LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
Dog (Natural sciences)

Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).

Q1: The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
A1: unsystematic.
Q2: A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?
A2: four
Q3: What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?
A3: Malamute and Shar Pei
Q4: the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?
A4: herding
Q5: How many main types of dogs are there?
A5: four
Q6: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
A6: old world dogs
Q7: What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
A7: all others
Computer (Engineering and technology)

Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, the first "automatic electronic digital computer". This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory.

Q1: Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?
A1: Post Office Research Station
Q2: In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?
A2: London
Q3: The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year?
A3: 1942
Q4: How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use?
A4: about 300
Q5: At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?
A5: Iowa State University
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.

Q1: What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?
A1: Puritans
Q2: What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?
A2: the University of Cambridge
Q3: What movement influenced the Puritans?
A3: millennialism
Q4: What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?
A4: Sabbatarianism
Q5: When was the Synod of Dort?
A5: 1619
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

Pāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, "of Paśupati") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to Pāśupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.

Q1: What is the oldest school of Shaivism?
A1: Pāśupata Shaivism
Q2: Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?
A2: Lakulish
Q3: When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? 
A3: 2nd century CE
Q4: What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?
A4: Vaishnava theology
Q5: What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?
A5: servitude of souls
Hindu_philosophy (Philosophy and religion)

Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes were of thirteen kinds, the five organs of cognition, the five organs of action, the three internal organs, intellect, the ego principle and the cognising principle. These insentient causes were held responsible for the illusive identification of Self with non-Self. Salvation in Pāśupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect.

Q1: What group divided the world into two parts?
A1: Pāśupatas
Q2: Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?
A2: insentient and the sentient
Q3: In what staet was the insentient considered to be?
A3: unconscious
Q4: How was the sentient seen as being?
A4: conscious
Q5: For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?
A5: through the intellect
Vacuum (Natural sciences)

QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum fluctuations are an essential and ubiquitous part of quantum field theory. Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift. Coulomb's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified.

Q1: When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?
A1: In QED vacuum
Q2: What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?
A2: spontaneous emission
Q3: what is  vacuum fluctuation?
A3: virtual particles that hop into and out of existence
Q4: Finite energy in a QED is called what?
A4: vacuum energy
Q5: What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?
A5: vacuum near an electric charge
Somalis (Geography and places)

Qado or lunch is often elaborate. Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular probably being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and garden sage are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, supper is often served after Tarawih prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.

Q1: What is the English word for qado?
A1: lunch
Q2: What is bariis in English?
A2: rice
Q3: What is the most popular variety of bariis?
A3: basmati
Q4: When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?
A4: 11 pm
Q5: After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?
A5: Tarawih prayers
Qing_dynasty (History)

Qianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history. Nevertheless, Qianlong used Literary Inquisition to silence opposition. The accusation of individuals began with the emperor's own interpretation of the true meaning of the corresponding words. If the emperor decided these were derogatory or cynical towards the dynasty, persecution would begin. Literary inquisition began with isolated cases at the time of Shunzhi and Kangxi, but became a pattern under Qianlong's rule, during which there were 53 cases of literary persecution.

Q1: How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?
A1: 3,400 books
Q2: How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?
A2: 36,304 volumes
Q3: Who created the Siku Quanshu?
A3: Qianlong
Q4: How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign?
A4: 53
Sichuan (History)

Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

Q1: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?
A1: 316 BC
Q2: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?
A2: improved agricultural technology.
Q3: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?
A3: Li Bing
Q4: The Min River is a major tributary of what river? 
A4: Yangtze
Q5: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?
A5: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.
Qing_dynasty (History)

Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. Taiwan, originally part of Fujian province, became a province of its own in the late 19th century, but was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as Korea (Joseon dynasty), Vietnam frequently paid tribute to China during much of this period. Khanate of Kokand were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798.

Q1: What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?
A1: 18th century
Q2: How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?
A2: 13 million km2
Q3: How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?
A3: 22
Q4: When did Japan take over Taiwan?
A4: 1895
Q5: How did the Japanese win Taiwan?
A5: First Sino-Japanese
Tibet (Geography and places)

Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

Q1: When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?
A1: 1720
Q2: When did Amdo come under Qing control?
A2: 1724
Q3: When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?
A3: 1728
Q4: Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?
A4: Qing
Q5: What was the governing councel called?
A5: Kashag
Protestantism (Philosophy and religion)

Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.

Q1: What is another informal name for Quaker?
A1: Friends
Q2: What is the Quakers unifying belief?
A2: the priesthood of all believers
Q3: What have the Quakers tried to avoid?
A3: creeds and hierarchical structures
Q4: What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?
A4: the Religious Society of Friends
Q5: What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?
A5: evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative
Pub (History)

Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.

Q1: What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?
A1: Pub grub
Q2: On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?
A2: Sunday
Q3: What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?
A3: British
Light-emitting_diode (Engineering and technology)

Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals that possess unique optical properties. Their emission color can be tuned from the visible throughout the infrared spectrum. This allows quantum dot LEDs to create almost any color on the CIE diagram. This provides more color options and better color rendering than white LEDs since the emission spectrum is much narrower, characteristic of quantum confined states. There are two types of schemes for QD excitation. One uses photo excitation with a primary light source LED (typically blue or UV LEDs are used). The other is direct electrical excitation first demonstrated by Alivisatos et al.

Q1: What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?
A1: Quantum dots
Q2: Quantum Dot LEDs can do what special skill?
A2: create almost any color on the CIE diagram
Q3: The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs allows them to do what?
A3: better color rendering
Q4: How many types of schemes are there in Quantum Dot LED excitation?
A4: two
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen are one of the most bootlegged bands ever, according to Nick Weymouth, who manages the band's official website. A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs, the highest number for any band. Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band's popularity in certain countries where Western music is censored, such as Iran. In a project called Queen: The Top 100 Bootlegs, many of these have been made officially available to download for a nominal fee from Queen's website, with profits going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust. Rolling Stone ranked Queen at number 52 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", while ranking Mercury the 18th greatest singer, and May the twenty-sixth greatest guitarist. Queen were named 13th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list, and in 2010 were ranked 17th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list. In 2012, Gigwise readers named Queen the best band of past 60 years.

Q1: How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?
A1: 12,225
Q2: Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?
A2: number 52
Q3: In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?
A3: 17th
Q4: What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?
A4: Iran
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen began their 1980s career with The Game. It featured the singles "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "Another One Bites the Dust", both of which reached number one in the US. After attending a Queen concert in Los Angeles, Michael Jackson suggested to Mercury backstage that "Another One Bites the Dust" be released as a single, and in October 1980 it spent three weeks at number one. The album topped the Billboard 200 for five weeks, and sold over four million copies in the US. It was also the first appearance of a synthesiser on a Queen album. Heretofore, their albums featured a distinctive "No Synthesisers!" sleeve note. The note is widely assumed to reflect an anti-synth, pro-"hard"-rock stance by the band, but was later revealed by producer Roy Thomas Baker to be an attempt to clarify that those albums' multi-layered solos were created with guitars, not synths, as record company executives kept assuming at the time. In September 1980, Queen performed three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden. In 1980, Queen also released the soundtrack they had recorded for Flash Gordon. At the 1981 American Music Awards in January, "Another One Bites the Dust" won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, and Queen were nominated for Favorite Pop/Rock Band, Duo, or Group.

Q1: Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue?
A1: Madison Square Garden
Q2: Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show?
A2: Flash Gordon
Q3: What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single?
A3: Another One Bites the Dust
Q4: Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?
A4: Michael Jackson
Q5: Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s?
A5: The Game
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen composed music that drew inspiration from many different genres of music, often with a tongue-in-cheek attitude. The genres they have been associated with include progressive rock, symphonic rock, art rock, glam rock, hard rock, heavy metal, pop rock, and psychedelic rock. Queen also wrote songs that were inspired by diverse musical styles which are not typically associated with rock groups, such as opera, music hall, folk music, gospel, ragtime, and dance/disco. Several Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind, such as "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions". Similarly, "Radio Ga Ga" became a live favourite because it would have "crowds clapping like they were at a Nuremberg rally".

Q1: Which Queen song inspired audience clapping?
A1: Radio Ga Ga
Q2: Which two Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind?
A2: "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions"
Q3: What kind of metal has Queen been associated with?
A3: heavy metal
Q4: What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with?
A4: dance/disco
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon (1980), with "Flash" as the theme song, and Highlander (the original 1986 film), with "A Kind of Magic", "One Year of Love", "Who Wants to Live Forever", "Hammer to Fall", and the theme "Princes of the Universe", which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series (1992–1998). In the United States, "Bohemian Rhapsody" was re-released as a single in 1992 after appearing in the comedy film Wayne's World. The single subsequently reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 (with "The Show Must Go On" as the first track on the single) and helped rekindle the band's popularity in North America.

Q1: Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen?
A1: Flash Gordon
Q2: Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song?
A2: Highlander
Q3: In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US?
A3: 1992
Q4: How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart?
A4: two
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as the Beatles, the Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Who, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis and Yes, in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin. May referred to the Beatles as being "our bible in the way they used the studio and they painted pictures and this wonderful instinctive use of harmonies." At their outset in the early 1970s, Queen's music has been characterised as "Led Zeppelin meets Yes" due to its combination of "acoustic/electric guitar extremes and fantasy-inspired multi-part song epics".

Q1: Which guitarist inspired Queen?
A1: Jimi Hendrix
Q2: What gospel singer did Freddie Mercury cite as an inspiration?
A2: Aretha Franklin
Q3: Queen's sound has been described as a mix of Led Zeppelin and what other band?
A3: Yes
Q4: What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen?
A4: British
Q5: What band named after a floating vehicle influenced Queen?
A5: Led Zeppelin
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen have been featured multiple times in the Guitar Hero franchise: a cover of "Killer Queen" in the original Guitar Hero, "We Are The Champions", "Fat Bottomed Girls", and the Paul Rodgers collaboration "C-lebrity" in a track pack for Guitar Hero World Tour, "Under Pressure" with David Bowie in Guitar Hero 5, "I Want It All" in Guitar Hero: Van Halen, "Stone Cold Crazy" in Guitar Hero: Metallica, and "Bohemian Rhapsody" in Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. On 13 October 2009, Brian May revealed there was "talk" going on "behind the scenes" about a dedicated Queen Rock Band game.

Q1: Which music video game featured a plethora of Queen songs?
A1: Guitar Hero
Q2: Who collaborated with Freddie Mercury on the song Under Pressure?
A2: David Bowie
Q3: Which member of Queen discussed a possible Queen Rock Band video game?
A3: Brian May
Q4: What Heavy Metal band had a video game in which Queen was featured?
A4: Metallica
Queen_(band) (Music)

Queen have been recognised as having made significant contributions to such genres as hard rock, and heavy metal, among others. Hence, the band have been cited as an influence by many other musicians. Moreover, like their music, the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse, spanning different generations, countries, and genres, including heavy metal: Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Dream Theater, Trivium, Megadeth, Anthrax, Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine; hard rock: Guns N' Roses, Def Leppard, Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Steve Vai, the Cult, the Darkness, Manic Street Preachers, Kid Rockand Foo Fighters; alternative rock: Nirvana, Radiohead, Trent Reznor, Muse, Franz Ferdinand, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Melvins, the Flaming Lips, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The Smashing Pumpkins; pop rock: Meat Loaf, The Killers, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! At the Disco; and pop: Michael Jackson, George Michael, Robbie Williams, Adele, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry.

Q1: Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen?
A1: Michael Jackson
Q2: Several groups from which type of metal were influenced by Queen?
A2: heavy metal
Q3: This band named after an animal was inspired by Queen?
A3: Def Leppard
Q4: This band with a flower in their name was influenced by Queen?
A4: Guns N' Roses