LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.

Q1: Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?
A1: third-party vendors
Q2: What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?
A2: refurbished replacement iPod
Q3: What kind of battery does the iPod use?
A3: lithium-ion
Q4: Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?
A4: batteries
Q5: What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?
A5: lithium-ion
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street.

Q1: What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?
A1: Napster and MSN Music
Q2: For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?
A2: iPods
Q3: The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?
A3: DRM
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird."

Q1: What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?
A1: Duke
Q2: What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?
A2: Entertainment Weekly
Q3: Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?
A3: Duke
Q4: Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?
A4: Entertainment Weekly
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]

Q1: What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?
A1: short life-span and fragile hard drives
Q2: What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?
A2: MacInTouch
Q3: How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?
A3: 13.7%
Q4: When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?
A4: late 2005
Q5: What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?
A5: protective sleeves
Q6: Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?
A6: flash memory
Q7: The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?
A7: screen
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA.

Q1: What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?
A1: fourth
Q2: What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?
A2: favorable
Q3: What two companies use the AAC format for music files?
A3: Sony Ericsson and Nokia
Q4: What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?
A4: WMA
Q5: Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?
A5: PC World
Q6: Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?
A6: Sony Ericsson and Nokia
Q7: Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having "altered the landscape for portable audio players"?
A7: PC World
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS.

Q1: How many buttons do most iPods use?
A1: five
Q2: On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?
A2: click wheel
Q3: Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?
A3: earphone cable
Q4: What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?
A4: touch screen
Q5: What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?
A5: iPhone
Q6: Most iPods feature how many buttons?
A6: five
Q7: The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?
A7: Shuffle
Q8: Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?
A8: iPhone
IPod (Engineering and technology)

iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.

Q1: What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?
A1: DRM
Q2: What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?
A2: iTunes 7
Film_speed (Engineering and technology)

where  is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/√2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor √2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.

Q1: What does the sensor usually determine?
A1: lower limit of the saturation speed
Q2: How can the saturation speed be increased?
A2: with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter
Q3: What is indicated by the factor √2?
A3: there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface
Q4: What can too much exposure lead to?
A4: clipped or bloomed camera output
Capacitor (Engineering and technology)

where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part, Z(ω) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, Ccmplx(ω) is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present, and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement "without the dielectric" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C0, is sufficiently accurate.)

Q1: How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?
A1: Z(ω)
Q2: How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?
A2: C0
Q3: Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?
A3: even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior
Q4: Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?
A4: in terrestrial vacuum
Q5: How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?
A5: Ccmplx(ω)
Planck_constant (Mathematics)

where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.

Q1:  What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?
A1: time vs. energy
Q2: What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?
A2: either-or nature of uncertainty
Q3: What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?
A3: either-or (as in Fourier analysis)
Q4: How is uncertainly measured in this experience?
A4: the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value
Q5: What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?
A5: Fourier analysis
Q6: What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?
A6: time vs. energy
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters—known in Buddhist literature as the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest.

Q1: What did Śuddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?
A1: prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
Q2: How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?
A2: 29
Q3: What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?
A3: he learned of the suffering of ordinary people
Q4: What are the four sights in Buddhism?
A4: encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man
Q5: What did Buddha's father want him to become?
A5: a king
Q6: By what age was he venturing outside?
A6: 29
Q7: What were his first four encounters called?
A7: the four sights
Q8: What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?
A8: abandon royal life
Q9: Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?
A9: a king
Q10: At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?
A10: 29
Q11: How many "sights" did Gautama have that are well known?
A11: four
Q12: Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?
A12: corpse
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.

Q1: What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?
A1: Śīla
Q2: Sila is the second what?
A2: pāramitā
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.

Q1: What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?
A1: keeping the precepts
Q2: What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?
A2: Śīla
Q3: What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?
A3: keeping the precepts
Buddhism (Philosophy and religion)

Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.

Q1: What does sila refer to?
A1: overall principles of ethical behavior
Q2: Lay people tend to live by the five what?
A2: precepts
Q3: Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?
A3: asceticism.
Literature (Language and literature)

“The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.”  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.

Q1: Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?
A1: written records
Q2: We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?
A2: our history
Q3: Who wrote "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"?
A3: Lord Byron
Q4: Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?
A4: once we began to write it down
Q5: Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?
A5: Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments