LucaSailor/squad-v2-instruction-dataset huggingface dataset:
God (Philosophy and religion)

Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems. Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries. Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.

Q1: How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave?
A1: much like people
Q2: Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?
A2: it makes those aspects more familiar
Q3: What did Frued believe about the belief in God?
A3: god concepts are projections of one's father
Q4: What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer?
A4: The construction of gods and spirits like persons
Q5: Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world?
A5: Pascal Boyer
Q6: How do supernatural entities act?
A6: much like people
Q7: Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera?
A7: Greek mythology
Q8: Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?
A8: Sigmund Freud
Republic_of_the_Congo (Geography and places)

Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.

Q1: Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?
A1: Pascal Lissouba
Q2: Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?
A2: IMF
Q3: What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?
A3: civil war
Q4: What does ESAF stand for?
A4: enhanced structural adjustment facility
Elevator (History)

Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments.[citation needed] Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min (500 ft/min) electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min), and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s (500–2,000 ft/min).[citation needed]

Q1: What dictates passenger elevator capacities?
A1: the available floor space
Q2: What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?
A2: from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments
Q3: What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors?
A3: hydraulic or electric
Q4: Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute?
A4: 200
Q5: Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute?
A5: 500
Anti-aircraft_warfare (Warfare)

Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green.

Q1: What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?
A1: Passive air defence
Q2: Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?
A2: ground forces
Q3: Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?
A3: concealment
Q4: What was camouflaged during World War II?
A4: important buildings
Q5: Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?
A5: the Cold War
Portugal (Geography and places)

Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.

Q1: To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?
A1: 66
Q2: To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?
A2: pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses
Q3: Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?
A3: English
Q4: What did the instituting of these policies lead to?
A4: social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions
Elevator (History)

Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code previously permitted only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. One commercially available is known by the marketing name "LifeJacket". This is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of hydraulic fluid, thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.

Q1: Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what? 
A1: the cylinder and bulkhead
Q2: What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead? 
A2: 1972 ASME A17.1
Q3: Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type?
A3: single-bottom
Q4: Once the cylinder is breached, what calamity does the loss of fluid cause?
A4: uncontrolled down movement of the elevator
Q5: What testing does the code require?
A5: periodic testing of the pressure capability
Central_African_Republic (Geography and places)

Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé's government of conducting a "witch hunt" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government's erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patassé's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996) the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA).

Q1: When was the new constitution for CAR approved?
A1: 28 December 1994
Q2: When did a mutiny form against Patasse?
A2: In 1996–1997
Q3: The mutinies caused what effects on the country?
A3: widespread destruction of property
Q4: Where did the peace corps evacuate to?
A4: Cameroon
Q5: What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?
A5: The Bangui Agreements
Intellectual_property (History)

Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).

Q1: What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?
A1: Patent infringement
Q2: Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?
A2: in the US
Q3: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?
A3: civil
Q4: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?
A4: criminal
Q5: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?
A5: criminal
Pharmaceutical_industry (Natural sciences)

Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration.

Q1: Who adopted the Doha Declaration?
A1: World Trade Organization
Q2: What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?
A2: countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented
Q3: Why are patents criticized?
A3: thought to reduce access to existing medicines
Q4: What did the Doha Declaration do?
A4: indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies
Q5: When was the Doha Declaration adopted?
A5: 2001
Q6: What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?
A6: Patents
Q7: When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?
A7: 2001
Q8: The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?
A8: compulsory licensing or parallel imports
Oklahoma_City (Geography and places)

Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents.

Q1: Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?
A1: Patience Latting
Q2: When was Patience Latting elected?
A2: 1971
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty (History)

Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (沐英) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.

Q1: When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?
A1: the 14th century
Q2: When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?
A2: November 1378
Q3: How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?
A3: 30,000
Q4: How many animals did Mu Ying capture?
A4: 200,000
Q5: Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?
A5: Ming general Qu Neng
Political_corruption (Social sciences and society)

Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Q1: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?
A1: Patronage
Q2: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
A2: Romania
Race_(human_categorization) (Natural sciences)

Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans (people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe) which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago. The East Asians owe their relatively light skin to different mutations. On the other hand, the greater the number of traits (or alleles) considered, the more subdivisions of humanity are detected, since traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to the same geographical location. Or as Ossorio & Duster (2005) put it:

Q1: What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?
A1: the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered.
Q2: What mutation did scientists discover?
A2: skin-lighting
Q3: What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?
A3: mutation
Q4: What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?
A4: different mutations
Q5: Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?
A5: geographical
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

Q1: What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?
A1: Papal Tiara
Q2: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?
A2: Archdiocese of Milan
Q3: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?
A3: Washington, DC
Q4: Who was the last pope to be crowned?
A4: Paul VI
Q5: What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?
A5: Papal Coronation
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

Q1: What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?
A1: army
Q2: Who was the first pope to visit five continents?
A2: Paul VI
Q3: Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?
A3: world
Q4: What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?
A4: bishops
Q5: What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?
A5: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

Q1: What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?
A1: Church
Q2: Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?
A2: papacy
Q3: What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?
A3: religious freedom
Q4: What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?
A4: Mary
Q5: In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?
A5: 1964
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

Q1: At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?
A1: eighty
Q2: At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?
A2: 75
Q3: At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?
A3: 75
Q4: What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?
A4: papal elections
Q5: When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?
A5: 1966
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels. When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour." He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967, the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.

Q1: Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?
A1: Protestant Bible societies
Q2: Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?
A2: Cardinal Augustin Bea
Q3: In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?
A3: 1967
Q4: What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?
A4: Protestants
Pope_Paul_VI (Philosophy and religion)

Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet." His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae.

Q1: To whom did Paul VI tell "not to be afraid" when the church released its statement on birth control?
A1: Edouard Gagnon
Q2: What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?
A2: prophet
Q3: To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?
A3: Pope John Paul II
Q4: Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?
A4: Pope John Paul II
Q5: To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?
A5: the encyclical