LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.

Q1: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
A1: 1521
Q2: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
A2: Lazar Hrebljevanovic
Q3: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?
A3: 1389
Q4: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
A4: Battle of Velbazhd
Q5: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
A5: Albania
Near_East (Geography and places)

The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.

Q1: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?
A1: the United States Department of State
Q2: What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?
A2: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
Q3: Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?
A3: statecraft
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

The Burnside rules closely resembling American Football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game. The Burnside Rules had teams reduced to 12 men per side, introduced the Snap-Back system, required the offensive team to gain 10 yards on three downs, eliminated the Throw-In from the sidelines, allowed only six men on the line, stated that all goals by kicking were to be worth two points and the opposition was to line up 10 yards from the defenders on all kicks. The rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first. Forward passes were not allowed in the Canadian game until 1929, and touchdowns, which had been five points, were increased to six points in 1956, in both cases several decades after the Americans had adopted the same changes. The primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not (originally, both sides had three downs, goal posts on the goal lines and unlimited forward motion, but the American side modified these rules and the Canadians did not). The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game played in wider fields and stadiums that were not as narrow as the American stadiums.

Q1: Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903?
A1: Burnside
Q2: Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules?
A2: CIRFU, QRFU and CRU
Q3: In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football?
A3: 1929
Q4: Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions?
A4: American
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed, and believed to still maintain. Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violate the U.N. sanctions. The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force. Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a "coalition of the willing" that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its armed forces, however, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find any weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. Traces of former materials and weapons labs were reported to have been located, but no "smoking guns". Nevertheless, on May 1, George W. Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of "major combat operations" in the Iraq War. Bush's approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN–USA Today–Gallup poll. However, Bush's high approval ratings did not last. First, while the war itself was popular in the U.S., the reconstruction and attempted "democratization" of Iraq lost some support as months passed and casualty figures increased, with no decrease in violence nor progress toward stability or reconstruction. Second, as investigators combed through the country, they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles, which led to debate over the rationale for the war.

Q1: Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power, after removing the Taliban from Kabul?
A1: Saddam Hussein
Q2: What does WMD stand for?
A2: weapons of mass destruction
Q3: When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction?
A3: November 2002
Q4: Did Bush have the support of the UN, when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20, 2003?
A4: without UN authorization
Q5: After the Iraqi government and it's forces were defeated, were investigators able to locate the WMD?
A5: they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles
Sahara (Geography and places)

The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.

Q1: What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?
A1: Byzantine Empire
Q2: What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?
A2: mid-7th to early 8th centuries
Q3: What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?
A3: 6,000 to 7,000 slaves
Kievan_Rus%27 (History)

The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Q1: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
A1: turmoil
Q2: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
A2: Khazars
Q3: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
A3: build a fortress at Sarkel
Greece (Geography and places)

The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.

Q1: The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?
A1: 8th
Q2: The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?
A2: 9th
Q3: Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?
A3: Asia Minor
Q4: A stable Greece allowed it to have what?
A4: strong economic growth
Egypt (Geography and places)

The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

Q1: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?
A1: Byzantines
Q2: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?
A2: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Q3: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?
A3: ten years
Q4: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
A4: Sunni Islam
CBC_Television (History)

The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.

Q1: What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?
A1: analysis and documentary segment
Q2: Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?
A2: The National
Q3: When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?
A3: October 2006
Q4: During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?
A4: during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada
Sony_Music_Entertainment (Music)

The CBS Records Group was led very successfully by Clive Davis until his dismissal in 1972, after it was discovered that Davis has used CBS funds to finance his personal life, including an expensive bar mitzvah party for his son. He was replaced first by former head Goddard Lieberson, then in 1975 by the colourful and controversial lawyer Walter Yetnikoff, who led the company until 1990.

Q1: In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group?
A1: 1972
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India.

Q1: To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? 
A1: alternative option
Q2: Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?
A2: second or third
Q3: What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?
A3: 5 to 8
Q4: In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?
A4: Hindi
Q5: In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?
A5: gurukulas
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.

Q1: What does ROM stand for?
A1: read-only memory
Q2: What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?
A2: 1990
Q3: What year was the 73rd AES Convention?
A3: 1983
Q4: What was the CDs predecessor?
A4: gramophone record
Central_Intelligence_Agency (Geography and places)

The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.

Q1: In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?
A1: 1950
Q2: What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
A2: the Office of Training and Education
Q3: What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
A3: the Cold War
Q4: Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
A4: George Tenet
Q5: How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
A5: between 200 and 300
Central_Intelligence_Agency (Geography and places)

The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.

Q1: Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
A1: Truman
Q2: What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
A2: military intelligence and covert action
Q3: What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
A3: create global political change favorable to the US
Q4: What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
A4: the Soviet Union
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.

Q1: Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?
A1: REI or SOS techniques
Q2: In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?
A2: approximately 2007 and later
Q3: With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?
A3: cameras that produce images only in JPEG format
Q4: What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?
A4: Japanese
Q5: What does the DC-008 change?
A5: the Exif specification
Unicode (Engineering and technology)

The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification). A similar idea is used by some input methods, such as Cangjie and Wubi. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.

Q1: The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?
A1: radicals
Q2: Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?
A2: ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly
Q3: What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?
A3: greatly reduced the number of required code points
Computer (Engineering and technology)

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.

Q1: What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?
A1: The CPU
Q2: What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?
A2: two and one hundred registers
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the first openly anti-Communist organization in the U.S.S.R., and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime, setting an example for other ethnic minorities' pro-independence movements.[citation needed]

Q1: Who created the CTAG?
A1: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.
Q2: What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?
A2: Helsinki-86
Q3: What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?
A3: Communist
Canadian_Armed_Forces (Warfare)

The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.

Q1: Who conducts training of the cadets?
A1: Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
Q2: What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?
A2: 12 to 18 years
Q3: What branch are the majority of COATS members?
A3: officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre
Q4: Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?
A4: Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie. The cafés were one of the various "nerve centers" for bruits publics, public noise or rumour. These bruits were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time.

Q1: Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?
A1: Paris
Q2: By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?
A2: around 400
Q3: In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?
A3: The Café Procope
Q4: Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?
A4: bruits
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean.

Q1: At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?
A1: 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.
Q2: What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?
A2: Pannotia
Q3: What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?
A3: Gondwana
Q4: What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?
A4: Panthalassa
Q5: Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?
A5: independent continents