LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.

Q1: What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?
A1: Tree Town
Q2: How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?
A2: 157
Q3: What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?
A3: Nichols Arboretum
Q4: How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?
A4: 300 acres
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan (History)

Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.

Q1: Which century does the Kit houses belong to?
A1: 20th century
Q2: Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?
A2: student renters
Q3: Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?
A3: Tower Plaza
Q4: When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?
A4: 1972
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

Q1: What superphylum are annelids in?
A1: protostomes
Q2: What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?
A2: deuterostomes
Q3: What superphylum are vertebrates in?
A3: deuterostomes
Q4: What does 'Articulata' mean?
A4: jointed animals
Q5: What are lophophores?
A5: fan-like feeding structures
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

Q1: What do metanephridia remove?
A1: soluble waste products
Q2: What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?
A2: protonephridia
Q3: How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?
A3: two
Q4: What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?
A4: protonephridia
Annelid (Natural sciences)

Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips, whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.

Q1: How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?
A1: spiral in alternating directions
Q2: What are annelids' cuticles made out of?
A2: collagen fibers
Q3: What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin?
A3: mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis
Q4: What layer is under the epidermis?
A4: the dermis
Q5: What does 'coelom' mean?
A5: (body cavity
Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey (Geography and places)

Annual precipitation is 40 inches (1,020 mm) which is fairly spread throughout the year. Owing to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey, Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey. Even at the airport, where low temperatures are often much lower than along the coast, snow averages only 16.5 inches (41.9 cm) each winter. It is very common for rain to fall in Atlantic City while the northern and western parts of the state are receiving snow.

Q1: How many inches of precipitation does Atlantic City receive annually?
A1: 40 inches
Q2: What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually?
A2: 16.5 inches
Q3: Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its location in South Jersey and its proximaty to which body of water?
A3: Atlantic Ocean
Q4: Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location where?
A4: South Jersey
Q5: Atlantic City is different from the northern and western parts of the state in the winter due to its tendency to receive which type of precipitation?
A5: rain
Detroit (Geography and places)

Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest. River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.

Q1: Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?
A1: Campus Martius Park
Q2: Which parade started in 1924?
A2: America's Thanksgiving Parade
Q3: Which festival spans five days?
A3: River Days
Q4: Which festival draws up to 3 million people?
A4: Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival
Q5: What is the country music festival in Detroit called?
A5: Hoedown
Alaska (Geography and places)

Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.

Q1: Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?
A1: Doyon, Limited
Q2: What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?
A2: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases
Q3: Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?
A3: repealed before they could take effect
Alaska (Geography and places)

Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.

Q1: Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?
A1: dogsled
Q2: Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?
A2: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
Q3: What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?
A3: the famous 1925 serum run to Nome
Q4: Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?
A4: all other means of transportation had failed
Q5: Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?
A5: "Serum Run"
Christian (Language and literature)

Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī (صليبي "Crusader") from ṣalīb (صليب "cross") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj (الفرنج) and Firinjīyah (الفرنجيّة) in Arabic" This word comes from the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir.

Q1: What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?
A1: Ṣalībī
Q2: Ṣalībī comes from the word ṣalīb, which means what?
A2: cross
Q3: What does Ṣalībī mean?
A3: Crusader
Q4: What does Alfranj mean?
A4: European Christian Crusaders
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. As a condition for peace, the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution. Vladimir Lenin's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, upset at:

Q1: When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?
A1: 1917
Q2: What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?
A2: huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire
Q3: Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?
A3: the German Empire
Q4: What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by? 
A4: his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II
Q5: Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?
A5: Western Allies
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

Another advantage, at least to some consumers, was the lack of any sort of anti-piracy technology. It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design. The vertical blanking interval, where the Macrovision signal would be implemented, was also used for the internal timing on LaserDisc players, so test discs with Macrovision would not play at all. There was never a push to redesign the format despite the obvious potential for piracy due to its relatively small market share. The industry simply decided to engineer it into the DVD specification.

Q1: What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?
A1: internal timing
Q2: Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?
A2: relatively small market share
Q3: What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?
A3: Macrovision's Copyguard protection
Brain (Natural sciences)

Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage. In humans, the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function. Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage, however, this information is often difficult to interpret. In animal studies, most commonly involving rats, it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior.

Q1: The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?
A1: cerebrospinal fluid
Q2: The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?
A2: the blood–brain barrier
Q3: The two main structures that protect the brain are what?
A3: the skull and meninges
Q4: What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?
A4: strokes
Q5: What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?
A5: rats
Database (Engineering and technology)

Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of general-purpose computers. Thus most database systems nowadays are software systems running on general-purpose hardware, using general-purpose computer data storage. However this idea is still pursued for certain applications by some companies like Netezza and Oracle (Exadata).

Q1: What is a CAFS accelerator?
A1: a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities
Q2: Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?
A2: efforts were generally unsuccessful
Q3: How are today's database systems run?
A3: general-purpose hardware
Q4: Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator?
A4: Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences.

Q1: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?
A1: barrage balloons
Q2: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?
A2: bomber aircraft over cities
Q3: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?
A3: steel cable
Q4: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?
A4: fly at a higher altitude
Q5: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?
A5: minimal
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or "beautiful music" stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient. Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased, AC was an attempt to create a similar "lite" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.

Q1: What was another term for easy listening stations?
A1: beautiful music
Q2: Easy listening was predominately what type of music?
A2: instrumental
Q3: What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?
A3: hit singles and album cuts
Q4: What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?
A4: lite
British_Isles (Geography and places)

Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).

Q1: What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?
A1: British–Irish Council
Q2: Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?
A2: all of the states and territories of the British Isles
Q3: How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?
A3: 25
Q4: How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?
A4: 25
Q5: The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?
A5: Scottish Parliament
Iran (Geography and places)

Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

Q1: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?
A1: Karim Khan
Q2: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?
A2: Aqa Mohammad Khan
Q3: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?
A3: Battle of Krtsanisi
Q4: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?
A4: the entire Caucasus
Q5: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?
A5: Russo-Persian wars
Szlachta (History)

Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.

Q1: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?
A1: rycerz
Q2: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?
A2: knight
Q3: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?
A3: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes
Q4: What positive did the szlachta class receive?
A4: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.
Q5: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
A5: could serve as officials in state administration.