LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Punjab,_Pakistan (Geography and places)

Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.

Q1: Who has invaded Punjab?
A1: Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans
Q2: Who founded Taxila?
A2: son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram
Q3: What is said to be the world's oldest university?
A3: Takshashila University
Q4: What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?
A4: the Maurya Empire
Q5: Who was Chanakya?
A5: great Vedic thinker and politician
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.

Q1: What is one popular wrestling film?
A1: 2008 film The Wrestler
Q2: What award was The Wrestler nominated for?
A2: several Oscar nominations
Q3: What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?
A3: Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows
Q4: Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?
A4: in both academia and the media
Armenia (History)

Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey.[citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlantic structures in recent years. It maintains good relations with the United States especially through its Armenian diaspora. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenians living in the country.

Q1: Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?
A1: Gyumri
Q2: How many Armenians reside in the United States?
A2: 427,822
Q3: Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri?
A3: as a deterrent against Turkey
Q4: Who gave Russia permission to have a military base in Gyumri?
A4: Armenian government
Marshall_Islands (Geography and places)

Due to its very low elevation, the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise. According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.

Q1: What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?
A1: its very low elevation
Q2: Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?
A2: the president of Nauru
Q3: Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth?
A3: flooding from climate change
Thuringia (History)

Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.

Q1: Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?
A1: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement
Q2: What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?
A2: forest with beech as its predominant species
Q3: What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia? 
A3: a mixture of beech and spruce
Q4: What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?
A4: more natural and tough vegetation
Q5: Where do most landscape problems come from?
A5: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Due to reciprocity (discussed above) the gain of an antenna used for transmitting must be proportional to its effective area when used for receiving. Consider an antenna with no loss, that is, one whose electrical efficiency is 100%. It can be shown that its effective area averaged over all directions must be equal to λ2/4π, the wavelength squared divided by 4π. Gain is defined such that the average gain over all directions for an antenna with 100% electrical efficiency is equal to 1. Therefore, the effective area Aeff in terms of the gain G in a given direction is given by:

Q1: What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?
A1: proportional
Q2: what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
A2: no loss
Q3: hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
A3: 1
Q4: Another term for the effective area is?
A4: Aeff
Gramophone_record (Music)

Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record. At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant. These problems can be reduced by using equalization to an agreed standard. During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced, thus reducing the groove width required, and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased. The playback equipment boosts bass and cuts treble so as to restore the tonal balance in the original signal; this also reduces the high frequency noise. Thus more music will fit on the record, and noise is reduced.

Q1: What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?
A1: limiting the playing time
Q2: What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?
A2: hiss, pops, and ticks
Q3: What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds?
A3: amplitude of low frequencies is reduced
Q4: What is a benefit of using equalization devices?
A4: problems can be reduced
Q5: What is done to high frequency  sounds to lessen sound issues?
A5: amplitude at high frequencies is increased
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both original ReWritable CDs and High Speed ReWritable CDs. Both types of CD-RW discs can be read in most CD drives. Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.

Q1: How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?
A1: 4x speed
Q2: Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?
A2: High Speed ReWritable CD
Q3: How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?
A3: 32x
Q4: How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?
A4: 16x to 24x
Iran (Geography and places)

Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices, the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. By 1974, the economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste. By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it.

Q1: What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?
A1: 1973
Q2: What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?
A2: economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency
Q3: Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?
A3: an economic recession
Q4: Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?
A4: construction jobs
Q5: Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?
A5: millions of youth who had migrated to the cities
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

Due to the Budget sequestration in 2013, the USAF was forced to ground many of its squadrons. The Commander of Air Combat Command, General Mike Hostage indicated that the USAF must reduce its F-15 and F-16 fleets and eliminate platforms like the A-10 in order to focus on a fifth-generation jet fighter future. In response to squadron groundings and flight time reductions, many Air Force pilots have opted to resign from active duty and enter the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard while pursuing careers in the commercial airlines where they can find flight hours on more modern aircraft.

Q1: Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?
A1: Budget sequestration
Q2: Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?
A2: General Mike Hostage
Q3: Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service? 
A3: squadron groundings and flight time reductions
Q4: Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? 
A4: careers in the commercial airlines
Black_people (Language and literature)

Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Q1: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
A1: in the Balkans
Q2: What town had it's own black community?
A2: Ulcinj
Q3: What country is Ulcinj in?
A3: Montenegro
Q4: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
A4: 100
Q5: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
A5: an estimated 30,000
Old_English (Language and literature)

Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars. Other dialects certainly continued to be spoken, as is evidenced by the continued variation between their successors in Middle and Modern English. In fact, what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon, while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect. It was once claimed that, owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset.

Q1: From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?
A1: Mercian
Q2: From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?
A2: Northumbrian
Q3: What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?
A3: Somerset
Q4: Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?
A4: the Viking invasions
Gene (Natural sciences)

Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'→3' direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile.:27.2

Q1: What causes the directionality of DNA strands?
A1: the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases
Q2: What is known as the 3' end?
A2: an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose
Q3: What is known as the 5' end?
A3: an exposed phosphate group
Q4: What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction?
A4: Nucleic acid synthesis
Q5: Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction?
A5: because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.

Q1: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?
A1: Due to the expansion of trade
Q2: From what did this new princedom emerge from?
A2: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes
Q3: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?
A3: first notable form of self-government
Cyprus (Geography and places)

Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Greek Cypriots conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace. According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish. After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted four more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.

Q1: What was the number of Greek Cypriots on Cyprus in 1973?
A1: 482,000
Q2: What did the Cypriot government find was the Greek population on Cyprus?
A2: 506,000 (78.9%)
Q3: What did the Cypriot government find was the Turkish population on Cyprus?
A3: 118,000 (18.4%)
Q4: In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses?
A4: 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001
Q5: Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks?
A5: the Turkish population
Armenia (History)

Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling center was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.

Q1: Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?
A1: the Armenian government
Q2: What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?
A2: 2005
Q3: What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?
A3: $700,000
Q4: How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?
A4: $9.3 million
Q5: How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?
A5: $1.9 million
Professional_wrestling (Sports and recreation)

Due to the legitimate role that referees play in wrestling of serving as liaison between the bookers backstage and the wrestlers in the ring (the role of being a final arbitrator is merely kayfabe), the referee is present, even in matches that do not at first glance appear to require a referee (such as a ladder match, as it is no holds barred, and the criteria for victory could theoretically be assessed from afar). Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect, referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority. The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification. This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent. Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.

Q1: What determines how the referee acts?
A1: their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect
Q2: What is a common rule about referees? 
A2: The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification.
Q3: What are referees called?
A3: Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.
Q4: How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? 
A4: distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent.
Black_people (Language and literature)

Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

Q1: Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
A1: Toni Morrison
Q2: Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
A2: Christopher Hitchens
Q3: Who is Toni Morrison?
A3: Nobel Prize-winning novelist
Q4: Why were people offended by this comment?
A4: Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain
Q5: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
A5: Rwandan Genocide
Black_people (Language and literature)

Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

Q1: Who was enslaved more often?
A1: black women
Q2: What were female slaves used for?
A2: domestic service and agriculture
Q3: What did the Qur'an permit?
A3: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave
Q4: What is the term for a pregnant slave?
A4: umm walad
Q5: What does umm walad mean?
A5: "mother of a child"
San_Diego (Geography and places)

Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power television stations and require that there must be eight unique station owners that remain once a duopoly is formed (there are only seven full-power stations on the California side of the San Diego-Tijuana market).[citation needed] Though the E. W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD-LP, they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC's legal definition as common ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. As a whole, the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly (Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV, Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV, and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV, which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television).

Q1: How many duopolies does the Mexico side of San Diego-Tijuana have?
A1: two
Q2: What company owns XHDTV-TV and XHAS-TV?
A2: Entravision Communications
Q3: Which station is ran by Bay City Television?
A3: XETV-TV
Q4: What two stations are owned by Azteca?
A4: XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV