LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Royal_Dutch_Shell (Natural sciences)

It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.

Q1: Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?
A1: the "Kulluk" incident
Q2: In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?
A2: its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast
Q3: Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?
A3: the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic
Q4: Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?
A4: van Beurden
Q5: What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?
A5: the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.
Energy (Natural sciences)

It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings").[note 3] Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.

Q1: What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?
A1: The second law of thermodynamics
Q2: What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?
A2: living organisms
Q3: Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?
A3: ecological niches
Quran (Philosophy and religion)

It's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomenon. In many of these verses the study of nature is "encouraged and highly recommended," and historical Islamic scientists like Al-Biruni and Al-Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran. Mohammad Hashim Kamali has the stated that "scientific observation, experimental knowledge and rationality" are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran. Ziauddin Sardar built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science, by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon. "The 'scientific method,' as it is understood today, was first developed by Muslim scientists" like Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni, along with numerous other Muslim scientists.

Q1: Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran's verses?
A1: 750
Q2: Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text?
A2: Quran
Q3: Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran?
A3: Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Q4: Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?
A4: Ziauddin Sardar
Q5: Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion?
A5: Muslim
Alps (Geography and places)

It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

Q1: What words are likely to have common origins?
A1: alb ("white") and albus
Q2: Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?
A2: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.
Q3: Alb can also mean what? 
A3: white
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

Q1: What is Italian Unification?
A1: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy
Q2: When did the Italian Unification occur?
A2: in the 19th century
Q3: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
A3: 1815
Q4: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
A4: 1871
Q5: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
A5: World War I.
Dialect (Language and literature)

Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heavily influenced or mixed with local or regional native languages and accents.

Q1: Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?
A1: standard Italian
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).

Q1: What does EU stand for?
A1: European Union
Q2: What was the European Union tasked with managing?
A2: market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism
Q3: When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
A3: 1989
Q4: When did the USSR dissolve?
A4: 1991
Q5: In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
A5: 2013
Dialect (Language and literature)

Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian "dialects," or dialetti (standard Italian for "dialects"). However, the majority of the regional languages in Italy are in fact not actually "dialects" of standard Italian in the strict linguistic sense, as they are not derived from modern standard Italian but instead evolved locally from Vulgar Latin independent of standard Italian, with little to no influence from what is now known as "standard Italian." They are therefore better classified as individual languages rather than "dialects."

Q1: What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?
A1: dialetti
Q2: What language are many Italian dialects derived from?
A2: Vulgar Latin
Q3: What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?
A3: dialects
Q4: Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?
A4: they are not derived from modern standard Italian
Valencia (Geography and places)

Its average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) during the day and 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 °C (55 to 70 °F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 °C (39 to 54 °F). In the warmest month – August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28–34 °C (82–93 °F), about 23 °C (73 °F) at night. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.0 °C (66 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 7 °C (45 °F) at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.

Q1: What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?
A1: 18.4 °C
Q2: Which month is the hottest in Valencia?
A2: August
Q3: Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?
A3: January
Q4: In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?
A4: May and September
Q5: What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?
A5: 28–34 °C
Paper (Natural sciences)

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

Q1: In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?
A1: 13th
Q2: Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?
A2: Baghdad
Q3: What name did the process take on in Baghdad?
A3: bagdatikos
Q4: In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?
A4: 19th
Q5: Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?
A5: Charles Fenerty
Premier_League (Sports and recreation)

Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy – the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season. The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.

Q1: What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?
A1: The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football.
Q2: Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?
A2: Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy
Q3: Where can the third lion be seen?
A3: the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season
Q4: What do the ribbons on the trophy mean?
A4: The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.
Q5: The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver, silver gilt and which semi-precious stone?
A5: malachite
Q6: On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot?
A6: silver
Q7: What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent?
A7: the green field of play
Q8: How many lions are found on the Golden Boot?
A8: Two
Q9: Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy?
A9: the captain of the title winning team
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

Q1: If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?
A1: the country's development
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects (Art and architecture)

Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.

Q1: What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?
A1: RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing
Q2: What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?
A2: RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal
Q3: What does NBS stand for?
A3: National Building Specification
Q4: How many people work for the NBS?
A4: 130
Q5: Where is the NBS located?
A5: Newcastle
Classical_music (Music)

Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend—admiration of performers for new "interpretations" of the composer's work—can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.

Q1: How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?
A1: in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer
Q2: When did details that composers put in their scores increase?
A2: the 19th century
Q3: Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?
A3: a better realization of the original intent than the composer
Q4: What do classical performers often achieve?
A4: high reputations for their musicianship
Carnival (Philosophy and religion)

J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.

Q1: When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?
A1: before dawn
Q2: What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?
A2: current affairs,
Q3: What is "Clean Mud"?
A3: clay
Q4: What are "jab-jabs"?
A4: devils
Q5: How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?
A5: based on their witty political/social messages
Frédéric_Chopin (Music)

J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, which contain "immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail", are based on an extended "departure and return" form; "the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes."

Q1: What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?
A1: the Barcarolle Op. 60
Q2: What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?
A2: the four ballades and four scherzos
Q3: What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?
A3: departure and return
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry"

Q1: Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?
A1: J. Brent Walker
Q2: What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?
A2: supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent
Q3: Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?
A3: Champions of religious liberty
Q4: Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?
A4: tap into the public till to support its parochial schools
Q5: What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?
A5: religious bigotry
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation (History)

J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years.

Q1: Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?
A1: J. Edgar Hoover
Q2: How many years was Hoover the FBI director?
A2: 48
Q3: What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?
A3: Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory
Q4: What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?
A4: FBI Laboratory
Q5: When did the FBI laboratory open?
A5: 1932
Idealism (Philosophy and religion)

J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Existence (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart "thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it". For McTaggart "philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?

Q1: With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?
A1: Cambridge
Q2: In what year was The Nature of Existence published?
A2: 1927
Q3: According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?
A3: minds
Q4: How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?
A4: love
Q5: What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?
A5: unreal
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades, the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981. He covered the games with a level of enthusiasm that often seemed unjustified by the team's poor performance on the field for many of those years. His trademark call "Hey Hey!" always followed a home run. That expression is spelled out in large letters vertically on both foul pole screens at Wrigley Field. "Whoo-boy!" and "Wheeee!" and "Oh, brother!" were among his other pet expressions. When he approached retirement age, he personally recommended his successor.

Q1: Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?
A1: Jack Brickhouse
Q2: What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?
A2: Hey Hey!
Q3: What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?
A3: he personally recommended his successor
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States (History)

James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

Q1: What institution does James Liebman work for?
A1: Columbia Law School
Q2: What does James Liebman teach?
A2: law
Q3: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?
A3: 40
Q4: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?
A4: 47
Q5: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
A5: 1996
John_Kerry (Warfare)

James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry's PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann who was receiving sniper fire from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for "heroic achievement", for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.

Q1: What boat was Rassmann on?
A1: PCF-94
Q2: Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?
A2: James Rassmann
Q3: What was Rassmann's job?
A3: a Green Beret advisor
Q4: What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?
A4: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V"
Q5: What does the Combat V mean?
A5: heroic achievement