LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Old_English (Language and literature)

The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English. Old English verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a suffix such as -de. As in Modern English, and peculiar to the Germanic languages, the verbs formed two great classes: weak (regular), and strong (irregular). Like today, Old English had fewer strong verbs, and many of these have over time decayed into weak forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in work and worked.

Q1: Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?
A1: past
Q2: What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?
A2: indicative, subjunctive and imperative
Q3: Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?
A3: third
Q4: What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?
A4: -de
Q5: How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?
A5: altering the root vowel
Qing_dynasty (History)

The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat,[f] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "Outer Court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.

Q1: Who was the main leader of the Qing?
A1: Emperor
Q2: Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?
A2: Manchu noblemen and Han officials
Q3: What happened to the Grand Secretariat?
A3: evolved into an imperial chancery
Adolescence (Natural sciences)

The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.

Q1: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?
A1: G. Stanley Hall
Q2: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?
A2: Adolescence in 1904
Q3: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?
A3: describing
Q4: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?
A4: Darwin
Literature (Language and literature)

The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

Q1: A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?
A1: formalist
Q2: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?
A2: journalism
Q3: What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?
A3: "ordinary language"
Q4: What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?
A4: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history
Q5: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?
A5: must use language according to particular standards
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integration with the Japanese export market, NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market, in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast (This anomaly also exists for DVD). This created a market for multi-system TVs and multi-system VCRs which could display or play both PAL and NTSC materials in addition to SECAM materials (which were never popular in Hong Kong). Some LD players could convert NTSC signals to PAL so that most TVs used in Hong Kong could display the LD materials.

Q1: How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?
A1: USD100
Q2: Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?
A2: PAL standard
Q3: In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?
A3: NTSC
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software.

Q1: What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?
A1: instant-access capability
Q2: What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?
A2: Sega's Astron Belt
Q3: In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?
A3: 1983
Alps (Geography and places)

The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia—a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.

Q1: When did the formation of the alps began?
A1: about 300 million years ago
Q2: What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?
A2: a single tectonic plate
Q3: When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?
A3: the Mesozoic Era
Q4: The Tethys sea developed during what period of time? 
A4: Jurassic Period
Q5: The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time? 
A5: the late Cretaceous Period
Neptune (Natural sciences)

The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.

Q1: What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? 
A1: nearby massive OB star
Q2: What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?
A2: matter density
Q3: If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?
A3: core accretion
Liberal_Party_of_Australia (History)

The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name "Liberal" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.

Q1: Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?
A1: Sydney Town Hall
Q2: Where did the name "Liberal" come from?
A2: in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party
Q3: What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?
A3: Young Liberals
Q4: How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?
A4: more than 90,000
Chicago_Cubs (Sports and recreation)

The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979. Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park, this complex provides 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of team facilities, including major league clubhouse, four practice fields, one practice infield, enclosed batting tunnels, batting cages, a maintenance facility, and administrative offices for the Cubs.

Q1: Where was the former location in Mesa?
A1: the second HoHoKam Park
Q2: How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?
A2: 25,000 square feet
Q3: When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?
A3: 1976
Switzerland (Geography and places)

The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.

Q1: What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?
A1: a citizens' initiative
Q2: What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?
A2: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011
Q3: What does SFOE stand for?
A3: Swiss Federal Office of Energy
Q4: What does DETEC stand for?
A4: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
Q5: What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?
A5: the nation's energy use
Human_Development_Index (Social sciences and society)

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

Q1: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
A1: the United Nations Development Programme
Utrecht (History)

The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

Q1: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 
A1: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht
Q2: In 1674 what hit Utrecht 
A2: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado
Q3: What collapsed during the tornado 
A3: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral
Q4: What did Utrecht host in 1713 
A4: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession
Q5: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become 
A5: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world
Bird (Natural sciences)

The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off all other dinosaurs. Birds in South America survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world via multiple land bridges while diversifying during periods of global cooling. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs that lie outside class Aves proper, in the broader group Avialae, have been found dating back to the mid-Jurassic period. Many of these early "stem-birds", such as Archaeopteryx, were not yet capable of fully powered flight, and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks, and long bony tails.

Q1: What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record?
A1: birds
Q2: When did true birds first appear?
A2: Cretaceous period
Q3: Name an example of an early stem-bird.
A3: Archaeopteryx
Biodiversity (Natural sciences)

The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists believe that corrected for sampling artifacts, modern biodiversity may not be much different from biodiversity 300 million years ago., whereas others consider the fossil record reasonably reflective of the diversification of life. Estimates of the present global macroscopic species diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million, with a best estimate of somewhere near 9 million, the vast majority arthropods. Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection.

Q1: What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?
A1: The fossil record
Q2: Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?
A2: how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.
Q3: What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?
A3: from 2 million to 100 million
Q4: What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?
A4: Diversity
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

Q1: What two entities was the foundation divided into 
A1: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust
Q2: What does the foundation entity focus on
A2: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty
Q3: What does the Trust entity focus on 
A3: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals
Q4: What is held in the trust entity 
A4: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Q1: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 
A1: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria
Q2: How many children were protected from death 
A2: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases
Q3: What are some consequences of the investments 
A3: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa
Q4: What has the focus on a few diseases caused 
A4: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation
Q5: Vaccinations programs encouraged what 
A5: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".
Northwestern_University (History)

The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The school's nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting. Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory.

Q1: In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?
A1: a meeting
Q2: Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?
A2: the Illinois General Assembly
Q3: What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?
A3: Methodists
Q4: How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?
A4: three
Q5: Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?
A5: Methodist Episcopal
New_Delhi (Geography and places)

The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.

Q1: In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?
A1: 1911
Q2: Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?
A2: Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker
Q3: On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?
A3: 13 February 1931
Q4: Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?
A4: Viceroy Lord Irwin
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation (Social sciences and society)

The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

Q1: What does the Trust invest
A1: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets
Q2: What is the goal of the Trust investments 
A2: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment
Q3: What are some of the negatives of the investments 
A3: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries
Q4: What type of company's are  critiscized
A4: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world
Q5: As a result of the critics what did the company announce 
A5: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review