LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Predation (Natural sciences)

The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.

Q1: What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?
A1: beavers
Q2: Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?
A2: hydrological features
Q3: Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?
A3: channel incision
Q4: The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?
A4: wolves
Q5: How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?
A5: habitat became territory for grazing.
Q6: Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?
A6: Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species
Q7: How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?
A7: wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon
Iran (Geography and places)

The emergence of Susa as a city, as determined by radiocarbon dating, dates back to early 4,395 BC. There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau, pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayande River. Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer, and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC.

Q1: What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?
A1: Susa
Q2: How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?
A2: the 4th millennium BC
Q3: During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?
A3: Bronze Age
Q4: Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?
A4: Elam
Q5: Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?
A5: the 3rd millennium BC
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.

Q1: What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?
A1: knowledge-centered understanding
Q2: On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?
A2: jnana
Q3: On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?
A3: ritualism
Q4: Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?
A4: many sub-schools
Q5: What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? 
A5: ātman and Brahman
Antibiotics (History)

The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).

Q1: When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?
A1: 2003
Q2: What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?
A2: Swann report 1969
Q3: What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?
A3: American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)
Q4: Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?
A4: S.742 and H.R. 2562
Q5: What 3 medical associations supported the bills?
A5: American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)
Antibiotics (History)

The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

Q1: What does emergence of resistance reflect?
A1: evolutionary processes
Q2: What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
A2: survive high doses of antibiotics
Q3: When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
A3: 1943
Q4: Who made the demonstration in 1943?
A4: Luria–Delbrück
Q5: What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
A5: resistance of bacteria
Q6: What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
A6: evolution
Q7: When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
A7: 1943
Q8: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
A8: penicillin and erythromycin
Religion_in_ancient_Rome (History)

The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

Q1: What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?
A1: Julian
Q2: What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?
A2: Nicene Christianity
Q3: What pleas were rejected by the empire?
A3: religious tolerance
Q4: What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?
A4: Heretics
Q5: What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?
A5: ritual
Han_dynasty (History)

The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in AD 1911.

Q1: When did the Qing dynasty fall?
A1: AD 1911
Q2: What innovation was acquired from the Qin?
A2: commanderies
Q3: What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?
A3: Confucianism
Q4: What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?
A4: the Rebellion of the Seven States
Q5: What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?
A5: scholarly gentry
History_of_India (History)

The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.

Q1: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?
A1: Marathas and Afghans
Q2: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?
A2: Maratha general Bajirao
Q3: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?
A3: Nizam-ul-mulk
Q4: What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?
A4: Bhopal
Q5: What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?
A5: 1857 War of Independence
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares (74 acres)) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.

Q1: Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?
A1: north-central
Q2: In what year was Narayanhity constructed?
A2: 1970
Q3: Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?
A3: Birenda Bir Bikram Shah
Q4: How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?
A4: 74
Q5: What god is Narayana?
A5: Vishnu
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat (1936), a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production, and produced as a high-quality, big-budget film rather than as a B-picture. The new film featured several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935, and unlike the 1929 film was based on the Broadway musical rather than the novel. Carl, Jr.'s spending habits alarmed company stockholders. They would not allow production to start on Show Boat unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time Universal had borrowed money for a production in its 26-year history. The production went $300,000 over budget; Standard called in the loan, cash-strapped Universal could not pay, Standard foreclosed and seized control of the studio on April 2, 1936.

Q1: In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released?
A1: 1936
Q2: In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat?
A2: 1929
Q3: What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?
A3: $750,000
Q4: Who granted Universal the production loan?
A4: the Standard Capital Corporation
Q5: When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?
A5: April 2, 1936
United_States_Army (History)

The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.

Q1: What war occurred after the end of World War II?
A1: Cold War
Q2: In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?
A2: 1950
Q3: How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?
A3: four
Treaty (Language and literature)

The end of a treaty, the eschatocol (or closing protocol), is often signaled by a clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof," the parties have affixed their signatures, followed by the words "DONE at," then the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s) of its execution. The date is typically written in its most formal, longest possible form. For example, the Charter of the United Nations was "DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five." If the treaty is executed in multiple copies in different languages, that fact is always noted, and is followed by a stipulation that the versions in different languages are equally authentic.

Q1: What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?
A1: the eschatocol
Q2: What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?
A2: the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)
Q3: How is the date typically written in a treaty?
A3: its most formal, longest possible form
Q4: What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?
A4: equally authentic
Q5: A clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof" typically signals what in a treaty?
A5: The end
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, finishing certain levels of education, and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence.

Q1: Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?
A1: independence
Q2: Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
A2: varies by country
Q3: Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?
A3: different ages
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

Q1: What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?
A1: religious plays
Q2: In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?
A2: 1558
Q3: In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?
A3: 1539
Q4: What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?
A4: secular
Q5: Where were religious plays banned in 1548?
A5: Paris
History_of_science (History)

The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.

Q1: What was the beginning of psychology classified as?
A1: a scientific enterprise
Q2: What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?
A2: 1879
Q3: Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?
A3: Wilhelm Wundt
Q4: What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?
A4: memory studies
Q5: What was Ivan Pavlov known for?
A5: classical conditioning
Greece (Geography and places)

The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.

Q1: When did the Olympic Game begin?
A1: 776 BC
Q2: The literary work "The Odyssey:, was written by whom?
A2: Homer
Q3: What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?
A3: 776 BC
Q4: Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?
A4: Greater Greece
Q5: In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?
A5: 508 BC
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign Díaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.

Q1: The Porfiriato ended in which year?
A1: 1910
Q2: The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?
A2: Mexican Revolution
Q3: Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?
A3: Díaz
Q4: Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?
A4: Madero
Q5: Who took up arms in support of Madero?
A5: Toribio Ortega
Bermuda (History)

The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished.

Q1: What event caused major changes in Bermuda?
A1: end of the war
Q2: Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?
A2: buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,
Q3: How does the British crown view Bermuda?
A3: a base more than a colony
Q4: What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?
A4: the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The end result is that the resonant antenna will efficiently feed a signal into the transmission line only when the source signal's frequency is close to that of the design frequency of the antenna, or one of the resonant multiples. This makes resonant antenna designs inherently narrowband, and they are most commonly used with a single target signal. They are particularly common on radar systems, where the same antenna is used for both broadcast and reception, or for radio and television broadcasts, where the antenna is working with a single frequency. They are less commonly used for reception where multiple channels are present, in which case additional modifications are used to increase the bandwidth, or entirely different antenna designs are used.

Q1:  If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?
A1: resonant multiples
Q2: What is the most common application of resonant antennas?
A2: single target signal
Q3: What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?
A3: resonant
Q4: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?
A4: bandwidth
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

Q1: Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?
A1: Valencian Community
Q2: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
A2: the same language
Q3: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
A3: dialects