LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Insect (Natural sciences)

The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures and sclerites. Here, the vertex, or the apex (dorsal region), is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head. In prognathous insects, the vertex is not found between the compound eyes, but rather, where the ocelli are normally. This is because the primary axis of the head is rotated 90° to become parallel to the primary axis of the body. In some species, this region is modified and assumes a different name.:13

Q1: What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?
A1: head
Q2: What is another word for head capsule?
A2: epicranium
Q3: What displays the most features on an insect?
A3: Orthoptera
Q4: What is the vertex also known as?
A4: apex
Q5: The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?
A5: compound
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.

Q1: What is the official title of Delhi's head of state?
A1: Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi
Q2: Who is responsible for appointing the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi?
A2: President of India
Q3: Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi's Legislative assembly?
A3: the law enacted by the parliament
Q4: What government body advises the president on appointing a Lieutenant Governor?
A4: the Central government
Q5: Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi?
A5: Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) (Warfare)

The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.

Q1: In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?
A1: Whitehall
Q2: Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?
A2: Vincent Harris
Q3: Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?
A3: Charles Wheeler
Q4: What is the headquarters of the MoD called?
A4: Main Building
Q5: Who made the Gurkha Monument?
A5: Philip Jackson
Dog (Natural sciences)

The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.

Q1: What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?
A1: immune-stimulating microorganisms
Q2: Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?
A2: social interactions
Q3: What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?
A3: 2015
Q4: What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?
A4: anxiety
Q5: People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?
A5: strangers
Roman_Republic (History)

The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were deployed to the rear of the third line. Their role in accompanying the army was primarily to supply any vacancies that might occur in the maniples. The light infantry consisted of 1,200 unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes. They were armed with a sword and a small shield, as well as several light javelins.

Q1: How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?
A1: 300 horsemen
Q2: Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?
A2: richest class of equestrians
Q3: What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of?
A3: lower social classes.
Q4: Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry?
A4: light infantry
Q5: What type of infantry joined light, and the cavalry in battle?
A5: heavy infantry
Mosaic (Art and architecture)

The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies. Best examples of Sicilian mosaic art are the Cappella Palatina of Roger II, the Martorana church in Palermo and the cathedrals of Cefalù and Monreale.

Q1: when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?
A1: the 12th century
Q2: Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition?
A2: Norman kings
Q3: Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?
A3: enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule
Q4: Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies?
A4: Greek masters working in Sicily
Q5: The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy?
A5: Sicily
Bird (Natural sciences)

The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats. Swifts are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight. It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight. Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into slow-wave sleep one hemisphere of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for predators by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from marine mammals. Communal roosting is common because it lowers the loss of body heat and decreases the risks associated with predators. Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.

Q1: Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?
A1: vigilant sleep
Q2: What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?
A2: Swifts
Q3: Why is communal roosting common?
A3: because it lowers the loss of body heat
History_of_India (History)

The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers – Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:

Q1: What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?
A1: Indian culture
Q2: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?
A2: Buddhism
Q3: What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?
A3: first three rulers
Q4: What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?
A4: Strong trade ties
Q5: What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?
A5: nearby kingdoms
Elevator (History)

The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.

Q1: How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?
A1: 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds
Q2: This speed holds what record?
A2: world-record certified speed
Q3: What does cabin pressure control do? 
A3: help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes
Q4: How fast does the elevator drop down?
A4: 600 meters per minute
Q5: At what floor do the doors open on the way down?
A5: 52nd
Insect (Natural sciences)

The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.

Q1: From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?
A1: Carboniferous
Q2: What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?
A2: Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti
Q3: In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?
A3: 2008
Q4: What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?
A4: dicondylic
Q5: With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?
A5: winged
Q6: What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?
A6: phylogeny
Q7: The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?
A7: arthropods
Q8: What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?
A8: full-body
Q9: A University discovered a primitive flying what?
A9: insect
Q10: How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?
A10: 300 million-year-old
Alps (Geography and places)

The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively

Q1: The highest peak of the Western Alps is where? 
A1: Mont Blanc
Q2: How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc? 
A2: 4,810 m
Q3: The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?
A3: Piz Bernina
Q4: How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
A4: 4,049 metres
Tennessee (Geography and places)

The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line (the lowest point in Memphis, nearby, is at 195 ft (59 m)). The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro.

Q1: What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?
A1: 6,643 feet
Q2: What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?
A2: Clingmans Dome
Q3: What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?
A3: Mississippi River
Q4: Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?
A4: Murfreesboro
Alps (Geography and places)

The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

Q1: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what? 
A1: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley
Q2: Where are the peaks smaller in the range? 
A2: the easterly portion
Q3: The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range? 
A3: northern
Ottoman_Empire (History)

The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese‎) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme).

Q1: The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?
A1: The highest position
Q2: The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?
A2: pâdişâh or "lord of kings"
Q3: What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?
A3: one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court
Q4: What was the purpose of the palace educational system?
A4: eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor
Q5: What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?
A5: Enderûn
Pub (History)

The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement.

Q1: What pub in England is the highest above sea level?
A1: the Tan Hill Inn
Q2: In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?
A2: Yorkshire
Q3: How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?
A3: 528
Q4: In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?
A4: Inverie
Q5: In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?
A5: Scotland
Charleston,_South_Carolina (Geography and places)

The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (20 to 22 °C).

Q1: What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?
A1: 104 °F
Q2: What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?
A2: Hurricanes
Q3: What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?
A3: Hurricane Hugo
Q4: What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?
A4: 7 °F (−14 °C)
Q5: What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?
A5: January 21, 1985
Pub (History)

The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.

Q1: Who was based out of the Swan Inn?
A1: Dick Turpin
Q2: In what county was the Swan Inn located?
A2: Buckinghamshire
Q3: What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?
A3: John Fothergill
Q4: In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?
A4: 1931
Q5: What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?
A5: Chatto & Windus
Edmund_Burke (History)

The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Q1: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?
A1: Piers Brendon
Q2: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?
A2: a plan of freedom
Q3: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?
A3: opium trade
Q4: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?
A4: opium trade
Cubism (Art and architecture)

The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire. It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, Léger, and Gris. The terms "analytical" and "synthetic" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify. Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. "If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque," wrote Daniel Robbins, "our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition."

Q1: When did the historical study of Cubism begin?
A1: in the late 1920s
Q2: On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?
A2: Guillaume Apollinaire
Q3: On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?
A3: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists' social status, considering them to be the "most useful of all citizens". Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization, as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members (13 percent). The presence of the French academies in the public sphere cannot be attributed to their membership; although the majority of their members were bourgeois, the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars. They perceived themselves as "interpreters of the sciences for the people". For example, it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism.

Q1: What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?
A1: 1635
Q2: Members of what group were considered to be the "most useful of all citizens?"
A2: scientists
Q3: What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?
A3: 13 percent
Q4: The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?
A4: elite Parisian scholars
Q5: How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?
A5: interpreters of the sciences for the people