LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Copper (History)

Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.

Q1: How long has copper been in use?
A1: at least 10,000 years
Q2: What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?
A2: 95%
Q3: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?
A3: more than half
Q4: How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?
A4: 1014 tons
Q5: What is a major source of cooper in modern times?
A5: Recycling
Copper (History)

Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.

Q1: What has copper been used for since ancient times?
A1: architectural material
Q2: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?
A2: antimicrobial indoor products
Q3: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?
A3: low thermal movement
Q4: How long has copper been used in building construction?
A4: hundreds or thousands of years
Q5: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?
A5: antimicrobial
Copper (History)

Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.

Q1: What is the level of copper in the human body?
A1: 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass
Q2: How is copper absorbed in humans?
A2: in the gut
Q3: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?
A3: albumin
Q4: What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?
A4: Ceruloplasmin
Q5: How can the body get rid of excess copper?
A5: via bile
Copper (History)

Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

Q1: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?
A1: biostatic
Q2: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?
A2: ships
Q3: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?
A3: Muntz metal
Q4: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?
A4: netting materials
Q5: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?
A5: corrosion-resistant
Copper (History)

Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

Q1: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.
A1: 50 parts per million
Q2: How large was the biggest find of copper?
A2: 420 tonnes
Q3: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?
A3: 1857
Q4: Where was the largest mass of copper found?
A4: Michigan, US
Q5: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?
A5: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm
Copper (History)

Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

Q1: When was copper first known to have been used?
A1: 9000 BC
Q2: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?
A2: Middle East
Q3: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?
A3: 2800 BC
Q4: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?
A4: iron smelting
Q5: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?
A5: 5500 BC
Copper (History)

Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.

Q1: What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?
A1: conductivity
Q2: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?
A2: 43%-46%
Q3: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?
A3: 69%
Q4: What does the acronym NEMA stand for?
A4: National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Q5: By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?
A5: efficiency standards
Copper (History)

Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

Q1: What group of the periodic table is copper in?
A1: group 11
Q2: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.
A2: one s-orbital electron
Q3: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?
A3: filled d-electron shell
Q4: How is copper normally supplied?
A4: fine-grained polycrystalline form
Q5: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?
A5: monocrystalline forms
Copper (History)

Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011–2014.

Q1: What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?
A1: antimicrobial
Q2: 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?
A2: 99.9%
Q3: What does the acronym EPA stand for?
A3: Environmental Protection Agency
Q4: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?
A4: 355
Q5: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?
A5: Legionnaires' disease
Egypt (Geography and places)

Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bahá'ís and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bahá'ís, could not obtain identification documents. An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.

Q1: What do Coptic Christians face?
A1: discrimination at multiple levels of the government,
Q2: When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?
A2: religious minorities
Q3: When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?
A3: 2008
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, "interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain exclusive rights – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.

Q1: When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?
A1: authorization
Q2: What have courts said there is a difference between?
A2: copyright infringement and theft
Q3: In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?
A3: theft, conversion, or fraud
Q4: What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?
A4: The Copyright Act
Q5: What did the court say was invaded?
A5: certain exclusive rights
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.

Q1: How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?
A1: direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court
Q2: Why has copyright infringement increased recently?
A2: Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet
Q3: What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?
A3: service providers and software distributors
Q4: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?
A4: expanding copyright law
Q5: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?
A5: prosecuted via the criminal justice system
Q6: What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?
A6: service providers and software distributors
Intellectual_property (History)

Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called "piracy". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine.

Q1: When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?
A1: May 2011
Q2: Which countries signed ACTA?
A2: United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU
Q3: Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?
A3: fair use and fair dealing
Q4: What is the common term for copyright infringement?
A4: piracy
Copyright_infringement (Language and literature)

Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.

Q1: What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?
A1: right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works
Q2: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?
A2: copyright law
Q3: Who is protected by copyright laws?
A3: work's creator
Q4: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?
A4: copyright infringement
Q5: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?
A5: derivative works
Printed_circuit_board (Engineering and technology)

Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components.

Q1: What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?
A1: Cordwood
Q2: What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?
A2: axial-leaded components
Q3: What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?
A3: shorting
Q4: What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?
A4: nickel-leaded
Q5: What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?
A5: Differential thermal expansion
American_Idol (Music)

Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year – Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website.

Q1: Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?
A1: Paula Abdul
Q2: Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?
A2: Frenchie Davis
Q3: Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?
A3: Corey Clark
Q4: Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?
A4: Jaered Andrews
Q5: Who was disqualified for having a police record?
A5: Corey Clark
Q6: Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?
A6: Frenchie Davis
Q7: Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?
A7: Jaered Andrews
Cork_(city) (History)

Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).

Q1: What is the main industry in Cork?
A1: pharmaceuticals
Q2: Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?
A2: Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis
Q3: What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?
A3: Viagra
Q4: What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?
A4: Apple
Q5: Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?
A5: Logitech and EMC Corporation