LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pain (Language and literature)

Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates, pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives.

Q1: What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?
A1: Pain
Q2: How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?
A2: interfere
Q3: Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?
A3: Psychological
Q4: What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?
A4: end their lives
Pain (Language and literature)

Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.:93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months' duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign.

Q1: What is usually temporary?
A1: Pain
Q2: How long does pain tend to last?
A2: only until the noxious stimulus is removed
Q3: What is pain which resolves quickly called?
A3: acute
Q4: What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?
A4: interval of time from onset
Q5: What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?
A5: cancer pain
Montevideo (Geography and places)

Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confitería La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango "La Cumparsita" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.

Q1: Who designed the Palacio Salvo?
A1: Mario Palanti
Q2: What year was the Palacio Salvo completed? 
A2: 1925
Q3: How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?
A3: 100 metres (330 ft) high
Pacific_War (History)

Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island, was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts.

Q1: What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?
A1: Palawan
Q2: What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?
A2: Palawan
Q3: Where did the Eighth Army land?
A3: Puerto Princesa
Q4: Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?
A4: Filipino guerrillas
Q5: What is the western-most Philippine island?
A5: Palawan
Botany (Natural sciences)

Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria, changing the ancient oxygen-free, reducing, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.

Q1: What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?
A1: Paleobotanists
Q2: What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?
A2: cyanobacteria
Q3: What can scientists learn from the fossil record?
A3: evolutionary history of plants
Q4: What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?
A4: Cyanobacteria
Insect (Natural sciences)

Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

Q1: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
A1: winged
Q2: An insects hard body parts are called what?
A2: sclerites
Q3: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
A3: abdomen
Q4: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
A4: metamorphosis-based
Q5: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
A5: related
Palermo (Unknown)

Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم‎, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Q1: For what is Palermo known?
A1: history, culture, architecture and gastronomy
Q2: How old is the city of Palermo?
A2: 2,700 years old
Q3: On what island is Palermo located?
A3: Sicily
Palermo (Unknown)

Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).

Q1: What is Palermo's climate classification?
A1: hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).
Q2: How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?
A2: one of the warmest cities in Europe
Q3: How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?
A3: eleven
Q4: How much sun does Palermo see each year?
A4: 2,530 hours
Palermo (Unknown)

Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.

Q1: Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?
A1: ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis
Q2: What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?
A2: Via Vittorio Emanuele
Q3: On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?
A3: Via Roma
Palermo (Unknown)

Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.

Q1: What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?
A1: Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque
Q2: Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?
A2: Palermo
Q3: What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?
A3: tourism, services, commerce and agriculture
Palermo (Unknown)

Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "The most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay "Italian Journey".

Q1: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
A1: mountains
Q2: Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?"
A2: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
Q3: Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?
A3: La Pizzuta
Q4: Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?
A4: geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain
Queen_Victoria (History)

Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel." With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".

Q1: Who died in 1865?
A1: Palmerston
Q2: Who resigned in 1868?
A2: Derby
Q3: How long was Disraeli in office?
A3: matter of months
Q4: Who was Disraeli's rival?
A4: William Ewart Gladstone
Q5: What political view did Gladstone hold?
A5: Liberal
Q6: What year did Palmerston die?
A6: 1865
Q7: Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston?
A7: Russell
Q8: Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry?
A8: Derby
Q9: Following Alberts death, what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment?
A9: 1866
Q10: Who replaced Derby after his resignation?
A10: Benjamin Disraeli
Q11: What year did Pamerston die? 
A11: 1865
Q12: What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert's death?
A12: State Opening of Parliament
Q13: What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men, but not women? 
A13: Reform Act 1867
Q14: Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868? 
A14: Benjamin Disraeli
Q15: What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office? 
A15: William Ewart Gladstone
Q16: When did Palmerston die?
A16: 1865
Q17: Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston's death?
A17: Derby
Q18: When did Derby resign?
A18: 1868
Q19: Who was Derby's replacement?
A19: Benjamin Disraeli
Q20: How long did Disralei last in office?
A20: only lasted a matter of months
Germans (Language and literature)

Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.

Q1: In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?
A1: 19th
Q2: What movement came out of the French Revolution?
A2: Nationalism
Q3: Who was threatened by Nationalism?
A3: aristocratic regimes
Q4: Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?
A4: Romanovs and the Habsburgs
Q5: Where was Johann Tillmann from?
A5: East Prussia
Slavs (History)

Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

Q1: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
A1: Pan-Slavism
Q2: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?
A2: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice
Q3: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?
A3: The Russian Empire
Q4: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?
A4: between 1945 and 1948
Q5: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?
A5: until the period 1989–1991
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.

Q1: How did Panama's department stores originally begin? 
A1: as textile retailers
Q2: When did Panama's Department stores first start? 
A2: at the turn of the nineteenth century
Q3: What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population? 
A3: Felix B. Maduro
Q4: What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? 
A4: Cocos
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels. The assemblers often mount components on panels rather than single PCBs because this is efficient. The bare board manufactures always uses panels, not only for efficiency, but because of the requirements the plating process. Thus a manufacturing panel can consist of a grouping of individual PCBs or of arrays, depending on what must be delivered.

Q1: What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?
A1: Panelization
Q2: Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?
A2: a single design
Q3: What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?'
A3: assembly panels
Q4: Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?
A4: bare board manufacturing panels
Q5: What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?
A5: the plating process
Comics (Language and literature)

Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

Q1: What are the individual images with action called in comics?
A1: Panels
Q2: Narrative is placed into panels using what?
A2: encapsulation
Q3: Who puts the panels together using closure?
A3: The reader
Q4: Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?
A4: arrangement
Q5: When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?
A5: asynchronous
God (Philosophy and religion)

Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]

Q1: What is Pantheism?
A1: God is the universe and the universe is God
Q2: WHat is Panentheism?
A2: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe
Q3: WHat is Kabbalah?
A3: Jewish mysticism
Q4: Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
A4: The Baal Shem Tov
Q5: Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?
A5: The Baal Shem Tov
Q6: What is Panentheism?
A6: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe
Q7: What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?
A7: Vaishnavism
Q8: What is another name for Jewish mysticism?
A8: Kabbalah
Q9: What is pantheism?
A9: God is the universe
Paper (Natural sciences)

Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.

Q1: Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?
A1: china clay
Q2: What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?
A2: calendering
Q3: What is the shiniest type of coated paper?
A3: Gloss
Q4: What papers give the best optical density?
A4: Gloss
Paper (Natural sciences)

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

Q1: What is a source for the particles in paper?
A1: wood
Q2: What is a common use for paper?
A2: writing
Q3: What is the last step in paper production?
A3: drying
Paper (Natural sciences)

Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

Q1: What characteristic is paper usually classified by?
A1: weight
Q2: In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?
A2: a ream
Q3: Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?
A3: card
Paper (Natural sciences)

Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

Q1: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?
A1: lignin
Q2: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?
A2: lignin
Q3: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?
A3: light and oxygen