LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

Q1: When was the minority leader position created? 
A1: 20th-century
Q2: Why was minority leader position created?
A2: not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader
Q3: Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"
A3: James Madison
Q4: Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?
A4: Alexander Hamilton
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States (Social sciences and society)

To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria. Class rank tends to benefit top students at less competitive high schools, to the detriment of students at more competitive high schools. This effect, however, may be intentional since less-funded, less competitive schools are more likely to be schools where minority enrollment is high. Critics argue that class rank is more a measure of one's peers than of one's self. The top 10% rule adds racial diversity only because schools are still highly racially segregated because of residential patterns. The class rank rule has the same consequence as traditional affirmative action: opening schools to students who would otherwise not be admitted had the given school used a holistic, merit-based approach. From 1996 to 1998, Texas had merit-based admission to its state universities, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the "top 10 percent" rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels.

Q1: What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?
A1: banning any use of race in school admissions
Q2: What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?
A2: entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class
Q3: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?
A3: California
Q4: What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?
A4: class rank
Q5: After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?
A5: returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels
Xbox_360 (Video games)

To aid customers with defective consoles, Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a "General Hardware Failure" error report. A "General Hardware Failure" is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red. This error is often known as the "Red Ring of Death". In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code. The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes.

Q1: What hardware defect code plagued the 360?
A1: "General Hardware Failure" error
Q2: What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as?
A2: Red Ring of Death
Q3: How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems?
A3: Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years
Q4: What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension?
A4: E74 error code
Q5: Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s?
A5: the ring around the power button
Great_Plains (History)

To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.

Q1: when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?
A1: 1862
Q2: how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?
A2: up to 160 acres
Q3: how long did the person have to live on the land?
A3: five years
Q4: when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? 
A4: 1904
Q5: the dominion act was passed in what year
A5: 1871
Madonna_(entertainer) (Music)

To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic". Metz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes. Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized. Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as "extravagant show piece, a walking art show."

Q1: What did Madonna use in her concerts?
A1: hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones
Q2: What was the microphone coined as?
A2: "Madonna mic"
Q3: Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?
A3: Madonna
Q4: Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?
A4: Madonna's
Hydrogen (Natural sciences)

To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "hydronium ion" (H
3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to H
9O+
4. Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.

Q1: Where can oxonium ions be found?
A1: in acidic solution with other solvents
Q2: What other term is a solvated protons referred as?
A2: hydronium ion
Uranium (Natural sciences)

To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001.

Q1: Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?
A1: 3% and 5%
Q2: What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?
A2: 0.3%
Q3: In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?
A3: 2001
Q4: What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?
A4: $5
Q5: How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?
A5: $130
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1–0 defeat by the United States, failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history.

Q1: In which year did England join FIFA?
A1: 1906
Q2: England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?
A2: 1908
Q3: In what year did Wembley Stadium open?
A3: 1923
Q4: England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?
A4: 1946
Q5: What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?
A5: 1950
Mexico_City (Geography and places)

To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.

Q1: What is the bus system called in Mexico City?
A1: Metrobús
Q2: What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?
A2: Ecobici
Q3: How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?
A3: two days
Q4: What pollutants does the city closely monitor?
A4: ozone and nitrogen oxides
Q5: How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?
A5: biannual
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.

Q1: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
A1: PC Engine
Q2: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
A2: Mega Drive
Q3: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?
A3: TurboGrafx-16
Q4: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?
A4: Genesis
Q5: What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?
A5: built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.

Q1: Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?
A1: continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth
Q2: How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?
A2: a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity
Q3: Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?
A3: Because of the pressure differential
Q4: What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?
A4: displacement pumps
Melbourne (Geography and places)

To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers. In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.

Q1: Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?
A1: freeway and highway developments
Q2: Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?
A2: Bolte
Q3: The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?
A3: Hoddle Street
Q4: Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?
A4: car-dominated
Q5: Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?
A5: declining
Green (Language and literature)

To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.

Q1: How do fireworks create green sparks?
A1: barium salts
Q2: Which copper salt can produce green glames?
A2: cupric chloride
Q3: What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?
A3: 75:25
Lighting (Engineering and technology)

To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural.

Q1: What does CCT stand for?
A1: correlated color temperature
Q2: What does CRI stand for?
A2: color rendering index
Q3: What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?
A3: CRI
Q4: What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"?
A4: CCT
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking—the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency—and, in some cases, temporal masking—where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.

Q1: What may be used to weight the importance of components?
A1: Equal-loudness contours
Q2: What are often called psychoacoustic models?
A2: Models of the human ear-brain
Q3: What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?
A3: temporal masking
Nintendo_Entertainment_System (Video games)

To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the early 1980s' common perception of a troubled and shallow video game market, the company freshened its product nomenclature and positioning, and it established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall system was referred to as an "Entertainment System" instead of a "video game system", which was centered upon a machine called a "Control Deck" instead of a "console", and which featured software cartridges called "Game Paks" instead of "video games". The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck, deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo's licensed approval. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bore pictures of a very close representation of the actual onscreen graphics of the game, which were of sufficiently recognizable quality on their own. Symbols on the launch games' packaging clearly indicated the genre of the game, in order to reduce consumer confusion. A 'seal of quality' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal stated, "This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product". This text was later changed to "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality".

Q1: What was Nintendo's euphemism for "video game system?"
A1: Entertainment System
Q2: What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?
A2: Control Deck
Q3: What was the term used by Nintendo instead of "video games?"
A3: Game Pak
Q4: What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?
A4: seal of quality
Q5: The seal of quality took on what eventual name?
A5: Official Nintendo Seal of Quality
United_States_presidential_election,_2004 (History)

To distinguish official campaigning from independent campaigning, political advertisements on television were required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement. Advertisements produced by political campaigns usually included the statement, "I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message." Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement, "[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement", and from September 3 (60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name. Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.

Q1: How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??
A1: required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement
Q2: What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?
A2: 60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name
Q3: Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?
A3: "I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message."
Q4: Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?
A4: "[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement"
Q5: What was the tag line requirement before?
A5: Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.
Tuberculosis (Natural sciences)

To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.

Q1: What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?
A1: Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation
Q2: Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?
A2: prizes
Q3: What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?
A3: South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative
Q4: What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?
A4: Stop TB Partnership
Napoleon (History)

To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.

Q1: The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?
A1: the Roman
Q2: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?
A2: assassination plots
Q3: Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?
A3: Bourbon
Q4: Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?
A4: 99%
Q5: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?
A5: 3.6 million