LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
History_of_India (History)

During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It "was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.

Q1: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?
A1: Shramana-movement
Q2: What was the origins of the Shramana movement?
A2: Jainism and Buddhism
Q3: During what time were the first Upanishads written?
A3: between 800 and 200 BCE
Q4: What period started after 500 BCE?
A4: Second urbanization
Q5: Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?
A5: Central Ganges Plain
American_Idol (Music)

During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night.

Q1: During what week was there a problem with voting?
A1: top 11 week
Q2: When did the results show happen?
A2: the following night
John,_King_of_England (History)

During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what would prove to be his final Continental campaign.

Q1: What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?
A1: focused on building up his financial and military resources
Q2: By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?
A2: Otto IV
Q3: John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?
A3: the harbour of Damme
Middle_Ages (History)

During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–31) as pope.

Q1: During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?
A1: 1305–78
Q2: What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?
A2: Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
Q3: When did the Great Schism end?
A3: 1418
Q4: How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?
A4: two
Q5: Who was made pope in 1417?
A5: Martin V
Han_dynasty (History)

During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu (d. 88 AD) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu (d. AD 75) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian (d. AD 92) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91, the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (檀石槐) (d. AD 180), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.

Q1: Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?
A1: Tarim
Q2: When did Chen Mu die?
A2: AD 75
Q3: Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?
A3: Ili River valley
Q4: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?
A4: Chen Mu
Q5: Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?
A5: the Northern Xiongnu
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942–46), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942–43), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943–45). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).

Q1: Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?
A1: Fritz Lang
Q2: In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?
A2: 1942–46
Q3: In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?
A3: 1943–45
Q4: What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?
A4: Selznick International Pictures
Q5: In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?
A5: 1943
Elizabeth_II (History)

During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

Q1: Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?
A1: Elizabeth
Q2: Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?
A2: Britain was at war
Q3: What did Elizabeth join in 1946?
A3: Welsh Gorsedd of Bards
Q4: Who was the always the Prince of Wales?
A4: heir apparent
Q5: Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?
A5: Herbert Morrison
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre, National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21–28 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week).

Q1: What became highly politicised during the war?
A1: Paris National Guard
Q2: In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?
A2: working-class neighbourhoods
Q3: What did the National Guard refuse to wear?
A3: uniforms
Q4: What did the National Guard refuse to obey?
A4: commands from the national government
Q5: On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?
A5: 21–28 May
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

Q1: Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?
A1: These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley
Q2: Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?
A2: the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois
Q3: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?
A3: the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley
Q4: Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?
A4: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British
Q5: How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?
A5: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war
Edmund_Burke (History)

During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

Q1: What publication did Burke found?
A1: Annual Register
Q2: The Annual Register covered international events of what type?
A2: political
Q3: Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?
A3: 1766
Q4: Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?
A4: 1789
Q5: Who wrote a biography of Burke?
A5: Philip Magnus
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

During the years 1940-1955, the rate of decline in the U.S. death rate accelerated from 2% per year to 8% per year, then returned to the historical rate of 2% per year. The dramatic decline in the immediate post-war years has been attributed to the rapid development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90% of the children in the United States. The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people.

Q1: When was the Polio vaccine created?
A1: 1954
Q2: Who identified the SV40 virus?
A2: Maurice Hilleman
Q3: What was a complication of the SV40 virus?
A3: cause tumors
Q4: Who funded the Polio vaccine?
A4: National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
Q5: Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?
A5: United States Cancer Institute
Q6: In what year was the polio vaccine created?
A6: 1954
Q7: Who created the polio vaccine?
A7: Jonas Salk
Q8: What virus caused tumors in most mammals?
A8: SV40
Q9: Who identified the SV40 virus?
A9: Maurice Hilleman
Q10: SV40 was present in what vaccine?
A10: polio
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird (Language and literature)

During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since the, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: "Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble."

Q1: Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?
A1: 1961
Q2: How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?
A2: 41
Q3: Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?
A3: 1962
Q4: When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?
A4: 1964
Q5: What major award did the book receive in 1961?
A5: the Pulitzer Prize
Q6: In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?
A6: 1964
John_Kerry (Warfare)

During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as influential lobbyists and the CIA.

Q1: Where is the BCCI based?
A1: Pakistan
Q2: What bank helped Noriega?
A2: Bank of Credit and Commerce International
Q3: When was BCCI shut down?
A3: 1991
Q4: Who collaborated in the report about BCCI?
A4: Kerry and Senator Hank Brown
Q5: What was the BCCI report called?
A5: The BCCI Affair
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.

Q1: Who led the 4th division?
A1: John A. Quitman
Q2: What treaty was signed?
A2: Guadalupe Hidalgo
Q3: Who were the future confederate generals?
A3: George E. Pickett and James Longstreet
Q4: Who carried the castle?
A4: the 4th Division
Q5: When did the castle fall?
A5: on September 13
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

Q1: In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?
A1: 500
Q2: In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?
A2: 4,472
Q3: How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?
A3: 6058
Q4: In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?
A4: 2013
Q5: How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?
A5: 917
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause." In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

Q1: In the early days who represented party leadership?
A1: it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader
Q2: In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?
A2: (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)
Q3: What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?
A3: to represent a party comprising a distinct minority
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.

Q1: When was most of the urbanization completed? 
A1: by 1908
Q2: The extensive modernization started with what?
A2: Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed
Q3: What was built during the modernization?
A3: hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works
Q4: What famous street was built during this period of modernization?
A4: Reforma Avenue
Boston (Geography and places)

During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.

Q1: What was the name given to old Boston families?
A1: Boston Brahmins
Q2: Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?
A2: Boston Brahmins
Q3: Boston was admired for what kind of life?
A3: literary life
Q4: Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?
A4: artistic patronage
Middle_Ages (History)

During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses. In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio, followed by the Trecento master Giotto (d. 1337), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco. Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived.

Q1: Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?
A1: Janetta Benton
Q2: What form of art had the most prestige in this era?
A2: Metalwork
Q3: When did Giotto die?
A3: 1337
Q4: What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?
A4: ivory
Q5: Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?
A5: Cimabue
History_of_India (History)

During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.

Q1: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
A1: Renaissance in Europe
Q2: What did the Movement question?
A2: existing orthodoxies
Q3: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
A3: Young Bengal
Q4: What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?
A4: rationalism and atheism
Q5: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
A5: minds and intellect
Roman_Republic (History)

During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ruled 578 to 534 BC). According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment. Each subsequent rank consisted of those with less wealth and poorer equipment than the one before it.

Q1: Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?
A1: Servius Tullius
Q2: Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?
A2: wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment
Q3: Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation?
A3: wealthiest citizens
Q4: From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?
A4: Greeks
Q5: Where did Dionysius hail from?
A5: Halicarnassus