LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be "merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; "instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure." Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.

Q1: What is central to Chopin's process?
A1: Improvisation
Q2: Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?
A2: the four-bar phrase
Q3: What is central to Chopin's creativeness?
A3: Improvisation
Q4: Who wrote that "improvisation is designed for an audience"?
A4: Nicholas Temperley
Q5: What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?
A5: his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.
Cyprus (Geography and places)

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights." The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.[citation needed]

Q1: Why does the United Nations question the Human rights status of Cyprus?
A1: ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island
Q2: What is the rating for Cyprus in the "Freedom in the World 2011" report?
A2: free
Q3: What is one of the reasons for the human rights issues on Cyprus?
A3: division of the island
Myanmar (Geography and places)

In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about "reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization." However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.

Q1: Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?
A1: 43 of the 45 available seats
Q2: Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?
A2: The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar
Q3: Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?
A3: the Freedom House organisation raised concerns
Q4: Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?
A4: Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)
Q5: Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? 
A5: some other political prisoners have not been released
Armenia (History)

In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I, a descendant of Prince Roupen.

Q1: Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?
A1: the Byzantine Empire
Q2: When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?
A2: 1071
Q3: When was Cilicia founded?
A3: 6 January 1198
Q4: What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?
A4: conquered Armenia
Q5: Where did Roupen find refuge?
A5: Tarsus of Cilicia
Cardinal_(Catholicism) (History)

In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

Q1: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? 
A1: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
Q2: What were the cardinals assigned? 
A2: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia. In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of León; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized the Castilian language and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature.

Q1: Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?
A1: Ferdinand I
Q2: What was the name of this son?
A2: Garcia II
Q3: Who was the brother who later took control for himself?
A3: Alfonso VI
Q4: Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?
A4: Kingdom of León
Q5: Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?
A5: Alfonso X
Israel (History)

In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the "great, holy house". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: "From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it." Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier.

Q1: When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?
A1: 1165
Q2: Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?
A2: Yehuda Halevi
Q3: Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?
A3: Sultan Saladin
John,_King_of_England (History)

In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt.

Q1: Who backed John's elder brothers?
A1: Eleanor
Q2: Where did Henry travel to?
A2: Paris
Q3: Who returned to Brittany?
A3: Geoffrey
Q4: Who was imprisoned?
A4: Eleanor
Roman_Republic (History)

In 118 BC, King Micipsa of Numidia (current-day Algeria and Tunisia) died. He was succeeded by two legitimate sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal, and an illegitimate son, Jugurtha. Micipsa divided his kingdom between these three sons. Jugurtha, however, turned on his brothers, killing Hiempsal and driving Adherbal out of Numidia. Adherbal fled to Rome for assistance, and initially Rome mediated a division of the country between the two brothers. Eventually, Jugurtha renewed his offensive, leading to a long and inconclusive war with Rome. He also bribed several Roman commanders, and at least two tribunes, before and during the war. His nemesis, Gaius Marius, a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family, returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators. Marius invaded Numidia and brought the war to a quick end, capturing Jugurtha in the process. The apparent incompetence of the Senate, and the brilliance of Marius, had been put on full display. The populares party took full advantage of this opportunity by allying itself with Marius.

Q1: Who was the illegitimate offspring of the King Micipsa of Numidia?
A1: Jugurtha
Q2: Who was Jugurtha's rival?
A2: Gaius Marius
Q3: When was Gaius Marius elected to the position of consul?
A3: 107 BC
Q4: Who did not agree with the election of Gaius Marius?
A4: aristocratic senators
Q5: Which individual did the populares part have an allegiance with?
A5: Marius
John,_King_of_England (History)

In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.

Q1: When did John make his first visit to Ireland?
A1: 1185
Q2: How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?
A2: 300
Q3: How did John offend the local Irish rulers?
A3: making fun of their unfashionable long beards
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

Q1: With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
A1: Prior Diego de Acebo
Q2: Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
A2: monarchy of Spain
Q3: In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?
A3: south of France
Q4: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
A4: 1209–1229
Q5: Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
A5: to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.

Q1: Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?
A1: Genghis Khan
Q2: Who was Genghis Khan's successor? 
A2: Ögedei Khan
Q3: What years did Ögedei Khan rule?
A3: 1229–1241
Q4: Who invaded Tibet? 
A4: Ögedei Khan
Han_dynasty (History)

In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired laborers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier.

Q1: Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?
A1: soldiers
Q2: Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?
A2: the court
Q3: In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?
A3: 111 BC
Q4: Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?
A4: the frontier
Q5: How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?
A5: four
Roman_Republic (History)

In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.

Q1: When did the Cimbrian War end?
A1: 101 BC
Q2: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?
A2: 121 BC
Q3: What war began in the year 113 BC?
A3: The Cimbrian War
Q4: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?
A4: northern Europe
Israel (History)

In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation."

Q1: When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?
A1: 1211
Q2: Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?
A2: Nachmanides
Q3: What did Nachmanides write?
A3: "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms
John,_King_of_England (History)

In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army. Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longespée, marched south-west from Flanders.

Q1: When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?
A1: 1214
Q2: Who did John build alliances with?
A2: Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders
Q3: When did John leave for Poitou?
A3: February 1214
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Q1: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
A1: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina
Q2: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
A2: Pope Honorius III
Q3: What was required of each new priory?
A3: its own studium conventuale
Q4: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
A4: June 5, 1222
Q5: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
A5: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum
Valencia (Geography and places)

In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

Q1: What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?
A1: King James I of Aragon
Q2: When did Valencia surrender?
A2: 28 September
Q3: Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?
A3: the Muslim population
Q4: What were Valencia's new charters called?
A4: Furs of Valencia
Q5: What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?
A5: Order of Calatrava
Israel (History)

In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967.

Q1: When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?
A1: 1260
Q2: What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?
A2: Cairo and Damascus
Q3: When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?
A3: 1266
Samurai (Language and literature)

In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

Q1: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?
A1: Yuan
Q2: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
A2: 40,000
Q3: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
A3: 900
Q4: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?
A4: northern Kyūshū
Q5: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?
A5: 10,000
Portugal (Geography and places)

In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Q1: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
A1: 1348 and 1349
Q2: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
A2: England
Q3: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
A3: Portugal made an alliance with England
Q4: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
A4: NATO
Q5: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
A5: Oporto region
History_of_science (History)

In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society. The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point: not least the introduction of Algebra. These developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific inquiry, halted at the start of the Black Death.

Q1: What year did the Black Death occur?
A1: 1348
Q2: What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?
A2: the Fall of Constantinople in 1453
Q3: The invention of printing improved which society?
A3: European
Q4: Printed word enabled what?
A4: a faster propagation of new ideas
Q5: What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?
A5: Algebra