LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Catalan_language (Language and literature)

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Q1: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
A1: Balearic
Q2: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
A2: /e/
Q3: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
A3: higher incidence
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen. The bacteria in this association are unable to consume the organic acids as this reaction produces hydrogen that accumulates in their surroundings. Only the intimate association with the hydrogen-consuming Archaea keeps the hydrogen concentration low enough to allow the bacteria to grow.

Q1: What helps bacteria to survive?
A1: close spatial associations
Q2: What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?
A2: anaerobic bacteria
Q3: What do anaerobic bacteria consume?
A3: butyric acid or propionic acid
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can make up to seven endospores in a single cell. Endospores have a central core of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by an impermeable and rigid coat. Dipicolinic acid is a chemical compound that composes 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores. It is implicated as responsible for the heat resistance of the endospore.

Q1: What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?
A1: endospores
Q2: Is creating endospore a reproductive process?
A2: is not a reproductive process
Q3: What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?
A3: cortex layer
Q4: What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?
A4: Dipicolinic acid
Classical_music (Music)

Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.

Q1: How are staples of classical music often used?
A1: commercially
Q2: TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?
A2: clichéd
Q3: What piece is often used in the horror genre?
A3: "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana
Q4: Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?
A4: Wagner
Q5: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?
A5: Edvard Grieg
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

Q1: Who invented the movable printing press?
A1: Gutenberg
Q2: What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?
A2: the Reformation
Q3: Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?
A3: eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock
Q4: Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?
A4: gunpowder
Q5: Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?
A5: shipbuilding
Wood (Natural sciences)

Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are traditionally made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies), which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins. The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.

Q1: What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?
A1: african blackwood
Q2: What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?
A2: ripple sycamore
Q3: What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?
A3: tonewoods
Q4: What's the common name for Picea abies?
A4: European spruce
Q5: Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?
A5: tone
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples, and Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law.

Q1: For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?
A1: Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Q2: Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?
A2: 22
Q3: Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?
A3: Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)
Q4: In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?
A4: 1783
Norfolk_Island (Geography and places)

Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the "Middle ground" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.

Q1: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?
A1: Cetaceans
Q2: When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?
A2: 1956
Q3: What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?
A3: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale
Q4: What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?
A4: dolphins
Q5: What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?
A5: Southern right whales
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists – set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.

Q1: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?
A1: 1452
Q2: What demographic were most stores focusing on?
A2: middle-class audience
Q3: What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?
A3: Sears
Q4: How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?
A4: 595
Political_philosophy (History)

Chanakya, 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher. The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state. Chanakya quotes several authorities including Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, and Ambi, and described himself as a descendant of a lineage of political philosophers, with his father Chanaka being his immediate predecessor. Another influential extant Indian treatise on political philosophy is the Sukra Neeti. An example of a code of law in ancient India is the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu.

Q1: Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?
A1: Chanakya
Q2: What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?
A2: The Arthashastra
Q3: What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?
A3: the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu
Middle_Ages (History)

Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties within the elites were important, as were the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honour. These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society, examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul. Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation. Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men, with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul. In Anglo-Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers, but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries. Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative.

Q1: What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?
A1: great feasts
Q2: Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?
A2: jewels
Q3: Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?
A3: courage
Q4: In what society did women have status as abbesses?
A4: Anglo-Saxon
Q5: In what country did Gregory of Tours live?
A5: Merovingian Gaul
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.

Q1: Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?
A1: Hundred Years' War
Q2: The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
A2: national or feudal levy
Q3: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?
A3: Swiss
Q4: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?
A4: Edward III
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system.

Q1: What is a secondary sex characteristic change?
A1: every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction
Q2: How many Tanner stages are there?
A2: five
Q3: What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?
A3: pediatrician
Q4: Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?
A4: Changes in secondary sex characteristics
Q5: Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?
A5: secondary
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion. Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively. According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth. By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa. In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. Almost as many lived in each of Nigeria and China as in all of Europe. China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.[af]

Q1: Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900's?
A1: Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America
Q2: When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century?
A2: after World War II
Q3: What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910?
A3: 79%
Q4: In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?
A4: 59%
Q5: In 2010, what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together?
A5: Brazil
American_Idol (Music)

Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records.

Q1: How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten?
A1: one
Q2: What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14?
A2: Coca Cola
Q3: What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?
A3: Ford Motor Company
Q4: What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?
A4: Big Machine Records
Q5: Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?
A5: one
Q6: Who ended their sponsorship this season?
A6: Coca Cola
Q7: What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?
A7: Ford Motor Company
Q8: This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?
A8: Big Machine Records
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Q1: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
A1: Changes to DST rules
Q2: What year did DST rules change in North America?
A2: 2007
Q3: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
A3: upgrades
Q4: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
A4: email
Q5: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
A5: corporate information technologists
Daylight_saving_time (Engineering and technology)

Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

Q1: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?
A1: 2007
Q2: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?
A2: William F. Shughart II
Q3: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?
A3: decreased economic efficiency
Q4: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?
A4: the daylight-saving effect
Q5: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?
A5: methodology
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.

Q1: How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?
A1: ancient Egypt
Q2: What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?
A2: fancy pigeon breeding
Q3: From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?
A3: one species of rock pigeon
Q4: Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?
A4: the small changes
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:

Q1: What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?
A1: sharp divergence in character between breeds,
Q2: What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?
A2: extinction of some species
Q3: What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?
A3: descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions
On_the_Origin_of_Species (Natural sciences)

Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.

Q1: Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?
A1: Charles Lyell
Q2: Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?
A2: Principles of Geology
Q3: What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?
A3: that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms
Q4: How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?
A4: 300 million years
Q5: What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?
A5: the Cambrian explosion