LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Mammal (Natural sciences)

The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.

Q1: What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
A1: clines
Q2: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
A2: liger
Q3: What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
A3: Beefalo
Q4: What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
A4: hybrid
The_Blitz (History)

The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

Q1: What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?
A1: communications gap
Q2: What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?
A2: misrepresent what information
Q3: What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?
A3: 1939
Q4: In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?
A4: Rechlin
Q5: Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939? 
A5: Wever
British_Isles (Geography and places)

The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million), West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2 million) in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) in Ireland.[citation needed]

Q1: Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?
A1: England
Q2: What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?
A2: 80%
Q3: How many people live in the area of London?
A3: 9 million
Q4: What are two other major populated cities in England?
A4: Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)
Q5: What is the most populated city in Ireland?
A5: Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million)
Freemasonry (Unknown)

The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

Q1: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?
A1: the Roman Catholic Church
Q2: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?
A2: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion
Q3: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?
A3: Pope Clement XII
Q4: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?
A4: 28 April 1738
Q5: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?
A5: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890
Q6: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?
A6: the Roman Catholic Church
Q7: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?
A7: The 1917 Code of Canon Law
Q8: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?
A8: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion
Q9: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
A9: Pope Clement XII
Q10: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
A10: Pope Leo XIII
Paper (Natural sciences)

The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

Q1: What is the lightest density of paper produced?
A1: tissue paper
Q2: What is the common density of printing paper?
A2: 800 kg/m3
FC_Barcelona (Sports and recreation)

The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain. Figo had become a cult hero, and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception. Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd. The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went. van Gaal was replaced by Llorenç Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a humiliating first-round Champions League exit, and was eventually dismissed late in the season. Long-serving coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season. Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Louis van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager. What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003. This led to van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage. At the end of the season, Antić's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior.

Q1: What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join?
A1: Real Madrid
Q2: What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona?
A2: hostile
Q3: After Figo's departure what happened the next three years?
A3: decline
Q4: What rank was club Barcelona in 2003?
A4: 15th
Q5: After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?
A5: Joan Gaspart
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.

Q1: Where did the depression cause negative effects?
A1: virtually every country
Q2: How much did international trade fall?
A2: by half to two-thirds,
Q3: What happened to construction during the Depression?
A3: virtually halted in many countries
Q4: How far did crop prices fall?
A4: 60 percent
Identity_(social_science) (Philosophy and religion)

The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

Q1: The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?
A1: individual and group identity
Q2: ISA stands for what?
A2: Identity Structure Analysis
Q3: Who developed the ISA?
A3: Weinreich
Chihuahua_(state) (History)

The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

Q1: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?
A1: about a third
Q2: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?
A2: Coahuila
Q3: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?
A3: flat
Q4: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?
A4: north
Q5: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?
A5: Rio Grande
Department_store (Social sciences and society)

The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed.

Q1: What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? 
A1: London, Paris and New York.
Q2: What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?
A2: Karstadt
Q3: What major department store operates in Berlin? 
A3: KaDeWe
Q4: What store is a part of the Metro AG?
A4: GALERIA Kaufhof
USB (Engineering and technology)

The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub.

Q1: The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?
A1: its topology
Q2: How many devices may be connected to a host controller?
A2: 127 devices
Q3: How are USB devices linked?
A3: in series through hubs
Q4: What HUB is built into the host controller?
A4: the root hub
Q5: The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?
A5: topology
Q6: How many devices can be connected to a host controller?
A6: Up to 127 devices
Q7: What hub is built into the host controller?
A7: the root hub
Q8: A USB host may implement how many host controllers?
A8: multiple
Q9: How many USB ports may a host controller provide?
A9: one or more USB ports
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects (Art and architecture)

The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Q1: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
A1: Usui civium decori urbium
Q2: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
A2: Thomas Leverton Donaldson
Q3: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?
A3: honorary secretary
Q4: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?
A4: Eric Gill
Q5: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
A5: 1960
Institute_of_technology (Engineering and technology)

The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.

Q1: What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?
A1: bacharelatos
Q2: What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?
A2: Bologna Process
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste, and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement. Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period (1776), which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time. Recently, musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment. For example, Rose Rosengard Subotnik's Deconstructive Variations (subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society) compares Mozart's Die Zauberflöte (1791) using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives, and concludes that the work is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment".

Q1: The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?
A1: music
Q2: What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?
A2: Dictionnaire de musique
Q3: In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?
A3: 1776
Q4: What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment"?
A4: Die Zauberflöte (1791)
Q5: Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?
A5: Enlightenment and Romantic
Windows_8 (Engineering and technology)

The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the "Aurora" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by Chrome OS. Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions.

Q1: Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?
A1: Chrome and Firefox
Q2: What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?
A2: uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface
Q3: What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?
A3: uses a touch-optimized interface
Q4: When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?
A4: September 2013
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

Q1: What did the development of new imperialism cause?
A1: the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.
Q2: When did the commercial colonization of India begin?
A2: 1757
Q3: What happened n the battle of Plassey?
A3: Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company
Q4: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?
A4: 1765
Q5: What is the term used to describe the "Right to collect revenue"?
A5: diwani
Middle_Ages (History)

The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar, which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system.

Q1: What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?
A1: one half
Q2: What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?
A2: two-thirds
Q3: What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?
A3: the horse collar
Q4: What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?
A4: the heavy plough
Q5: In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?
A5: faster