LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the "Antwerp X" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.

Q1: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?
A1: German V-1 cruise missiles
Q2: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?
A2: Folkestone-Dover coast
Q3: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?
A3: Belgium
Q4: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?
A4: Antwerp
Q5: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?
A5: SCR-584 radar
Copper (History)

The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

Q1: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?
A1: cupronickel
Q2: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?
A2: low-denomination coins
Q3: What is the metal composition of a US nickel?
A3: 75% copper and 25% nickel
Q4: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?
A4: resistance to corrosion
Q5: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?
A5: golden
Sumer (History)

The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers.

Q1: What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?
A1: almost constant wars
Q2: How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?
A2: 2000 years
Q3: Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?
A3: Lagash and Umma
Q4: What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?
A4: infantry
Q5: What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?
A5: rectangular
Alps (Geography and places)

The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

Q1: What affects the climate in Europe? 
A1: The altitude and size of the range
Q2: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
A2: ibex
Q3: What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?
A3: Edelweiss
Q4: Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era? 
A4: Paleolithic era
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.

Q1: What are two types of fuses used for shells?
A1: barometric, time-delay, or proximity
Q2: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
A2: a higher rate of fire
Q3: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
A3: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber
Q4: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
A4: smallest mounts
Adult_contemporary_music (Music)

The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.

Q1: In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?
A1: disco or new wave
Q2: What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?
A2: hip-hop and harder rock music
Q3: During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?
A3: 1980s
Antenna_(radio) (Engineering and technology)

The amount of signal received from a distant transmission source is essentially geometric in nature due to the inverse square law, and this leads to the concept of effective area. This measures the performance of an antenna by comparing the amount of power it generates to the amount of power in the original signal, measured in terms of the signal's power density in Watts per square metre. A half-wave dipole has an effective area of 0.13 2. If more performance is needed, one cannot simply make the antenna larger. Although this would intercept more energy from the signal, due to the considerations above, it would decrease the output significantly due to it moving away from the resonant length. In roles where higher performance is needed, designers often use multiple elements combined together.

Q1: What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?
A1: inverse square law
Q2:  How is the compactness of the signal measured?
A2: Watts per square metre
Q3: What type of project would call for more than one element used together?
A3: higher performance
LaserDisc (Engineering and technology)

The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. In contrast, the digital MPEG-2 format information used on DVDs has built-in error correction which ensures that the signal from a damaged disc will remain identical to that from a perfect disc right up until the point at which damage to the disc surface is so substantial that it prevents the laser from being able to identify usable data.

Q1: What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?
A1: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions
Q2: Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?
A2: digital MPEG-2
Q3: What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?
A3: analog
Somalis (Geography and places)

The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006):

Q1: In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?
A1: 2006
Bacteria (Natural sciences)

The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.

Q1: When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?
A1: 4 billion years ago
Q2: Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?
A2: most organisms were microscopic
Q3: What are Stromatolites?
A3: bacterial fossils
Q4: What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?
A4: archaeal/eukaryotic lineage
Q5: How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?
A5: mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. 

Q1: According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?
A1: lake
Q2: What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?
A2: snakes
Q3: Who was the founder of Manjupattan?
A3: Bodhisatwa Manjusri
Q4: What type of creature was Banasur?
A4: demon
Q5: Who was Banasur's murderer?
A5: Krishna
Kathmandu (Geography and places)

The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares (466.9 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares (591.4 acres). The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.

Q1: What religion does Changunarayan belong to?
A1: Hindu
Q2: What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?
A2: stupas
Q3: How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?
A3: 466.9
Q4: In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?
A4: 239.34
Q5: When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?
A5: 2006
Guam (Geography and places)

The ancient-Chamorro society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).:20–21 The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua often used achaot as intermediaries. There were also "makåhna" (similar to shamans), skilled in healing and medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "Taotao mo'na" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.:21

Q1: Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?
A1: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)
Q2: Where were the matua located on the island?
A2: coastal villages
Q3: Where were the mana'chag located?
A3: interior of the island
Galicia_(Spain) (Geography and places)

The animals most often thought of as being "typical" of Galicia are the livestock raised there. The Galician horse is native to the region, as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the galiña de Mos. The latter is an endangered species, although it is showing signs of a comeback since 2001. Galicia's woodlands and mountains are home to rabbits, hares, wild boars, and roe deer, all of which are popular with hunters. Several important bird migration routes pass through Galicia, and some of the community's relatively few environmentally protected areas are Special Protection Areas (such as on the Ría de Ribadeo) for these birds. From a domestic point of view, Galicia has been credited for author Manuel Rivas as the "land of one million cows". Galician Blond and Holstein cattle coexist on meadows and farms.

Q1: Which cow species is native to Galicia?
A1: Galician Blond
Q2: Which fowl species is native to the area?
A2: galiña de Mos
Q3: One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?
A3: Ría de Ribadeo
Apollo (Philosophy and religion)

The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period, when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment. These free-standing statues were usually marble, but also the form rendered in limestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta.

Q1: Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?
A1: Daedalus
Q2: During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?
A2: Minoan period
Q3: These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?
A3: marble
Annelid (Natural sciences)

The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

Q1: What kind of symmetry do annelids have?
A1: bilateral
Q2: What do annelids use to move?
A2: parapodia
Q3: Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?
A3: polychaetes
Q4: Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?
A4: oligochaetes
Q5: Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?
A5: oligochaetes
Dell (History)

The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software. EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013.

Q1: How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?
A1: doubled
Q2: What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?
A2: Elliott Management
Q3: What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?
A3: The Wall Street Journal
Q4: What year did Dell go private?
A4: 2013
Southampton (Geography and places)

The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present. It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968. The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.

Q1: In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held?
A1: September
Q2: What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show?
A2: Mayflower Park
Q3: When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park?
A3: 1968
Q4: What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show?
A4: Sea City
Q5: Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors?
A5: 600
New_York_City (Geography and places)

The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004–2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club.

Q1: Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?
A1: Queens
Q2: The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting?
A2: Millrose Games
Q3: The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?
A3: Belmont Stakes
Q4: Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?
A4: 1930 and 1939
Q5: The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?
A5: Madison Square Garden
Q6: In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?
A6: Queens
Q7: What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center?
A7: United States Open Tennis Championships
Q8: How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?
A8: 37,866
Q9: What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?
A9: Millrose Games
Q10: At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?
A10: Madison Square Garden
Ashkenazi_Jews (History)

The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism.

Q1: The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?
A1: shtetls
Q2: A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?
A2: a strong system of education
Q3: In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?
A3: increased with every outbreak of antisemitism
Q4: Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?
A4: heeded rabbinic leadership
YouTube (Engineering and technology)

The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd's video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.

Q1: What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?
A1: It Gets Better Project
Q2: How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?
A2: within two months
Q3: How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?
A3: fifteen
Q4: What was done after Amanda Todd's death?
A4: legislative action was undertaken
Q5: What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?
A5: form a national anti-bullying strategy