LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished. The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina, with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed, elongated angels. The Greek inscriptions, decorative patterns, and evangelists in the squinches are obviously executed by the same Greek masters who worked on the Cappella Palatina. The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily, dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ, was originally in the demolished narthex together with another panel, the Theotokos with Georgios of Antiochia, the founder of the church.

Q1: When was the Martorana church decorated?
A1: around 1143
Q2: Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church?
A2: Christ
Q3: The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same greek masters who decorated which church?
A3: the Cappella Palatina
Q4: Who was the founder of the Martorana church?
A4: Georgios of Antiochia
Q5: Who is receiving a crown from christ in the mosaic originally in the narthex?
A5: Roger II
Political_philosophy (History)

The Marxist critique of capitalism — developed with Friedrich Engels — was, alongside liberalism and fascism, one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century. The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought. Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. Without breaking entirely from the past, Marx established principles that would be used by future revolutionaries of the 20th century namely Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro. Though Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history—Marx declared that he was turning Hegel's dialectic, which was "standing on its head", "the right side up again". Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit. By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. In addition, the various branches of anarchism, with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin, and syndicalism also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world, anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.

Q1: Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism?
A1: Friedrich Engels
Q2: What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?
A2: The Marxist critique of capitalism
Q3: What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?
A3: The industrial revolution
Freemasonry (Unknown)

The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.

Q1: What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?
A1: The Masonic Lodge
Q2: Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.
A2: pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members
Q3: What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?
A3: a formal dinner
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent "outlawing" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been "juridically abrogated", now being an "extraordinary form of the Roman Rite", while the other "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy".

Q1: What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?
A1: vernacular
Q2: How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?
A2: 400-year
Q3: What type of music was used in traditional mass?
A3: Gregorian Chant
Q4: Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?
A4: Pope Benedict XVI
Q5: In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? 
A5: 2007
History_of_India (History)

The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.

Q1: When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? 
A1: 2600 to 1900 BCE
Q2: What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?
A2: urban
Q3: What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?
A3: municipal
Q4: Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?
A4: brick
Q5: How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?
A5: multistoreyed
History_of_India (History)

The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC. By the time he died in c. 272 BC, a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga (around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their trade with the south.

Q1: What was the first empire to unify India?
A1: Maurya Empire
Q2: What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?
A2: 322–185 BCE
Q3: Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?
A3: Chandragupta Maurya
Q4: What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?
A4: Nanda Dynasty
Q5: In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?
A5: 297 BC
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Q1: What did the May Fourth movement help do?
A1: rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.
Q2: Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.
A2: a rival military government in Guangzhou
Q3: What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?
A3: aid
Q4: Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?
A4: the Soviet Union
Q5: How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?
A5: by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas (History)

The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.

Q1: What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?
A1: Maya
Q2: What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?
A2: syllabic
Q3: What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?
A3: spoken language of its community
Q4: How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?
A4: more than one thousand
Q5: How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?
A5: some two hundred
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, but can resume after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.

Q1: How many members are on the NYC city council?
A1: 51
Q2: How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?
A2: three
Q3: What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?
A3: four-year
Q4: How many councilors sit on the City Council?
A4: 51
Q5: How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?
A5: three
Q6: What is the official journal of New York City?
A6: the City Record
Q7: If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?
A7: four
Classical_music (Music)

The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.

Q1: The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?
A1: Rome
Q2: What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
A2: Monophonic chant
Q3: What does Polyphonic mean? 
A3: multi-voiced
Q4: When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
A4: 1100
Q5: Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
A5: motets
Northwestern_University (History)

The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards  and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards.

Q1: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?
A1: 38
Q2: Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?
A2: The Medill School of Journalism
Q3: Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?
A3: The Medill School of Journalism
Q4: How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?
A4: 13
Q5: Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?
A5: Richard Threlkeld
Melbourne (Geography and places)

The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013–2014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day.

Q1: How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have?
A1: 16
Q2: Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?
A2: Flinders Street Station
Q3: Which Melbourne rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926?
A3: Flinders Street Station
Q4: During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips?
A4: 2013–2014
Q5: How often does the XPT to Sydney depart?
A5: twice a day
History_of_India (History)

The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Q1: What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?
A1: Neolithic
Q2: What happened in India during the Neolithic period?
A2: extensive settlement
Q3: How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?
A3: 12,000 years
Q4: When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?
A4: 9,000 years ago
Q5: During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?
A5: 7000–9000 BCE
Military_history_of_the_United_States (History)

The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones. Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914. It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans, especially the April 9, 1914, "Tampico Affair", which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta. In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico, with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army. The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw.

Q1: What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?
A1: The Mexican Revolution
Q2: US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?
A2: Veracruz
Q3: What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico?
A3: Pancho Villa
Q4: What foreign organization encouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?
A4: The German Secret Service
Q5: What US General led troops against Villa?
A5: General John J. Pershing
Miami (Geography and places)

The Miami area has a unique dialect, (commonly called the "Miami accent") which is widely spoken. The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised the Miami area tend to adopt it as well.) It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English.) Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect (see section below), "Miami accent" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed). However, this is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speakers in that "Miami accent" does not generally display the following features: there is no addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.

Q1: What is another term for Miami's dialect?
A1: Miami accent
Q2: What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?
A2: Mid-Atlantic
Q3: What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?
A3: Spanish
Middle_Ages (History)

The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation, or Antiquity; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period.

Q1: Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?
A1: the Modern Period
Q2: How many major periods is European history divided into?
A2: three
Q3: What is another name for Antiquity?
A3: classical civilisation
Mesozoic (History)

The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

Q1: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?
A1: 247 million to 237 million
Q2: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?
A2: breakup of Pangaea
Q3: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?
A3: Tethys Sea
Q4: From what had the ecosystem had to recover?
A4: the Great Dying
Q5: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
A5: reptiles
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center. There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city.

Q1: Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?
A1: Midwest City
Q2: How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?
A2: 347
Washington_University_in_St._Louis (Geography and places)

The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, established in 1881, is one of the oldest teaching museums in the country. The collection includes works from 19th, 20th, and 21st century American and European artists, including George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Alexander Calder, Jackson Pollock, Rembrandt, Robert Rauschenberg, Barbara Kruger, and Christian Boltanski. Also in the complex is the 3,000 sq ft (300 m2) Newman Money Museum. In October 2006, the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location, Steinberg Hall, into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki. Interestingly, the new Kemper Art Museum is located directly across from Steinberg Hall, which was Maki's very first commission in 1959.

Q1: When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?
A1: 1881
Q2: From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?
A2: 19th, 20th, and 21st century
Q3: When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations? 
A3: 2006
Q4: Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?
A4: Fumihiko Maki
Q5: What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?
A5: Steinberg Hall
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions.

Q1: How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?
A1: three
Q2: Who established the Tibetan law code?
A2: Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Q3: Who was the Phagmodru ruler?
A3: Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:

Q1: The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?
A1: the Karmapa Kargyu
Q2: Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?
A2: Mongol
Q3: Who was the founder of the Gelug school?
A3: Je Tsongkhapa
Q4: Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?
A4: the Ming Yongle Emperor
Q5: Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?
A5: Tsongkhapa