LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that "by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you." The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future.

Q1: Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?
A1: Paul VI
Q2: Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?
A2: Michael Ramsey
Q3: How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?
A3: three
Q4: What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?
A4: Anglican Centre
Q5: In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?
A5: Rome
Crucifixion_of_Jesus (Philosophy and religion)

Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

Q1: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?
A1: Paul's Christology
Q2: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?
A2: directly related
Q3: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?
A3: the cross of Christ
Q4: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?
A4: based on the plan of God
Q5: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?
A5: power of the cross
British_Empire (History)

Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. The 18th century saw England (after 1707, Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.

Q1: Which country became Britain's main rival in the 18th century?
A1: France
Q2: When did England and the Netherlands make peace?
A2: 1688
Q3: In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?
A3: Nine Years' War
Q4: In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?
A4: 18th
Crimean_War (History)

Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432–33

Q1: Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?
A1: the Congress of Paris
Q2: What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
A2: 1856
Q3: Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?
A3: the Tsar and the Sultan
Q4: Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?
A4: the Ottoman Empire
Q5: Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?
A5: The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey
Alps (Geography and places)

Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock.

Q1: What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? 
A1: Houillière zone
Q2: What are more common in the Western Alps?
A2: High "massifs"
Q3: When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?
A3: Eastern Alps
Middle_Ages (History)

Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord.

Q1: How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?
A1: 700
Q2: What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?
A2: military service
Q3: In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?
A3: 9th
Q4: Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?
A4: law codes
Q5: What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?
A5: archaeology
Police (Social sciences and society)

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

Q1: Who was the 'father of modern policing'?
A1: Peel
Q2: Whose philosophy influenced Peel?
A2: Jeremy Bentham
Q3: What political position did Bentham think police should have?
A3: neutral
Q4: How did Peel standardize police?
A4: as an official paid profession
Q5: How did Peel organize police?
A5: in a civilian fashion
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.

Q1: What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?
A1: the substance use of friends and other classmates
Q2: What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?
A2: addictive nature of cigarettes
Q3: Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?
A3: significantly greater
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages  and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups. Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision. Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations. A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with social stresses.

Q1: Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?
A1: increases
Q2: Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?
A2: Adolescents
Q3: How is adolescence defined socially?
A3: a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision
Portugal (Geography and places)

Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

Q1: What was Pelayos' plan?
A1: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
Q2: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?
A2: Moors
Q3: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?
A3: Battle of Covadonga
Q4: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?
A4: 722 AD
Q5: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
A5: Reconquista Cristã
Canadian_football (Sports and recreation)

Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.

Q1: Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?
A1: one-yard line
Q2: In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?
A2: Canadian
Q3: A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?
A3: Penalties
Q4: How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?
A4: half the distance to the goal line
Zinc (Unknown)

Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

Q1: What are dogs known to ingest?
A1: Pennies
Q2: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?
A2: zinc toxicity
Q3: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?
A3: parrots
Q4: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?
A4: juices stored in galvanized cans
The_Bronx (Geography and places)

Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and "A Kind of Alaska", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter, were also based on Sacks' book.

Q1: When did "Awakenings" come out?
A1: 1990
Q2: Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?
A2: Oliver Sacks
Q3: What is Sacks' career?
A3: neurologist
Q4: When was 'A Kind of Alaska' performed?
A4: 1985
Q5: Who wrote 'A Kind of Alaska'?
A5: Harold Pinter
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.

Q1: How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?
A1: hundreds
Q2: How many Pentecostals are there in the world?
A2: over 279 million
Q3: What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?
A3: Charismatic
Q4: Who can claim over 500 million members?
A4: Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity
Q5: Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?
A5: the global South
Portugal (Geography and places)

People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.

Q1: What survey results complement on data on health status?
A1: self-reporting at the household level
Q2: What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?
A2: one third
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 °C (390 °F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.

Q1: By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?
A1: fumes or skin
Q2: What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?
A2: 5 mg/m3
Q3: How must asphalt be treated to be workable?
A3: heated or diluted
Q4: At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?
A4: greater than 199 °C
Q5: What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?
A5: temperature
Plymouth (History)

People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.

Q1: What are Plymouth residents commonly called?
A1: Plymothians
Q2: What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?
A2: Janners
Q3: After what figure are Janners named?
A3: Cousin Jan
Q4: In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?
A4: John
Wood (Natural sciences)

People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at that time.

Q1: What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?
A1: construction material
Q2: What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?
A2: houses
Q3: For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?
A3: tree-ring widths
Q4: What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?
A4: weapons
Q5: What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?
A5: furniture
Sahara (Geography and places)

People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.

Q1: When did people start living on the edge of the desert?
A1: ice age
Q2: How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?
A2: Over 30,000 petroglyphs
Q3: What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?
A3: the Nile Valley
Q4: What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?
A4: shifts in the Earth's axis
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35–36% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews (mainly east European Ashkenazim). The roots of this conflict, which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society, are chiefly attributed to the concept of the "melting pot". That is to say, all Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel were strongly encouraged to "melt down" their own particular exilic identities within the general social "pot" in order to become Israeli.

Q1: What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?
A1: 47.5%
Q2: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?
A2: Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews
Q3: What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?
A3: the concept of the "melting pot"
Q4: What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?
A4: 35–36%
Q5: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?
A5: east European Ashkenazim
Germans (Language and literature)

People of German origin are found in various places around the globe. United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry. Other significant centres are Canada, Argentina, South Africa and France each accounting for at least 1 million. While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people.

Q1: How many German Americans are there?
A1: 50 million
Q2: How many Germans live in Brazil?
A2: 5 million
Q3: How many people in the world have German heritage?
A3: 100 million
Q4: America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?
A4: one third