LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Rule_of_law (History)

James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

Q1: When was the Philadelphia Convention?
A1: 1787
Q2: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?
A2: James Wilson
Q3: What was John Marshall's title?
A3: Chief Justice
Q4: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?
A4: declare an unconstitutional law void
Samurai (Language and literature)

Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

Q1: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
A1: Dutch
Q2: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
A2: 1556
Q3: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
A3: Yayousu
Q4: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
A4: a Red Seal Ship
Q5: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
A5: drowned after his ship ran aground
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

Q1: Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?
A1: Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur
Q2: In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?
A2: Connaught Place
Q3: The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?
A3: 13
Q4: What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?
A4: compile astronomical tables
Q5: What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?
A5: Jantar Mantar
Great_power (History)

Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.

Q1: What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?
A1: Japan and Germany
Q2: Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?
A2: UN Security Council
Q3: What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?
A3: middle powers
Pacific_War (History)

Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

Q1: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?
A1: Korea and Formosa
Q2: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? 
A2: Collaborationist units
Q3: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?
A3: Philippines
Q4: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?
A4: Korea and Formosa
Q5: What French forces assisted Japan?
A5: Vichy
Q6: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?
A6: ex-colonial police
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attached to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station. Users of the Satellaview could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom titles, released in installments. Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23, 1995 through June 30, 2000. In the United States, the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.

Q1: What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?
A1: Satellaview
Q2: What service did the Satellaview connect to?
A2: the St.GIGA satellite radio station
Q3: When did the Satellaview begin operation?
A3: April 23, 1995
Q4: When did the Satellaview end operation?
A4: June 30, 2000
Q5: What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?
A5: XBAND
Pacific_War (History)

Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.

Q1: Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?
A1: Chiang Kai-shek
Q2: When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?
A2: January 1941
Q3: Did Japan support rival governments?
A3: supporting several
Q4: When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?
A4: January 1941
Q5: What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?
A5: puppet
Q6: What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?
A6: Nationalist government
Pacific_War (History)

Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.

Q1: By what name was the war with Japan referred?
A1: Greater East Asia War
Q2: What did Japanese officials call the war?
A2: Japan–China Incident
Q3: What was the reason Japan gave for the war?
A3: achieving their independence from the Western powers
Q4: What date was the new name of the war released?
A4: 12 December
Q5: What name did Japan call the war?
A5: Greater East Asia War
Q6: When did Japan adobt the name for the war?
A6: 10 December 1941
Q7: What was Japan's publicised war goal?
A7: independence from the Western powers
Q8: What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?
A8: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Q9: How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?
A9: by a cabinet decision
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

Q1: Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?
A1: Japanese (Famicom)
Q2: Which interface did the NES use?
A2: 72-pin
Q3: Which interface did Famicom use?
A3: 60-pin
Q4: Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?
A4: develop their own customized chips
Comics (Language and literature)

Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

Q1: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
A1: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books
Q2: What is ukiyo-e an example of?
A2: woodblock prints
Pacific_War (History)

Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea, against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were beaten back by Allied (primarily Australian Army) forces.

Q1: What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?
A1: Owen Stanley Ranges
Q2: What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? 
A2: Second Australian Imperial Force
Q3: In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?
A3: Milne Bay
Q4: Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?
A4: eastern tip
Q5: What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?
A5: Mediterranean
2008_Sichuan_earthquake (Natural sciences)

Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: "The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards." His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for "about two or three minutes".

Q1: How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?
A1: 6,000 people
Q2: How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?
A2: in two stages
Q3: What fault tore in two places?
A3: Longmenshan Fault
Q4: Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?
A4: shallowness of the epicenter
Q5: How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?
A5: 30 times
Q6: Why did the seismic waves travel so far?
A6: firmness of the terrain
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International.

Q1: Who describes the "Evil Quartet"?
A1: Jared Diamond
Q2: What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?
A2: Evil Quartet
Q3: What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?
A3: HIPPO
Q4: What is the most authoritative classification in use today?
A4: IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats
Q5: What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?
A5: the World Wildlife Fund
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s, to propose a life-course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part; and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.

Q1: Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?
A1: Jean Macfarlane
Q2: What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?
A2: 1927
Q3: What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?
A3: Institute of Child Welfare
Q4: What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?
A4: 1931
Q5: What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?
A5: 1981
Alps (Geography and places)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.

Q1: Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
A1: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q2: Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
A2: Albrecht von Haller
Q3: When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?
A3: After the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Q4: What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
A4: the sublime effects of monumental nature
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body." After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of "total separation of the church from the state." " "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States." In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, "We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt." Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]

Q1: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?
A1: Jefferson and James Madison's
Q2: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?
A2: Proclamations of Thanksgiving
Q3: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
A3: four
Q4: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?
A4: at the Capitol
Q5: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
A5: practical distinction
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:

Q1: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?
A1: Jefferson and Madison's
Q2: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?
A2: a bill
Q3: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
A3: Patrick Henry
Q4: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
A4: some denomination
Q5: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
A5: worshipping God
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."

Q1: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?
A1: Establishment Clause
Q2: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?
A2: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145
Q3: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
A3: freedom
Q4: What word is not defined in the Constitution?
A4: religion
Q5: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
A5: the Danbury Baptists
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.

Q1: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?
A1: 1878
Q2: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?
A2: Reynolds v. U.S.
Q3: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?
A3: Mormon polygamy
Q4: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?
A4: legal definition for the word religion
Q5: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
A5: constitutional
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."

Q1: Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?
A1: Jefferson
Q2: What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?
A2: metaphor
Q3: When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?
A3: 1879
Q4: What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?
A4: authoritative declaration
Q5: What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?
A5: a wall of separation between church and state