LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
A_cappella (Music)

The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that "silent singing" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptures, where Israel offered praise with instruments by God's own command (2 Chronicles 29:25). The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue, and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur. The shofar is used by itself, without any vocal accompaniment, and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service.

Q1: What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?
A1: Philo
Q2: What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?
A2: Jewish scriptures
Q3: What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?
A3: shofar
Q4: The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?
A4: Yom Kippur
Q5: How is the shofar used?
A5: by itself, without any vocal accompaniment
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

The population density normally reported for Oklahoma City using the area of its city limits can be a bit misleading. Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 sq mi (630 km2) resulting in a density of 2,500 per square mile (2013 est), compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city, which cover the remaining 377 sq mi (980 km2) of the city limits.

Q1: What covers the remaining 377 square miles?
A1: rural watershed areas
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and between populations for individual genes, or for many genes simultaneously. It is often stated that the fixation index for humans is about 0.15. This translates to an estimated 85% of the variation measured in the overall human population is found within individuals of the same population, and about 15% of the variation occurs between populations. These estimates imply that any two individuals from different populations are almost as likely to be more similar to each other than either is to a member of their own group. Richard Lewontin, who affirmed these ratios, thus concluded neither "race" nor "subspecies" were appropriate or useful ways to describe human populations. However, others have noticed that group variation was relatively similar to the variation observed in other mammalian species.

Q1: What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?
A1: genetic differences between populations
Q2: What was Wright's method known as?
A2: the Fixation index
Q3: What is the often stated FST for humans?
A3: 0.15
Q4: Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?
A4: human populations
Q5: Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?
A5: mammalian
Alsace (History)

The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris – where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann – but also for more distant places like Russia and the Austrian Empire, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York. Some settled in Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships Sully (in May 1843) and Iowa (in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern Ontario, notably Waterloo County.

Q1: What was the population of Alsace in 1846?
A1: 1,067,000
Q2: What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?
A2: hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people
Q3: Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?
A3: 1820 to 1850
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land area (about one third of the total population). However, since the Great Irish Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles. The famine, which caused a century-long population decline, drastically reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles. On a global scale, this disaster led to the creation of an Irish diaspora that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island.

Q1: Which two areas in the British Isles hasn't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years?
A1: Scotland and Wales
Q2: How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?
A2: less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles
Q3: How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland?
A3: century-long population decline
Q4: How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?
A4: fifteen times the current population of the island
Israel (History)

The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia.

Q1: What was the population of Israel in 2016?
A1: 8,476,600
Q2: How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?
A2: 6,345,400
Q3: How many citizens in Israel are Arab?
A3: 1,760,400
Paris (Geography and places)

The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities". The Paris Urban Area, or "unité urbaine", is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census.

Q1: In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?
A1: 2,241,346
Q2: Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?
A2: fifth
Q3: What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?
A3: London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome
Q4: Who created The Paris Urban Area?
A4: INSEE
Q5: According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?
A5: 10,550,350
Paris (Geography and places)

The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to an end in the 21st century; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009.

Q1: What is Paris' peak population?
A1: 2.9 million
Q2: When was Paris' population peak?
A2: 1921
Q3: What year was the first population increase since 1954?
A3: 2004
Q4: What was the population in 2009?
A4: 2,234,000
East_Prussia (History)

The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

Q1: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?
A1: 1,996,626 people
Q2: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?
A2: Protestants
Q3: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?
A3: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians
Alps (Geography and places)

The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.

Q1: What is the population of the Alpine region?
A1: 14 million
Q2: What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
A2: manufacturing and service jobs
Q3: Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
A3: Alpine culture
Near_East (Geography and places)

The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the Barbary pirates to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.

Q1: The populations did not accept what?
A1: Turkish rule
Q2: The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? 
A2: 1688
Q3: What created Serbia?
A3: the Serbian Revolution
Q4: When was the Serbian Revolution?
A4: 1815–1833
Q5: When was the Greek War of Independence?
A5: 1821–1832
Palermo (Unknown)

The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

Q1: Which port is Sicily's primary port?
A1: The port of Palermo
Q2: How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?
A2: 2 million
Q3: How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?
A3: 2 million
Q4: For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?
A4: sailing yachts and catamarans
Q5: What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?
A5: Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis
Montevideo (Geography and places)

The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded. It gives natural protection to ships, although two jetties now further protect the harbour entrance from waves. This natural port is competitive with the other great port of Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires. The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930. These six decades saw the construction of the port's first wooden pier, several warehouses in La Aguada, the north and south Rambla, a river port, a new pier, the dredged river basin and the La Teja refinery. A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city's engineering works. Since the second half of the 20th century, physical changes have ceased, and since that time the area has degraded due to national economic stagnation.

Q1: What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?
A1: The port on Montevideo Bay
Q2: Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?
A2: 1870 and 1930
Q3: What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?
A3: A major storm
Southampton (Geography and places)

The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.

Q1: What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?
A1: Mayflower
Q2: What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?
A2: 1620
Q3: How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?
A3: Four
Q4: What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?
A4: Cunard
Q5: In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?
A5: 1968
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.

Q1: What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?
A1: table lamp
Q2: Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? 
A2: task lighting
Richmond,_Virginia (Geography and places)

The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside. Neighborhoods in the city's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor. Other Southside neighborhoods include Fawnbrook, Broad Rock, Cherry Gardens, Cullenwood, and Beaufont Hills. Much of Southside developed a suburban character as part of Chesterfield County before being annexed by Richmond, most notably in 1970.

Q1: What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?
A1: Southside
Q2: Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?
A2: middle class
Q3: What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?
A3: Hillside Court
Q4: Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?
A4: Chesterfield
Q5: What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?
A5: impoverished
Philosophy_of_space_and_time (Philosophy and religion)

The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.

Q1: How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?
A1: somewhat similar
Q2: Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
A2: endurantist
Q3: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
A3: perdurantist
Q4: Which view is seen as conventional?
A4: Endurantism
Q5: Who is an example of a perdurantist?
A5: David Lewis
FA_Cup (Sports and recreation)

The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winning the competition. Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history. It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club, i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League.

Q1: Do people look forward to Cinderella matches? 
A1: where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public
Q2: What do people think about giant killers? 
A2: is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition
Q3: Does giant killing happen often? 
A3: Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history
Q4: Does the media showcase giant killers? 
A4: . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club
Q5: What is a giant killer? 
A5: unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition
Treaty (Language and literature)

The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not possible to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible.

Q1: What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?
A1: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Q2: What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
A2: North Korea
Q3: Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
A3: the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Q4: What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?
A4: the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire
Q5: The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?
A5: The possibility of withdrawal
Prime_minister (Social sciences and society)

The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".

Q1: Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?
A1: parliamentary republics
Q2: In whic type of government is the leader elected?
A2: parliamentary republics
Federalism (History)

The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.

Q1: What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? 
A1: changed towards a generally autonomous model
Q2: When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?
A2: in the aftermath of the Soviet Union
Q3: Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? 
A3: Boris Yeltsin
Q4: Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? 
A4: Vladimir Putin