LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system (as seen looking into the transmission line) to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or transmitter. In the case of a transmitter, however, the desired matching impedance might not correspond to the dynamic output impedance of the transmitter as analyzed as a source impedance but rather the design value (typically 50 ohms) required for efficient and safe operation of the transmitting circuitry. The intended impedance is normally resistive but a transmitter (and some receivers) may have additional adjustments to cancel a certain amount of reactance in order to "tweak" the match. When a transmission line is used in between the antenna and the transmitter (or receiver) one generally would like an antenna system whose impedance is resistive and near the characteristic impedance of that transmission line in order to minimize the standing wave ratio (SWR) and the increase in transmission line losses it entails, in addition to supplying a good match at the transmitter or receiver itself.

Q1: What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system?
A1: Maximum power transfer
Q2: What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry?
A2: 50 ohms
Q3: Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments?
A3: "tweak" the match
Q4: What is SWR?
A4: standing wave ratio
Textual_criticism (Language and literature)

McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor's task is to "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy." Tanselle notes that, "Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author".

Q1: What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?
A1: our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state
Q2: If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?
A2: approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy
Q3: What did Bower's say about Greg's method?
A3: represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions
Q4: What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?
A4: has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author
Glacier (Natural sciences)

Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.

Q1: In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?
A1: Jakobshavn Isbræ
Q2: Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?
A2: Velocity
Q3: How far do glaciers generally move per day?
A3: 1 m (3 ft)
Q4: Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?
A4: trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits
Greece (Geography and places)

Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.

Q1: Who founded the PASOK?
A1: Andreas Papandreou
Q2: What does PASOK stand for?
A2: Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Q3: In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?
A3: 1980
Q4: Greece joined what later became the European Union when?
A4: 1 January 1981
Q5: Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?
A5: 1999
Israel (History)

Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally.

Q1: When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?
A1: 1981
Q2: What is the Capital of Israel?
A2: Jerusalem
Q3: Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?
A3: Begin's government
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.

Q1: What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?
A1: water
Q2: On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?
A2: February 14, 1876
Q3: On what day did Bell get to Washington?
A3: February 26
Q4: What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?
A4: U.S. Patent Office
Q5: What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?
A5: telephone
John_Kerry (Warfare)

Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise "serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years."

Q1: Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?
A1: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North
Q2: Who had Oliver North been supporting?
A2: right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)
Q3: Who were the Contras?
A3: right-wing Nicaraguan rebels
Q4: What government agencies worked with North?
A4: the National Security Council and the CIA
Q5: What crime had Kerry said North committed?
A5: illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress
Neptune (Natural sciences)

Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

Q1: Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 
A1: student at the observatory
Q2: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 
A2: the displacement characteristic of a planet
Q3: When did Galle discover Neptune? 
A3: 23 September 1846
Q4: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?
A4: 12°
Q5: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 
A5: comet observations
Korean_War (Warfare)

Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

Q1: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?
A1: San Francisco
Q2: What is Korea's largest port?
A2: the port of Pusan
Q3: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?
A3: Japan
Q4: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?
A4: KPA
Q5: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?
A5: UN forces
Avicenna (Language and literature)

Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.

Q1: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?
A1: city of Isfahan
Q2: What two cities were at war during this time?
A2: Isfahan and Hamadãn
Q3: What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?
A3: 1024
Q4: What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?
A4: the Tajik
Q5: How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?
A5: in the dress of a Sufi ascetic
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser (History)

Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

Q1: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?
A1: War of Attrition
Q2: In what year did the War of Attrition begin?
A2: 1968
Q3: Who led the Fatah movement?
A3: Yasser Arafat
Q4: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?
A4: Battle of Karameh
Q5: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?
A5: Arafat
Translation (Language and literature)

Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.

Q1: Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?
A1: Cosimo de' Medici
Q2: What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?
A2: Byzantine scholar
Q3: When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?
A3: 1453
Q4: Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?
A4: Marsilio Ficino
Q5: What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?
A5: the exact words
Korean_War (Warfare)

Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju – although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved – this time to Kanggye.

Q1: Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?
A1: KPA
Q2: What was the capital city in the North?
A2: Pyongyang
Q3: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?
A3: Sinuiju
Q4: What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?
A4: UNC forces approached
Q5: When was Pyongyang captured?
A5: October 1950
Universal_Studios (Media and drama)

Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.

Q1: Who produced the film Three Smart Girls?
A1: Joe Pasternak
Q2: Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls?
A2: Deanna Durbin
Q3: In what year was Three Smart Girls made?
A3: 1936
Q4: Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed?
A4: Universal's German subsidiary
Q5: What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany?
A5: light musicals
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Q1: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?
A1: the rebellion of Li Zicheng
Q2: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?
A2: the Dalai Lama
Q3: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
A3: Shunzhi
Architecture (Art and architecture)

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Q1: What started with the Industrial Revolution?
A1: mass production and consumption
Q2: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
A2: ornamented products
Q3: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
A3: Aesthetics
Space_Race (History)

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday."[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.

Q1: Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?
A1: Vladimir Komarov
Q2: When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?
A2: April 24, 1967
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher". The full title was "Dalai Lama Vajradhara", "Vajradhara" meaning "Holder of the Thunderbolt" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that "represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment." Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title "king of religion, majestic purity". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the "Protector of the Faith".

Q1: What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?
A1: the Kokonor region
Q2: Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?
A2: the Ming Chinese frontier
Q3: The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? 
A3: the Ming
Q4: When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?
A4: 1571
Q5: Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?
A5: the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso
Space_Race (History)

Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.

Q1: Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?
A1: 1976
Police (Social sciences and society)

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Q1: Which law established Glasgow's police?
A1: Glasgow Police Act
Q2: When was Glasgow's police force established?
A2: 1800
Q3: Which law established Ireland's police?
A3: Irish Constabulary Act
Q4: When was Ireland's police force established?
A4: 1822
Q5: What was Ireland's police force called?
A5: Royal Irish Constabulary
Compact_disc (Engineering and technology)

Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.

Q1: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
A1: 34 percent
Q2: Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
A2: Japan
Q3: How are MP3s compressed?
A3: lossily-compressed
Q4: When did CD sales experience their original decline?
A4: 2000s
Q5: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
A5: Internet-based distribution of files