LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Railway_electrification_system (Engineering and technology)

Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s.

Q1: Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?
A1: unsuitable
Q2: What type of natural resources is more scarce?
A2: liquid fuel
Q3: What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?
A3: to substitute other fuels
Q4: What research can be used in the future if translated?
A4: Soviet studies from the 1980s
Energy (Natural sciences)

Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.[note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy.

Q1: What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?
A1: Energy transfer
Q2: The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?
A2: heat
Q3: Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?
A3: transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons
Energy (Natural sciences)

Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.

Q1: Name an example of a heavy isotope?
A1: uranium
Q2: Name another example of a heavy isotope.
A2: thorium
Q3: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?
A3: nucleosynthesis
Q4: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?
A4: chemical potential energy
Wood (Natural sciences)

Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.

Q1: What holds together an engineered wood product?
A1: glue
Q2: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?
A2: industrial
Q3: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?
A3: application-specific performance requirements
Q4: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?
A4: composite structural unit
Q5: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?
A5: veneers
Modern_history (Philosophy and religion)

Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.

Q1: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?
A1: electrification to developments in materials science.
Q2: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?
A2: quality of life
Q3: What did Lewis Paul invent?
A3: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.
Q4: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?
A4: the first revolution
Q5: Who improved the steam engine?
A5: Matthew Boulton and James Watt
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4–1 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1–0 in the group stage.

Q1: In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?
A1: 2014
Q2: In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?
A2: 1974, 1978 and 1994
Q3: In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?
A3: Uruguay
Q4: After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?
A4: sixteen
Q5: What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?
A5: 4–1
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986.

Q1: In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?
A1: 14
Q2: Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?
A2: Spain
Q3: In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?
A3: 1966
Q4: In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
A4: fourth
Q5: Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
A5: Italy
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.

Q1: In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?
A1: third place
Q2: In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?
A2: eight
Q3: Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?
A3: tied for ninth-best
Q4: In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?
A4: 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000
Q5: In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?
A5: 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008
England_national_football_team (Sports and recreation)

England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.

Q1: A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
A1: West Germany
Q2: What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
A2: 3–2
Q3: In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?
A3: 1974
Q4: Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?
A4: Mexico
Q5: Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?
A5: Spain
British_Empire (History)

England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates.

Q1: When was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded?
A1: 1607
Q2: Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?
A2: Jamestown
Q3: Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?
A3: Captain John Smith
Q4: When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?
A4: 1615
Q5: What did England rename New Netherland to?
A5: New York
Dominican_Order (Philosophy and religion)

English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God. This was an essential moral imitation of the Savior as an ideal for religious change, and as the means for reformation of humanity's nature as an image of divinity. This type of mysticism carried with it four elements. First, spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life. Second, there was a connection linking moral emulation of Christ's life and humanity's disposition as images of the divine. Third, English Dominican mysticism focused on an embodied spirituality with a structured love of fellow men at its center. Finally, the supreme aspiration of this mysticism was either an ethical or an actual union with God.

Q1: What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?
A1: ecstatic experiences of union with the divine
Q2: English mysticism was composed of how many elements?
A2: four
Q3: What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?
A3: it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life
Q4: What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?
A4: one's personal relationship with God
Freemasonry (Unknown)

English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.

Q1: When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?
A1: the 1720s
Q2: Who were the first English Freemasons in France?
A2: lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites
Q3: When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?
A3: 18th century
Q4: Who formed the Grand Loge de France?
A4: Duke of Clermont
Q5: Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?
A5: Duke of Orléans
Q6: When did English Freemasonry spread to France?
A6: the 1720s
Q7: When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?
A7: the 18th century
Q8: The Grand Loge de France formed under who?
A8: the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont
Q9: Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?
A9: the Duke of Orléans
Q10: When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?
A10: 1773
Montana (Geography and places)

English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).

Q1: What is the official language of Montana?
A1: English
Q2: What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?
A2: 94.8 percent
Q3: What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?
A3: Spanish
Q4: How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?
A4: 13,040
Q5: ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?
A5: about 1,700
Southern_Europe (Geography and places)

English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).

Q1: What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
A1: English
Q2: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?
A2: Spanish
Q3: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?
A3: Maltese
Saint_Helena (Geography and places)

Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena’s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.

Q1: Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?
A1: Englishman Sir Francis Drake
Q2: What did English ships of war attack on the island?
A2: Portuguese India carracks
Q3: Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?
A3: the Dutch
Q4: Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?
A4: The Portuguese and Spanish
Serbo-Croatian (Language and literature)

Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.

Q1: How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?
A1: four
Q2: In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?
A2: Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Q3: Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?
A3: Daniel Bunčić
Q4: Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?
A4: Enisa Kafadar
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an "unprejudiced examination" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament.

Q1: Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?
A1: Thomas Jefferson
Q2: The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?
A2: Thirty Years' War
Q3: What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?
A3: a return to simple Scripture
Q4: Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?
A4: avoid
Age_of_Enlightenment (Philosophy and religion)

Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge – of which the Encyclopédie forms the pinnacle. In 1783, Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason. Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage", tutelage being "man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another". "For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance." The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment "a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristic self-confidence and self-consciousness". According to historian Roy Porter, the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture.

Q1: Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?
A1: Moses Mendelssohn
Q2: How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?
A2: "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage"
Q3: For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?"
A3: Immanuel Kant
Q4: According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?
A4: the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance