LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Humanism (Philosophy and religion)

Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written.

Q1: What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?
A1: The Age of Reason
Q2: Which century was the first writing from?
A2: 18th-century
Q3: Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?
A3: Feuerbach
Q4: What was the origin of the second writing?
A4: German
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:

Q1: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?
A1: information
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-

Q1: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?
A1: tobacco
Q2: What general received the surrender of Richmond?
A2: Godfrey Weitzel
Q3: On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?
A3: April 2, 1865
Q4: By what means did Davis leave Richmond?
A4: train
Q5: What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?
A5: 25
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's "tribute-cum-trade" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by "three successive nationalistic regimes," which Norbu writes "Communist historians prefer to ignore."

Q1: Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?
A1: Dawa Norbu
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.

Q1: What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?
A1: Winston Churchill
Q2: What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?
A2: Daylight Slaving Time
Q3: In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?
A3: agricultural
Q4: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?
A4: sports
Q5: Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?
A5: war
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.

Q1: What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?
A1: summer time
Q2: What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?
A2: one hour
Q3: What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?
A3: daylight
Q4: In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?
A4: autumn
Q5: By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?
A5: sunrise
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.

Q1: What is the oldest method of interior lighting? 
A1: Daylighting
Q2: Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?
A2: not
Israel (History)

Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday (for a five-day workweek), or Friday (for a six-day workweek). In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a "short day", usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:00 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day.

Q1: What are the days of working in Israel?
A1: Sunday through Thursday
Q2: Friday is considered what?
A2: short day
Q3: Several proposals have been raised to do what?
A3: make Sunday a non-working day
Gene (Natural sciences)

De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change, such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons, and formation through mutation of "cryptic" transcription start sites that introduce a new open reading frame in a region of the genome that did not previously code for a protein.

Q1: What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?
A1: De novo or "orphan" genes
Q2: What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?
A2: 18 to 60
Q3: How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?
A3: typically shorter
Q4: How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?
A4: simpler in structure
Q5: What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?
A5: gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

Q1: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
A1: a rubber stamp
Q2: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
A2: primary schools to be abolished
Q3: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
A3: home schooling
Q4: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
A4: allow women into the armed forces
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.

Q1: Bell's two remaining students were "Georgie" Sanders and who?
A1: Mabel Hubbard
Q2: What was Georgie's father's name?
A2: Thomas Sanders
Q3: What disease made Mabel deaf?
A3: scarlet fever
Q4: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?
A4: 15
Solar_energy (Natural sciences)

Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain.

Q1: The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?
A1: winter
Q2: What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?
A2: trees and plants
Q3: How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?
A3: 1/3 to 1/2
Q4: Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?
A4: they will interfere with winter solar availability
Q5: What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?
A5: east and west
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into semantic memory, concerning principles and facts taken independent of context; and episodic memory, concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world, such as "Paris is the capital of France". Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more personal memories, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal associations of a particular place or time. Episodic memories often reflect the "firsts" in life such as a first kiss, first day of school or first time winning a championship. These are key events in one's life that can be remembered clearly. Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory. Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. One is able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image. Visual memory can result in priming and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system underlies this phenomenon.[citation needed]

Q1: When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?
A1: Episodic memories
Q2: When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?
A2: Autobiographical memory
Q3: Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?
A3: Semantic memory
Q4: Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?
A4: Visual memory
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Therefore, comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process).

Q1: What is carefully defined in the standard?
A1: Decoding
Q2: What are most decoders?
A2: bitstream compliant
Q3: The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?
A3: specified degree of rounding tolerance
Q4: Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?
A4: computationally efficient
Q5: The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?
A5: CPU time
House_music (Music)

Deep house's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers's relatively jazzy, soulful recordings "Mystery of Love" (1985) and "Can You Feel It?" (1986). According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its "posthuman tendencies back towards the lush" soulful sound of early disco music.

Q1: what producer was the first to produce deep house? 
A1: Mr Fingers
Q2: where was producer mr. fingers' from?
A2: Chicago
Q3: when was mr. fingers' "mystery of love" released? 
A3: 1985
Q4: when was mr. fingers' "can you feel it?" released?
A4: 1986
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is "the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is "measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.

Q1: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? 
A1: Defensive Counterair
Q2: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?
A2: friendly
Q3: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? 
A3: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks
Q4: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?
A4: ballistic
Q5: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? 
A5: counter-measures
Gene (Natural sciences)

Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.

Q1: What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?
A1: enhancers
Q2: Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?
A2: because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity
Q3: What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?
A3: a gene's introns
Q4: How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?
A4: in trans
Q5: Where can regulatory regions be found?
A5: different chromosomes
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

Definitions of "Southeast Asia" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.

Q1: Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?
A1: Papua New Guinea
Q2: What does ASEAN mean?
A2: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Q3: Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?
A3: Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Q4: Which state is not a member of ASEAN?
A4: East Timor
Literature (Language and literature)

Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

Q1: The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?
A1: a "culturally relative definition"
Q2: In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?
A2: all books and writing
Q3: During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?
A3: the Romantic period
Q4: During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?
A4: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature
Appalachian_Mountains (Geography and places)

Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.

Q1: How many provinces are in the mountain range?
A1: thirteen provinces
Q2: What is one of the provinces?
A2: the Atlantic Coast Uplands
Q3: Which province is often left out?
A3: the Adirondack provinces
Q4: What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?
A4: the Adirondack Mountains
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management. Massive eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus plantation, began in the Francisco Franco era, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España (ENCE) in Pontevedra, which wanted it for its pulp. Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations Galicia is also notable for the extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especially cattle , an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades.

Q1: Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?
A1: eucalyptus tree
Q2: What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?
A2: Hydroelectric
God (Philosophy and religion)

Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

Q1: What is a deistic view of God?
A1: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it
Q2: How does a deistic God feel about us?
A2: no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity
Q3: What is Pandeism?
A3: why God would create a universe and then abandon it
Q4: What does a deistic God not do?
A4: neither answers prayers nor produces miracles
Q5: What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?
A5: Deism
Q6: What is deism?
A6: God has no interest in humanity
Q7: In deism is God represented in human form?
A7: God is not anthropomorphic
Q8: In deism, does God answer prayers?
A8: neither answers prayers