LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history

Q1: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? 
A1: destruction
Q2: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
A2: preachers
Q3: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
A3: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Q4: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
A4: attend religious worship each morning
Q5: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
A5: one Jeffersonian letter
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity. They claim that this does not correctly reflect human population history, because it treats all human groups as independent. A more realistic portrayal of the way human groups are related is to understand that some human groups are parental to other groups and that these groups represent paraphyletic groups to their descent groups. For example, under the recent African origin theory the human population in Africa is paraphyletic to all other human groups because it represents the ancestral group from which all non-African populations derive, but more than that, non-African groups only derive from a small non-representative sample of this African population. This means that all non-African groups are more closely related to each other and to some African groups (probably east Africans) than they are to others, and further that the migration out of Africa represented a genetic bottleneck, with much of the diversity that existed in Africa not being carried out of Africa by the emigrating groups. This view produces a version of human population movements that do not result in all human populations being independent; but rather, produces a series of dilutions of diversity the further from Africa any population lives, each founding event representing a genetic subset of its parental population. Long and Kittles find that rather than 85% of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations, about 100% of human diversity exists in a single African population, whereas only about 70% of human genetic diversity exists in a population derived from New Guinea. Long and Kittles argued that this still produces a global human population that is genetically homogeneous compared to other mammalian populations.

Q1: What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?
A1: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles
Q2: What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?
A2: misleading
Q3: Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?
A3: non-representative
Q4: What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?
A4: genetic
Q5: How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?
A5: 100%
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions—that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious—make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause.

Q1: When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?
A1: mid-twentieth century
Q2: What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?
A2: constitutional ban against aid to religious schools
Q3: What was later banned in public education?
A3: religious observance
Q4: How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?
A4: two
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States (Philosophy and religion)

Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]

Q1: What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?
A1: no-aid
Q2: What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?
A2: pervasive
Q3: Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?
A3: most Protestants (and most Jews)
Q4: What diminished after 1980?
A4: anti-Catholic sentiment
Q5: What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?
A5: strict separationism
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.

Q1: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?
A1: their door-to-door preaching
Q2: What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?
A2: military service and blood transfusions
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?
A3: proper worship
Q4: Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?
A4: they consider to be unscriptural doctrines
Q5: Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?
A5: they consider to have pagan origins
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[note 1] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities. It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.

Q1: How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?
A1: hierarchically
Q2: What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?
A2: God's "visible organization"
Q3: What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?
A3: male
Q4: How many members does the Governing Body consist of?
A4: seven
Q5: Who does the Governing Body direct?
A5: several committees
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house, distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages. The objective is to start a regular "Bible study" with any person who is not already a member, with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members. Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching. They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report". Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".

Q1: What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?
A1: their efforts to spread their beliefs
Q2: How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?
A2: 700
Q3: What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?
A3: start a regular "Bible study"
Q4: When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?
A4: show no interest in becoming members
Q5: What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?
A5: irregular
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.

Q1: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?
A1: a literal government in heaven
Q2: Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?
A2: 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians
Q3: What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?
A3: accomplish his original purpose for the earth
Q4: What will the Earth be transformed into?
A4: a paradise without sickness or death
Q5: When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?
A5: 1914
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the "second coming" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.

Q1: On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?
A1: October 1914
Q2: What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?
A2: ousted from heaven
Q3: How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?
A3: invisibly
Q4: How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?
A4: "coming"
Q5: When will Jesus' presence end?
A5: when he comes to bring a final judgment
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.

Q1: Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?
A1: Jesus
Q2: What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?
A2: the sins of humanity
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?
A3: a single upright post
Q4: Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?
A4: intercessor and high priest
Q5: What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?
A5: 1 Timothy 2:5
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.

Q1: Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?
A1: can only be one truth from God
Q2: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?
A2: represents true Christianity
Q3: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?
A3: "separate from the world."
Q4: What does Jehovah Witnesses define the "world" to mean?
A4: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"
Q5: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?
A5: danger
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.

Q1: Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?
A1: Christ
Q2: What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?
A2: neutral
Q3: What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?
A3: voting
Q4: Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?
A4: they consider to honor people other than Jesus
Q5: What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?
A5: Satan's control over the world
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or "new light" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide "divine guidance" through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."

Q1: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?
A1: first-century Christianity
Q2: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses? 
A2: the Governing Body
Q3: Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?
A3: through publications published by the Watch Tower Society
Q4: How does God reveal his will and purpose?
A4: gradually
Q5: What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?
A5: divine guidance
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing. In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands". A former member of the church’s headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, "which is an impossibility". Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children." Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.

Q1: What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?
A1: sexual abuse
Q2: Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?
A2: Jehovah's
Q3: Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?
A3: pedophiles
Q4: What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?
A4: children
Q5: Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?
A5: children from parents
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

Q1: What are the Jehovah Witnesses?
A1: millenarian restorationist Christian denomination
Q2: What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?
A2: mainstream Christianity
Q3: How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?
A3: more than 8.2 million
Q4: Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?
A4: Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
Q5: Where are the group elders located?
A5: Brooklyn, New York
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses (Philosophy and religion)

Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures. Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion. Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation". Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.

Q1: What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?
A1: Acts 15:28, 29
Q2: What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?
A2: willing acceptance of a blood transfusion
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?
A3: non-blood alternatives
Q4: What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?
A4: information