LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dog (Natural sciences)

There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.

Q1: It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?
A1: commodity forms
Q2: Dog training can be researched back to what century?
A2: 18th
Q3: How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?
A3: urine marking
Q4: How far back can dog training be found?
A4: 18th century
Q5: How do dogs mark their territory?
A5: urine marking
Q6: What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?
A6: training
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

Q1: What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?
A1: Evangelicalism
Q2: Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?
A2: Charismatic Movement
Q3: What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?
A3: Pentecostals
Q4: Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.
A4: Neo-charismatic churches
Q5: What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?
A5: Nondenominational churches
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.

Q1: Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?
A1: Riverside County, California
Q2: Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?
A2: San Luis Obispo County, California
Q3: Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?
A3: SunPower
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.

Q1: Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?
A1: open
Q2: Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?
A2: any known patent restrictions
Q3: What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?
A3: free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format
Q4: How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?
A4: available free of charge
Montevideo (Geography and places)

There are also other types of museums in the city. The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda, located in the Centro, has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay's gauchos, their horse gear, silver work and mate (tea), gourds, and bombillas (drinking straws) in odd designs. The Museo Naval, is located on the eastern waterfront in Buceo and offers exhibits depicting the maritime history of Uruguay. The Museo del Automóvil, belonging to the Automobile Club of Uruguay, has a rich collection of vintage cars which includes a 1910 Hupmobile. The Museo y Parque Fernando García in Carrasco, a transport and automobile museum, includes old horse carriages and some early automobiles. The Castillo Pittamiglio, with an unusual façade, highlights the eccentric legacy of Humberto Pittamiglio, local alchemist and architect.

Q1: Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located?
A1: the Centro
Q2: What are bombillas?
A2: (drinking straws
Q3: Where is the Museo Naval located?
A3: the eastern waterfront in Buceo
Q4: Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located?
A4: Carrasco
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

There are also parks on two major islands in the river: Belle Isle and Brown's Island. Belle Isle, at various former times a Powhatan fishing village, colonial-era horse race track, and Civil War prison camp, is the larger of the two, and contains many bike trails as well as a small cliff that is used for rock climbing instruction. One can walk the island and still see many of the remains of the Civil War prison camp, such as an arms storage room and a gun emplacement that was used to quell prisoner riots. Brown's Island is a smaller island and a popular venue of a large number of free outdoor concerts and festivals in the spring and summer, such as the weekly Friday Cheers concert series or the James River Beer and Seafood Festival.

Q1: What Native American tribe at one time lived on Belle Isle?
A1: Powhatan
Q2: During what conflict was Belle Isle used as a prison?
A2: Civil War
Q3: Between Brown's Island and Belle Isle, which is bigger?
A3: Belle Isle
Q4: On what island does the James River Beer and Seafood Festival take place?
A4: Brown's Island
Q5: How often does Friday Cheers take place on Brown's Island?
A5: weekly
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Joël Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /𪚥 (U+2A6A5) zhé  listen (help·info), meaning "verbose" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character 龍 lóng (lit. "dragon") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /𠔻 (U+2053B) zhèng composed of 興 xīng/xìng (lit. "flourish") four times.

Q1: What have become more rare?
A1: complex characters
Q2: What is the most complex Chinese character?
A2: zhé
Q3: What is one 64-stroke character?
A3: zhèng
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service.

Q1: How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?
A1: three
Q2: What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
A2: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)
Q3: Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?
A3: The Surgeon General
Q4: Who leads the Defence Medical Services?
A4: The Surgeon General
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Q1: What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?
A1: ten times as many bacterial cells
Q2: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?
A2: the immune system
Q3: What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?
A3: pathogenic
Q4: What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?
A4: respiratory infections
Q5: What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?
A5: farming
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy (Geography and places)

There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.

Q1: How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?
A1: 22
Q2: How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?
A2: 15
Q3: What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?
A3: leeward
Q4: What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?
A4: windward
Q5: The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?
A5: windsurfing
Montana (Geography and places)

There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.

Q1: How many named lakes are there in Montana?
A1: at least 3,223
Q2: What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?
A2: Flathead Lake
Q3: What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?
A3: Fort Peck Reservoir
Q4: What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?
A4: Missouri river
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.

Q1: What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?
A1: constructivist
Q2: Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?
A2: sudden and drastic
Q3: Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?
A3: quantitative, state-theory
Q4: The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?
A4: artificial intelligence
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one (or both) of the methods has been estimated too low – it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed – but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault.

Q1: What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?
A1: the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another
Q2: Why does this difficulty occur?
A2: it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed
Q3: Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?
A3: there is no indication which method is at fault
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, "culture" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.

Q1: How is culture defined?
A1: symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued
Q2: Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?
A2: all
Q3: What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?
A3: not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs
Q4: Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?
A4: not
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:

Q1: What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?
A1: Buddhism
Q2: What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?
A2: Buddhism
Christian (Language and literature)

There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." The term "Christian" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like." It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity, irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices.

Q1: While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?
A1: conflict
Q2: Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?
A2: significance
Q3: Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?
A3: the cultural aspects of Christianity
Brain (Natural sciences)

There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus. Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA.

Q1: Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?
A1: Raphe nuclei
Q2: Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?
A2: Serotonin
Q3: Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?
A3: Norepinephrine
Q4: Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?
A4: locus coeruleus
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.

Q1: How many courts are there on Tuvalu?
A1: eight
Q2: What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?
A2: High Court of Tuvalu
Q3: What is the High Court's right to determine?
A3: Law of Tuvalu
Q4: What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?
A4: Sir Gordon Ward
Q5: To where can judgments be appealed?
A5: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu
Bern (Geography and places)

There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain but often translated Ogre Fountain) which is claimed to represent a Jew, the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure that scares disobedient children.

Q1: Where are the statues at in the Old Town?
A1: public fountains
Q2: Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?
A2: disobedient children.
Q3: Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?
A3: Hans Hiltbrand
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration (History)

There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region.

Q1: What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?
A1: documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region
Q2: Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?
A2: facilities across the country
Bermuda (History)

There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.

Q1: Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?
A1: The United States
Q2: Who is the current US Consul General?
A2: Robert Settje
Q3: Why is the US so important to Bermuda?
A3: The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner
Q4: What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?
A4: 5%
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a "Chief Councillor" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.

Q1: How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?
A1: 15
Q2: Who presides over the executive council?
A2: the Governor
Q3: The head of government on the island is who?
A3: the Governor
Q4: When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?
A4: 23 March 2013
51st_state (Language and literature)

There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Q1: What are the four categories of terra nullius?
A1: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies
Q2: What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?
A2: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty
Q3: What do the treaties defend against?
A3: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.
Q4: Where is Bir Tawil located?
A4: between Egypt and Sudan