LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

Q1: What was ASCII developed from? 
A1: telegraphic codes
Q2: What was the first commercial use of ASCII?
A2: a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services
Q3: When did work on the ASCII standard begin? 
A3: October 6, 1960
Q4: When was the first edition of the standard published?
A4: 1963
Q5: When was the first major revision of the code done?
A5: 1967
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work –  according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII."

Q1: When was ASCII first commercially used?
A1: 1963
Q2: What was it used for?
A2: a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network
Q3: What did TWX use before ASCII?
A3: five-bit ITA2
Q4: Who is the father of ASCII?
A4: Bob Bemer
Q5: What was the code first called in Europe?
A5: Bemer-Ross Code
ASCII (Engineering and technology)

ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.

Q1: ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?
A1: Unicode
Q2: How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?
A2: 128 symbols
Q3: What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?
A3: UTF-8
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.

Q1: What was the name given to the proposal?
A1: ASPEC
Q2: What did the joint proposal provide?
A2: the highest coding efficiency
Q3: Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?
A3: AT&T Bell Laboratories
Wood (Natural sciences)

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Q1: What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?
A1: diseased
Q2: What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?
A2: unsoundness
Q3: What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?
A3: insect attacks
Q4: What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?
A4: birds
Q5: What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?
A5: spalting
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.

Q1: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?
A1: "eater of raw meat."
Q2: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?
A2: Aboriginal
Q3: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?
A3: Hundreds
Q4: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?
A4: The Métis culture
Q5: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?
A5: Various laws, treaties, and legislation
Diarrhea (Natural sciences)

About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

Q1: HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?
A1: 1.7 to 5 billion cases
Q2: How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?
A2: average three times a year
Q3: Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?
A3: malnutrition
Q4: What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?
A4: stunted growth and poor intellectual development
Alps (Geography and places)

About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.

Q1: When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?
A1: About 10,000 years ago
Q2: What has been found in caves near Vercors?
A2: Evidence of human habitation
Q3: Why were houses built on piles?
A3: to keep them dry
Q4: What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?
A4: Standing stones
Q5: How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?
A5: more than 5000 years old
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.

Q1: How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?
A1: 1150
Q2: How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?
A2: 400
Q3: What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?
A3: cryptoendoliths
Q4: What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?
A4: adaptations
Q5: How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?
A5: similar to Antarctic
Black_people (Language and literature)

About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Q1: How many East African and black people live in Israel?
A1: About 150,000
Q2: What percent of Israel's population is black?
A2: just over 2%
Q3: When did they migrate to Israel?
A3: during the 1980s and 1990s
Q4: Where did they migrate from?
A4: Ethiopia.
Q5: Where are most of the black converts from?
A5: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Eton_College (History)

About 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. The recent Head Master, Tony Little, said that Eton is developing plans to allow any boy to attend the school whatever his parents' income and, in 2011, said that around 250 boys received "significant" financial help from the school. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Little said that, in the short term, he wanted to ensure that around 320 pupils per year receive bursaries, and that 70 were educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance would continue to increase. These comparatively new developments will run alongside long-established courses that Eton has provided for pupils from state schools, most of them in the summer holidays (July and August). Launched in 1982, the Universities Summer School is an intensive residential course open to boys and girls throughout the UK who attend state schools, are at the end of their first year in the Sixth Form, and are about to begin their final year of schooling. The Brent-Eton Summer School, started in 1994, offers 40-50 young people from the London Borough of Brent, an area of inner-city deprivation, an intensive one-week residential course, free of charge, designed to help bridge the gap between GCSE and A-level. In 2008, Eton helped found the Eton, Slough, Windsor and Hounslow Independent and State School Partnership (ISSP), with six local state schools. The ISSP's aims are "to raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools". Eton also runs a number of choral and English language courses during the summer months.

Q1: How many students receive financial aid at Eton?
A1: 20%
Q2: How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?
A2: 63
Q3: What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?
A3: raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools
Q4: What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?
A4: choral and English language courses
Genocide (History)

About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).

Q1: In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?
A1: About 30
Q2: Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
A2: several plea bargains
Q3: Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
A3: conspiracy to commit genocide
Q4: Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
A4: aiding and abetting genocide
Q5: Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
A5: German courts
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.

Q1: How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?
A1: 40,000,000
Q2: What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?
A2: 500 °C
Q3: What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?
A3: Vacuum distillation
Q4: What is the process used to harden the asphalt?
A4: blowing
Q5: In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?
A5: de-asphalting
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

Q1: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?
A1: About 5%
Q2: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
A2: Miskito
Q3: How did Creole English come about?
A3: frequent contact with the British
Q4: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
A4: total power
Q5: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
A5: some 10,000
Utrecht (History)

About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

Q1: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face 
A1: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare
Q2: percentage of population that's dutch 
A2: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry
Q3: What boroughs are known for high crime 
A3: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate
Swaziland (Geography and places)

About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL). In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment.

Q1: What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?
A1: About 75%
Q2: In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?
A2: Swazi Nation Land
Q3: Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?
A3: textile manufacturing
Q4: What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?
A4: low productivity and investment
University_of_Notre_Dame (Geography and places)

About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. There are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural American football. At the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium.

Q1: What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?
A1: 80%
Q2: How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?
A2: four
Q3: How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?
A3: 15
Q4: What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?
A4: 20%
Q5: There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?
A5: 14
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

Q1: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?
A1: 98%
Q2: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?
A2: 1.6 km
Q3: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?
A3: 90%
Q4: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?
A4: 70%
Q5: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?
A5: 20 mm
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

Q1: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?
A1: About five percent
Q2: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?
A2: about ten percent
Q3: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? 
A3: rural westernmost areas
Q4: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?
A4: indigenous people
Namibia (Social sciences and society)

About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.

Q1: How much of the population depends on agriculture?
A1: half
Q2: How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?
A2: five times
Q3: Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?
A3: rural
Q4: Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?
A4: inequality
Q5: How much of Namibia's land is arable?
A5: 1%