LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Jews (History)

Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading" was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.

Q1: What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?
A1: dhimmis
Q2: What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?
A2: jizya
Q3: Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?
A3: Dhimmis
Q4: What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading?"
A4: requirement of distinctive clothing
Zhejiang (Geography and places)

Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).

Q1: How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?
A1: 1,400 years
Q2: What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?
A2: Islam
Q3: How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?
A3: virtually all
Q4: What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?
A4: She shamanism
Q5: What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?
A5: Islam
Southeast_Asia (Geography and places)

Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.

Q1: Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?
A1: Islam
Q2: What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?
A2: 40%
Q3: Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?
A3: Indonesia
Q4: Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?
A4: Philippines
Q5: East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?
A5: Portuguese
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

Q1: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
A1: European architecture
Q2: When was Islamic architecture first seen?
A2: 7th century CE
Q3: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
A3: Byzantium
Q4: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
A4: religious and social needs
Q5: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
A5: pointed arch
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.

Q1: Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?
A1: Muslim
Q2: In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?
A2: Roman
Q3: What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?
A3: tile
Q4: The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?
A4: remained a flourishing art form
Muslim_world (Philosophy and religion)

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of minbars, and so on.

Q1: What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?
A1: arabesque
Q2: Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?
A2: pre-Islamic pagan religions
Q3: Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?
A3: people and animals
Q4: In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
A4: kufic and naskh scripts
Q5: What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?
A5: to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God
Political_philosophy (History)

Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam—i.e., the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad—thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), İbn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and Ibn Khaldun. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power), sultan, ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the "core" terms of the Qur'an—i.e., ibadah (worship), din (religion), rab (master) and ilah (deity)—is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other jurists and ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.

Q1: The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? 
A1: political
Q2: Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? 
A2: Islam
Q3: What is taken as the basis of an analysis?
A3: The political conceptions of Islam
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632. There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation.

Q1: In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation?
A1: Cave of Hira
Q2: Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community?
A2: Medina
Q3: Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write?
A3: Badr
Q4: Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran?
A4: date palm
Q5: When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book?
A5: Quran
Flowering_plant (Natural sciences)

Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.

Q1: What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?
A1: Island genetics
Q2: What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?
A2: speciation
Q3: What did radical adaptations seem to have required?
A3: inferior transitional forms
Q4: How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?
A4: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal
Q5: What are bees descended from?
A5: wasps
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island." The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.

Q1: What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?
A1: English and a creole language known as Norfuk
Q2: What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?
A2: 18th-century English and Tahitian
Q3: The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?
A3: descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island
Q4: What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?
A4: The Norfuk language
Q5: What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?
A5: under three-quarters
London (Geography and places)

Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom. Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the United Kingdom. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store. Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west.

Q1: What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?
A1: Upper Street
Q2: What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?
A2: Oxford Street
Q3: How long is Islington's Upper Street? 
A3: 1 mile (1.6 km)
Q4: What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?
A4: Selfridges flagship store
Q5: Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?
A5: Harrods
History_of_India (History)

Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.

Q1: By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?
A1: Middle Pleistocene
Q2: What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?
A2: Homo erectus
Q3: From how long ago do tools date in India?
A3: two million years
Q4: Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?
A4: Soan River valley
Q5: What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?
A5: palaeolithic hominid
Israel (History)

Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل‎ Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل‎ Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]

Q1: What is the official State of Israel?
A1: Israel
Q2: Where is Israel located?
A2: Middle East
Q3: What's Israel's financial and technology center?
A3: Tel Aviv
Israel (History)

Israel has 18,096 kilometers (11,244 mi) of paved roads, and 2.4 million motor vehicles. The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons was 324, relatively low with respect to developed countries. Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes, operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country. Railways stretch across 949 kilometers (590 mi) and are operated solely by government-owned Israel Railways (All figures are for 2008). Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 35 million in 2008; railways are also used to transport 6.8 million tons of cargo, per year.

Q1: How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have?
A1: 18,096
Q2: How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?
A2: 5,715
Q3: How much cargo do railways transport per year?
A3: 6.8 million tons
Israel (History)

Israel has a school life expectancy of 15.5 years and a literacy rate of 97.1% according to the United Nations. The State Education Law, passed in 1953, established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction. Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen. Schooling is divided into three tiers – primary school (grades 1–6), middle school (grades 7–9), and high school (grades 10–12) – culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate. In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage. Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Maariv have describe the Christian Arabs sectors as "the most successful in education system", since Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. Israeli children from Russian-speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high-school level. Although amongst immigrant children born in the FSU, the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from Western FSU states of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova (at 62.6%), and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states. In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.

Q1: What is the school expectancy in Israel?
A1: 15.5 years
Q2: What is the literacy rate in Israel?
A2: 97.1%
Q3: What is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate?
A3: Biblical scripture and civics
Israel (History)

Israel has a three-tier court system. At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are district courts, serving as both appellate courts and courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities. Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court, it has not ratified the Rome Statute, citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality.

Q1: What kind of court system does Israel have?
A1: three-tier
Q2: Where is the Supreme Court located?
A2: Jerusalem
Q3: What is the highest tier?
A3: Supreme Court
Israel (History)

Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating. The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert. Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of recharging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries. The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia. However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013.

Q1: How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water?
A1: Over 90%
Q2: How much electricity does the country save per year?
A2: 8%
Q3: When did Better Place shut down?
A3: 2013
Israel (History)

Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's second-oldest university after the Technion, houses the National Library of Israel, the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica. The Technion, the Hebrew University, and the Weizmann Institute consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by the prestigious ARWU academic ranking. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the world's top 100 universities by Times Higher Education magazine. Other major universities in the country include Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa, The Open University, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Ariel University, in the West Bank, is the newest university institution, upgraded from college status, and the first in over thirty years. Israel's seven research universities (excluding the Open University) are consistently ranked among top 500 in the world.

Q1: How many public universities does Israel have?
A1: Israel
Q2: How many private colleges does Israel have?
A2: 49
Q3: What is the oldest university in Israel?
A3: Technion
Israel (History)

Israel has one of the highest ratios of defense spending to GDP of all developed countries, only topped by Oman and Saudi Arabia. In 1984, for example, the country spent 24% of its GDP on defense. By 2006, that figure had dropped to 7.3%. Israel is one of the world's largest arms exporters, and was ranked fourth in the world for weapons exports in 2007. The majority of Israel's arms exports are unreported for security reasons. Since 1967, the United States has been a particularly notable foreign contributor of military aid to Israel: the US is expected to provide the country with $3.15 billion per year from 2013 to 2018. Israel is consistently rated low in the Global Peace Index, ranking 148th out of 162 nations for peacefulness in 2015.

Q1: What two countries have a higher defense spending to GDP ratio than Israel?
A1: Oman and Saudi Arabia
Q2: What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984?
A2: 24%
Q3: What was Israel's Global Peace Index rank in 2015?
A3: 148th