LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Neolithic (History)

Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland.

Q1: What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?
A1: farmers
Q2: What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?
A2: tending, harvesting and processing of crops
Q3: What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?
A3: sickle blades and grinding stones
Q4: What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?
A4: pottery, bone implements)
Q5: What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?
A5: stone axe
Neolithic (History)

Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.

Q1: What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?
A1: houses and villages
Q2: What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?
A2: humans and animals
Q3: What were European homes constructed from?
A3: wattle and daub
Q4: What types of sites were built for the deceased?
A4: Elaborate tombs
Q5: Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?
A5: Ireland
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.

Q1: What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? 
A1: 47°
Q2: Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? 
A2: 0.55 radii
Q3: What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? 
A3: Uranus's
Q4: What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? 
A4: flows in the planets' interiors
Q5: What fluids are in Neptune's interior? 
A5: ammonia, methane and water
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the Roche limit. In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of 38 K (−235 °C).

Q1: How many moons does Neptune have?
A1: 14
Q2: What is Neptune's largest moon?
A2: Triton
Q3: Who discovered Triton? 
A3: William Lassell
Q4: What orbit does Triton have around Neptune? 
A4: retrograde orbit
Q5: What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?
A5: that it was captured
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18. Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, (309239) 2007 RW10. The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.

Q1: What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?
A1: 1:1
Q2: Where did most Neptune trojans form?
A2: alongside Neptune
Q3: What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?
A3: 2008 LC18
Q4: What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?
A4: (309239) 2007 RW10
Q5: How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune? 
A5: 12,500 years
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

Q1: What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? 
A1: planetary ring system
Q2: What might Neptune's rings consist of?
A2: ice particles
Q3: What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?
A3: silicates or carbon-based material
Q4: Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?
A4: 63,000 km
Q5: Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?
A5: 53,000 km
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

Q1: How was Neptune found? 
A1: mathematical prediction
Q2: Who discovered Neptune? 
A2: Alexis Bouvard
Q3: When was Neptune first observed? 
A3: 23 September 1846
Q4: What is Neptune's largest moon? 
A4: Triton
Q5: What flew by Neptune in 1989? 
A5: Voyager 2
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

Q1: Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? 
A1: Uranus
Q2: What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? 
A2: hydrogen and helium
Q3: What is the interior of Neptune composed of? 
A3: ices and rock
Q4: What makes Neptune blue? 
A4: methane
Q5: What "ices" makes up Neptune? 
A5: water, ammonia, and methane
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

Q1: What planet is Neptune's near-twin? 
A1: Uranus
Q2: How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?
A2: 17 times
Q3: What is Neptune named after?
A3: Roman god of the sea
Q4: What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?
A4: god Neptune's trident
Q5: How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? 
A5: 164.8 years
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.

Q1: Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? 
A1: in the troposphere
Q2: What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? 
A2: holes
Q3: Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?
A3: vortex structures
Q4: What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?
A4: methane clouds
Q5: When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?
A5: dissipate
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

Q1: What is Neptune's mass? 
A1: 1.0243×1026 kg
Q2: How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? 
A2: 17 times
Q3: What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? 
A3: 11.15 m/s2
Q4: What is Neptune's equatorial radius? 
A4: 24,764 km
Q5: What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? 
A5: ice giant
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (−221.3 °C). At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa), the temperature is 72.00 K (−201.15 °C). Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.

Q1: Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?
A1: higher internal heating
Q2: How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?
A2: 50%
Q3: How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?
A3: 40%
Q4: How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives? 
A4: 2.61
Q5: The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?
A5: heat left over from Neptune's formation
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the asteroid belt, shaping its structure, so Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure. The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example.

Q1: What is the region behind Neptune called? 
A1: Kuiper belt
Q2: What does the Kuiper belt consist of?
A2: small icy worlds
Q3: Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?
A3: 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun
Q4: What dominates the Kuiper belt? 
A4: Neptune's gravity
Q5: What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt? 
A5: gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "skin effect" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70° S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.

Q1: What dynamic weather does Neptune have?
A1: storm
Q2: What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? 
A2: 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)
Q3: What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?
A3: 400 m/s
Q4: Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?
A4: opposite
Q5: What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? 
A5: skin effect
Wayback_Machine (Engineering and technology)

Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."

Q1: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?
A1: Internet Archive
Q2: Which party did Internet Archive side with?
A2: Chordiant
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

Network effects are a large factor with electrification. When converting lines to electric, the connections with other lines must be considered. Some electrifications have subsequently been removed because of the through traffic to non-electrified lines. If through traffic is to have any benefit, time consuming engine switches must occur to make such connections or expensive dual mode engines must be used. This is mostly an issue for long distance trips, but many lines come to be dominated by through traffic from long-haul freight trains (usually running coal, ore, or containers to or from ports). In theory, these trains could enjoy dramatic savings through electrification, but it can be too costly to extend electrification to isolated areas, and unless an entire network is electrified, companies often find that they need to continue use of diesel trains even if sections are electrified. The increasing demand for container traffic which is more efficient when utilizing the double-stack car also has network effect issues with existing electrifications due to insufficient clearance of overhead electrical lines for these trains, but electrification can be built or modified to have sufficient clearance, at additional cost.

Q1: What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?
A1: Network effects
Q2: What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?
A2: through traffic to non-electrified lines
Q3: Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?
A3: long distance trips
Q4: What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains?
A4: electrification to isolated areas
Q5: What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often?
A5: diesel trains
Internet_service_provider (Engineering and technology)

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Q1: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
A1: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible
Q2: What sort of route does data follow? 
A2: the most efficient route
Brain (Natural sciences)

Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity.

Q1: People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?
A1: Neuroanatomists
Q2: The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?
A2: telencephalon
Q3: The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?
A3: diencephalon
Q4: The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?
A4: mesencephalon
Q5: Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?
A5: thalamus and hypothalamus
Brain (Natural sciences)

Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies, or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings, which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons. Because the brain does not contain pain receptors, it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress. The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy, in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures. Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects, because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time, but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive.

Q1: What do neurophysiologists study?
A1: the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain
Q2: The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?
A2: drugs and recording devices
Q3: What type of receptors does the brain lack?
A3: pain receptors
Q4: Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?
A4: the scalp
Brain (Natural sciences)

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter, or combination of neurotransmitters, at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons; this rule is known as Dale's principle. Thus, a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, and many others.

Q1: Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?
A1: synapses
Q2: What do neurotransmitters attach to?
A2: receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell
Q3: Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?
A3: Dale's principle
Dog (Natural sciences)

Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.

Q1: Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?
A1: Neutering
Q2: According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?
A2: urinary incontinence
Q3: Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?
A3: Spayed
Q4: What is increased in female dogs with neutering?
A4: urinary incontinence
Q5: What is increased in male dogs with neutering?
A5: prostate cancer