LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.

Q1: What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
A1: heart attack
Q2: For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?
A2: cholecystitis
Q3: What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?
A3: gallbladder
Q4: In what year did Eisenhower die?
A4: 1969
Q5: How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?
A5: seven
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.

Q1: Who was executed on March 30, 1960?
A1: James W. Rodgers
Q2: What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?
A2: firing squad
Q3: In what state was Rodgers executed?
A3: Utah
Q4: On what date was George York executed?
A4: June 22, 1965
Q5: Which state executed James French?
A5: Oklahoma
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.

Q1: In what year did the "Revolution within a Revolution" begin?
A1: 1987
Q2: In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?
A2: 1988
Q3: How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?
A3: 27
Q4: Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?
A4: Nelson Mandela
Q5: What was Mandela's nationality?
A5: South African
Georgian_architecture (Art and architecture)

The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".

Q1: What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?
A1: Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood
Q2: Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?
A2: Sir John Summerson
Q3: A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?
A3: 1794
Q4: What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?
A4: the French Wars
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the "numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih." Van Praag writes that these "tributary missions" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that "Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming."

Q1: who was a professor of the University of Washington?
A1: Turrell V. Wylie
Q2: Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?
A2: Tibet
Q3: Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?
A3: Morris Rossabi
Green (Language and literature)

The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Q1: When did the systematic study of color theory begin?
A1: late nineteenth century
Q2: Who painted The Night Cafe?
A2: Vincent van Gogh
Q3: What type of colors are red and green?
A3: complementary
Gramophone_record (Music)

The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system hum and turntable rumble noises. Likewise at the treble end beginning at 1,000 Hz, if audio frequencies were boosted by 16 dB at 10,000 Hz the delicate sibilant sounds of speech and high overtones of musical instruments could survive the noise level of cellulose acetate, lacquer/aluminum, and vinyl disc media. When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve, signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike.

Q1: What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?
A1: programming sounded more lifelike.
Q2: How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve?
A2: remarkably similar
Q3: What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?
A3: below 100 Hz
Q4: What helped cause the most life like sound?
A4: using a complementary inverse curve
Dog (Natural sciences)

The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

Q1: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
A1: magnetic resonance imaging
Q2: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
A2: voices
Q3: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
A3: the brain
Q4: Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?
A4: emotion
Q5: What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
A5: MRI
Q6: Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
A6: emotional
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.

Q1: Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?
A1: head of state
Q2: If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?
A2: resignation of the prime minister and his or her government
Q3: In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?
A3: prime minister
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The Delaware Court of Chancery is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.

Q1: What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?
A1: The law of civil procedure
Q2: What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?
A2: code pleading
Q3: What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?
A3: modern notice pleading
Q4: When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?
A4: 20th century
Q5: What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?
A5: The old English division between common law and equity courts
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.

Q1: What makes up the law of criminal procedure?
A1: federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes
Q2: What did the exclusionary rule provide for?
A2: inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights
Q3: What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?
A3: writ of habeas corpus
Q4: What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/
A4: Miranda warning
Q5: What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?
A5: Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions
Canon_law (Philosophy and religion)

The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Q1: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?
A1: the Latin or Western Church
Q2: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
A2: more diversity in legislation
Q3: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
A3: custom
Q4: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
A4: 1929
Q5: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
A5: 1949 through 1958
Law_of_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

Q1: What is the foundation of the United States federal government?
A1: United States Constitution
Q2: In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?
A2: The Constitution
Q3: What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?
A3: The United States Code
Q4: What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?
A4: law of the United States
Q5: The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?
A5: federal judiciary
Q6: What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?
A6: the United States Constitution
Q7: What sets out the boundries of federal law?
A7: The Constitution
Q8: What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?
A8: codified and uncodified
Q9: What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?
A9: The United States Code
Q10: What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?
A10: codified and uncodified
Q11: What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?
A11: the United States Constitution
Q12: What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?
A12: Senate
Q13: With branch of government deals with new regulations?
A13: the executive branch
Q14: Who's responsibility is case law?
A14: the federal judiciary
Association_football (History)

The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.

Q1: What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?
A1: International Football Association Board
Q2: What year was the IFAB formed?
A2: 1886
Q3: What city was FIFA formed?
A3: Paris
Q4: How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?
A4: four
Q5: How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?
A5: four
Melbourne (Geography and places)

The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument—the Burke and Wills statue.

Q1: In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?
A1: 1850s and 1860s
Q2: In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?
A2: 1855
Q3: Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" become popular?
A3: 1859
Q4: In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?
A4: 1861
Q5: What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?
A5: the Burke and Wills statue
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol. They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns. The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Gočár with the only Cubist café in the world, Grand Café Orient. Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of Ďáblice Cemetery in 1912–1914, Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vyšehrad. A Cubist streetlamp has also been preserved near the Wenceslas Square, designed by Emil Králíček in 1912, who also built the Diamond House in the New Town of Prague around 1913.

Q1: Who were the leading Cubist architects? 
A1: Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol
Q2: Where did the leading Cubist architects work?
A2: Prague
Q3: What is the best known Cubist architecture building? 
A3: House of the Black Madonna
Q4: Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? 
A4: Old Town of Prague
Q5: Who built the House of the Black Madonna?
A5: Vlastislav Hofman
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).

Q1: Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?
A1: Richard Owen,
Q2: How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?
A2: bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"
Q3: What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?
A3: Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class
Q4: What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?
A4: legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate
Q5: When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?
A5: Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)