LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Gregorian_calendar (Mathematics)

A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August.

Q1: Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?
A1: language-independent
Q2: A knuckle count is a month of how many days?
A2: 31
Q3: The space between knuckles is what kind of month?
A3: short month
Q4: What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?
A4: one's two fists
Crimean_War (History)

A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

Q1: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?
A1: 93rd Highlanders
Q2: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?
A2: Kadikoi
Q3: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?
A3: Sir Colin Campbell
Q4: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?
A4: Minie rifles
Q5: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? 
A5: a single line, two men deep
Utrecht (History)

A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.

Q1: What is the name of the large shopping center 
A1: Hoog Catharijne
Q2: how are the shopping center corridors treated 
A2: The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night
Q3: What is being recreated 
A3: Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated
Q4: what is located on the west side of the rail station
A4: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station
Alexander_Graham_Bell (Engineering and technology)

A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.

Q1: What are Bell's personal papers known as?
A1: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers
Q2: In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?
A2: Manuscript Division
Q3: Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?
A3: online
Q4: In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?
A4: Cape Breton University
Q5: In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?
A5: Nova Scotia
Switzerland (Geography and places)

A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.

Q1: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?
A1: since 2006
Q2: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?
A2: Palace of Nations in Geneva
Q3: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?
A3: Geneva
Q4: Where is the League of Nations located?
A4: Switzerland
Near_East (Geography and places)

A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Q1: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
A1: university departments named for the Near East
Q2: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
A2: Middle East
Q3: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
A3: Expertise on the modern Middle East
Q4: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
A4: Near Eastern Languages
Symbiosis (Natural sciences)

A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.

Q1: What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
A1: mutualistic
Q2: What do coral and algae produce together?
A2: Coral reefs
Q3: How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
A3: fix carbon from the air
Q4: What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
A4: mycorrhyzal
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

A large portion of music played on this format are either considered oldies or recurrent. It often deals with modern romantic and sexual relationships (and sometimes other adult themes such as work, raising children, and family) in a thoughtful and complex way. Soft AC, which has never minded keeping songs in high rotation literally for years in some cases, does not appear necessarily to be facing similar pressures to expand its format. Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music, especially classic R&B, soul, and 1960s and 1970s music, than hot AC.

Q1: Along with romantic and sexual relationships, family and work, what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss?
A1: raising children
Q2: Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?
A2: 1960s and 1970s
Q3: Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?
A3: soul
Q4: What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with?
A4: hot AC
Old_English (Language and literature)

A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). This form of the language is known as the "Winchester standard", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is considered to represent the "classical" form of Old English. It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest, after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language.

Q1: Who was known by the nickname "the Grammarian"?
A1: Ælfric of Eynsham
Q2: What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?
A2: Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester
Q3: In what century did the Winchester standard arise?
A3: 10th
Q4: What is another term for the Winchester standard?
A4: Late West Saxon
Q5: What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?
A5: the Norman Conquest
Armenia (History)

A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which currently stands at around 15%, still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict.

Q1: What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?
A1: 15%
Q2: To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?
A2: refugees from the Karabakh conflict
Q3: When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law?
A3: June 1994
Q4: When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation?
A4: 1997
Literature (Language and literature)

A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.

Q1: Literary devices are employed for what reason?
A1: produce specific effects
Q2: What is one form of narration in literature?
A2: first-person
Q3: What are two types of narrative structure in literature?
A3: linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative
Q4: Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?
A4: to surprise the reader
Q5: In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?
A5: a conventional murder-mystery novel
Data_compression (Engineering and technology)

A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual (i.e. masking) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding. Several of these papers remarked on the difficulty of obtaining good, clean digital audio for research purposes. Most, if not all, of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee.

Q1: What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?
A1: literature compendium
Q2: What did the literature compendium document?
A2: finished, working audio coders
Q3: Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?
A3: MPEG-1 Audio committee
Dwight_D._Eisenhower (History)

A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.

Q1: At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?
A1: 17th
Q2: How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?
A2: 192
Q3: What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?
A3: cut down
Q4: What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?
A4: ice storm
Q5: In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?
A5: 1956
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.

Q1: What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?
A1: New Zealand
Q2: What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?
A2: Ascension Island
Q3: What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?
A3: Wideawake airport
Q4: What year was Wideawake Airport built?
A4: 1942
Lancashire (Geography and places)

A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention. The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county. Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding. The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood.

Q1: Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?
A1: James Orchard Halliwell
Q2: Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?
A2: Harry Boardman
Q3: Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?
A3: The Spinners
Q4: Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?
A4: Irish and Scottish folk music
Q5: What is one of the regular folk festivals called?
A5: Fylde Folk Festival
Predation (Natural sciences)

A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.

Q1: What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?
A1: speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength
Q2: For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?
A2: well over a million years
Q3: What are humans' primary competitors?
A3: other humans
Q4: What is one known istance of cannibalism?
A4: the Donner party
Q5: With what species do humans hunt in partnership?
A5: domestic dog
Melbourne (Geography and places)

A long list of AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include "public" (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: DMG has Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M. Stations from towns in regional Victoria may also be heard (e.g. 93.9 Bay FM, Geelong). Youth alternatives include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN. Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R, strive to play under represented music. JOY 94.9 caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. For fans of classical music there are 3MBS and ABC Classic FM. Light FM is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: 774, Radio National, and News Radio; also Fairfax affiliates 3AW (talk) and Magic (easy listening). For sport fans and enthusiasts there is SEN 1116. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as 3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.

Q1: What are examples of Youth radio stations?
A1: ABC Triple J and youth run SYN
Q2: Which music stations strive to play under represented music?
A2: Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R
Q3: Which radio station caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender audiences?
A3: JOY 94.9
Q4: Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts?
A4: SEN 1116
Q5: 3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music?
A5: classical
Guinea-Bissau (Geography and places)

A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau (233 days or about 33 weeks) than in any other country in the world except Suriname. [The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2008 Edition, London: Profile Books]

Q1: Political instability has resulted in what type of economic activity?
A1: depressed
Q2: Political instability has resulted in what description of social conditions?
A2: deteriorating
Q3: What type of imbalances have increased as a result of the instability?
A3: macroeconomic
Q4: How long does it take to register a business in Guinea-Bissau?
A4: 233 days or about 33 weeks
Q5: What is the one country that takes longer than Guinea-Bissau to register a business?
A5: Suriname
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives (History)

A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Q1: What is the purpose of Obstruction?
A1: frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness
Q2: How can obstruction be employed?
A2: motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes
Q3: Is it safe to employ negative strategy?
A3: "going negative" carries risks
Q4: What may be a risk negative tactic?
A4: if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

A lot of temples dedicated to Apollo were built in Greece and in the Greek colonies, and they show the spread of the cult of Apollo, and the evolution of the Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form, and on mathematical relations. Some of the earliest temples, especially in Crete, don't belong to any Greek order. It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangle wooden structures. The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order. The Greeks used standard types, because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances. The temples should be canonic, and the architects were trying to achieve the esthetic perfection. From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings. The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed, some mathematical relations became necessary, in order to keep the original forms. This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics.

Q1: What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures?
A1: peripteral temples
Q2: Why did mathematical relations become necessary?
A2: in order to keep the original forms
Q3: Why were the first buildings narrow?
A3: to hold the roof
Q4: Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics?
A4: Pythagoras
Estonia (Geography and places)

A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).

Q1: What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?
A1: A maakond
Q2: What is the county government in Estonia called?
A2: Maavalitsus
Q3: A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?
A3: county governor
Q4: Who represents the national government on a local level?
A4: Maavanem