LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

Q1: What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
A1: "Class of '67"
Q2: What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
A2: habitat destruction
Q3: How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
A3: It included only vertebrates
Q4: How did being listed initially impact species?
A4: the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).

Q1: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
A1: French or Spanish
Q2: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
A2: passive voice
Q3: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
A3: French or English
Q4: What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
A4: preposition
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.

Q1: Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?
A1: dance-pop
Q2: What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?
A2: boybands
Q3: What genre of music is played by Westlife?
A3: power pops
Q4: What genre of music is played by The Eagles?
A4: soft rock
Q5: What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?
A5: 18-54
Roman_Republic (History)

This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this (such as military rule of Sicily after the First Punic War), it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire, at least in certain locations. This shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal.

Q1: After what war did the alliances start to solidify?
A1: Second Punic War
Q2: What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?
A2: This growing coalition
Q3: What towns had chosen Hannibal's side?
A3: southern Italian
Q4: What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy?
A4: membership (and protection)
Computer_security (Engineering and technology)

This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."

Q1: Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?"
A1: Jay Cross
Q2: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?
A2: the Internet Time Group
Q3: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
A3: increasing efficiency
Q4: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
A4: exposes new vulnerabilities
European_Central_Bank (Geography and places)

This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called "Grexit", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

Q1: What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?
A1: Grexit
Q2: What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?
A2: If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.
Q3: As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?
A3: never pushed those exits
Q4: Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?
A4: Greece
Empiricism (Philosophy and religion)

This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon." Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well. As Sextus contends "For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8).

Q1: What is the Stoic view?
A1: the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it
Q2: What was Aetius's career?
A2: doxographer
Q3: Where was Sextus from?
A3: Chaeronea
Q4: Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?
A4: Sextus
Q5: Whose ideas did Sextus build on?
A5: Aetius
Portugal (Geography and places)

This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Q1: Who led the Estado Novo?
A1: António de Oliveira Salazar
Q2: In what year was the Estado Novo established?
A2: 1933
Q3: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?
A3: five
Q4: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
A4: relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa
Liberia (History)

This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]

Q1: What empire was o the decline on 1375?
A1: Western Sudanic Mali Empire
Q2: What happened when regions underwent desertification?
A2: inhabitants moved to the wetter coast
Q3: Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?
A3: the Grand Cape Mount region.
Q4: Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?
A4: The ethnic Kru
Emotion (Natural sciences)

This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes— a "series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

Q1: Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?
A1: Howard M. Weiss
Q2: When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?
A2: 1996
Q3: What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?
A3: work
Q4: Who did Beal write "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?
A4: Howard M. Weiss
Q5: Where was "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published?
A5: Research on Emotion in Organizations
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

This is a consequence of Lorentz reciprocity. For an antenna element  not connected to anything (open circuited) one can write . But for an element  which is short circuited, a current is generated across that short but no voltage is allowed, so the corresponding . This is the case, for instance, with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint. Parasitic elements are unpowered elements that absorb and reradiate RF energy according to the induced current calculated using such a system of equations.

Q1: a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?
A1: open circuited
Q2: When is the element not allowed voltage?
A2: short circuited
Q3: What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?
A3: Parasitic
Q4: What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?
A4: Yagi-Uda
Q5: Where can this solid rod be viewed?
A5: feedpoint
Bermuda (History)

This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.

Q1: Who has "observer status" to CARICOM?
A1: US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Q2: What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?
A2: they would seek ties with CARICOM
Q3: Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?
A3: primarily to strengthen cultural links.
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

This is fortunate, since antennas at lower frequencies which are not rather large (a good fraction of a wavelength in size) are inevitably inefficient (due to the small radiation resistance Rr of small antennas). Most AM broadcast radios (except for car radios) take advantage of this principle by including a small loop antenna for reception which has an extremely poor efficiency. Using such an inefficient antenna at this low frequency (530–1650 kHz) thus has little effect on the receiver's net performance, but simply requires greater amplification by the receiver's electronics. Contrast this tiny component to the massive and very tall towers used at AM broadcast stations for transmitting at the very same frequency, where every percentage point of reduced antenna efficiency entails a substantial cost.

Q1: Small and minimal frequency antennas are know to be what?
A1: inefficient
Q2: What is added to to increase ability for reception?
A2: small loop antenna
Q3: How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things?
A3: little effect
Q4: When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have?
A4: substantial cost
Edmund_Burke (History)

This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

Q1: What did Burke think the war with France was against?
A1: an "armed doctrine"
Q2: Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?
A2: France
Q3: What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?
A3: universal
Q4: Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?
A4: the revolutionaries governing her
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves. From the last decades of the Empire until the 1950s, the proportion of the white population increased significantly while Brazil welcomed 5.5 million immigrants between 1821 and 1932, not much behind its neighbor Argentina with 6.4 million, and it received more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States. Between 1500 and 1760, 700.000 Europeans settled in Brazil, while 530.000 Europeans settled in the United States for the same given time. Thus, the historical construction of race in Brazilian society dealt primarily with gradations between persons of majoritarily European ancestry and little minority groups with otherwise lower quantity therefrom in recent times.

Q1: What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?
A1: 3.5 million
Q2: What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?
A2: miserable
Q3: Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?
A3: relations between white masters and female slaves
Q4: Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?
A4: 1821 and 1932
Q5: Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?
A5: 700.000
Alfred_North_Whitehead (Philosophy and religion)

This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:

Q1: In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?
A1: the most difficult to understand
Q2: Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?
A2: professional philosophers
Q3: When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?
A3: 1927–28
Q4: Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?
A4: Process and Reality
Q5: What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?
A5: generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon
Q6: What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?
A6: Gifford lectures
Q7: Under what name were those lectures later published?
A7: Process and Reality
United_States_Air_Force (Warfare)

This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

Q1: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?
A1: Air Force
Q2: What is the definition of CND?
A2: computer network defense
Q3: What does Cyberspace defense include?
A3: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques
Q4: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? 
A4: fused all-source intelligence
Q5: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? 
A5: Air Force
Antarctica (Natural sciences)

This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

Q1: How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?
A1: better understanding
Q2: Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?
A2: New types
Q3: From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?
A3: Moon
Q4: About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?
A4: Mars
Q5: What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?
A5: cosmic radiation
Energy (Natural sciences)

This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.

Q1: What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?
A1: Noether's theorem
Q2: What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?
A2: energy
Q3: This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?
A3: the uncertainty principle
Q4: What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?
A4: uncertainty principle
Karl_Popper (Natural sciences)

This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false. This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science, as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory.

Q1: According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?
A1: falsification
Q2: What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?
A2: criticism or experiment
Q3: How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?
A3: weaknesses
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union (History)

This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990).

Q1: What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?
A1: nationalist movements and ethnic disputes
Q2: In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?
A2: Romania
Q3: What party did Gorbachev belong to?
A3: Communist Party
Q4: What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?
A4: Congress of People's Deputies
Q5: When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?
A5: 1990