LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Emotion (Natural sciences)

Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946–2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (1927–2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986).

Q1: What theory was developed by Arnold?
A1: the appraisal theory of emotions
Q2: When did Richard Lazarus die?
A2: 2002
Q3: Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?
A3: Robert C. Solomon
Q4: Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?
A4: Oxford
Q5: What is Nico Frijda's nationality?
A5: Dutch
Boston (Geography and places)

Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly 7 percent of the city's workforce.

Q1: How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?
A1: four
Q2: How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?
A2: 250,000
Q3: Who is the citys fourth largest employer?
A3: Boston University
Josip_Broz_Tito (History)

Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Independence, Order of Merit, Order of the Nile, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, Croix de Guerre, Order of the Cross of Grunwald, Czechoslovak War Cross, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Military Order of the White Lion, Nishan-e-Pakistan, Order of Al Rafidain, Order of Carol I, Order of Georgi Dimitrov, Order of Karl Marx, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Michael the Brave, Order of Pahlavi, Order of Sukhbaatar, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Liberator, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Queen of Sheba, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Partisan Cross, Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha.[citation needed]

Q1: Tito was awarded the Star of what country?
A1: Romania
Q2: Tito was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of what country?
A2: Austria
Q3: Tito was awarded the Queen of where?
A3: Sheba
Q4: Tito was awarded with the Order of the White Rose of what country?
A4: Finland
Q5: Tito was awarded with the Royal Order of what country?
A5: Cambodia
Renewable_energy_commercialization (Engineering and technology)

Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002–2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:

Q1: Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?
A1: 35,800 MW
Q2: China has how much wind power installed?
A2: 42,300 MW
Q3: In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
A3: 19%
Q4: In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
A4: 9%
Q5: In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
A5: 6%
Alps (Geography and places)

Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period.

Q1: Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what?
A1: having been indigenous to the area
Q2: How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous?
A2: the Alpine orogeny
Q3: Where is Emosson located?
A3: Valais, Switzerland
Q4: When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson?
A4: the 1970s
Hunter-gatherer (Natural sciences)

Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)

Q1: What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?
A1: nothing meaningful
Q2: Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?
A2: theorists
Q3: What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?
A3: pure hunter-gatherer
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research, which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role, and overall strategies being redefined accordingly. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop.

Q1: What drugs are the least expensive to develop?
A1: those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient
Q2: What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?
A2: opportunity cost of investing capital
Q3: What is the consequence in the value chain?
A3: increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research
Q4: What happens when companies outsource?
A4: somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies
Q5: What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?
A5: Line-extensions
Q6: Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?
A6: nearly half the total expense
Q7: What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?
A7: biotechnology
Q8: What firms tend to outsource drug development?
A8: major pharmaceutical multinationals
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups (such as lower-class whites and Asians).There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions, in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger. In 2006, nearly 60% of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions. Michigan joined California, Florida, Texas, and Washington in banning the use of race or sex in admissions considerations. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it's supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action claim that these policies dehumanize individuals and applicants to jobs or school are judged as members of a group without consideration for the individual person.

Q1: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?
A1: undesirable side-effects
Q2: Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?
A2: may increase racial tension
Q3: When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?
A3: 2006
Q4: How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?
A4: 60%
Q5: Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?
A5: Grutter v. Bollinger
Genome (Natural sciences)

Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.

Q1: A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?
A1: half
Q2: What process splits the chromosome between gametes?
A2: meiosis
Q3: What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?
A3: mitochondria and chloroplasts
Uranium (Natural sciences)

Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.

Q1: What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?
A1: Citrobacter
Q2: What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?
A2: Trapelia involuta
Q3: What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?
A3: glycerol phosphate
Q4: What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?
A4: Geobacter
Q5: What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?
A5: Glomus intraradices
Nutrition (Agriculture, food, and drink)

Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success. Currently, less than 10% of American college students report that they eat the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. Better nutrition has been shown to have an impact on both cognitive and spatial memory performance; a study showed those with higher blood sugar levels performed better on certain memory tests. In another study, those who consumed yogurt performed better on thinking tasks when compared to those that consumed caffeine-free diet soda or confections. Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior in mice as far back as 1951.

Q1: What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?
A1: school cafeterias
Q2: Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?
A2: managed foodservice contractors
Q3: What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?
A3: overall educational success
Q4: What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?
A4: 10
Q5: Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?
A5: mice
Sexual_orientation (Natural sciences)

Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.

Q1: What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?
A1: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)
Q2: When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?
A2: femininity and/or inferiority
Q3: When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?
A3: masculinity and/or superiority
Q4: How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?
A4: Little
Hanover (History)

Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kröpcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Finance, the Garten Church, the Luther Church, the Gehry Tower (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the specially designed Bus Stops, the Opera House, the Central Station, the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities.

Q1: Who designed the Gehry Tower?
A1: Frank O. Gehry
Q2: What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower?
A2: American
Q3: What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?
A3: one of the largest of its kind in Europe
Q4: How many parks are there approximately in Hanover?
A4: 40
Q5: How many rivers run through Hanover?
A5: two
Animal (Natural sciences)

Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution.

Q1: How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?
A1: 1 billion years
Q2: Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?
A2: triploblastic worms
Q3: Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?
A3: earthworms
Q4: When was the beginning of the Tonian period?
A4: around 1 billion years ago
Q5: What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?
A5: Gromia sphaerica
Elevator (History)

Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a "traction" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight.

Q1: What is another name for an elevator shaft?
A1: hoistway
Q2: Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?
A2: steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand
Q3: What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by? 
A3: a counterweight
Q4: How do elevators built in pairs work?
A4: their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions,
Glass (Art and architecture)

Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids.

Q1: What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?
A1: first-order phase transition
Q2: What theory isn't completely valid for glass?
A2: equilibrium theory of phase transformations
Q3: Transition in glass is comparable to what?
A3: a second-order phase transition
Pesticide (Natural sciences)

Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

Q1: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
A1: restricted use pesticides
Q2: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
A2: an exam
Q3:  The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
A3: Records of sales and use
Q4: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
A4: state or territorial
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn.

Q1: What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?
A1: change sex
Q2: What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?
A2: permanent gonads
Q3: How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?
A3: the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual
Szlachta (History)

Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania.

Q1: What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?
A1: magnates
Q2: What is the singular version of magnates?
A2: magnat
Q3: What is another name referring polish nobles?
A3: możny
Q4: What is the plural version of mozny?
A4: możni
Q5: What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
A5: Lithuania