LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.

Q1: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
A1: John of Damascus
Q2: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
A2: Roman
Q3: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
A3: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.

Q1: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?
A1: Albert Einstein
Q2: How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?
A2: 113
Q3: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?
A3: nine
Portugal (Geography and places)

Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.

Q1: In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?
A1: Christian
Q2: In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?
A2: 13th and 14th
Q3: What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?
A3: formation of the First Portuguese Republic
Q4: During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?
A4: 1910–26
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.

Q1: Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?
A1: Bantus
Q2: The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?
A2: pets
Q3: When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?
A3: December 30, 2010
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.

Q1: What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?
A1: Sanskrit dramas
Q2: What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?
A2: multilingual
Q3: For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?
A3: scholarly communication
Q4: Until what period was high Sanskrit used?
A4: British times
Q5: How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?
A5: thin layer
Sanskrit (Language and literature)

Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.

Q1: Tagalog is what kind of language?
A1: Philippine
Q2: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?
A2: Spanish
Q3: What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?
A3: bhāṣā
Q4: What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword "bhāṣā?"
A4: spoken language
Q5: What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?
A5: Malay
Q6: Where were many Sanskrit words found?
A6: Austronesian languages
Q7: In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?
A7: Javanese
Q8: What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?
A8: bhāṣā
Q9: What is the meaning of bhasa?
A9: spoken language
Q10: Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?
A10: Sanskrit
Somerset (Geography and places)

Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

Q1: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
A1: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties
Q2: How many counties had no casualties in WW1 
A2: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed
Q3: The county was base for what in WW2
A3: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings
Q4: What is the Tauton stop line 
A4: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion
Switzerland (Geography and places)

Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 clubs in the League A, which is the most attended league in Europe. In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time. It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013. The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007. Tennis has become an increasingly popular sport, and Swiss players such as Martina Hingis, Roger Federer, and most recently, Stanislas Wawrinka have won multiple Grand Slams. Swiss professional wrestler Claudio Castagnoli is currently signed with WWE, and is a former United States champion.

Q1: What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?
A1: IIHF World Championship
Q2: What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?
A2: Alinghi
Q3: Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?
A3: Claudio Castagnoli
Q4: Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?
A4: Alinghi
Myanmar (Geography and places)

Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines.

Q1: What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?
A1: US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based
Q2: Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry  ?
A2: reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines.
Q3: Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?
A3: Human Rights Watch
Q4: What did the group advised based on the information's results ?
A4: encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based
Q5: Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ? 
A5: the ruling junta
IPod (Engineering and technology)

Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.

Q1: What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?
A1: iPod Hi-Fi
Q2: What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?
A2: Nike+iPod pedometer
Q3: What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?
A3: Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation
Q4: What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?
A4: TV
Q5: Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?
A5: Nike
Q6: Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?
A6: Apple
Mandolin (Music)

Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.

Q1: Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? 
A1: Indian Carnatic
Q2: What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?
A2: E-B-E-B.
Q3: There is no concept of what in Indian music? 
A3: absolute pitch
Q4: What is another popular madonlin tuning? 
A4: C-G-C-G
Q5: These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called? 
A5: Bhangra
Insect (Natural sciences)

Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.

Q1: How many legs do adult insects contain?
A1: six
Q2: Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?
A2: tripedal
Q3: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?
A3: rapid
Q4: Insects can adopt how many gaits?
A4: a variety
Q5: Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?
A5: limbs
Alloy (Mathematics)

Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of "Eureka!" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.

Q1: Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?
A1: purely aesthetic purposes
Q2: Red gold is made by combining gold with?
A2: copper
Q3:  Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?
A3: 250 BC
Q4: Who shouted "Eureka!" while checking the purity of a crown?
A4: Archimedes
Q5: Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?
A5: less valuable substances
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.[citation needed] Although biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur'an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.

Q1: Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?
A1: Qur'an
Q2: Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?
A2: biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original
Q3: Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?
A3: the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed
Q4: What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an
A4: Sana'a manuscripts
Q5: When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?
A5: possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

Q1: How does peristalsis work?
A1: waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body
Q2: Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?
A2: the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments
Q3: What are phrynges?
A3: throats
Q4: What are cilia?
A4: fine muscle-powered hairs
Houston (History)

Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.

Q1: What is the largest annual event held in Houston?
A1: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo
Q2: How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?
A2: 20 days
Q3: When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?
A3: the end of June
Q4: What is some other annual events held in Houston?
A4: Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival
Q5: What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?
A5: the Bayou City Art Festival
Q6: What event is the longest running in Houston?
A6: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo
Q7: When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?
A7: March
Q8: When is the Houston Pride Parade held?
A8: end of June
Q9: What form of car parade is held in Houston?
A9: Art Car Parade
Q10: Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?
A10: one of the top five
Glass (Art and architecture)

Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and reading glasses.

Q1: What ingredient makes glass colorful?
A1: metallic salts
Q2: What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?
A2: organic polymer plastic
Q3: What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?
A3: transparency
Q4: What type of glass products can be used for sending information?
A4: optical fibers
Q5: In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?
A5: thermal insulating material
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

Q1: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
A1: decorative richness
Q2: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
A2: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
Q3: What material was used in Brutalist structures?
A3: unfinished concrete
Q4: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
A4: postwar generation
Incandescent_light_bulb (Engineering and technology)

Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament. Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts.

Q1: What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?
A1: screw base
Q2: What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?
A2: bayonet base
Q3: What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?
A3: allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament
Q4: What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?
A4: 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts
Q5: Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?
A5: automotive and special purpose lamps