LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.

Q1: Where did Lutheranism begin?
A1: Germany
Q2: Name three early Protestant reformers.
A2: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox
Q3: Where did Arminianism take hold?
A3: the Netherlands and parts of Germany
Q4: Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?
A4: King Henry VIII
Q5: Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?
A5: Protestants
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.

Q1: What group initiated the right to religious freedom?
A1: Protestants
Q2: Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?
A2: Worms
Q3: What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?
A3: Anabaptists and Huguenots
Q4: Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?
A4: John Smyth and Thomas Helwys
Q5: How many American Protestants supported independence in America?
A5: The great majority
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

Q1: What is another name for denominational families?
A1: branches
Q2: What are the major branches of Protestantism?
A2: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal
Q3: What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?
A3: Anabaptist
Q4: What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?
A4: how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation
Q5: What do some branches share in common?
A5: lineage
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies. In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity". These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.

Q1: Who first introduced social insurance programs?
A1: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Q2: What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?
A2: practical Christianity
Q3: What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?
A3: the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage
Q4: What country started programs that led to the welfare state?
A4: Germany
Q5: What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?
A5: the Western world
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology".

Q1: Which theologian described Mariology as "the heresy of the Catholic Church?"
A1: Karl Barth
Q2: Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?
A2: mother
Q3: Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?
A3: veneration and invocation
Q4: Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?
A4: God
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

Q1: What type of church do Protestants believe in?
A1: the invisible church
Q2: Who comprises the invisible church?
A2: all who profess faith in Jesus Christ
Q3: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?
A3: the five solas
Q4: What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?
A4: non-denominational groups and organizations
Q5: What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?
A5: it is the one true church
Iranian_languages (Language and literature)

Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.

Q1: Where did early Iranian people establish societies?
A1: southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia
Slavs (History)

Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Q1: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?
A1: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic
Q2: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?
A2: Proto-Slavic
Q3: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
A3: Thessaloniki
Q4: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?
A4: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts
Slavs (History)

Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

Q1: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?
A1: Proto-Slavic
Q2: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?
A2: Baltic languages
Q3: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?
A3: Balto-Slavic
Q4: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
A4: Indo-Europeans
Q5: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?
A5: Proto-Indo-European
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

Q1: How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?
A1: hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention
Q2: Who establishes leadership PACs?
A2: Minority leaders
Q3: Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?
A3: travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.

Q1: When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?
A1: in examining a patent application
Q2: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?
A2: authoritative statement of the archivist
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive".

Q1: How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?
A1: 25%
Q2: Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium? 
A2: fourth
Q3: Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?
A3: uranium
Q4: What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?
A4: gem-quality diamonds
Transistor (Engineering and technology)

Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.

Q1: What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?
A1: Providing sufficient base drive current
Q2: What does the transistor provide?
A2: current gain
Q3: What determines the current ratio in transistors?
A3: the type of transistor
Q4: If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?
A4: collector current
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

Q1: What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?
A1: Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced
Q2: What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?
A2: his military genius was strenuously kept alive
Q3: What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?
A3: Russia’s volte-face
Q4: What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?
A4: Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland
Q5: What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?
A5: a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved
Time (Philosophy and religion)

Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).

Q1: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?
A1: Psychoactive drugs
Q2: Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?
A2: time intervals
Q3: What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?
A3: depressants
Q4: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?
A4: The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters
Q5: Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
A5: either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons
Anthropology (Social sciences and society)

Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

Q1: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? 
A1: Psychological
Q2: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?
A2: humans' development and enculturation
Q3: What aspects define a cultural group?
A3: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories
Q4: What shapes processes of human cognition?
A4: cultural group
Q5: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?
A5: understanding
Near_East (Geography and places)

Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas (including the Tien Shan) were Serica and Serae (sections of China) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.

Q1: What divided Asia on a similar basis? 
A1: Ptolemy's Geography
Q2: "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where? 
A2: In the north
Q3: "India on this side of the Ganges" is located where? 
A3: To the south
Q4: "Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where? 
A4: In the north
Q5: Where did Asia begin? 
A5: on the coast of Anatolia
Hellenistic_period (History)

Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.

Q1: Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?
A1: 30 BC
Q2: All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
A2: Ptolemy
Q3: Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?
A3: Ptolemaic queens
Q4: Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?
A4: Cleopatra VII
Q5: How did Cleoptra die?
A5: suicide
Hellenistic_period (History)

Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.

Q1: Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?
A1: Ptolemy
Q2: When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?
A2: 323 BC
Q3: When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?
A3: 305 BC
Q4: What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?
A4: Soter
Q5: Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?
A5: Faiyum
Pub (History)

Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.

Q1: What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?
A1: Slug and Lettuce
Q2: What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?
A2: comic
Q3: What is the purpose of a pub name?
A3: to identify and differentiate each pub
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells".

Q1: How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?
A1: increase in both size and capacity
Q2: Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?
A2: increased strength and tolerance for exercise
Q3: Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?
A3: males
Q4: Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?
A4: males
Q5: Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?
A5: respiratory