LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

Q1: What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
A1: skeletons
Q2: Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
A2: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus
Q3: What kind of birds fly low over water?
A3: Seabirds
Q4: What altitude range is most migration recorded?
A4: 150 to 600 m
Q5: Where do most in air collisions occur?
A5: below 600 m
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo vasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Travelling through the arterioles blood moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues, it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.

Q1: Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?
A1: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction
Q2: What moves through the arteries?
A2: Blood
Q3: What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?
A3: Capillaries
Q4: What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?
A4: vasodilation
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respectively. Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as World War II. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, or for sports such as pigeon racing.

Q1: Why have birds been domesticated by humans?
A1: both as pets and for practical purposes
Q2: What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?
A2: Colourful birds
Q3: How long have messenger pigeons been used?
A3: since at least 1 AD
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many types of avian sexual selection have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual’s fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signaling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage coloration and courtship behavior are "honest" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviors.

Q1: What is the most famous example of sexual selection?
A1: peacock tail
Q2: What is intersexual selection also known as?
A2: female choice
Q3: What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate?
A3: intrasexual competition
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'. Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.

Q1: When were birds represented in early cave paintings?
A1: since prehistoric times
Q2: What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?
A2: Pouākai
Q3: John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?
A3: National Audubon Society
Q4: What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?
A4: nightingales
Q5: The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?
A5: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird's size.

Q1: Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?
A1: Birds
Q2: Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?
A2: 75%
Q3: Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?
A3: directly into the lungs
Q4: Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?
A4: syrinx
Q5: What is the syrinx?
A5: a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly the aforementioned flightless penguins, and also members of the duck family, have also evolved for swimming. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Q1: What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?
A1: digestive and respiratory systems
Q2: What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
A2: Darwin's finches
Q3: Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?
A3: Wings
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher speciation rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater extinction rates than in the tropics. Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft).

Q1: Birds live on how many continents?
A1: seven
Q2: Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?
A2: tropical
Q3: Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?
A3: 980
Q4: Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?
A4: to breed
Bird_migration (Natural sciences)

Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds. Apart from physiological adaptations, migration sometimes requires behavioural changes such as flying in flocks to reduce the energy used in migration or the risk of predation.

Q1: What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?
A1: their metabolism
Q2: How often do birds molt?
A2: usually once a year
Q3: How do birds store energy?
A3: through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep
Q4: Why do birds need to molt?
A4: feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear
Q5: When do birds molt?
A5: varies with some species
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be insectivores, frugivores, and nectarivores. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or kleptoparasitism. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised scavengers. Avivores are animals that are specialized at preying on birds.

Q1: What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?
A1: Aquatic birds
Q2: What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?
A2: Forest birds
Q3: What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?
A3: Birds of prey
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens who whispered news into the ears of the Norse god Odin. In several civilizations of ancient Italy, particularly Etruscan and Roman religion, priests were involved in augury, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve as religious symbols, as when Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the common peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the Dravidians of India. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. The mythical chullumpi bird is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama.

Q1: What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?
A1: Birds
Q2: The word auspicious is derived from which word?
A2: auspex
Q3: What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?
A3: mythical chullumpi bird
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.

Q1: What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?
A1: plumage
Q2: What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?
A2: Variation in plumage
Q3: Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?
A3: ritualised displays
Bird (Natural sciences)

Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programs. Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers. Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of ecological niches. Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as sulids, kingfishers and terns plunge dive after their prey. Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks are filter feeders. Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers.

Q1: What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?
A1: generalists
Q2: What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?
A2: specialists
Q3: What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?
A3: Nectar feeders
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

Q1: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
A1: Bitumen
Q2: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
A2: solidifies
Q3: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
A3: deterioration
Q4: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
A4: Théodore Géricault's
Q5: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  
A5: unstable
Asphalt (Natural sciences)

Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

Q1: In what early technology was bitumen used?
A1: photographic
Q2: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
A2: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Q3: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
A3: hours of exposure
Q4: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
A4: 1850s to the 1920s
Q5: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
A5: light
Miami (Geography and places)

Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

Q1: In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?
A1: 40
Q2: What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?
A2: Avenue J
Q3: Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?
A3: Bahamas
Black_people (Language and literature)

Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Q1: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
A1: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,
Q2: What is "black people" a term for?
A2: racial classification or of ethnicity
Q3: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?
A3: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies
Q4: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?
A4: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,
Q5: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
A5: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.
Software_testing (Engineering and technology)

Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

Q1: What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
A1: seeing the source code
Q2: What are the software testers aware of?
A2: aware of what the software is supposed to do
Q3: What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??
A3: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis
Labour_Party_(UK) (Geography and places)

Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.

Q1: When did Blair announce he was quitting?
A1: September 2006
Q2: When were the next elections?
A2: May 2007
Q3: Who did Labour lose power in the election to?
A3: Scottish National Party
Q4: Who was Blair replaced by?
A4: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown
Q5: What was the party membership at the end of 2009?
A5: 156,205