LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Education (Philosophy and religion)

Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).

Q1: How can Educational psychology in part be understood?
A1: through its relationship with other disciplines
Q2: How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?
A2: discipline analogous
Q3: Where does education psychology draw from?
A3: contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences
Q4: In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?
A4: faculties of education
Education (Philosophy and religion)

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.

Q1: What is the meaning of Education psychology?
A1: the study of how humans learn in educational settings
Q2: What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?
A2: school psychology
Q3: Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?
A3: researchers and theorists
Q4: What is educational psychology concerned with?
A4: the processes of educational attainment
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Q1: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
A1: the Western Powers would already be involved
Q2: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
A2: Historian Werner Maser
Q3: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
A3: a line of defense against
Police (Social sciences and society)

Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay". In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime." Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.

Q1: Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?
A1: Edwin Chadwick
Q2: When was 'Preventive Police' published?
A2: 1829
Q3: Where was 'Preventive Police' published?
A3: London Review
Q4: What did Chadwick say police should be focused on?
A4: prevention
Q5: What was the alternative to prevention?
A5: a deterrent of punishment
Communication (Language and literature)

Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

Q1: What is human communication defined as?
A1: a system of symbols
Q2: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
A2: during human childhood
Q3: How many human languages are there?
A3: thousands
Q4: What do human languages use to communicate with others?
A4: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols
Q5: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
A5: programming languages
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Efficiency of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of power actually radiated (in all directions) to the power absorbed by the antenna terminals. The power supplied to the antenna terminals which is not radiated is converted into heat. This is usually through loss resistance in the antenna's conductors, but can also be due to dielectric or magnetic core losses in antennas (or antenna systems) using such components. Such loss effectively robs power from the transmitter, requiring a stronger transmitter in order to transmit a signal of a given strength.

Q1: A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals?
A1: Efficiency
Q2: What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna?
A2: heat
Q3: What can cause that reaction?
A3: transmitter
Middle_Ages (History)

Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. In northern Britain, Kenneth MacAlpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba. In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936–973) as Holy Roman Emperor. In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967–983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963). By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; Otto III (r. 996–1002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords.

Q1: When did Alfred the Great begin his reign?
A1: 871
Q2: What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?
A2: the Kingdom of Alba
Q3: Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?
A3: Ottonian dynasty
Q4: What group did Otto I defeat?
A4: Magyars
Q5: In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?
A5: 962
Mali (Geography and places)

Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.

Q1: What does ICRISTAT stand for?
A1: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Q2: What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?
A2: improve nutrition
Q3: The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?
A3: recipe di-dèguè
Q4: ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?
A4: equinut
Q5: What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?
A5: peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour
Guam (Geography and places)

Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. (Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists. Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests. Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.

Q1: What has Guam recently being trying to protect?
A1: coral reef habitats
Q2: What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?
A2: pollution, eroded silt and overfishing
Q3: What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?
A3: Mariana fruit bats
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s. Currently, there are three types of genetic origin testing, autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line. Genome-wide association studies have also been employed to yield findings relevant to genetic origins.

Q1: When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?
A1: the 1990s
Q2: How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?
A2: three types of genetic origin testing
Q3: What are the three types of origin testing?
A3: autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Q4: Autosomal DNA is what?
A4: a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry
Q5: What does Y-DNA show?
A5: a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Egocentrism in adolescents forms a self-conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance. Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson's theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of "identity achievement" but also stressed that the identity challenge "is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time". Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. "Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers." Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers "finding their selves"; Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers. Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them. Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see, allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media. "Modern life takes place amidst a never-ending barrage of flesh on screens, pages, and billboards." This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self-image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity. Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual's progress along these stages. His questions are divided into three categories: occupation, ideology, and interpersonal relationships. Answers are scored based on extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments. The result is classification of the individual into a) identity diffusion in which all children begin, b) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives, c) Moratorium, or the process of exploration, or d) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments.

Q1: Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?
A1: Erik Erikson
Q2: How do adolescents initially define themselves?
A2: crowd membership
Q3: How is Moratorium defined?
A3: process of exploration
Q4: Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual's process along the stages of identity?
A4: James Marcia
Q5: James Marcia divides questions into how many categories?
A5: three
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Q1: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?
A1: Africa and southwest corner of Asia
Q2: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?
A2: Sinai Peninsula
Q3: How larger is Egypt?
A3: 1,010,408 square kilometres
Q4: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?
A4: Red Sea
Q5: What country borders Egypt to the south?
A5: Sudan
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup  after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.

Q1: what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?
A1: capital punishment
Q2: In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?
A2: 529
Q3: What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?
A3: terrorist organisation
Q4: What former president's supporters are set to be executed?
A4: Mohamed Morsi
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees, and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees, but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese, is contested.[nb 1] The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared, with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.

Q1: Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?
A1: between 500,000 and 3 million
Q2: How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?
A2: 70,000
Q3: How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?
A3: 150,000
Q4: What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?
A4: Cairo, Alexandria and other cities
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi), and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.

Q1: What is Egypts energy market based upon?
A1: coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power
Q2: How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?
A2: 600,000 tonnes
Q3: Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?
A3: has been a net oil importer since 2008
Q4: What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?
A4: cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm el-Sheikh (or City of Peace), Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the ⅓ of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.

Q1: Where are Egyptian beaches situated?
A1: Mediterranean and the Red Sea
Q2: How far do Egyptian beaches extend?
A2: 3,000 km
Q3: What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?
A3: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga
Q4: What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?
A4: Red Sea
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive, at 332.35 metres. Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than 1,000 feet. The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea, where he works as a diving instructor.

Q1: What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?
A1: 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Q2: Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?
A2: Ahmed Gabr
Q3: How deep did Gabr dive?
A3: 1,066 feet down
Q4: In what body of water did Gabr dive?
A4: Red Sea
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

Q1: How far back does Egypt's history date back?
A1: tenth millennium BC
Q2: Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?
A2: earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government
Q3: What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?
A3: Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European
Q4: What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?
A4: Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx
Q5: In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?
A5: seventh century
Egypt (Geography and places)

Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.

Q1: What is the oldest era in Egypt?
A1: prehistoric
Q2: What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
A2: Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic
Q3: How many museums are found in Egypt?
A3: at least 60