LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (any external entity, possibly even another human) at all. Under Hegel's concept of "subject-object identity," subject and object both have Spirit (Hegel's ersatz, redefined, nonsupernatural "God") as their conceptual (not metaphysical) inner reality—and in that sense are identical. But until Spirit's "self-realization" occurs and Spirit graduates from Spirit to Absolute Spirit status, subject (a human mind) mistakenly thinks every "object" it observes is something "alien," meaning something separate or apart from "subject." In Hegel's words, "The object is revealed to it [to "subject"] by [as] something alien, and it does not recognize itself." Self-realization occurs when Hegel (part of Spirit's nonsupernatural Mind, which is the collective mind of all humans) arrives on the scene and realizes that every "object" is himself, because both subject and object are essentially Spirit. When self-realization occurs and Spirit becomes Absolute Spirit, the "finite" (man, human) becomes the "infinite" ("God," divine), replacing the imaginary or "picture-thinking" supernatural God of theism: man becomes God. Tucker puts it this way: "Hegelianism . . . is a religion of self-worship whose fundamental theme is given in Hegel's image of the man who aspires to be God himself, who demands 'something more, namely infinity.'" The picture Hegel presents is "a picture of a self-glorifying humanity striving compulsively, and at the end successfully, to rise to divinity."

Q1: In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?
A1: Spirit
Q2: What is another term for Hegel's "subject"?
A2: any human observer
Q3: What does Hegel mean by "object"?
A3: any external entity
Q4: What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?
A4: Absolute Spirit
Q5: Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?
A5: self
Melbourne (Geography and places)

Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city. New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.

Q1: In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?
A1: 1958
Q2: Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?
A2: Chadstone Shopping Centre
Q3: What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?
A3: demolished or subdivided
Q4: Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?
A4: CBD and St Kilda Road
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.

Q1: Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?
A1: Brussels
Q2: Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?
A2: Heitaro Nakajima
Q3: What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?
A3: 1976
Q4: Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?
A4: Eindhoven, Netherlands
Q5: What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?
A5: Betamax video recorder
Q6: When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?
A6: 1 March 1979
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287 – 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the ﬁve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the "Father of Geography ", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.

Q1: When did Archimedes die?
A1: 212 BC
Q2: When was Euclid born?
A2: 325
Q3: Who worked on the five Platonic solids?
A3: Euclid
Q4: Who measured the circumference of the Earth?
A4: Eratosthenes
Q5: Who was the Father of Geomtery?
A5: Eratosthenes
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.

Q1: Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?
A1: pathos
Q2: Character is called what in Hellenistic art?
A2: ethos
Q3: Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?
A3: Zeuxis
Q4: The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?
A4: passion
Q5: What painting epitomized the female nude?
A5: Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.

Q1: The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?
A1: Hellenistic
Q2: What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?
A2: Alexandria
Q3: What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?
A3: 3rd
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

Q1: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?
A1: Hellenistic
Q2: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?
A2: Hellenistic
Q3: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?
A3: Hellenistic
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

Q1: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?
A1: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres
Q2: Who invented the Polybolos?
A2: Dionysios of Alexandria
Q3: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?
A3: ballista
Q4: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?
A4: 160 ton
Q5: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?
A5: 12-month
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.

Q1: Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?
A1: kings
Q2: Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?
A2: Callimachus
Q3: Who said "Big book, big evil"?
A3: Callimachus
Q4: What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?
A4: Pinakes
Q5: Who wrote Argonautica?
A5: Apollonius of Rhodes
Hellenistic_period (History)

Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

Q1: Philip II used a dense military formation called what?
A1: Macedonian Phalanx
Q2: Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?
A2: larger
Q3: The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?
A3: Thureos
Q4: From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?
A4: Mauryan empire
Q5: What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?
A5: African elephant
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that "by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality." Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642).

Q1: Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?
A1: Melvyn C. Goldstein
Q2: What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?
A2: 1435–1565
Q3: Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?
A3: Melvyn C. Goldstein
Q4: What years did the Tsangpa start and end?
A4: 1565–1642
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were "deaf mute" girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While his older brother seemed to achieve success on many fronts including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[N 8] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the "New World". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.

Q1: What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?
A1: South Kensington
Q2: What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?
A2: deaf
Q3: Who died in 1870?
A3: Melville
Q4: Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?
A4: Newfoundland
Q5: What did Bell help his final student get rid of?
A5: lisp
Insect (Natural sciences)

Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, which makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest.:142

Q1: Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?
A1: Hemimetabolous
Q2: What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?
A2: incomplete
Q3: Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?
A3: gradually
Q4: Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?
A4: molts
Q5: Insect's molt when they outgrow what?
A5: exoskeleton
John,_King_of_England (History)

Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance.

Q1: Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?
A1: Aquitaine
Q2: Who was Alais?
A2: the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy
Q3: What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?
A3: Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

Q1: Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?
A1: Edward the Confessor
Q2: When did George II of Great Britain die?
A2: 1760
Q3: Who was Edward the Confessor?
A3: a royal saint
Q4: Where was Henry VI buried?
A4: St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
Q5: Where was Richard III buried?
A5: Leicester Cathedral
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

Q1: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
A1: Henry VII
Q2: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
A2: Blessed Virgin Mary
Q3: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
A3: Caen
Q4: Where did the Portland stone come from?
A4: Isle of Portland
Q5: When was the Lady Chapel added?
A5: 1503
Westminster_Abbey (Art and architecture)

Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

Q1: When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
A1: 1539
Q2: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
A2: Henry VIII
Q3: What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
A3: destruction
Q4: What did changing the status of the abbey create?
A4: the Diocese of Westminster
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

Q1: Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?
A1: Henry VIII
Q2: Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?
A2: the basement of Main Building
Q3: When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?
A3: 1514–1516
Q4: What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?
A4: brick
Q5: When was the cellar relocated?
A5: 1949
John,_King_of_England (History)

Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

Q1: Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?
A1: Richard
Q2: How did Henry the Young King die?
A2: dysentery
Q3: Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?
A3: John
Q4: When did the war end?
A4: 1184