LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

Q1: Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?
A1: German
Q2: What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
A2: 95 theses
Q3: In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?
A3: 1517
Q4: What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
A4: he refused
Q5: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?
A5: Frederick the Wise
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Q1: Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
A1: Martin Luther
Q2: What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
A2: Protestant Reformation
Q3: What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
A3: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her
Q4: What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? 
A4: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.
Q5: What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
A5: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

Q1: Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?
A1: Martorell
Q2: What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?
A2: chivalry
Q3: To what does Matorell's work show a transition?
A3: Renaissance values
Q4: What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? 
A4: Metge
Q5: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
A5: movable type
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.

Q1: Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?
A1: Marvel Universe
Q2: Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?
A2: real-life cities
Q3: Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?
A3: New York
Q4: What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?
A4: Hulk
Q5: Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?
A5: the Fantastic Four, the Avengers
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Marvel discontinued its Marvel Adventures imprint in March 2012, and replaced them with a line of two titles connected to the Marvel Universe TV block. Also in March, Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics, a line of digital comics, Marvel AR, an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW!, a relaunch of most of the company's major titles with different creative teams. Marvel NOW! also saw the debut of new flagship titles including Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men.

Q1: When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing?
A1: March 2012
Q2: Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform?
A2: digital comics
Q3: What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW! line of comics?
A3: Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men
Q4: Marvel NOW!, Infinite Comics, and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor?
A4: Marvel ReEvolution
Q5: What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for?
A5: augmented reality
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker. In 1990, Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues, and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe

Q1: What 1990s comic line featured futuristic, sci-fi stories?
A1: 2099 line
Q2: What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel?
A2: Razorline
Q3: In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters?
A3: 1990
Q4: What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?
A4: SkyBox International
Q5: What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?
A5: overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations. In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press. However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008. With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line.

Q1: What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization?
A1: Bantam Books
Q2: What was the first novel published under this deal?
A2: The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder
Q3: What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s?
A3: Marvel Press
Q4: In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?
A4: Pocket Books
Q5: Marvel Press was relaunched in what year?
A5: 2011
Marvel_Comics (Geography and places)

Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics. In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.

Q1: What was Marvel's self-hosted comic book convention called?
A1: Marvelcon
Q2: What artist's return to Marvel was announced at this event?
A2: Jack Kirby
Q3: What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market?
A3: Captain Britain
Q4: When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?
A4: spring 1975
Q5: When did Marvel's British-themed superhero first appear?
A5: October 1976
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected.

Q1: What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?
A1: Marvin Gardens
Q2: What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?
A2: Marven Gardens
Q3: Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?
A3: Charles Darrow
Q4: In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?
A4: 1995
Q5: Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?
A5: Charles Darrow
Umayyad_Caliphate (History)

Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

Q1: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
A1: Marwan
Q2: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
A2: 685
Q3: Where was Al-Mukhtar based? 
A3: Kufa
Q4: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
A4: Ali
Q5: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
A5: 692
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to God". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.

Q1: What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?
A1: Giver of birth to God
Q2: Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?
A2: Protestants
Q3: What is Mary called in Islam?
A3: Maryam
Q4: What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?
A4: brevity of biblical references
Q5: Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?
A5: Anglican, and Lutheran
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".

Q1: Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?
A1: Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene
Q2: In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?
A2: pietà
Q3: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?
A3: Salome
Q4: What does pieta mean?
A4: pity
Q5: What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?
A5: a Stabat Mater
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Q1: In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?
A1: 431
Q2: Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?
A2: Nestorius
Q3: What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?
A3: Mother of God
Q4: What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?"
A4: "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix"
Q5: What is the literal translation of Theokotos?
A5: Godbearer
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word." After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by "an angel of the Lord", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]

Q1: What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?
A1: betrothal
Q2: Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?
A2: Gabriel
Q3: What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?
A3: divorce her
Q4: Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?
A4: in Nazareth in Galilee
Q5: In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?
A5: an angel of the Lord
Immaculate_Conception (Philosophy and religion)

Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Q1: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
A1: Greek theologians of Byzantium
Q2: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
A2: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary
Q3: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
A3: the circumcision
Q4: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
A4: Luke
Q5: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? 
A5: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) (Philosophy and religion)

Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.

Q1: What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?
A1: Annunciation of our Lady
Q2: On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?
A2: 31 May
Q3: What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?
A3: the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Q4: On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?
A4: February 2
Q5: On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?
A5: New Year's Day
Literature (Language and literature)

Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self. In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

Q1: Who conceived of "The Third Force Psychology Theory?"
A1: Maslow
Q2: The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?
A2: a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”
Q3: The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?
A3: the reason for living
Q4: What causes a person to become separated from their "true self"?
A4: neurological development
Q5: What author espoused the theory of the "pristine unconscious?"
A5: D.H Lawrence
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initiate the unenlightened". This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious, but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy. In fact, many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.

Q1: In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?
A1: 1730s
Q2: The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?
A2: British
Q3: Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?
A3: the Parisian lodge
Q4: Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?
A4: British
Q5: What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?
A5: Grand Architect