LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
American_Idol (Music)

Phillips released "Home" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released "Change Nothing". Phillips' "Home" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs.

Q1: What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?
A1: Home
Q2: What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?
A2: Change Nothing
Q3: What was Phillip's coronation song?
A3: Home
Q4: What song did Sanchez release?
A4: Change Nothing
Q5: Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?
A5: Home
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".

Q1: What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?
A1: rationalism
Q2: Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?
A2: reason independently of the senses
Q3: What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?
A3: knowledge of God's existence
Q4: What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?
A4: intuition and reasoning alone
Q5: Where were the main European rationalists?
A5: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Literature (Language and literature)

Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.

Q1: What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?
A1: Philosophy
Q2: Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?
A2: academic journals
Q3: Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?
A3: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche
Q4: What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?
A4: logic
Q5: Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?
A5: mathematics
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

Q1: Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
A1: Philosophy of space and time
Q2: The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
A2: early analytic philosophy
Q3: The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
A3: the mind
Q4: The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? 
A4: unidirectional
Aspirated_consonant (Language and literature)

Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

Q1: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?
A1: Navajo
Q2: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?
A2: an extended length of the frication
Phonology (Language and literature)

Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation.

Q1: Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?
A1: prosody
Q2: Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?
A2: feeding
Q3: Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?
A3: Phonology
Q4: Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?
A4: prosody
Phonology (Language and literature)

Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign languages.

Q1: What is phonology a branch of?
A1: linguistics
Q2: What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? 
A2: phonemes
Q3: The study of sign language is a part of what?
A3: Phonology
Phonology (Language and literature)

Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics, although establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence. Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception, resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology.

Q1: What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?
A1: phonetics
Q2: What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?
A2: descriptive
Q3: Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?
A3: linguistics
Q4: When was the phonome's modern concept developed?
A4: mid 20th century
Q5: What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? 
A5: speech perception
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue (as modeled in the luminosity function). Due to the simplicity of manufacturing the phosphor method is still the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs. The design and production of a light source or light fixture using a monochrome emitter with phosphor conversion is simpler and cheaper than a complex RGB system, and the majority of high-intensity white LEDs presently on the market are manufactured using phosphor light conversion.

Q1: Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs?
A1: heat loss from the Stokes shift
Q2: What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?
A2: the spectral distribution of the resultant light output
Q3: What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue?
A3: 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy
Q4: What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs?
A4: phosphor method
Q5: What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods?
A5: monochrome
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.

Q1: Who created Photo CDs?
A1: Kodak
Q2: When were Photo CDs initially released?
A2: 1992
Q3: How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?
A3: 100
Q4: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?
A4: photographic paper
Q5: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?
A5: Beige Book
PlayStation_3 (Video games)

Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa.

Q1: What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs?
A1: Photo Gallery
Q2: What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery?
A2: 2.60
Q3: After version 3.4, Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site?
A3: Facebook
Q4: Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?
A4: separately
Q5: Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age, color, or what other unusual criteria for photo software?
A5: facial expressions
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).

Q1: What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?
A1: Photometric studies
Memory (Social sciences and society)

Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities in old age, and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases.

Q1: Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?
A1: has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain.
Q2: What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?
A2: increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus
Q3: Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?
A3: The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance
Q4: What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?
A4: aerobic exercises
Pain (Language and literature)

Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded.

Q1: What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?
A1: political
Q2: Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?
A2: deliberate infliction
Q3: What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?
A3: an offence
Q4: How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?
A4: deter
Q5: What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?
A5: extreme
Clothing (Natural sciences)

Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.

Q1: What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?
A1: safety
Q2: What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?
A2: rough
Q3: What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?
A3: body
Q4: What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?
A4: Clothes
Q5: What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?
A5: UV
Database (Engineering and technology)

Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed]

Q1: What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?
A1: RAID
Q2: How can large quantities of data be accessed?
A2: Hardware database accelerators
Q3: What do most database applications contain?
A3: DBMSs
Q4: What is required for a modern DBMS to function?
A4: standard operating system
Botany (Natural sciences)

Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.

Q1: Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?
A1: Physician Valerius Cordus
Q2: What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?
A2: John Gerard
Q3: Who is considered the father of natural history?
A3: Ulisse Aldrovandi
Q4: Who coined the term cells?
A4: Robert Hooke
Q5: In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?
A5: cork
Brain (Natural sciences)

Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.

Q1: Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?
A1: The brain
Q2: What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?
A2: reflexes
Q3: Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?
A3: spinal cord or peripheral ganglia
Botany (Natural sciences)

Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism. Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock. Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies. Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants. Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products. For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy. Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco. Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).

Q1: What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?
A1: Phytochemistry
Q2: Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?
A2: toxins
Q3: Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?
A3: from plants
Q4: Where did aspirin originally come from?
A4: bark of willow trees
Q5: Where does morphine come from?
A5: the opium poppy
Greece (Geography and places)

Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.

Q1: Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?
A1: the Boreal Kingdom
Q2: How many ecoregions occupies Greece?
A2: six
Q3: The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?
A3: mixed forests
Q4: The Crete ecoregion is known as what?
A4: Mediterranean forests
Q5: The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?
A5: deciduous forests
American_Idol (Music)

Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks.

Q1: What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?
A1: Pia Toscano
Q2: What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?
A2: Tom Hanks
Q3: Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?
A3: Pia Toscano
Q4: Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?
A4: Tom Hanks
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a "laser disc player", although the "LaserDisc" logo displayed clearly on the device. In 1981, "LaserDisc" was used exclusively for the medium itself, although the official name was "LaserVision" (as seen at the beginning of many LaserDisc releases just before the start of the film). However, as Pioneer reminded numerous video magazines and stores in 1984, LaserDisc was a trademarked word, standing only for LaserVision products manufactured for sale by Pioneer Video or Pioneer Electronics. A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term "Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player". From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.

Q1: Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?
A1: Pioneer Electronics
Q2: In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?
A2: 1980
Q3: What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?
A3: the VP-1000
Q4: Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?
A4: Ray Charles
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).

Q1: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?
A1: Pioneer Electronics
Q2: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?
A2: unofficially
Q3: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?
A3: discs
Q4: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?
A4: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow
Q5: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?
A5: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)