LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Paper (Natural sciences)

Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

Q1: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?
A1: Library of Congress
Q2: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?
A2: oxalic
Paper (Natural sciences)

Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

Q1: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?
A1: 40%
Q2: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?
A2: 71.6 million
Q3: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?
A3: 16 billion
Q4: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
A4: 31
States_of_Germany (Geography and places)

Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.

Q1: Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?
A1: three
Q2: What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?
A2: filed a constitutional complaint
Q3: When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?
A3: July 1961
Q4: On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed
A4: exclusively federal matter
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

Q1: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?
A1: Huldrych Zwingli
Q2: Which two areas had a long history of resentment?
A2: the German states and the Swiss Confederation
Q3: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?
A3: the Colloquy of Marburg
Q4: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?
A4: Prince Philip of Hesse
Q5: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?
A5: its failure
Late_Middle_Ages (History)

Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

Q1: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?
A1: Order of the Garter
Q2: Who founded the Order of St. George?
A2: Charles I of Hungary
Q3: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?
A3: 1325
Q4: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?
A4: chivalry
Q5: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
A5: 1348
Near_East (Geography and places)

Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

Q1: What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? 
A1: library and museum collections
Q2: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
A2: the collection of resources
Q3: What are these resources collected for?
A3: for scholarship and research
Pain (Language and literature)

Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

Q1: What is paraplegia?
A1: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control
Q2: What can cause paraplegia?
A2: serious spinal cord damage,
Q3: What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?
A3: burning or tingling
Q4: The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?
A4: phantom body
Q5: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?
A5: Surgical
Predation (Natural sciences)

Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Q1: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?
A1: Parasites
Q2: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.
A2: mutualism
Q3: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.
A3: elephant
Q4: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? 
A4: mistletoe
Q5: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?
A5: close association with their host species
Q6: How many hosts do parasites typically have?
A6: one or at most a few in their lifetime
Q7: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?
A7: a continuum
Q8: What does the term symbiosis mean?
A8: living together
Predation (Natural sciences)

Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Q1: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.
A1: ichneumon wasps
Q2: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? 
A2: 10%
Q3: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?
A3: death
Q4: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?
A4: Parasitoids
Q5: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?
A5: 10%
Q6: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?
A6: ichneumon
Q7: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
A7: devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris and its close suburbs is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.

Q1: What are France's two most prestigious newspapers?
A1: Le Monde and Le Figaro
Q2: What is France's oldest operating news agency?
A2: Agence
Q3: When did Agence open in Paris?
A3: 1835
Q4: What television station is operated by the French government?
A4: France 24
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights.

Q1: Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?
A1: Paris
Q2: Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?
A2: Paris
Q3: Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?
A3: Paris
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, surged up to 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F).

Q1: Which current affects Paris' weather?
A1: North Atlantic Current
Q2: How is Paris' climate categorized?
A2: mild and moderately wet
Q3: What are the average temperatures for summer?
A3: between 15 and 25 °C
Q4: What was the average temperature for July 2011?
A4: 17.6 °C
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute couture, clothing hand-made to order for private clients. It is home of some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, and of many well-known fashion designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Josse and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York. Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Oréal, and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories; Louis Vuitton, Hermés and Cartier.

Q1: What is clothing made to order for private clients called?
A1: haute couture
Q2: Dior is from which city?
A2: Paris
Q3: In what century did Paris become largely into fashion?
A3: 19th
Q4: What is the world's largest cosmetic company?
A4: L'Oréal
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette. The National Museum of Natural History, on the Left Bank, is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. The military history of France, from the Middle Ages to World War II, is vividly presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides, near the tomb of Napoleon. In addition to the national museums, run by the French Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris; Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Palais de Tokyo; the House of Victor Hugo and House of Balzac, and the Catacombs of Paris. There are also notable private museums; The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

Q1: What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?
A1: The National Museum of Natural History
Q2: When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open?
A2: October 2014
Q3: What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?
A3: the tomb of Napoleon
Q4: How many museums does the city of Paris operate?
A4: 14
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.

Q1: WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?
A1: 1809
Q2: Who was Eugene Belgrand under?
A2: Napoleon III
Q3: How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?
A3: 2,400
Q4: Who created Paris' reservoir system?
A4: Eugène Belgrand
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas. It is also a city of small bookstores; There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.

Q1: What percentage of french publishing houses were in Paris in the 1970s?
A1: 80
Q2: Approximately how many bookstores are located in the 5th arrondissement?
A2: 150
Q3: How many bookstalls are located along the Seine?
A3: 250
Q4: What is the maximum amount a publishers book can be discounted?
A4: five percent
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 4th busiest airport system in the world. The city is served by three commercial international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Paris-Orly and Beauvais-Tillé. Together these three airports recorded traffic of 96.5 million passengers in 2014. There is also one general aviation airport, Paris-Le Bourget, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows.

Q1: Where is the 4th busiest international air transport hub in the world?
A1: Paris
Q2: How many passengers did Paris see in 2014?
A2: 96.5 million
Q3: What is the oldest air port in Paris?
A3: Paris-Le Bourget
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.

Q1: Who oversees the transit network in Paris?
A1: The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France
Q2: What was the STIF formerly known as?
A2: Syndicat des transports parisiens
Q3: How many bus lines does the STIF oversee?
A3: 347
Q4: How many bus lines does the Optile Consortium manage?
A4: 1,176
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.

Q1: What is the name of the football club in Paris?
A1: Paris Saint-Germain
Q2: What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?
A2: Stade Français
Q3: How many seats are in Stade de France?
A3: 80,000
Q4: In what year did Paris host the World Cup?
A4: 2007
Q5: In what month is the Tour de France?
A5: July
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, "Martyr's mound", in 250.

Q1: Where in France is Paris located?
A1: northern central
Q2: How many kilometers is it away from London?
A2: 450
Q3: What major river is located in Paris?
A3: Seine
Q4: What is the largest island in Paris?
A4: Île de la Cité
Q5: What is the largest hill in Paris?
A5: Montmartre
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes écoles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération.

Q1: What is the most visited art museum in the world?
A1: Louvre
Q2: what is the Musee de Orsay known for?
A2: French Impressionist art
Q3: In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?
A3: 1889
Q4: How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?
A4: 22.4 million
Q5: In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?
A5: 12th
Paris (Geography and places)

Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace, and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the French Senate. The Jardin des Plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants.

Q1: How many municipal parks and gardens does Paris have?
A1: 421
Q2: When was the Tuileries Garden created?
A2: 1564
Q3: Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?
A3: André Le Nôtre
Q4: Who was the Luxembourg palace built for?
A4: Marie de' Medici
Q5: Who created the Jarden des Plantes?
A5: Guy de La Brosse