LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.

Q1: What script is only used in artistic seals?
A1: seal
Q2: What script is the oldest and still in use today?
A2: Seal
Q3: Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?
A3: calligraphers
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) (Philosophy and religion)

The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam.

Q1: In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?
A1: the "Shia"
Q2: What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?
A2: Ismailis
Q3: What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?
A3: Bohras
Q4: Which tariqah no longer exists?
A4: The Shia Sevener
Q5: Which tariah is known as the Fivers?
A5: Zaidi Shias
History_of_India (History)

The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place.

Q1: What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?
A1: 187 to 78 BCE
Q2: Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?
A2: Pushyamitra Shunga
Q3: How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?
A3: 36 years
Q4: What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?
A4: Brahmi
Q5: What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?
A5: sponsorship of learning and art
Sichuan (History)

The Sichuan government raised the minimum wage in the province by 12.5 percent at the end of December 2007. The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan, with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work, effective 26 December 2007. The government also reduced the four-tier minimum wage structure to three. The top tier mandates a minimum of 650 yuan per month, or 7.1 yuan per hour. National law allows each province to set minimum wages independently, but with a floor of 450 yuan per month.

Q1: By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?
A1: 12.5 percent
Q2: What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?
A2: 450 yuan
Q3: What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28, 2007?
A3: 4.9 yuan
Q4: What is the national minimum monthly wage in China?
A4: 450 yuan per month
Black_people (Language and literature)

The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Q1: Who are the Siddi?
A1: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan
Q2: Who did the Siddi descend from?
A2: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa
Q3: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
A3: "Sayyid"
Q4: Where does the term Sayyid come from?
A4: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area
Q5: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
A5: 1960s
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.

Q1: When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?
A1: 2nd century CE
Geological_history_of_Earth (Natural sciences)

The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an unconformity. Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator, starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica. The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, Rheic Ocean, a seaway of Iapetus Ocean (now in between Avalonia and Laurentia), and newly formed Ural Ocean.

Q1: When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?
A1: 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.
Q2: Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?
A2: less extensive
Q3: What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?
A3: a rise in sea levels
Q4: Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?
A4: Euramerica
Q5: Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?
A5: Panthalassa
Slavs (History)

The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").

Q1: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"
A1: slovo
Q2: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"
A2: němci
Q3: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?
A3: Roman Jakobson
Slavs (History)

The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.

Q1: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?
A1: Proto-Slavic
Q2: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?
A2: Old Church Slavonic
Q3: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?
A3: Procopius
Q4: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?
A4: Latin
Slavs (History)

The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

Q1: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?
A1: in the early 6th century
Q2: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?
A2: the Antes and the Sclaveni
Q3: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?
A3: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea
Q4: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?
A4: the Danubian provinces
Q5: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
A5: under Justinian I
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.

Q1: What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?
A1: Slovenian
Q2: Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?
A2: fluffy
Q3: Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?
A3: Ptuj
Q4: Who are magical creatures from another world?
A4: the Kurents
Q5: What do the Kurents try to banish?
A5: winter
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.

Q1: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
A1: The Solar Hijri calendar
Q2: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
A2: SH
Q3: What is the customary calendar of Iran?
A3: the Shamsi Hijri calendar
Q4: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
A4: twelve months
Q5: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
A5: Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The Solís Theatre is Uruguay's oldest theatre. It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo. In 1998, the government of Montevideo started a major reconstruction of the theatre, which included two US$110,000 columns designed by Philippe Starck. The reconstruction was completed in 2004, and the theatre reopened in August of that year. The plaza is also the site of the offices of the President of Uruguay (both the Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower). The Artigas Mausoleum is located at the centre of the plaza. Statues include that of José Gervasio Artigas, hero of Uruguay's independence movement; an honour guard keeps vigil at the Mausoleum.

Q1: What is Uruguay's oldest theater? 
A1: The Solís Theatre
Q2: When was The Solis Theater built?
A2: 1856
Q3: Who owns The Solis Theater?
A3: the government of Montevideo
Q4: What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis  Theater?
A4: 1998
Q5: What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?
A5: 2004
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

Q1: What is the name of the Somali postal service?
A1: Somali Post
Q2: What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?
A2: Somali Post
Communications_in_Somalia (Engineering and technology)

The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.

Q1: What is the STA?
A1: Somali Telecommunication Association
Q2: What sector does the STC oversee?
A2: ICT sector
Q3: In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?
A3: STA
Q4: How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?
A4: 22
Q5: How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?
A5: 234
Somalis (Geography and places)

The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.

Q1: In what year was the Somali flag invented?
A1: 1954
Q2: Who devised the Somali flag?
A2: Mohammed Awale Liban
Q3: What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?
A3: scholar
Q4: What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?
A4: Star of Unity
Q5: How many points does the Star of Unity have?
A5: five
Somalis (Geography and places)

The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

Q1: What language family does the Somali language belong to?
A1: Afro-Asiatic
Q2: What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?
A2: Cushitic
Q3: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?
A3: Afar
Q4: Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?
A4: Somali
Q5: Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?
A5: 1900
Somerset (Geography and places)

The Somerset Coal Canal was built in the early 19th century to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce. The first 16 kilometres (10 mi), running from a junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, along the Cam valley, to a terminal basin at Paulton, were in use by 1805, together with several tramways. A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built, but in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path. In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s.

Q1: Why was the Somerset county Canal built 
A1: to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce
Q2: What was in use along the canal 
A2: several tramways
Q3: What was never built 
A3: A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built
Q4: What was laid on the path to Midford 
A4: in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path
Q5: Who purchased the tramway in 1871
A5: In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s
Somerset (Geography and places)

The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400–1770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.

Q1: What are the Somerset levels 
A1: are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills
Q2: what do the Somerset levels consist of 
A2: marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors
Q3: what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels
A3: the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue
Q4: What is the total area of the levels 
A4: The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)
Q5: who started drainage of the Somerset levels 
A5: the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

Q1: When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?
A1: 960
Q2: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
A2: 1127
Q3: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
A3: Lin'an
Q4: When was the Yuan dynasty established?
A4: Lin'an
Q5: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
A5: Kinsay
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago. According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet." The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.

Q1: Where was a center of early agriculture?
A1: South American highlands
Q2: Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?
A2: single
Q3: Where did the potato originate?
A3: area of southern Peru
Q4: How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?
A4: 10,000 years ago
Q5: What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?
A5: persistent drought
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's Information Society. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena. On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the £10m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.

Q1: How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?
A1: 6,214
Q2: Who runs the South Atlantic Express?
A2: eFive
Q3: On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?
A3: 6 October 2012
Q4: Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?
A4: A Human Right
Sahara (Geography and places)

The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

Q1: Which directions does the South Saharan run?
A1: east and west
Q2: What months do the summer rains happen?
A2: July and August
Q3: What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?
A3: 100 to 200 mm
Q4: How much land does the ecoregion cover?
A4: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)