LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

Q1: When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?
A1: 1923
Q2: Who invested in European debts?
A2: Wall Street
Q3: Europe has a large market for what?
A3: American mass-produced goods
Dutch_language (Language and literature)

European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

Q1: In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?
A1: 1920s
Q2: At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?
A2: 95%
Q3: What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?
A3: constitution
Q4: What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?
A4: 137
Q5: What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?
A5: Afrikaner nationalism
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:

Q1: What does TDM stand for?
A1: Tourism Decision Metrics
Q2: Which group uses TDM as a metric?
A2: European Travel Commission
Classical_music (Music)

European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music  styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.

Q1: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
A1: its system of staff notation
Q2: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?
A2: Western staff notation
Q3: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
A3: jazz and blues
Q4: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? 
A4: complexity
Q5: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
A5: its system of staff notation
Q6: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
A6: since about the 16th century
Q7: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? 
A7: improvisation
Q8: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
A8: complexity
Sahara (Geography and places)

European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.

Q1: What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?
A1: 19th century
Q2: What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?
A2: France
Q3: During what time were good moved through more modern   means?
A3: 20th century
Multiracial_American (History)

European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Q1: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
A1: Indigenous American tribes
Q2: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
A2: 1726
Q3: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
A3: Numerous advertisements
Q4: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
A4: through the institution of slavery
Q5: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
A5: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases
Comics (Language and literature)

European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

Q1: In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?
A1: his own
Q2: Who introduced the term "multiframe"?
A2: Henri Vanlier
Q3: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?
A3: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle
Q4: Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?
A4: Neil Cohn
Classical_music (Music)

European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of nationalism in music (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as Edvard Grieg, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.

Q1: What did European cultural ideas follow?
A1: colonial expansion
Q2: What type of music rose toward the end of the era?
A2: nationalism
Q3: What did nationalism in music sometime echo?
A3: political sentiments of the time
Q4: Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?
A4: traditional music of their homelands
University (Language and literature)

European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

Q1: What is a scholae monasticae?
A1: monastic schools
Q2: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
A2: monks and nuns
Q3: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?
A3: immediate forerunners
Q4: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
A4: Latin Church
Q5: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
A5: early medieval period
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W﻿ / ﻿69.35778°S 2.24722°W﻿ / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.

Q1: When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?
A1: 17 January 1773
Q2: What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?
A2: field ice
Q3: How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?
A3: three
Q4: How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?
A4: 32 km
Q5: When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?
A5: 1895
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.

Q1: What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
A1: the rise of colonial empires
Q2: What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
A2: the Columbian Exchange
Q3: What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
A3: manufacturing
Q4: Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?
A4: the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.

Q1: What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?
A1: Basel III regulations
Q2: Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?
A2: faulty risk-weightings
Q3: Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?
A3: Johan Norberg
Q4: What was increased by Basel III regulations?
A4: capital ratios
Q5: What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?
A5: financial engineering
Philadelphia (History)

Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first settlements founded by the Dutch, who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn, New Jersey. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina (present day Wilmington, Delaware) and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland. In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm, named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland. In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664, but the situation did not really change until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania.

Q1: Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley?
A1: the Dutch
Q2: What was the name of the first settlement in the area?
A2: Fort Nassau
Q3: Who claimed the entire Delaware River?
A3: The Dutch
Q4: When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony?
A4: 1664
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.

Q1: what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?
A1: outgassing
Q2: When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?
A2: vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure
Q3: Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?
A3: obscure optical instruments
Hunting (Sports and recreation)

Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.

Q1: What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?
A1: hunting
Q2: What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?
A2: protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather
Q3: What was the leather from hunting used for?
A3: clothing
Q4: Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?
A4: hunting weapons
Q5: Where is hunting still vital?
A5: marginal climates
Q6: Hunt was a significant contributor to what?
A6: human food supply
Q7: Where is hunting still vital?
A7: marginal climates
Q8: Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?
A8: unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture
Q9: How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?
A9: make kayaks, clothing, and footwear
Virgil (Language and literature)

Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet. Gregory of Tours read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death."

Q1: Who cautioned "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death"?
A1: Gregory of Tours
Q2: Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing?
A2: Western Roman
Q3: Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?
A3: master
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.

Q1: Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?
A1: Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys
Q2: Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?
A2: they receive little snowfall
Q3: Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?
A3: warm air
Han_dynasty (History)

Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (Indus River valley of North India) and Anxi (the Parthian Empire). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China.

Q1: What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?
A1: glasswares
Q2: Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?
A2: Zhang Qian
Q3: When did Zhang Qian end his travels?
A3: 125 BC
Q4: Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?
A4: Silk Road
Q5: What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?
A5: Han
Eritrea (Natural sciences)

Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts.

Q1: Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?
A1: Warsay Yika'alo
Q2: How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?
A2: more than 500 km
Q3: What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?
A3: Steam
Q4: What is the capital of Eritrea?
A4: Asmara
Q5: Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?
A5: Eritrean
Freemasonry (Unknown)

Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.

Q1: Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?
A1: from 1999 to 2009
Q2: Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?
A2: Justice Secretary Jack Straw
Q3: Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?
A3: the rule was considered disproportionate