LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacements for inspection of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies. Shorter-wavelength diodes, while substantially more expensive, are commercially available for wavelengths down to 240 nm. As the photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption spectrum of DNA, with a peak at about 260 nm, UV LED emitting at 250–270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices. UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210 nm), boron nitride (215 nm) and diamond (235 nm).

Q1: What substance does nitrides contain?
A1: aluminium
Q2: What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?
A2: Ultraviolet
Q3: What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?
A3: 375–395 nm
Q4: Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?
A4: 240 nm
Q5: What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?
A5: 250–270 nm
Egypt (Geography and places)

With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Q1: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?
A1: over 90 million
Q2: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?
A2: third-most populous in Africa
Q3: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?
A3: Nile River
Q4: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?
A4: Sahara desert
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

Q1: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
A1: Qur'an
Q2: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
A2: protection of private property
Q3: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
A3: commercial
Q4: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
A4: shirk
Q5: Who won a border war with Libya?
A5: Egypt
Friedrich_Hayek (Social sciences and society)

With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote that "there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state." Bernard Harcourt says that "Hayek was adamant about this." In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:

Q1: According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?
A1: Hayek
Q2: Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?
A2: the state
Q3: In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?
A3: The economic calculation problem
Q4: Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?
A4: Bernard Harcourt
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

With regards to Mexican drug cartels, Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Juárez Cartel, but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City. There are many rival gangs in Oklahoma City, one whose headquarters has been established in the city, the Southside Locos, traditionally known as Sureños.

Q1: What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?
A1: Juárez Cartel
Supreme_court (Language and literature)

With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.

Q1: What are some of the territories within Pakistan?
A1: FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)
Q2: What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?
A2: appeals only of a constitutional nature
Q3: What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?
A3: Azad Kashmir
Q4: What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?
A4: does not apply to it
Qing_dynasty (History)

With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China, Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The Kumul Khanate, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930. In early 20th century, Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "Three Northeast Provinces", and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.

Q1: What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?
A1: khan
Q2: Who ruled Kashgaria?
A2: Yaqub Beg
Q3: Who supported Beg?
A3: British
Q4: When did the British invade Tibet?
A4: early 20th century
Q5: What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?
A5: 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences. It is currently ranked first among Master of Social Work programs in the United States. The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company. The school was the first in the country to have a building for the purpose of social work education, and it is also a founding member of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls, but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015. The new building, adjacent to Brown and Goldfarb Halls, targets LEED Gold certification and will add approximately 105,000 square feet, more than doubling the school's teaching, research, and program space.

Q1: When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?
A1: 1925
Q2: By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?
A2: Brown School or Brown
Q3: What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
A3: Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences
Q4: What roles was George Warren Brown known?
A4: St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company
Q5: What facilities house the  George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
A5: Brown and Goldfarb Halls
Israel (History)

With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region.

Q1: When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?
A1: 167 BCE
Q2: What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?
A2: Hasmonean Kingdom
Q3: Who dominated the society?
A3: Judeans
Child_labour (Social sciences and society)

With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

Q1: What became an issue for the working child?
A1: illiteracy
Q2: Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?
A2: many parents developed a change of opinion
Q3: What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?
A3: financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation
British_Empire (History)

With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of "apprenticeship".

Q1: When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?
A1: 1807
Q2: What abolished the British slave trade?
A2: the Slave Trade Act
Q3: Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?
A3: Sierra Leone
Q4: What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?
A4: The Slavery Abolition Act
Q5: How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?
A5: 4 to 6 years
Portugal (Geography and places)

With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Q1: When was the Conference of Berlin held?
A1: 1884
Q2: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
A2: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
Q3: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
A3: Scramble for Africa
Q4: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
A4: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
Q5: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
A5: before the turn of the 20th century
Pacific_War (History)

With the Japanese CAP out of position and the carriers at their most vulnerable, SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise and Yorktown appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and commenced their attack, quickly dealing fatal blows to three fleet carriers: Sōryū, Kaga, and Akagi. Within minutes, all three were ablaze and had to be abandoned with great loss of life. Hiryū managed to survive the wave of dive bombers and launched a counter-attack against the American carriers which caused severe damage to Yorktown (which was later finished off by a Japanese submarine). However, a second attack from the U.S. carriers a few hours later found and destroyed Hiryū, the last remaining fleet carrier available to Nagumo. With his carriers lost and the Americans withdrawn out of range of his powerful battleships, Yamamoto was forced to call off the operation, leaving Midway in American hands. The battle proved to be a decisive victory for the Allies. For the second time, Japanese expansion had been checked and its formidable Combined Fleet was significantly weakened by the loss of four fleet carriers and many highly trained, virtually irreplaceable, personnel. Japan would be largely on the defensive for the rest of the war.

Q1: At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?
A1: 10,000 feet
Q2: Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway.
A2: Hiryū
Q3: Who won the Battle of Midway?
A3: Allies
Q4: How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?
A4: four
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

Q1: When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?
A1: 1659
Q2: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?
A2: northern part
Q3: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?
A3: Treaty of the Pyrenees
Q4: What language began to influence Catalan?
A4: French
Q5: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?
A5: 1700
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

Q1: Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?
A1: St. Jerome
Q2: With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?
A2: "pagan" emperors
Q3: To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?
A3: peace of God
Q4: What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? 
A4: Constantine I
Q5: What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?
A5: Donatists
Valencia (Geography and places)

With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

Q1: What type of people often held Valencia's offices?
A1: foreign aristocrats
Q2: From where were Valencia's officials chosen?
A2: Madrid
Q3: What convent was close to the area where troops lived?
A3: Santo Domingo
Q4: Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?
A4: 1762
Materialism (Philosophy and religion)

With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably.

Q1: Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?
A1: things
East_India_Company (History)

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

Q1: what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?
A1: Industrial Revolution
Q2: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?
A2: The Microcosm of London
Q3: What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?
A3: The company
Q4: What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?
A4: Britain
Q5: The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?
A5: raw
Great_Plains (History)

With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

Q1: who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?
A1: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Q2: who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?
A2: Hernando de Soto
Q3: what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?
A3: the De Soto Trail
Q4: who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?
A4: The Spanish
Q5: what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?
A5: gold
San_Diego (Geography and places)

With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of its residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley.

Q1: What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles?
A1: Interstate 8
Q2: Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5?
A2: near the Mexican border
Q3: Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County?
A3: Interstate 8
Q4: What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15?
A4: Las Vegas and Salt Lake City
Q5: What percentage of San Diego's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation?
A5: over 80 percent