years later, Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers, with 31 percent of the market. Dell's first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies for $332 million, after Dell had failed to develop an enterprise storage system in-house; ConvergeNet's elegant but complex technology did not fit in with Dell's commodity-producer business model, forcing Dell to write down the entire value of the acquisition.

Q1: What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?
A1: 1990s
Q2: IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?
A2: servers
Q3: What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?
A3: PowerEdge
Q4: What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?
A4: 1998
Q5: Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?
A5: Compaq
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

Q1: Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?
A1: Shtokavian
Q2: Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?
A2: most widespread dialect
Q3: What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?
A3: Vienna Literary Agreement
Q4: After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?
A4: administrator von Kállay
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.

Q1: When did Sikhism begin?
A1: mid-fifteenth century
Q2: In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?
A2: Mughal empire
Q3: When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?
A3: December 1826
Q4: When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?
A4: 1831
Q5: Who won at Balakot?
A5: the professional Sikh Army
Sichuan (History)

In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.

Q1: What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?
A1: Yellow Tiger
Q2: Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?
A2: Sichuan
Q3: Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? 
A3: Daxi Dynasty
Q4: Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?
A4: Huguang Province
Germans (Language and literature)

In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, "I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensable nation." According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at The National Interest, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany's history. "This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin's position at the center of the Continent." Heilbrunn believes that the adage, "what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union" has been supplanted by a new mentality—what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed—and not represented—by Nazism. The evolution is further precipitated by Germany's conspicuous position as Europe's strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski's effusive praise for his country's western neighbor. This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory.

Q1: Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?
A1: Radek Sikorski
Q2: What are Germans trying to forget?
A2: Nazi past
Q3: What are Germans trying to focus on?
A3: Prussian history
Q4: Who is Europe's strongest economy?
A4: Germany
Korean_War (Warfare)

In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: "You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.

Q1: Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?
A1: Peng Dehuai
Q2: What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?
A2: the Military Commission,
Q3: What actions were taken to help the PVA?
A3: PVA would be divided into three groups
Q4: Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?
A4: the central government
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service, whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands.

Q1: What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?
A1: 6th Fleet
Q2: On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?
A2: Kwajalein
Q3: What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service?
A3: defense of the Marshall Islands
Plymouth (History)

In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.

Q1: In what year was HMNB Davenport established?
A1: 1690
Q2: What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?
A2: River Tamar
Q3: How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?
A3: 318
Q4: What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?
A4: 3,000
Q5: In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?
A5: Stoke Damerel