LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Red (Natural sciences)

But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

Q1: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?
A1: 4000 BC
Q2: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?
A2: Red ochre
Q3: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
A3: the rubia
Q4: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?
A4: ivory painter's palette
Q5: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?
A5: alizarin
Korean_War (Warfare)

By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.

Q1: Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?
A1: MacArthur
Q2: Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?
A2: the UN
Q3: How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?
A3: cut the road north going to China
Q4: How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?
A4: 135,000
Switzerland (Geography and places)

By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.

Q1: In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?
A1: the Swiss plateau
Q2: In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?
A2: extinction of its male line in 1263
Q3: Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?
A3: the Habsburgs
Q4: Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?
A4: King Rudolph I
Q5: What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?
A5: Waldstätten
Switzerland (Geography and places)

By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, particularly after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.

Q1: In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states?
A1: By 1353
Q2: Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?
A2: end of the 15th century
Q3: What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?
A3: increased power and wealth
Q4: By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?
A4: the confederates
Q5: Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?
A5: Swabian War
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador (Geography and places)

By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast. In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country". The population grew slowly in the 17th century and St. John's was the largest settlement in Newfoundland when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675. The population would grow in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen. In 1680, fishing ships (mostly from South Devon) set up fishing rooms at St. John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats.

Q1: Who referred St. John's as St. "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country" ? 
A1: William Payne
Q2: When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?
A2: 1675
Q3: When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?
A3: 1680
Q4: What grew during the summers in St. John's?
A4: population
Q5: Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?
A5: fishermen
New_Haven,_Connecticut (Geography and places)

By 1640, the town's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac. However, the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony. At the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established, while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches.

Q1: What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?
A1: theocratic government
Q2: By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven?
A2: 1640
Q3: In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden?
A3: 1678
Q4: What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?
A4: Connecticut Colony
Q5: What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony?
A5: other churches to be established
Q6: In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?
A6: Hamden
Q7: New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where?
A7: Hartford
Q8: What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut?
A8: an intolerant theocracy
Q9: Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located?
A9: Quinnipiac
Franco-Prussian_War (History)

By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.

Q1: By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?
A1: breaking up
Q2: Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?
A2: General Canrobert
Q3: What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?
A3: lethal French gunfire
Q4: By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?
A4: Rezonville
Napoleon (History)

By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.

Q1: On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?
A1: 17 May
Q2:  Who led the main Austrian army?
A2: Charles
Q3: On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?
A3: 21 May
Q4: How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
A4: 110,000
Q5: Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
A5: 23,000
Seven_Years%27_War (History)

By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

Q1: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
A1: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened
Q2: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?
A2: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army
Q3: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?
A3: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute
Q4: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?
A4: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war
Q5: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?
A5: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.
Alsace (History)

By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.

Q1: What was the population of Alsace in 1790?
A1: 22,500
Q2: Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?
A2: in villages
Q3: in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?
A3: full emancipation
Q4: Which country was Alsace merged into during  1871-1918
A4: Germany
Napoleon (History)

By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

Q1: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?
A1: Désirée Clary
Q2: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?
A2: the Army of the West
Q3: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?
A3: the War in the Vendée
Q4: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?
A4: Joseph
Q5: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?
A5: poor health
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

Q1: What was planned by Denmark Vesey?
A1: slave revolt
Q2: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?
A2: May 1822
Q3: How was Vesey executed in 1822?
A3: hanged
Q4: How many slaves were executed with Vesey? 
A4: five slaves
Q5: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?
A5: Haitian Revolution
Queen_Victoria (History)

By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".

Q1: The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?
A1: the Belgians
Q2: What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?
A2: 1831
Q3: Who was the nephew of leopold?
A3: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q4: Who was Alberts father?
A4: Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Q5: How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?
A5: very plain
Q6: Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?
A6: William IV
Q7: Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead? 
A7: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands
Q8: Prince Alexander was the second son of whom? 
A8: Prince of Orange
Q9: What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange? 
A9: very plain
Q10: How did Victoria feel about Albert?
A10: enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning
Q11: Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?
A11: the Duchess's brother, Leopold
Q12: Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?
A12: William IV
Q13: Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?
A13: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

Q1: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?
A1: The slave trade
Q2: Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?
A2: the Market Hall and Sheds
Q3: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?
A3: 1808
Q4: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?
A4: Black Belt
Q5: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?
A5: in the antebellum years
Buckingham_Palace (Art and architecture)

By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle. The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the "public face" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour. The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne.

Q1: Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?
A1: Edward Blore
Q2: The new wing was built by whom?
A2: Thomas Cubitt
Q3: What is the East front of the palace known as?
A3: "public face" of Buckingham Palace
Q4: The East Front contains what famous feature?
A4: the balcony
Q5: Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?
A5: Sir James Pennethorne.
Q6: Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?
A6: Edward Blore
Q7: Who built the new wing?
A7: Thomas Cubitt
Q8: What is considered the public face of the palace?
A8: The large East Front
Q9: What other wing was built during this time?
A9: The ballroom wing
Q10: Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?
A10: Sir James Pennethorne
Houston (History)

By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.

Q1: What commodity was Houston known for in 1860? 
A1: cotton
Q2: What type of roads converged in Houston?
A2: rail lines
Q3: Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?
A3: General John Bankhead Magruder
Q4: For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?
A4: Battle of Galveston
Q5: What was Houston known for by 1890?
A5: railroad center of Texas
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.

Q1: On what material did the phonautograph operate?
A1: smoked glass
Q2: What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?
A2: metal
Q3: What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?
A3: sound
Q4: What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?
A4: pen
Q5: In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?
A5: 1874
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for their time.

Q1: By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?
A1: 1878
Q2: What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?
A2: Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway
Q3: What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?
A3: The United States Hotel
Q4: Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?
A4: rooming houses
Q5: What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?
A5: Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues