LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

Q1: Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?
A1: Wojciech Żywny
Q2: Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?
A2: Ludwika
Q3: At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?
A3: 7
Q4: What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?
A4: two polonaises
Q5: What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?
A5: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821
Q6: Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?
A6: Wojciech Żywny
Q7: Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?
A7: Ludwika
Q8: At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?
A8: 7
Q9: What year did Chopin compose his first work?
A9: 1817
Q10: During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?
A10: 1816 to 1821
Q11: What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?
A11: Wojciech Żywny
Q12: Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?
A12: Ludwika
Q13: How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?
A13: 7
Q14: Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?
A14: Wojciech Żywny
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.

Q1: Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806?
A1: Justyna Krzyżanowska
Q2: On what date was Frédéric baptised?
A2: 23 April 1810
Q3: What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?
A3: Polish
Q4: What was the given name of Chopin's father?
A4: Nicolas
Q5: Where was Chopin's father from?
A5: Lorraine
Q6: Chopin's father married who?
A6: Justyna Krzyżanowska
Q7: What is the name of Chopin's godfather?
A7: Fryderyk Skarbek
Q8: What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?
A8: Ludwika
Q9: What was Chopin's father's first name?
A9: Nicolas
Q10: From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?
A10: Lorraine
Q11: What is Chopin's older sister's name?
A11: Ludwika
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: ​[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.

Q1: What was Frédéric's nationalities?
A1: Polish and French
Q2: In what era was Frédéric active in?
A2: Romantic era
Q3: For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?
A3: solo piano
Q4: In what area was Frédéric born in?
A4: Duchy of Warsaw
Q5: At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?
A5: 20
Q6: What year was Chopin born?
A6: 1810
Q7: What era was Chopin active during?
A7: Romantic era
Q8: Where did Chopin grow up?
A8: Warsaw
Q9: What instrument did he mostly compose for?
A9: solo piano
Q10: At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?
A10: 20
Q11: When did Chopin die?
A11: 17 October 1849
Q12: What was Chopin's full name?
A12: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
Q13: The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?
A13: solo piano
Q14: Chopin was active during what era?
A14: Romantic era
Q15: In what year was Chopin born?
A15: 1810
Q16: In what city was Chopin born and raised?
A16: Warsaw
Q17: How old was Chopin when he left Poland?
A17: 20
Q18: In what era of music did Chopin compose?
A18: Romantic
Q19: What year did Chopin die?
A19: 1849
USB (Engineering and technology)

Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.

Q1: What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?
A1: active, electronically marked cables
Q2: Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?
A2: an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages
Q3: What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?
A3: (VDMs)
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

Q1: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?
A1: Funafuti
Q2: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?
A2: volcanic island chain
Q3: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?
A3: 179°7'E and 8°30'S
Q4: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?
A4: 607
Q5: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?
A5: 66
Tuvalu (Geography and places)

Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau. The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau. These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva, Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year. The Nivaga III and Manu Folau provide round trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. The Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel that was a gift from Japan to the people of Tuvalu. In 2015 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire MV Talamoana, a 30-metre vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands. In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan; it replaced the Nivaga II, which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989.

Q1: Where is Tuvalu's only port?
A1: Funafuti
Q2: Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?
A2: Nukufetau
Q3: Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?
A3: two
Q4: What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?
A4: Nivaga III
Q5: What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?
A5: cargo and passengers
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with "a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld. They had become one of the di Manes, who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February.

Q1: What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?
A1: Funeral and commemorative
Q2: What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?
A2: sow
Q3: What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?
A3: less well-off
Q4: What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? 
A4: Parentalia
Q5: What goddess was an intermediary  between the dead and the living?
A5: Ceres
Communication (Language and literature)

Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

Q1: Why do fungi communicate?
A1: to coordinate and organize their growth and development
Q2: How do fungi communicate with insects?
A2: through biochemicals of biotic origin
Q3: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
A3: five
Q4: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
A4: interpretation processes
Q5: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?
A5: similar molecules without biotic content
Intellectual_property (History)

Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations".:1108–9

Q1: For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?
A1: socially valuable
Q2: What is an example of socially valuable goods?
A2: life-saving medicines
Q3: What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?
A3: the marginal cost of production
Q4: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?
A4: anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother, not of her own virginal conception of Jesus, is shown by his footnote: "In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty." In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: "Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact."

Q1: What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?
A1: The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother
Q2: Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?
A2: Edward Gibbon
Q3: What was the group of volumes titled ?
A3: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Q4: Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?
A4: Mohametan Bible
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Q1: What is OAS?
A1: Organization of American States
Q2: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?
A2: the African Union
Q3: What organization joined at the universal level?
A3: the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Q4: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?
A4: 2003
John,_King_of_England (History)

Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Arthur killed, with the aim of removing his potential rival and of undermining the rebel movement in Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of Margam Abbey suggest that "John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine."[nb 7] Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister, Eleanor, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions.

Q1: Who did John attempt to convince?
A1: Pope Innocent III
Q2: Where was Arthur imprisoned?
A2: Falaise
Q3: Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?
A3: Eleanor
Wood (Natural sciences)

Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.

Q1: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?
A1: Moisture content
Q2: Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?
A2: glue
Q3: Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?
A3: tire
Q4: What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?
A4: high strength fabrics
Q5: In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?
A5: modify wood
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.

Q1: When does differentiation appear fully developed?
A1: by mid-adolescence
Q2: When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?
A2: differentiation
Q3: Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?
A3: distress
Armenia (History)

Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.

Q1: Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?
A1: Sovetashen
Q2: Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?
A2: Armenia
Q3: When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?
A3: 17 March 1991
Royal_Dutch_Shell (Natural sciences)

Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the "Kulluk" incident at the end of the year. Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.

Q1: What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?
A1: difficult weather
Q2: What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?
A2: the "Kulluk" incident
Q3: What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?
A3: nearly US$5 billion
Q4: In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?
A4: 2012
Spectre_(2015_film) (Media and drama)

Further references to Fleming's material can be found throughout the film; an MI6 safehouse is called "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", a reference to the short story "The Hildebrand Rarity" from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection.[citation needed] Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?
A1: Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
Q2: Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?
A2: Kingsley Amis
Q3: What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?
A3: The Hildebrand Rarity
Q4: "The Hildebrand Rarity"  is from what short story collection?
A4: For Your Eyes Only
Q5: Which character tortures Bond?
A5: Blofeld
Q6: What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?
A6: Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
History_of_science (History)

Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"

Q1: What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?
A1: a social construct
Q2: What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?
A2: The Science wars
Q3: What was positivism called after it was revived?
A3: scientism
Q4: What did scientism aim to do?
A4: settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies
MP3 (Engineering and technology)

Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.

Q1: Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?
A1: second suite
Q2: What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?
A2: MPEG-2
Q3: At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?
A3: half
Q4: Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?
A4: bitrate
Q5: Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?
A5: MPEG-2 Part 3