LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Valencia (Geography and places)

A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.

Q1: Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?
A1: Elío
Q2: When was Elio killed?
A2: 1822
Q3: How was Elio executed?
A3: by garroting
Q4: What are the years from 1823-1833 called?
A4: Ominous Decade
Q5: Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?
A5: Gaietà Ripoli
Valencia (Geography and places)

A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.

Q1: When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?
A1: 554
Q2: When were the Byzantines expelled?
A2: 625
Q3: What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?
A3: Toledo
Q4: Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?
A4: the church
Q5: After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?
A5: Visigothic military contingents
Nanjing (Geography and places)

A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing.

Q1: When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?
A1: A few days before the fall of the city
Q2: When was the Nanjing Regime established?
A2: 1940
Q3: Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?
A3: Wang Jingwei
Q4: When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?
A4: 1946
Q5: What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?
A5: "Reorganized National Government of China"
Glacier (Natural sciences)

A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier.

Q1: What is a glacial surge?
A1: periods of very rapid advancement
Q2: What failure causes surges?
A2: failure of the underlying bedrock
Q3: At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?
A3: 90 m (300 ft) per day
Hard_rock (Music)

A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a number two platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo, which reached number five in 2004. Heart achieved their first Top 10 album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), The Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010) and even a one off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006, and the rock/country album Lost Highway, which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released another number one album, The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.

Q1: What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?
A1: Audioslave
Q2: What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?
A2: "It's My Life"
Q3: What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?
A3: AC/DC
Q4: Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?
A4: Scott Weiland
Q5: What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?
A5: Chinese Democracy
Insect (Natural sciences)

A few insects, such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae of Arachnocampa (Mycetophilidae, Fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk. Some fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flashing of female Photinus species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured. The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae).

Q1: What is another name for Colleobola?
A1: Onychiuridae
Q2: Mycetophilldae is another name for what?
A2: Diptera
Q3: Phengodidae is party of what insect family?
A3: beetle
Q4: Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?
A4: bioluminescent
Q5: What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?
A5: fireflies
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

A few lines of the Paris Métro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as conductor rails, so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme. One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey. The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time. Today, the driver does not have to change ends at termini provided with such a loop, but the time saving is not so significant as it takes almost as long to drive round the loop as it does to change ends. Many of the original loops have been lost as lines were extended.

Q1: Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?
A1: rubber tyres
Q2: What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?
A2: two guide rails
Q3: What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?
A3: a single polarity supply
Q4: How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?
A4: reversing loops
Q5: Why was the reversing loop created?
A5: having to 'run around' the rest of the train
Pub (History)

A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]

Q1: Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?
A1: stand-up comedy
Q2: Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?
A2: juke boxes
Brigham_Young_University (Philosophy and religion)

A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence. This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage.

Q1: What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?
A1: BYU's International Cinema
Q2: What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?
A2: Foreign Language Student Residence
Q3: As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?
A3: only their chosen foreign language
Q4: How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?
A4: at least one
Q5: Which BYU building features films in several languages?
A5: International Cinema
Montevideo (Geography and places)

A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.

Q1: What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?
A1: Montevideo
Q2: What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?
A2: maritime commerce
Q3: The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?
A3: Buenos Aires
Aircraft_carrier (Warfare)

A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

Q1: What type of carrier is the largest?
A1: fleet carrier
Q2: What capability does a fleet carrier offer?
A2: offensive
Q3: What purpose were excort carriers developed for?
A3: to provide defense for convoys of ships
Q4: What were most escort carriers built from?
A4: mercantile hulls
Q5: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?
A5: heavy aviation cruisers
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary, and is often played during the evening, blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music. The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams, mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists. Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others.

Q1: What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?
A1: quiet storm
Q2: What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?
A2: quiet storm
Q3: At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?
A3: the evening
Q4: What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?
A4: Black and Latino
Q5: Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?
A5: Vanessa L. Williams
Dialect (Language and literature)

A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss, abstand and ausbau languages, to describe speech communities, that while unified politically and/or culturally, include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility.

Q1: Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?
A1: Heinz Kloss
Q2: In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?
A2: 1967
Q3: What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?
A3: politically and/or culturally
Elevator (History)

A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.[citation needed]

Q1: What is another name for a freight elevator?
A1: goods lift
Q2: What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?
A2: a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited
Q3: Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what?
A3: an inconspicuous riser
Q4: How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators?
A4: Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator
Q5: What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight?
A5: electric elevators
Muammar_Gaddafi (History)

A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect."

Q1: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?
A1: United States
Q2: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?
A2: Isratin single-state solution
Q3: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?
A3: Blundy and Lycett
Q4: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?
A4: support of Israel
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)—usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability—can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another.

Q1: What is the primary issue with running software testing?
A1: testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible
Q2: What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?
A2: defects that occur infrequently
Q3: What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?
A3: usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability
Bern (Geography and places)

A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. The Marzilibahn funicular is, with a length of 106 m (348 ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular.

Q1: What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?
A1: A funicular railway
Q2: How long is the Marzilibah funicular?
A2: 106 m
Q3: What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?
A3: Marzilibahn
Q4: What is the shortest public railway in Europe?
A4: Zagreb funicular
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

A further complication is that the measurement of γ′p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol Γ′p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a "low-field" method and a "high-field" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant.

Q1: How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?
A1: there are two methods of measuring the value
Q2: How do conversion factors compare in "low-field" and "high-field" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?
A2: the conversion factors are different in the two cases
Q3: Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?
A3: Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant
Q4: Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?
A4: electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.

Q1: What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?
A1: the goby fish
Q2: What part of the fish is used to signal danger?
A2: its tail
Gramophone_record (Music)

A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200–210 mm of vinyl per second — less than half the linear resolution. Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases.*

Q1: When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?
A1: Distortion towards the end of the side
Q2: What happens as a record wears?
A2: Distortion
Q3: What is a drawback of using gramophones?
A3: fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses
Q4: How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?
A4: 510 mm
Q5: Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?
A5: ending of the groove
The_Blitz (History)

A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations. Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment.

Q1: What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?
A1: create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941
Q2: What was preventing escalation of air operations?
A2: meteorological conditions over Britain
Q3: What happened to airfields?
A3: Airfields became water-logged
Q4: How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?
A4: 18
Pub (History)

A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.

Q1: What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?
A1: pub and gastronomy
Q2: In what year was the term gastropub invented?
A2: 1991
Q3: Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?
A3: Mike Belben
Q4: In what city is the Eagle pub located?
A4: London
Q5: In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?
A5: Clerkenwell