LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration. Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders.

Q1: Who takes advantage of migrating birds?
A1: Greater noctule bats
Q2: What do greater noctule bats feed on?
A2: nocturnal migrating passerines
Q3: What do some birds of prey specialize on?
A3: migrating waders
Pub (History)

Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.

Q1: What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?
A1: Sunday League Football
Q2: What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?
A2: Bowling
Gramophone_record (Music)

Some recordings, such as books for the blind, were pressed at 16 2⁄3 rpm. Prestige Records released jazz records in this format in the late 1950s; for example, two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format. Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles, but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records. Subsequently, the 16 2⁄3 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired, and were never widely commercially available, although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s.

Q1: What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?
A1: narrated publications
Q2: Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?
A2: Peter Goldmark
Q3: What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles?
A3: Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record
Q4: Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record?
A4: poor performance
Q5: To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players?
A5: 1970s
Near_East (Geography and places)

Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia. In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of the sick man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East". It is now generally used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of Western Asia from the Mediterranean to (or including) Iran. There is, in short, no universally understood fixed inventory of nations, languages or historical assets defined to be in it.

Q1: What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?
A1: North Africa west of Egypt
Q2: Where were the piratical kingdoms from? 
A2: Barbary Coast
Q3: Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? 
A3: because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia
Q4: What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?
A4: the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia
Q5: The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East" 
A5: of the sick man of Europe
Thuringia (History)

Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.

Q1: When was the German Mediatisation?
A1: 1795 to 1814
Q2: When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?
A2: The 1815 Congress of Vienna
Q3: Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?
A3: the Kingdom of Prussia
Q4: Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?
A4: Prussian-led
Q5: Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1? 
A5: Weimar
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."

Q1: Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?
A1: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span
Q2: Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?
A2: longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.
Q3: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?
A3: . [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']
Q4: What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?
A4: choice
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7-12 reported. Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching, sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences.

Q1: Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?
A1: social events
Q2: Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?
A2: focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents
Q3: Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?
A3: romantic
Alaska (Geography and places)

Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.

Q1: During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?
A1: 17th century
Q2: Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?
A2: Semyon Dezhnyov
Q3: Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?
A3: "bearded men" who "pray to the icons"
Q4: During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?
A4: 1764–1765
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.

Q1: What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?
A1: the concept may not apply similarly to men and women
Q2: What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?
A2: female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match
Q3: What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?
A3: men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

Q1: What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?
A1: confusing and degrading
Q2: What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?
A2: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around
Q3: What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?
A3: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.

Q1: What is another name for roche moutonnee?
A1: "sheepback" rock
Q2: What are roche moutonnee?
A2: elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion
Q3: How large are roche moutonnee?
A3: less than a meter to several hundred meters long
Q4: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side?
A4: gentle slope
Q5: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side?
A5: steep to vertical face
Mandolin (Music)

Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit "Losing My Religion" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song "Locust Street." Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song "Dream of the Archer" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song "The Battle of Evermore." "Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.

Q1: What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? 
A1: single-stringed electric
Q2: Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?
A2: Dropkick Murphys
Q3: What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?
A3: Losing My Religion
Q4: What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? 
A4: System of A Down
Q5: What film's theme song uses a mandolin?
A5: Days of Thunder
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified. These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers. Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts, and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence, which references the idea of a "Creator" and "Nature's God", though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a "Creator" or "Nature's God."

Q1: What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?
A1: separation of church and state
Q2: What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?
A2: constitutional limitation on religious establishment
Q3: What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?
A3: the textual requirements of the Constitution
Q4: What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?
A4: many aspects of church and state
Q5: What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?
A5: prevalent degree of separation of church and state
Orthodox_Judaism (Philosophy and religion)

Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Q1: Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?
A1: Western European Jewry
Q2: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
A2: traditional
Q3: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
A3: Hirsch's
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384–1415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.

Q1: What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?
A1: horse trade
Q2: During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?
A2: 1402–1424
Q3: Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?
A3: Deshin Shekpa
Q4: Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?
A4: the Karma Kagyu school
Q5: The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?
A5: Nepal
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.

Q1: What does Hinayana mean in English?
A1: lesser vehicle
Q2: What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?
A2: Hinayana
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.

Q1: What does child labour do for adults?
A1: leads to poor labour standards
Q2: What happens to the wages of adults?
A2: depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries
Q3: What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?
A3: low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports
Q4: Does ending child labour have a global value?
A4: there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.

Q1: In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?
A1: climatic change
Q2: What light does ozone absorb?
A2: ultraviolet radiation
Q3: How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?
A3: 6 °C
Q4: What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?
A4: accelerated melting
Q5: What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?
A5: enhanced polar vortex
Florida (Geography and places)

Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style. It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination. A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.

Q1: What architectural styles are in Florida 
A1: architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style
Q2: What does Florida have the largest collection of 
A2: the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami
Q3: When did the art deco area of Miami boom 
A3: Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination
Q4: What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2 
A4: Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.