LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

There has, however, been interest among railroad operators in returning to DC use at higher voltages than previously used. At the same voltage, DC often has less loss than AC, and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines. DC avoids the electromagnetic radiation inherent with AC, and on a railway this also reduces interference with signalling and communications and mitigates hypothetical EMF risks. DC also avoids the power factor problems of AC. Of particular interest to railroading is that DC can supply constant power with a single ungrounded wire. Constant power with AC requires three-phase transmission with at least two ungrounded wires. Another important consideration is that mains-frequency 3-phase AC must be carefully planned to avoid unbalanced phase loads. Parts of the system are supplied from different phases on the assumption that the total loads of the 3 phases will even out. At the phase break points between regions supplied from different phases, long insulated supply breaks are required to avoid them being shorted by rolling stock using more than one pantograph at a time. A few railroads have tried 3-phase but its substantial complexity has made single-phase standard practice despite the interruption in power flow that occurs twice every cycle. An experimental 6 kV DC railway was built in the Soviet Union.

Q1: What type of electric power garantees lesser loss?
A1: DC
Q2: Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?
A2: AC
Q3: What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?
A3: signalling and communications
Q4: Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?
A4: AC
Q5: Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?
A5: the Soviet Union
Arsenal_F.C. (Sports and recreation)

There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club. A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million. The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season.

Q1: What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?
A1: satellite television
Q2: How many supporter clubs outside Britain  were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?
A2: 49
Q3: In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?
A3: 113 million
Q4: What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?
A4: fifth highest
Q5: In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?
A5: geography
Dialect (Language and literature)

There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan–Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity".

Q1: Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?
A1: Mircea Snegur
Q2: In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?
A2: 2003
Q3: Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
A3: Romanian expansionism
Q4: Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?
A4: Ion Bărbuţă
Everton_F.C. (History)

There have been indications since 1996 that Everton will move to a new stadium. The original plan was for a new 60,000-seat stadium to be built, but in 2000 a proposal was submitted to build a 55,000 seat stadium as part of the King's Dock regeneration. This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the £30 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project, with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003. Late in 2004, driven by Liverpool Council and the Northwest Development Corporation, the club entered talks with Liverpool F.C. about sharing a proposed stadium on Stanley Park. Negotiations broke down as Everton failed to raise 50% of the costs. On 11 January 2005, Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility, proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium.

Q1: How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000?
A1: 55,000
Q2: How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000?
A2: £30 million
Q3: In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC's new stadium proposal?
A3: 2003
Q4: In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium?
A4: 2005
Q5: What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000?
A5: Liverpool
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor, a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceauşescu's regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after Ceauşescu, even though no one knew her name until many years later.

Q1: What happens when a country bans a movie?
A1: the spread of copied videos and DVDs
Q2: Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?
A2: New York Times
Q3: What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?
A3: a narrator for state TV
Q4: What did a visitor give to Nistor?
A4: bootlegged copies of American movies
Q5: How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?
A5: 3,000
Napoleon (History)

There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

Q1: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?
A1: arsenic poisoning
Q2: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?
A2: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer
Q3:  A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?
A3: hair
Q4: The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?
A4: 100 times
Digimon (Video games)

There have been nine Digimon movies released in Japan. The first seven were directly connected to their respective anime series; Digital Monster X-Evolution originated from the Digimon Chronicle merchandise line. All movies except X-Evolution and Ultimate Power! Activate Burst Mode have been released and distributed internationally. Digimon: The Movie, released in the U.S. and Canada territory by Fox Kids through 20th Century Fox on October 6, 2000, consists of the union of the first three Japanese movies.

Q1: How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?
A1: nine Digimon movies
Q2: How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?
A2: seven
Q3: What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?
A3: October 6, 2000
Endangered_Species_Act (Natural sciences)

There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonfactor in the administration of the ESA. A major reason, of course, is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions, and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy."

Q1: How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009?
A1: six
Q2: What were the results of those exemption petitions?
A2: one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn
Q3: Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor?
A3: few consultations result in jeopardy opinions
Q4: How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded?
A4: in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy.
Dog (Natural sciences)

There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.

Q1: Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?
A1: commodification
Q2: The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?
A2: dogs.
Q3: How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?
A3: two
Q4: When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?
A4: commodification
Q5: A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
A5: everyday routines
Chinese_characters (Language and literature)

There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words.

Q1: What is still being used according to experts?
A1: Hanja
Q2: What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?
A2: Hanja
Q3: What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?
A3: weddings
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution) while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for "general intelligence."

Q1: What is Machine learning closely related to?
A1: compression
Q2: What type of compressor can be used for prediction?
A2: optimal
Q3: What has been used as a benchmark for "general intelligence"?
A3: data compression
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance. In any case, analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment's ability to maintain homeostasis, the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and health (as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic).

Q1: The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?
A1: to what extent
Q2: Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?
A2: high glycemic index
Q3: What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?
A3: metabolic syndrome epidemic
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 (History)

There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation needed] By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30–35% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth is down $14 trillion.

Q1: How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?
A1: more than a quarter
Q2: In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?
A2: 45%
Q3: In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?
A3: 20%
Q4: How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?
A4: $13 trillion
Q5: How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?
A5: $8.8 trillion
Neolithic (History)

There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "...systematic violence between groups" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle".

Q1: Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?
A1: Linearbandkeramik
Q2: What did some villages fortify their settlements with?
A2: a palisade and an outer ditch
Q3: What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?
A3: weapon-traumatized bones
Q4: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?
A4: the Talheim Death Pit
Plymouth (History)

There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.

Q1: What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?
A1: the Bretonside bus station
Q2: To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?
A2: the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena
Q3: What city region is located near a ferry terminal?
A3: Millbay
Somalis (Geography and places)

There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai.

Q1: In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?
A1: the United Arab Emirates
Q2: What is another name for the city center of Dubai?
A2: Deira
Q3: People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?
A3: Iranians
Q4: What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?
A4: Star African Air
Q5: How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
A5: three
Greeks (History)

There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination. This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor. There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states, remnants of the Old Greek Diaspora (pre-19th century).

Q1: What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?
A1: 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey
Q2: What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?
A2: 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.
Q3: How long was there a Greek influence represented in "little" Asia ? 
A3: the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor
Q4: Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?
A4: smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,
Wood (Natural sciences)

There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.

Q1: What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?
A1: strong
Q2: What property of wood varies according to species?
A2: density
Q3: What property of wood has a correlation to its density?
A3: strength
Q4: Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?
A4: hardwood
Q5: What hobby is balsa wood often used for?
A5: model building
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.

Q1: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
A1: Occitan and French
Q2: What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
A2: bullent/bullenta
Q3: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
A3: bullent/bullenta
Gramophone_record (Music)

There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turntable rumble obscures the low-end limit of vinyl but the upper end can be, with some cartridges, reasonably flat within a few decibels to 30 kHz, with gentle roll-off. Carrier signals of Quad LPs popular in the 1970s were at 30 kHz to be out of the range of human hearing. The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz. The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person.

Q1: What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?
A1: 20 Hz
Q2: What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?
A2: vinyl records
Q3: What is the higher end of typical human hearing?
A3: 20,000 Hz
Q4: Does the hearing range of the human vary?
A4: The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person
London (Geography and places)

There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the London Eye, the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.

Q1: The Lord Mayor's Show occurs annually in what month?
A1: November
Q2: What does the Lord Mayor's Show parade commemorate and celebrate?
A2: the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor
Q3: Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June?
A3: regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies
Q4: Fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve from what contemporary London landmark?
A4: the London Eye
Q5: Every June, the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event?
A5: the Queen's Official Birthday
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.

Q1: What type of group can't be biologically defined?
A1: racial
Q2: What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
A2: racial
Q3: What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
A3: biological traits
Q4: Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
A4: human
Q5: What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? 
A5: no current consensus