LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore chose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh, muhaqqaq, rayḥānī and, on rarer occasions, the thuluth script. Naskh was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Spain, the Maghribī style was popular. More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India. Nastaʻlīq style was also rarely used in Persian world.

Q1: Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?
A1: calligraphers and copyists
Q2: What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?
A2: Kufic scripts
Q3: Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?
A3: naskh
Q4: Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?
A4: North Africa and Spain
Q5: Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?
A5: Bihari
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to "no-man's land"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.

Q1: What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?
A1: 24 yards
Q2: What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?
A2: line of scrimmage
Q3: How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?
A3: seven
Q4: How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?
A4: one yard
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012, the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs (1985–1995 and 2004–2012). Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010. In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as "Steve Stone's favorite team." The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. On September 16, 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season. Two days later, on the 18th, the Cubs signed a 4-year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs.

Q1: When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?
A1: 2012
Q2: The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?
A2: Peoria Chiefs
Q3: When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?
A3: September 16, 2014
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as "big box" by physical layout and "department store" by merchandise).

Q1: What is one type of competition department stores face? 
A1: specialist stores
Q2: What types of stores have created even more competition? 
A2: superstores
Q3: What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?
A3: residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs
Q4: In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?
A4: 2003
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.

Q1: Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?
A1: about 9,000
Q2: What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?
A2: French
Q3: How many Americans live in the Congo?
A3: Around 300
Appalachian_Mountains (Geography and places)

Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.

Q1: Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?
A1: on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin
Q2: What happened after the French and Indian War?
A2: the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains
Q3: What was the general opinion of the law?
A3: it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians
Q4: What did the law likely lead to?
A4: the American Revolutionary War
Q5: What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?
A5: their settlement of Kentucky
Hellenistic_period (History)

Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

Q1: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?
A1: Crimean
Q2: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?
A2: Bosporan
Q3: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
A3: Pontic-Caspian steppe
Q4: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
A4: Greeks of Bactria
Q5: Hellenized Scythians were known as?
A5: young Scythians
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.

Q1: What system was used previous to the ASA system?
A1: the system of Weston film speed ratings
Q2: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? 
A2: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)
Q3: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? 
A3: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation
Q4: When was the Weston model 617 created?
A4: August 1932
Q5: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?
A5: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.
Pacific_War (History)

Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the U.S. (predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum)[nb 12] and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.

Q1: What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?
A1: Lend-Lease
Q2: On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?
A2: 8 December
Q3: How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?
A3: Four days
Q4: Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?
A4: strategic blunder
Q5: how many members did the America First Committee have?
A5: 800,000
Q6: What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?
A6: America First Committee
Q7: When did the United States declare war on Japan?
A7: 8 December
Q8: How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?
A8: Four
Q9: Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?
A9: Commander Arthur McCollum
Antibiotics (History)

Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.

Q1: What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
A1: medicinal folklore
Q2: When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
A2: over 2000 years ago
Q3: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
A3: mold and plant materials and extracts
Q4: What does antibiosis mean?
A4: against life
Q5: Who came up with the term antibiosis?
A5: Jean Paul Vuillemin
Greeks (History)

Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Q1: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
A1: Greek Enlightenment
Q2: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? 
A2: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,
Q3: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?
A3: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire
Q4: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
A4: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
Napoleon (History)

Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

Q1: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?
A1: the Armée d'Angleterre
Q2: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?
A2: Boulogne
Q3: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?
A3: England
Q4: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?
A4: La Grande Armée.
Q5: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
A5: 350,000
Guam (Geography and places)

Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction. According to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in Guam before World War II.

Q1: What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?
A1: Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher
Q2: How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?
A2: twelve bird species
Q3: What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?
A3: ko'ko' birds
Plymouth (History)

Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.

Q1: Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?
A1: timber
Q2: What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?
A2: Devonport
Q3: Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?
A3: Stonehouse
Q4: What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?
A4: John Foulston
Q5: On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?
A5: Union Street
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact (History)

Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce." Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.

Q1: Who was part of Hollywood Ten?
A1: Herbert Biberman
Q2: Who was the leader of the American communist party?
A2: Earl Browder
Q3: Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?
A3: Western Communists
Ottoman_Empire (History)

Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.

Q1: What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?
A1: Sultan was the highest position
Q2: On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? 
A2: local administrative units based on the region's characteristics
Q3: Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?
A3: the state
Q4: What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?
A4: to defend and extend the land of the Muslims
Q5: What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?
A5: orthodox Islamic practice
Royal_assent (History)

Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.

Q1: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?
A1: The Clerk of the Crown
Q2: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?
A2: stating the appropriate Norman French formula
Q3: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?
A3: Henry VIII
Q4: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?
A4: the annual State Opening of Parliament
Q5: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?
A5: right